kargpivdæn_silfm rbs;mnuss Moral Development

Átírás

1 kargpivdæn_silfm rbs;mnuss Moral Development niymn½yénbaküsilfm ³ siledlcafm rbs;stvelak b kiriya mayat snþab;fñab; dmbunμan EdlnaM [ecosvaggmebigarkk; ehiyrbrbwtþetgmebil RbkbedaysIlFm 1. cmenkébakü sucivfm KWCavin½ymYy smrab;gb;rmmnussrkb;rstab;vnñ³ v½y zan³ [TMlab;l mancmenhdwgedim,irs; ena)anl CamYyGñkdéT nigdwk nammnuss[køaycablrdæebjeljkñúgsgámrikcmerin. Bakü sucivfm KWCacegáamk,ÜntRmaTaMgLayNa Edl Tmøab;[mankayvikar nigsmdismedasmrmü edim,i[mantmnak; TMngrvagkumar niggñkpgkñúgsgámrbkbeday spabrsyll. KuNFm CaFm EdlmanesckþIcMerIn esckþisuxtukçxaggmebil GaRkk;buNü)ab EdlbuKÁleFVI esckþil esckþibrisut esckþiganitrbni. ebigñkcg;[sissrbs;gñkkøaycamnussl echsmedgkaresμahrtg; mancmnaj mankunfm man esckþi køahan ebalkwcg;[bykekrbrbwtþgmebil RKb;eBlevla enahrkurtuvetcakmrukñúgkargb;rmsiss. tetaenh CaerOgniTanxøImYy EdleKelIkykmkBiPakSaKña kñúgkarrsavrcavrbs;elak Kohlberg sþibi kgvl;pøúvcitþepñksilfm ³ enagwr:ubmanrsþimñak;ehobnwgdac;xül;søab; edaysaretmancm WmharIk.»sfmYYyRKab;Gac CYyCIvit Kat;)an.»sfenaHRtUv)aneKrkeXIj eday»sfkarimñak;edlrs;enakñúgtirkugcamyykat;.»sfkarirubenh )ancmnaycmnyn 10dg kñúgmyydg²gs; 2000duløar CatémøcayvayedIm,Iplit»sf enh[)an. bþirbs; RsþIenHeQμaH Heinz )anrkx IluyGñkEdlKat;sÁal; EtKat;Gacx IluyeK)anEtcMnYn Bak;kNþal énéføfñam b:uenñah. bþirsþienahetar)ab;»sfkarifa RbBn Kat;Citdac;xül;søab;ehIy ehiysum [elakrkuebtüemtþalk; fñam[kat;)anefakbnþic b [Kat;suMCMBak;éføfñaMsink¾)an. RKUeBTü)aneqøIytb vijfa min)anet. bþirbs;rsþi enah)anrt;smrukculhaglk;fñamrbs;»sfkarienah edim,ilycyk»sfeta [RbBn Kat;. etibþikat;kyrefviebbenh Edrb et? etikmhusrtuvføak;etaelinrna? ehtugvi? lmnaménkarlutlas;silfm (The pattern of moral growth) elak Erikson )anefvikarebgecklmnaménkargpivdæn_silfm Ca 4 dmnak;kalfm² KW ³ -dmnak;kalénkargpivdæn_silfm enacmhandmbug (The Initial Stage) 1 sil CaBakü )ali mann½yfa EdlevovcakGMeBI karkan; karrbrbwtþl edaykayvaca karkan;criyal >>>. Fm CaBakü smrsáwt mann½yfa spav³rtrtg;stvealk KWbuNü)ab suc rit Tuc rit ehtu spab Fmμta>>>. 1

2 Cabzmkumarekμg² EdlmanGayuRbEhlCa 2 b 3qñaM )ancab;epþimeronsurtgmbigviedlxus GVI Edl RtUvtamry³«Bukmþayrbs;eKpÞal;. kñúgdmnak;kaldmbugenh karefvikmrutam Ca\T iblbiessmyy. ebieyigmankgvhxatepñkehtunigpléncmenhdwgcmebahkumarekμg² EdlmanTMnak;TMngl CamYy «Buk mþay nigkarrmcylcitþ nuvgviedl«bukmþaykmbugefvi ehiyk¾cagñkennamgb;rmkunrbs;eknuv\riyabf silfm l ² b k¾rtuvdak;tnðkmμya:gxøamgkøaelikunebisincacam)ac;. CaFmμta«BukmþayRKb;rUb EtgEtcg;Gb;rMkUnRbusRsIrbs;eKnUvtémøsIlFm CaviC mancanic edim,ikøay xøüncamnussl mñak;kñúgsgám. -dmnak;kalgpivdæn_silfm cmebahkumarpab (The early childhood stage) enadmnak;kalbnþab;bigayu 2 b 3qñaM KWvaqøúHbBa amgetaelikarlutlas;éncmenhdwgebjelj rbs; kumarkñúgkargpivdæn_bmninedim,iqandl;karsmerccitþefvigvirtuv efvigvixus. \LÚvenHsisSbzmsikSa cab;epþim GnuvtþCamYyPaBepSg²KñaénkareKarBsiT i sþab;dmbunμanrkubergon TIRbwkSa RKUbgVwk dmbunμan sasna nignayk sala>>>> ercincag«bukmþayrbs;va erbahgñkenahcagñkbgðajbgðat;ehtuplsilfm pþal;dl;bykek ehiyca kþisgçwménkartrmg;tiselicivitrs;enarbs;ekrbcaméf. -dmnak;kalgpivdæn_silfm enav½yknþal (The middle childhood stages) kumarmankarpøas;bþúrrkb;epñkedim,iqanculdl;v½ybnþab;bigayu 6 dl; 11qñaM. BYkeKmanTMnak; TMng CamYybgb ÚnbegáIt CamYymitþPkþiEdlmanbTBiesaFn_l ²kñúgfñak;eron kñúgkarelgel,g nigskmμ PaBsgÁm epsg². sissrtuv)anekeliktwkcitþcafμimþgetot cmebahkarekarbxøwmsarénc,ab;. c,ab;min EmnekIteLIgtam ry³«bukmþaycagñkbegáitenahet ebalkwvaekiteligtamry³kareronsurt karekarb btbba aépþkñúgsala. kñúgbbaðaenh kumarrtuvetekarbeliskmμpabtamgbir KWskmμPaBEl,gkMsanþ nig skmμpabkñúgsala. -dmnak;kalv½ycmtg; (The Adolescent stage) CamYykarlUtlas;cUldl;v½yCMTg; KWGayu 12 dl; 13qñaM KWcab;epþImmankarBi)akcMeBaHkarkMNt; GtþsBaØaN. kñúgdmnak;kalenh kumareronpsamgnuvskmμpabkmhwgrbs;ekedletgetb:htgáicca myyc,ab; b btbba aépþkñúgrbs;sgám. \LÚvenH CMTg;)ankøayeTACaGñkmuWgma:t;kñgkarTak;TgCamYyCMTg; Edlmanv½ycas;Cag. BYkeKGac vinicä½yelixøünekedayeyagetatamkarbucaxøünrbs;ekcmebahc,ab;silfm. enaeblbc úb,nñenh CaTUeTAPaKeRcInénCMTg;)anR)ab;eTAkumartUc nuvgviedlxus GVIEdlRtUvkñúg rgvg;rkum mnussmanv½yrs)alkña etahbienaeblenh sissmankarsmerccitþpþal;xøünrbs;bykekk¾eday k¾bykekenaetvay témøelisilfm KuNFm rbs;mitþpkþirbs;ekpþal;. 2

3 RTwsþIrbs;elak kul Eb elikargpivdæn_silfm (Lawrence Kohlberg's Description of Moral Development) elak Lawrence Kohlberg CaCnCatiGaemrikkaMgEpñkcitþviTüaGakb,kiriya niym. elak)ancmnayebl 6qñaM efvicasarsþacarüsaklvitüal½y Chicago nig siksabnþepñk GPivDÆn_ silfm edim,iykfñak;bnðitenamhavitüal½y Harvard. elak kul Eb 1964 )anbrgwg KMnitrbs;elak Piaget sþibikargb;rmsilfm kñúgxn³ebledlelakkmbugsiksaenasaklvitüal½y Chicago kñúgqñam 1950 elak)anefvikarsiksarsavrcavsþibirtwsþikargpivdæn_silfm rbs;elak Piaget elak kul Eb (Kohlberg) )an EbgEckkarGPivDÆn_vicarNBaØaNsIlFm Ca 6dMNak;kal. dmnak;kaltamg 6 rbs;elak Kohlberg sþigmbivicarnbaøansilfm (Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Reasoning ) -kmritti 1 (Level 1) : kargb;rmsilfm mungayusissgacyl;dwgbitmenomtmlab;bikarrs;ena ecosvagkardak;tnðkmμ ebalkw RtUvmankarelIkTwkcitþdl;sisS EdlmanGayu 9qñaM ekehafasissmintan;dl;gayuyl;bitmenom TMlab; RbéBNI b k,ünxñatsilfm sgámenaeliyet. dmnak;kalti 1 (Stage1): Cakardak;TNÐkmμ karechsþab;bgáab; nigkargb;rm[echsþab;»vatén plvi)akgmebil b GaRkk; nigkarekarbcmebahgñkmanbunüskþi kitþiys cmenhdwg>>>.l. KYreCosvagkardak; TNÐkmμkuM[manTukçevTnaxagpøÚvcitþ. dmnak;kalti 2 (Stage 2): CakarGb;rM[ecHsþab;»vaTbgb Ún sac;sarelahit. TegVImYy RtUv )anekvinicä½yfal b GaRkk; kalnategvienah manlkçn³ebjcitþcmebahtmruvkarpþal;xøünrbs;bukál b k¾bak;b½n etanwgbnøas;bþúrebbnamyyedlmansmpab. karsþab;»vatgacnammknuvecakc½yl etatam TegVI. -kmritti 2 (Level 2) : kargb;rmsilfm dl;siss kñúgv½yyl;dwgbirbébnitmenomtmlab;kñúgsgám )andl;sissedlman v½y cab;bigayu 9-20qñaM. ekehafa v½yyl;dwgbisilfm sgám nigcav½yyl;dwgbisilfm énkarrs; enakñúg sgám. ekkitfa sissedlmanv½ycab;bi 9qñaMeLIgeTA KWCav½yecHdwgeKarBk,Ünc,ab;sIlFm kñúg sgám. dmnak;kalti 3 ³ CadMNak;kalGb;rMkUnRbusRsI[ecHsþab;»vaT. TegVId¾RtwmRtUvKWCaTegVIGac [BYk ekgnuvtþ)anya;gsmrmüniggakb,kiriyarbs;ekefvi[ekebjcitþ b efvigvi[gñkdétmankarsresir. dmnak;kalti 4 ³ CadMNak;kalGb;rMkUnecA[ecHeKarBc,ab; nigsnþab;fñab;kñúgsgám. )an dl;kar Gb;rMsisS[ecHeKarBc,ab;sNþab;Fñab;kñúgsgÁm edayrbkan;x ab;nuvekalkarn_edlsgám)an kmnt;eday begáit[manesßrpab suvtßipabsgám c,ab; snþab;fñab;edltamtar[mnusskñúgsgámrtuv EteKarBc,ab;. 3

4 -kmritti 3 ³ CadMNak;kaleRkayv½yyl;dwgBItémøsIlFm énkarrs;enakñúgsgám. tam Fmμta dmnak;kalenhkwkitcab;bibnþab;bigay u 20qñaMeLIeTA ehafav½ysmamartd¾tucmyyqanetarkv½y mnusscas; ekehafadmnak;kalv½yyl;dwgbitémøsilfm kñúgsgám BIeRBaHeKalkarN_sIlFm Ca muldæanyl;dwgbi silfm sgámedlrtuv)anekyl;dwgrycral;gs;ehiy. dmnak;kalti 5 ³ CakarGb;rMsisS b Gb;rMkUnecA[ecHeKarBsBaØaNsIlFm xøh²kñúgsgám vacak,ün c,ab;rbébni EdltMrUv[sisSRbkan;x ab;nuvsnþab;fñab; EbbbTvin½yrebobrs;enAkñúgsgÁm ehiyk¾minemn CakareKarBc,ab;sIlFm TaMgggwtggulenaHeT b:uenþekekarbkña. kñúgn½yekecheyak yl;kñaetavijetamk Edl CasiT irbs;bukálmñak;²rtuv)anekekarb. dmnak;kalti 6 ³ CadMNak;kalGb;rMsIlFm manlkçn³caskl. vacakarsmerccitþetatam ekal karn_silfm KYrEteFVIeLIgtamCMerIseKalkarN_sIlFm pþal;xøün EdltMrUv[buKÁlmñak;eRCIserIs nigrbkan; x ab;edim,ignuvtþetatamvifinanaedlmansuvtßipab. karerbir)as;sñaédrbs;elak Kohlberg enakñúgfñak;eron (Using Kohlberg's WorK in the Classroom) \LÚvenH manrkucaercin)anykepñkkgvl;silfm mkerbir)as;casmöar³bergonenakñúgfñak;. GñkFøab; )anb ehiyfa mankarsnþnakñacaercinbegáit)ancakmnittmnas;edlmñak;²sut EtEp kelimuldæan RTwsþIsIlFm BYkeKmankarR)akdRbCa b k¾rsémetaelidmenahrsayéntmnas;edlmin)anep kelidmenah RsayEbbsIl Fm enahet. karennamxøh²tamebbvitüasarsþ (Some Specific Suggestion ) ]TahrN_ CamYysisSekμg²GñkRbEhlCaBüayamrkerOgGVImYy duccakarbegáitqutqakkñúg fñak;eron CamYysisSCnCatibreTsEdleTIbEtmkdl;fμI² KW Yasmin. nagetibmkbi Lebanon ehiy nagrtuv)an mitþrymfñak;caercinnak;)ancab;epþimesiccmgkedaysaretpasa nigtmenomtmlab;rbébnirbs; nagmanlkçn³xus EbøkBIeK. sissdétsyrrkufa etibykekkyrefviducemþcedim,i[bykekmanpabrak;tak;ca myynag Yasmin?. etibykekkyrrbfuycgsm<½n PaBedayeFVIGMeBIl CamYyekμgRsIenaHEdrb et?. cab;tamgbisissekμg² PaKeRcInmanbTBiesaFn_bnþicbnþÜckñúgkaredaHRsaykgVl;sIFm enacmhan dmbug BYkeKeFVIskmμPaBedIm,IdwknaMkñúgeBlBiPakSa nigefvikarennameblerkayedim,ibegáinkarsμúksμaj ehiytamtar [edahrsaytamkmritsilfm rbs;siss. yut sarsþcak;lak;myygaccyysisskñúgkar BiPakSakñúgfñak;eron sþibikgvl;silfm [manrbsit PaBkan;Etx<s;eLIg². syrfa ehtugvi)ancaduecñh? (Ask Why) 4

5 edim,icyysiss[kmnt;karrmcylcitþ nigkarrk[exijenakñúgkmritehtuplsilfm rbs;ek siss cas;² syrkat;fa ehtugvi)ancaminsyrbykeknuvsmnyrfa etibykekefviducemþc? ebibykekcagñkkaest ehiy BYkeKRtUv )anhamxat;sresrrihkn;rdæapi)alcin. lkçn³civitrs;enarbs;rkysarek nigsnþisuxsgám RtUv)aneKmin)an ykcitþtukdak;. duecñhgñksresrmangarmμn_ya;gxøamggmbiesripabénsarb½t man. sisssyrfa etibykekrtuvefvi ducemþc? edim,iedahrsay)anl (Ask Student Why there is a good solution). karefvi[kal³ets³manspabsμúksμaj (Complicate the Circumstances) edim,iesahrsaybbaðaenhcmebahsisscmtg; eyigkyrefvikarrsémetaelimrnþimñak;kñúgrdæapi)alku)a CamYy RKYsarrbs;Kat; Edlrs;enAkñúgshrdæGaemrik. kartak;tgcamyyrkysarrbs;kat;cab;epþimelig vij edayefvi karbipaksaelipabesμahrtg;. bnþab;mketotefvikarennamgmbikarvivtþn_bnþicmþg²duccabbaða TMnas;suIvil sm<½n PaBRKYsar tmbn; Catisasn_ >>>.l. etieyigrtuvedahrsaytamvifina? karerbir)as;salaeroncakmru (Use School Example) bgðaj]tahrn_edayepþateli]b,tþvehtuenasalaeron duccasisstuc²edlcagñklycecj culkñúg fñak;eronedaysm at;bmput etirkukyrdak;tnðkmμdl;sisstamggs; edim,i[sissrbrbwtþbtelμis enahechsarpab? mitþpkþirbs;sissxucenah)andwgfa nrnacagñkefviehiyenaeblsissxucmintan; )ansarpabnuvkmhusrbs; xøün. etimitþpkþirbs;sissxucenahkyrefviducemþc? KYrelIkElgeTas b dak; TNÐkmμ b k¾r)ab;mitþpkþidétetot. edim,i[karbipaksaénkgvl;silfm manrbsit PaB KWTamTar[man briyakasmyyl psarp ab;etanwgkarbgðat; bergonsilfm EdlRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþedaymankarcUlrYmBI elakrku GñkRKU edim,ielikeligcacmnucsmxan;² man 4 KW ³ -karbegáinnuvbriyakasénkarecotukcitþ nigpabesμahrtg;edlsissrtuvdwgnuvgarmμn_ nigkmnit rbs; BYkeKsþIGMBIkgVl;sIlFm EdlCasmaCikkñúgRkum)anÉkaBKña. cmebahsisskmrittabrkugacecosvag karkab sgát;etaelisiss enaebledahrsaybbaðaminttyl)anlt pl. cmebahsisskmritx<s; RKURtUvEt efvikarcamyy sissehiynamsiss[mancmenhdwgercinducca CYycg úlbgðajedlcakenøgbykeknwgeck rmelknuvcmenotukcitþ rbs;ekcamyygñkdét. -lt plénbriyakas Edl)anmkBIesckþIeKarBKñarvagsisS nigsiss nigtémøén]tþmktirku CaGñk bgðajesckþiesμahrtg; yutþifm kñúgtmnak;tmngrvagrkunigsiss. sisscagñkekarbnigrbtibtþipþal; ehiybriya kasfñak;eronmanlkçn³vic mancanic kñúgkarbergonemeronsilfm. 5

6 -briyakasénkarecotukcitþmingacekiteligenaeblyb;)anet erbahsissrtuvkareblevla edim,i vaytémø RKU nigvinicä½yfaetirkumanrbtikmμcmebahbykekya:gnaedr. sissk¾rtuvkareblevlaercin pgedredim,i smerccitþfaetirkumangarmμn_ebbnacmebahkarbipaksa nigcmebahbriyakasfñak;eron Edl RKUminesIccMGk b efvi[gamasdl;siss. -karrmepibcmebahgviedlsisskmbugsiksabiesafn_ CaBiessRKURtUvmanesckþIRbugRby½tñcMeBaHsisS Edl CaGñkcaMEtTTYlkarQWcab; ehiyefvikarrbwgerbgrbs;eknuvevtikaesri kñúgrgvg;rkum b kar snþnabukáledim,i bgðajnuvgarmμn_cmebahek. karbba ÚlRTwsþIrbs;elak Kohlberg enakñúgvis½ygb;rm enatsvtsqñam 1970 elak Kohlberg )anefvibiesafn_edayerbikic BiPakSaKñaeTAelIbec kvifi bergon (Discussion Techniques to Teach) etatamvicarnbaøansilfm. kargarenh )anefvi[ek cab;garmμn_ya:g xøamg ehiykartamdansegátrbs;kat;enaqñam 1969 cmebahcivpabrs;enashkmn_ GuIRsaEGl CaeKalviFImYy Edlpþl;[sisSnigRKUbeRgonksagrYmKña)annUvbBaðapÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK rycehiy mñak;²rymkñarkdmenahrsay etaelibbaðatamgenah[)ansmrmü. srubesckþimk TaMgRKUTaMgsisSrYmKña BiPakSafa etitegvigsilfm nigtegvi xusc,ab;rtuv)anbukálrbkan;ykya:gducemþc? ]TahrN_ ³ ecarlyc \va:n;kñúgcmrmgs; eblsissnamkñaecj dmenirkmsanþ. salaerongacgb;rmsissbibtbba aépþkñúg esckþi smerccitþrbs;rkumrbwksavin½y TMnak;TMngCa mitþpabrvagsissnigsiss btelμisrbeptnaedlgac benþjsissecjbisalaeron b lubeqμahecal. etirkugacykekalvifigb;rmsilfm rbs;elak Kohlberg mkgb;rmsiss)anb et? RKUGacTUnμansisS b elik TwkcitþsisS[sresrBIPaBkgVl;pøÚvcitþEpñk silfm ya:gnaxøh? etikarkitbisilfm GacnaMeq<aHeTArk Gakb,kiriyasIlFm )anb et?. erobcmedaygnubnðit samg sucinþa 6

7 karryl;dwg 7 ya:g Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInstvtSmkehIy RkumGñkR)aCJ)annaMKñasikSaRsavRCavEsVgyl;BIbBaØarbs; mnuss. ek)anerbir)as;mefüa)ayercinya:gducca mnþgakm citþvitüa sgámvitüa CIvviTüa sasna nig evc vitüa edim,icg;dwgfa bbaøacagvi? kñúggmlúgebl 50qñaMmkenH GñkRsavRCavviTüasaRsþCaeRcIn)an cab;epþimefvikar RsavRCav nigbkrsaybnül;birbbkmehijfμi²myycmnynducteta ³ 1¼xYrk,alsñaM nigxyrk,aleqvg kñúgqñam 1981 elak Roger Sperry)anTTYlrgVan; NobelkñúgkarRsavRCavBIdMeNIrkarnigmux garrbs; xyrk,altamgmul. Kat;)anBnül;faxYrk,aleqVgpþl;Bt manedlrbrbwtþetatamfmμta ÉxYrk,al sþamvijefvi clnapþl;dmnwgedlekiteligpþün²kñaehiygacrbditb begáit)anbt manepsg²etotpg. elak Paul Me Lean RbFanmnÞIrBiesaFn_enARkug Washington D.C )anrsaybmpøwfa maxyr k,al biedlmanlkçn³edayelkbikña enakñúgrgvg;xyrk,altamgmulrbs;mnuss. xyrk,altamgbienhefvi karrymkña. ebledlmnusscmerinv½y karrtihrih b karkitk¾mankmritx<s;edr enaeblenahxyrk,altamgmul k¾rikduhdalnuv RsTab;fμI²CaeRcInsMrab;bMerIesckþIRtUvkarrbs;mnusS. RsTab;rIkduHdalenHkan;Etman PaBsμúRKsμajCag RsTab;mun. 2¼eKGacbegáIn nigbrgikbbaøa)an kñúgry³eblknøgmkenh TsSn³P½NÐRcLM)anbkRsay bbaøacavtßúmyykmnt;c,as;las; ehiy minerb RbYl EdlmnusSmñak;²mantaMgBIkMeNIt. GñkR)aCJEdlkMBugsikSaRsavRCavdUcCaelak Jean Houston, Robert Masters, Willis Harman & Louis Machado )anbnül;ékpabkñafa bbaøarbs; mnussgaclut las;)anluhrtaetskmμpabedlmnussrtuvefvienah etiefvi)an b min)an. elakbnðitcitþvitucati [Srae] eqμah Reuven Feuerstein )anbnülfa ³ xyrk,almnussrikduh dal etatamv½y ÉkMriténsm,Tak¾GPivDÆn_eTAtamenaHEdr. xyrk,alca Hologram myy. elak Karl Pribram bnðitsarsþacarüenasaklvitüal½y Standford )anbkrsaybmpøwfa EpñknImYy²én Hologram kñúgxyrk,alsmrab;rksabt mantuk. Epñk nimyy²én Hologram mansmtßpabbegáitbt man)aneligvij. ]TahrN_ ³ eblnamyyenahrsab;et eyignwgkexijgnussavriy_ myykalbieyigenaeronbzmsiksa ehiyedleyigepøc)at;etaehiy. 7

8 3¼bBaØaKWCaBhutfPaB elak Howard Gardner nigshkarirbs;kat;)anrkexijfa ³ bbaøamanercinsnæan. ]TahrN_ eyiggacyl;sáal;dwgnigeronefvisegçb)anetaeligvi²edlenacumvijxøüneyig. elak Gardner CaCnTI1 Edl)an kmnt;bbaøa b karyl;dwgrbs;mnussman 7 ya:g. 4¼bBaØaTaMg 7 y:ag erkayebledlelak Gardner )ankmnt;fa bbaøarbs;mnussman 7ya:genHmk elakman Rbsasn_ fa bbaøarbs;mnussgacmanercinetotedlekmintan;rkexij. bbaøatamg 7 Edlelak Gardner rkexijenahkw ³ -bbaøa EpñkxagBaküsMdI nigpasa -bbaøa Epñkxag tkávitüa nigknitvitüa -bbaøa EpñkxagckçúviBaØaN niglmh -bbaøa Epñkxag ragkay nigclnaragkay -bbaøa Epñkxag turütrnþi nigkmnabü -bbaøa Epñkxag TMnak;TMngCamYyGñkdéT -bbaøa Epñkxag echbicarnaelixøünég k-bbaøaepñkxagbaküsmdinigpasa bbaøaepñkxagbaküsmdinigpasa sßitenacmehogxyrk,alxageqvg. mungarbiessrbs;bbaøaenh KWvaGac efviskmμpab)anenaeblnaedlvattylsñúrsemøg b n½yrbs;baküsmdigvimyy. GñkEdlman bbaøaenhkwkvi sil,krelçan GñkniTanerOg GñkniBn Rbelamelak vakμin GñkkMEbøg >>>. bbaøa enhmanlkçn³biess nigpar kic efvi[eyigechpasa rebobniyayrkb;ebbya:g nigkayvikarniyay. CYnkaleyIgGacsMEdgecjtamry³ kmnabü karkmebøg karnitanerog karerbibaküebcn_bierahrnþm ]bmanvifi karbicarna karrtihrihtamnimitþrub GMNan nigsmenr. x-bbaøaepñkxagtkávitüa nigknitvitüa bbaøaenhekiteligenaeblxyrk,alsþam nigeqvgefvikarrymkña. skmμpabrbs;xyrk,aleqvgpþl; skmμpab Gan begáitsbaøa nignimitþrubknitvitüa. skmμpabxyrk,alsþampþl;nuvkaryl;exijbitmnak; TMngéntYelx efvi[ eyigyl;bikmeraggrubiy_ nigbbaøtþirbs;tkávitüa nigknitvitüa. ekcat;tukbbaøaenh CabBaØaviTüasaRsþ BIeRBaH bbaøaenherbikarrtihrihtamrebobgnumanrym niggnumanejk. bbaøaenhefvi[ eyigsáal;kmeragnig yl;bitmnak; TMngBInimitþrUbGrUbIy_ duccacmnyn nigtrmg;frnimart RBmTaMgyl;BI TMnak;TMngénBt manebøk²bikña. Gñk 8

9 manbbaøaenh KWGñkviTüasaRsþ GñkKNitviTüa GñksresrkuMBüÚT½r KNenyükr Gñkc,ab; FnaKarik>>>. karsiksa nigkarefvietsþenarbetselakxaglic ercinsgát;f n;eta elirbeptbbaøatamgbirxageli. K-bBaØaEpñkxagckçúviBaØaN niglmh bbaøaenh ekiteligbiskmμpabrbs;kmbkcmehogkñúgxyrk,alxagsþam. KnøwHviBaØaNrbs;bBaØaenHKW kar emilexijedayckçúvibaøan nigsmtßpabrmbwgfanwgbegáitrubpabgvimyytamry³énkarkit. vibaøan enhtak; TgeTAnwgpÞaMgKMnUr rubcmøak; EpnTI sßabtükmμ El,gcRtgÁ. GñkEdlmanbBaØaenHKW CagKMnUr navwk Gaks yanik Cagcmøak; sßabtükr GñkKURkaPic GñkKUrKMnUrCIvcl. X-bBaØaEpñkxagragkay nigclnaragkay bbaøaenhekitmaneligenaerkambba akarskmμpabryménxyrk,al citþ nigragkay. xyrk,alsþam bba a rclnaragkayxageqvg ÉxYrk,alxageqVgmanmuxgarbBa arclnaragkayxagsþam. srésxyrk,al Cortex efvikarducrbb½n raolar smrab;bkerb RtYtBinitüeTAelIBt manepsg²edlragkaypþl;[. ena eblsrésxyr Cortex TTYldMNwgPøam srésenhk¾epjacelig rycpþl;clnaragkayepsg² jak;epñk elikédelikecig tambba arbs;srésxyr Cortex. bbaøaenhefvi[eyigecherbiragkayducca ram jak; muxmat; elgkila efvi skmμpabb clnaepsg²>>>>. eyiggacdwg)annuvgviedlragkayrbs;eyigefvi)an b min)an CiHkg; vayggáúli elx ctlantnþwmkña>>. GñkEdlmanbBaØaenHKW sil,kr kilakrgñkefvi Rtab; Gñkr)aM. enakñúgvis½ygb;rm { karsiksaedayefviskmμpab } CameFüa)aybeRgon niggb;rmd¾smxan;. g-bbaøaepñkxagturütrnþi nigkmnabü xyrk,aleqvgmanparkic begáitskmμpabrbs;rbb½n epøg nigrbb½n cab;cugcyn. ÉxYrk,alsþaMman muxgar efvi[garmμn_eyigsb,ayrikrayenaebledleyigb epøgnigsemøgcab;cugcyn. CaTUeTAbBaØa EpñkxagtUrütRnþI nigkmnabüman\t iblxøamgelistigarmμn_eyigcagbbaøaéetot² erbahturütrnþich \T ibl xøamgnas;etaelixyr k,alrbs;mnuss. bbaøaenhgacefvi[mnussmansmtßpabqab;ttylgarmμn_bisemøgnana CaBiesssemøgmnusS nigturü trnþienacumvijxøüneyig. bbaøaenhcyy[eyigsáal;nigecherbisemøgtamgenah. GñkEdlmanbBaØa enh KWGñk elgepøg GñkraM GñkeRcog GñkEtgbTePøg GñkEtgkMNaBü >>>. c-bbaøaepñxagtmnak;tmngcamyygñkdét 9

10 bbaøarbeptenh GaceFVIskmμPaB)anedayQrelImUldæanénbBaØaÉeTot. bbaøaenhefvi[eyig Gac semþgecjnuvgakb,kiriya nigskmμpabtamglay edayxøüneyig. bbaøaenhmantmnak;tmngnwg ³ -skmμpabsrésvibaøanrbs;xyrk,aleqvg nigxyrk,alsþam -RbB½n Limbic EdlmanenAkñúgkMBkf as CakEnøgekIteLIgnUvmenaseBa tna nigcyy[bbaøa enhefvi skmμpab -ersamxyrk,al b smbkxyrk,al Cortex EdlmanParkic TTYlxusRtUvxagkarRtiHriHkMritx<s; bbaøaenhcyy[eyigmanskmμpab -echshkarcamyygñkdét -buinrbsb;tak;tgkñaxagbaküsmdinigkayvikar -echsmkal;twkmux mancitþrmepib nigmanbmngr)afña. bukáledlmanbbaøaenh GacecHemIlnigyl;dwg)anBITwkcitþmnusSecHmancitþemtþaRtaRbNI echyl; GFüaRs½y Gacyl;dwgmunBImhnþrayEdlGacekItmaneLIg ehiymancmenoelixøünégkñúg dmenahrsay bbaðaepsg². GñkmanbBaØaenH KWRKUbeRgon sarsþacarü RKUeBTüBüa)aleraK srésrb sat Gñkneya)ay niggñkdwknamsasna. q-bbaøaepñxagechbicarnaelixøünég bbaøaepñkxagtmnak;tmngcamyygñkdét trmuv[eyigechefvikarbicarnaetaeligñkdét riébbaøa Epñk xagechbicarnaelixøünégtrmuv[eyigechbicarnaelixøüneyig echecatsyrkñúgxøüneyigbikaryl; exijrtwmrtuv b minrtwmrtuvnigmenaseba tnaedlekiteligkñúgxøüneyig. bbaøarbeptenhk¾bwgbak;eli muldæanénbbaøadét etotedrkñúgebledlmnusseyigefviskmμpab. bbaøarbeptenhcyy[eyig ³ -manlt PaByl;BIsNþancitþ stigarmμn_ nigyl;dwgetaeligvi²edlenacumvijxøüneyig. -manlt PaBdkXøa sba wgkitsincmebahkargarb skmμpabedleyig)anefviehiy. GñkmanbBaØaenH KWTsSnviTU citþvitu RKUevTmnþ GñksikSaRsavRCav>>>>. vifibergonedayerbibhubbaøa elak Gardner )anghgagfa bbaøatamg 7rbs;mnusSmñak;²rIkduHdalBuMesμIKñaeT. ]TahrN_ sissxøh BUEkxagevaha)anCagkmøaMgkay ebalkw bbaøaepñkxagbaküsmdi nigpasa xøamgcagbbaøaxag ragkaynig clnaragkay. mnussmñak;²gacmansmtßpabbrgwgbrgikbhubbaøarbs;ek)an. ehtuenh ehiy )ancagñkgb; rmecocak;fa ekgacbergonniggb;rmsiss[brgwgbrgik bbaøarbs;ek)an. 10

11 1¼viFIbeRgonedayeRbIBhubBaØarbs;sisS k-dmnak;kaldas;bbaøa x-dmnak;kalbrgwgbbaøa K-dMNakalbeRgon X-dMNak;kalykbBaØaeTAeRbIR)as;kñúgCIvPaBrs;enA k-dmnak;kalti 1 ³ kardas;bbaøa RKUeCOfa sissmñak;²manbhubbaøa. RKURtUveRbImeFüa)ayepSg²edIm,Idas;bBaØaenaHeday[ sissrbug erbobxøünedim,iefviskmμpabedlrku)anerkagtukkñúgemeron. duecñhrkurtuverbivifisarsþbergon epsg²edim,i das;garmμn_xyrk,al ragkay nigclnaragkayrbs;siss. x-dmnak;kalti2 ³ karbrgwgkmøamgbbaøa RKURtUvdwgfa etibbaøarbeptnimyy²trmuv {rebobbergonebbna} edim,ieqøiytb)anetanig muxgar nigskmμpabrbs;bbaøaenah? ]TahrN_RKUBuMKYrcab;epþImemeroneday[sisSEdlmanbBaØaxag smdinigpasa etadwkcikdidamkuneqimunebledl[sissenahgangtßbtgmbirebobdamkuneqieliy. edim,i [manrbsit PaB kñúgkarbnþúhbnþalbbaøanamyyetatamkmeragemeronrbs;xøünrkurtuvech nigyl;[)an c,as;las;camunsinnuv {Pasarbs;bBaØa} bmninrbsb;nigsm,taepsg²smrab;ykmkerbikñúgkargb;rm bbaøanimyy². ]TahrN_ Pasa rbs;bbaøaepñkxagragkaynigclnaragkaykw clnaedltak;tgetanwg raykayducca rt; KUr efvibiesafn_>>> BuMEmnBaküsMdIb sunþrkfaet. K-dMNak;kalTI3 ³ karbergon RKURtUvbeRgonsisSGMBIxøwmsaremeroneTAtamskmμPaBepSg²EdlbBaØanImYy²Gacman smtßpab GPivDÆ)an. elak Gardner )ansnñidæanbirya:gfa ³ -eyiggacbergonsiss[kan;etmanr)acjaeligtammefüa)ayerbibbaøaercinya:grymkña ducca erbibbaøa EpñkxagsMdI Pasapg EpñkxagtkáviTüa KNitviTüapg bbaøaturütrnþicgvak;cugcynpg. -eyiggacerbivifibergonebbnak¾)anedr [EtsisSerontamBhubBaØarbs;eK. elak Gardner )anbbaøafa esovepanigsmpar³bergon 95 EdleK)ancgRkgCaeRscenaH PaKeRcIn trmuvetanigbbaøaepñkxagbaküsmdi Pasa tkávitüa nigknitvitüab:uenñah. ÉRKUvijcgRkg kic EtgkarbeRgon etatamgvi²edlmankñúgesovparsab; ebalkwrkuyketbbaøatamg 4enH mkerbikñúgebl bergon. elak Cooper nigshkarirbs;kat;)ancat;tukrkucmbukenhfa { RKUeRbIÉksarRsab;}. RKUCMBUkenHminGaceFVI[bBaØaTaMgGs; rbs;sissgpivdæ)aneliy. 11

12 ekalbmngrbs;tssn³bhubbaøa KWCYyRKU[rMedaHxøÜnecjBIkMNt;RtaEdlmanEcgkñúgesovePA. RKURtUv echerobcmkermagetgkic bergon nigerbivifibergon Gb;rMsisSeTAtamBhubBaØaTaMg 7. RKUCMBUk enh ehafa {RKUécñRbDit }. 2-etIRKUGaceFVIKeRmagemeronya:gNaxøH kñúgkarerbibhubbaøacamefüa)ay? bbaøatamg 7 mankmøamgbumesμikñaet. b:uenþetahcaya:gnak¾eday k¾bbaøatamgenahefviskmμpab TMnak;TMng KñaeTAtamRbB½n myycmnync,as;las;edr. bbaøanimyy²ttylparkic xusrtuveliskmμpabrbs; xøün. kñúgemeron nimyy²rkukb,itrmuv[bbaøatamggs;rbs;sissculrymya:gskmμ etahnacaemeronenah sgát;f n;etaelibbaøa BiessNamYyk¾eday. ]TahrN enaéf c½nþ RKUbeRgonsisSedaysgát;F n;etaeli karerbibbaøaepñkxag smdinigpasaetrkuk¾gacykbbaøaya:gticbietotmkerbiedr ducca bbaøaepñkxagech BicarNaelIxøÜnÉg bbaøaxag ragkay nigclna bbaøaxagtkávitüa nigknitvitüacaedim. eblnaeyig erkag erbibbaøaercinkñúgeblbergon eblenahsissk¾culrymya:gercinnigya:gskmμkñúgkarsiksaedr. 3 erobcmedaygnubnðit samg sucinþa 12

13 \riyabfrbs;sisscmebahkargb;rm Behavior and attitude of students towards education I-esckþIepþIm sbvéf enh bbaðaedlecateligkñúgsalaeronnigkñúgsgámkm<úca KW\riyabfrbs;sisScMeBaHkar siksa. erkayqñam 1993 \riyabfrbs;yuvsiss cmebahkarsiksahak;duccaecateligkan;etkyr[rbyy )armöcabies syuvsisscab;bigayu eligeta. bbaðaenhecateligbnþalmkbiktþaepsg²ca ercinkñúgsgám ehiy sbvéf GaCJaFr extþ-rkugkmbugcat;vifankartb;sáat;edim,ikmcat;ecalehtukarn_ EdlRbkbeTAedayeRKaHfñak; EdlbNþalmkBIRkumyuvsisSnigRkumbgFM bgtuckñúgsgám lyc-bøn; Xatkmμ er)akr)as; cab;cmrit CYj durpøúvept. II-ktþaGaRkk;EdleFVI[yuvsisSTTYlbraC½ykñúgkarsikSa manktþacaercinkybpsmkña efvi[yuvsissttylbrac½y b e)ahbg;ecalkarsiksart;etaculcamyy Rkumbg FMb Rkumecar. enaeblxøhbbaðaenhminrkan;etecatelig b karlm)akkñúgsgámb:uenñahet b:uenþvach \T iblya:g xøamgdl;karsiksarbs;yuvsisskñúgsalaeronetotpg. yuvsissrbeptenhrbkbetaeday erkahfñak;nas;. eblxøhetotvaminrkan;etefvi[salaeroncybkarlm)aknigefvi[«bukmþayrbyycitþ b:uenñahet b:uenþvabgá[briya kassgámmanlkçn³gyrgab;etotpg. kñúgsalaeronvah anrbqamgnwgrku b nwgkn³nayksala. erkabirac FanIPñMeBj GaCJaFrextþkNþalnigkMBg;qñaMk¾ykcitþTukdak;nigcab; GarmμN xøamgkñúgbbaðaenhedr. extþ-rkugnig TICnbTdéTeTotminTan;manbBaðaecaTxøaMgBIkrNIrbs; yuvsissxilxucnigrkumbgfmenhet. manktþagarkk; ercinnas;edlch\ti BlnigGUsTajTwkcitþ yuvsiss[ttylbrac½ykñúgkarsiksa ³ -minekarbvin½ysala minekatxøackn³nayk minsþab;rku -minmkeronetogtat;eblevla minefvikic kar Qb;eRcIn -ecjculbnel,g (games, billiard, karaoke) -\T iblebsüacarercinkñúgsgám minq aybisalaeron -kñúgracfani b kñúgrkugsmburrgásalercin -El,gsuIsgeRcInEk,r²salaeron -«BukmþayTmøab;[luycayeRcIn [esripabercineta[kun 13

14 -kayvikarcmerog karaoke ExμrR)ascakkarBitkñúgsgÁm egabefibkña bibmfñak;fñmrbelam esñha kñúglmh -minsuvculpþherbah«bukmþayecrsþirbedahamxat;minsþab; -CYlpÞHenACaRkum h anlycluy«bukmþay -xwgnwg«bukmþay[luycayminsb,ayrkb;rkan;duckunek -h anlk;m:utu kg; edim,ipsgerbgculbnel,g (Game, billiard and karaoke ) -ebirkumekmanrsi²culcamyy RsIh anlk;xøünedim,iciba wmkñaek -xøhetotykkg;m:utu mkepjisalaeron etaedirelg)at;dl;ema:gekral;kñaecjbislaeron mk ykkg; m:utuducsissfmμta -eblmanluycay etaculsb,aycamyyrkumbgfmrkumxilxuc -yuvsissxøhrbedamin)an RtUv«Bukmþaykat;kal bþwgb:ulis[cab;xøünkun -«BukmþayxøH ecrsþivayrbedakunxøamgebk kunrt; )at;yurebk EbrCapSaytamviTüú tam TUrTsSn_rkkUn>>> -enasalaeronvin½ytwg eronexsay b eronmintan;ekenapþh Em:sþI «ecr xøacpþhxøacsala b ex<im pþhex<imsala s b;rku KuMKN³nayk ebirsih anrbfuyxøün ebirbush anetaculcamyyrkumxilxuc b Rkum bgfm bgtuc -yuvsissxøhmankmnitsmöar³niymrcultammitþpkþi «Bukmþaybt;EbntamkUnminTan; kunrt;ecal sala ElgcUlpÞH -«BukmþayxøHmin)anTmøab;kUn[RsLaj;karsikSaBIenAtUc b mintmøab;[echcyykargarpþh -yuvsissmþayxøhcab;rvl;kargarrksui ehiybenþtbenþaykun \T iblvb,fm bretsman ³ -ExSPaBynþGasGaPas ExSPaBynþhwgSa kab;cak; vaydm smøab; Xatkmμ cab;cmrit man bba amg tamfmμta nigedaysuvtßipabtamturtssn_ rdæ nigékcn ehiyefmtamgmanlk;casafarn³ tam TIpSar etotpg -erkogejonnigfñamefvi[smeribkamtnða -m:utsemøókbmbak;ebøk² -smöar³tmenib ehiysmburebb m:utu rfynþ>>>>>> \T iblgvic mankñúgsalaeronman ³ 14

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16 -RKUnignayksalaeRbIviFIbeRgon vifigb;rml vifirkb;rkgl -RksYgGb;rMRksYgvb,Fm RksYgB½t man niggacjafrmuldæankyrefvikic shkarkñabm)at;ecalnuv \T ibl GaRkk;kñúgsgÁm El,gsuIsg ebsüacar karpsayerogesñhaefvi[smeribpøúvept tamtmb½r karest TsSnavdþI TUrTsSn_rdæ nigékcn ExSPaBynþbreTs erogpakkab;cak; Xatkmμ bøn; rmelaprsþi cab;cmrit Karaoke ExμrEdlmankayvikarxusBIkarBitkñúgsgÁm. -bm)at;gmebibukrlyykñúgsgám kñúgsalaeronkñúgcyrgacjafr duccacab;ecar)an b ]RkidæCn Cab; KukmYy ry³xøirycelg[manesripabvij. -vin½ykñúgsalaeronrtuv)anekykmkgnuvtþya;gmanrbsit PaB -«BukmþayecH[esrIPaBeTAkUnedaymanRBMEdnkMNt; -RKUecHelIkTwkcitþsisS b sresirsisskñúgsmuhpabsiss kalnasiss)anefvigmebil b kic karl -RKUykcitþTukdak;beRgonsisSnigEkkic karsiss[)anditdl;etogtat;eblevla. IV-viFIGb;rM nigrkb;rkgsmuhpabyuvsiss[edirpøúvl edim,ibm)at;ecal\riyabfgvic manrbs;yuvsisscmebahkarsiksa RKb;salaeronTaMgGs; KYrEt erobcm [man ³ -smakmmatabitasisssmrab;bgátmnak;tmngya:ggayrsylcamyysalaeron kñúgkartamdan Gb;rMnig ENnaMsisS[edIrpøÚvl -KN³nayk niggacjafredndikyrmankic shkarl nwgkñakñúgkarpþl;b½t man kñúgkarbm)at;ecalbn El,g bnebsüacar erkogejon GMeBIqk;bøn;>>> -KN³nayk RkumRbwkSavin½y Rkumbec kets RkumRKUTTYlbnÞúkfñak; RkumRKUbeRgon bukálik kariya l½ysalaeron KYrEtmanshkarKñanigmnsikar manesckþiesμahrtg; mangmnt;büayam Rbkan; citþxnþi efvikar gar[)anetogtat;eblevla rymkñacyyrbyy)armöcmebahkmhusrbs;yuvsiss rkvifankartb; Tl;[)annig elikkmbs; vin½ysissl bergonl Gb;rMl eronbuek. srubesckþimk KN³nayksala smakmmatabitasiss b RKYsarsisSnigGaCJaFrmUldæanKYr Etsh kar[)anl CamYyKñaedIm,ICYyTb;sáat;vb,Fm brets EdlmanlkçN³GviC manrcytrcabculkñúg sgám nigkar saberbahpab\tsnþab;fñab; PaBKμanvin½y PaBGaNaFibetyü minsmrsbtamrbébni kñúgsgámexμr. 3 16