CMBUkTI 7. kargardwkcba ÚnnigpøÚvbeNþaHGasnñ. kñúgkarerobcmkardæan. bmeribmras;rbs;kardwkcba Ún

Átírás

1 kargardwkcba Ún nig pøúvbenþahgasnñ 1. niymn½y bmeribmras;rbs;kardwkcba Ún kñúgkarerobcmkardæan 1. cg;sagsg;³ eyigrtuvkardwkcba Úndl;kardæannUv³ smpar³smng; ³ xsac;/ fµ/ erkah/ \dæ/ sium:g;t_/ Edk/ eqi/ >>>> CaedIm. brikçar nig erkogcrk bmeriegaykargarsagsg;. 2. edayelkkargardwkcba ÚnsMPar³ niyaytamg di/ fµ/ >>>> nig elidak; )andenþirdl;³ 50 brimansrubrbs;kargarenakardæan. 30 tmélsmng;. 3. edayehtuplxageli ³ ekrtuvrsavrcaverobcmkargardwkcba ÚneGaysmRsb edim,i bnßyblkmµ nig cmnaydwkcba Ún. 118

2 lmdab;erobcmkargardwkcba Ún kmnt;brimansrubrbs;smpar³edlrtuvdwkcba Ún. kmnt;brimansmpar³efivcracrral;elipøúvedlrtuvdwkcba Ún. erciserismefüa)aydwkcba Ún. KNnakMlaMgGUsrbs;rfynþ/ lt PaBcrracr rbs;pøúv nig KNnacMnYn rfynþedlrtuvkar. edahrsaypøúv erobcmxøamg nig kenøgelidak;smpar³. kmnt;smaspab nig erobcmepñkrkb;rkg kargardwkcba Ún KNnasagsg; ³ pøúvfñl;/ s<anlu/ sßaniy_. 2. kmnt;brimansmpar³srubedlrtuvdwkcba Ún bnþarbeptsmpar³manrbman 75 eta 80 énbrimansmpar³srub Edl RtUvdwkCBa ÚnenAkardæan. ekep kelirbrktitinkargarsagsg; edim,ikmnt;briman nig ry³ebldwkcba Ún. erkabibrimanniyayxageli/ eyigenartuvdwgdl;bnþabrimanepsgetot ducca³ brikçabec kets/ smpar³bmericivpabrs;ena/ bnþatmruvkargmbivtßúfatuedim/ FatucMehH/ >>>> CaedIm. 119

3 3. kmnt;brimansmpar³edlrtuvdwkcba Únral;éf kmnt;brimansmpar³dwkral;éf elipøúvfñl; myyqñam/ tamrubmnþ³ RtUv)anKNnatambrimaNsMPar³ kñúgenah ³ Qral;éf Q n T Qral;éf = k.q n / T - brimansmpar³dwkcba Únral;éf etan / - brimansmpar³dwkcba ÚnmYyqñaM etan / - ry³ebldwkcba ÚnkñúgmYyqñaM éf / k - emkunkñúgkardwcba Únral;éf / k = erciserismefüa)aydwkcba Ún cmebahpøúvedk nig k = 2 cmebahpøúvrfynþ. tamrbeptpøúv³ tamkmlamggus³ tamsßanpab ³ eyigmankardwkcba ÚntampøÚvEdk/ pøúvrfynþ/ pøúvtwk. eyigmankmlamgcmyaytwk/ kmlamgpþúh/ kmlamggkáisni/ kmlamgbahn³. eyigmankardwkcba ÚneRkA BIxageRkAmkdl;kardæan / dwkcba Únkñúg BIXøaMgsMPar³/ BIeragCagdl;TIkEnøg sagsg; 120

4 smkal; dwkcba ÚneRkA³ eyigrtuvykcitþtukdak;dl;cmgay nig PUmisaRsþ. eketgerbipøúvrfynþ/ pøúvedk/ pøúvtenø nig pøúvsmurt rbs; safarn³. vadenþimrbman 9 tmélsmng;. dwkcba Únkñúg³ RtUvykcitþTukdak;dl;lkçx½NÐCak;Esþgrbs;TItaMg nig smpar³edlrtuvdwkcba Ún. eketgerbipøúvbenþahgasnñ CamYynig mefüa)ayynþkmµ érfm/ érlµm/ értuc/ rfynþ/ ma:siungus/ kmlamgtwk/ xül;sgát;/ nig kmlamgblkmµ GaceRbIbNþaRbePTreTs ducca retseka/ RkbI/ es³ edim,idwkcba ÚndI/ xsac;/ fµ/ RKYs/ CamYynigbrimaNmYyreTsRbmaN 0>35 dl; 0>45 Em:RtKUb nig erbil enakardæanedlmantiføaceg ót denþimrbman 13>5 tmélsmng;. eblsmpar³dwkcba Ún CasMPar³sMNg;manTMhMFM ducca erkogbgáúm nig brikçarf n;² elikmnat;pøúvevg 50 KWLUt_Em:RteLIgeTA KW erbir)as; pøúvedknwgmanplrbeyacn_cagpøúvrfynþ. eblpøúvdwkcba ÚneRkam 50 KILÚt_Em:Rt Biess KW cmgaybi 10 etadl; 15 KILÚt_Em:Rt KW kardwkcba Únedayrfynþl RbesIrCag enatitamgsµúksµajrtuvqøgkat;tenø/ eligcuhpñm/ TITYl/ TMnabrkibrkub KWkargardwkCBa ÚnsMPar³sMNg;l bmput KWeRbIR)as;pøÚvExSkabeyag. 121

5 ebicmgaydwkcba ÚnxøIBI 1 dl; 2 KILÚt_Em:Rt KWeyIgKYreRbIR)as; rfynþsenþag edim,idwkcba ÚnsMPar³. RbePTenH etahcamanel,ónywtcag rfynþkµansenþag b:uenþmankunrbeyacn_epsg KW mincm)ac;)at;bg; eblevlaefivpøúvfñl;benþahgasnñ. 5. KNnakMlaMgGUs/ cmnynrfynþ niglt PaBcracrrbs;pøÚv KNnakMlaMgGUsrbs;yan 1. kmlamggusrbs;rfynþ³ RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnþ³ FGUs = 270.N Cak;Esþg / v (kgf) CamYynig tmélbþúrbikmlamgess NCak;Esþg - kmlamgcak;esþgrbs;ma:siun KitCa ess RtUv)anKNna tamrubmnþ ³ NCak;Esþg = N i.f eday N i - f - kmlamgrtwsþissrelima:siun. emkunerbir)as; mann½yfa emkunclnarvag kmlamg nig kg;rfynþvil. ekercinyk f =

6 v - el,ónrt; Km/h 2. tmélrbs;kmlamggus FGUs mincamfmcagtmélrbs;kmlamgc,am Fc,am rbs;kg;rfynþ b rbs;kg;rcva:k;ma:siuntaj elidiet. ebi FGUs > Fc,am enahkw mingacbmlas;ti)anet EdlxN³enaH ekitelig)atuputkg; rfynþrkan;vilenakenøg. ducenh eyigrtuvmanlkçx½nð ³ FGUs <= F c,am erbah FGUs ducenheyigrtuv³ bgðajeday kgf cmenk Fc,am EbrCabgðajeday tf FGUs <= 1000.φ.Pc,am eday φ - emkunc,ampøúv emilenatarag 6>1 Pc,am- TMgn;elIrfynþbBa Únmkkg;rbs;vamantMéldUcxageRkam³ RbePTefynþRsal RbePTefynþF n; RbePTefynþGUskg;ekAs U RbePTefynþGUskg;Rcva:k; Pc,am= (P+Q) Pc,am= (P+Q) Pc,am = 0.7 (P+Q) Pc,am= (P+Q) P - TMgn;pÞal;rbs;yan (tf), Q - TMgn;sMPar³ (tf) 123

7 taragtmélmfümrbs;emkunc,am φ smrab;rfynþ nig ma:siungus. RbePT nig sßanpabpøúv rfynþ ma:siungus pøúvdi pøúvrkalebtug pøúvsmas s Üt esim s Üt esim s Üt esim pøúvfµ s Üt esim 3. lkçx½nðmuldæanedim,imefüa)aydwkcba ÚnGaccl½t)anelIkMNat;pøÚvNamYy³ kmlamggusrtuvfmcagkmlamgfy/ mann½fa ³ kñúgenah FGUs > Q t. W Q t - TMgn;sMPar³srub (tf) Q t = P + Q P - TMgn;pÞal;rbs;yan (tf) 124

8 Q - TMgn;sMPar³ (tf) W- kmlamgfysrub KitCa kgf eli! tf TMgn;rbs;meFüa)aydwkCBa Ún kgf / tf kmnt;eeday ³ W = Wfyem + W i + W kmlamgfyrg eday ³ Wfyem - kmlamgfysmxan;)anmkbitmgn;rbs;rfynþ nig smpar³bgárelig. W i - kmlamgfyrg )anmkbikmritcmralrbs;pøúv bgárelig. Wfyrg - kmlamgfyrg )anmkbikmritekagrbs;pøúv bgárelig. BinitüCak;EsþgbNþakMlaMgfy/ eyigman³ tmélrbs;kmlamgfyem Wfyem ³ kargardwkcba Únedayrfynþ b ma:siungus/ GaRs½yeTAnigsßanPaBepSgKñarbs;pøÚv/ eyiggnuvtþn_ tamtarag 6>2³ tmélrbs;kmlamgfyrg W i i ³ smmulcamyynig 1000i Edl kñúgenah i; CakMritCMral. pøúvmyymankmritcmralkw i = 5%0 KWtMélrbs; kmlamgfyrgeblenah RtUv)anKNnaCa W i = 5kgf / tf. ebirfynþ rt;elipøúvrab minmankmritcmral KWeBlenaHeyIgman W i =

9 tmélrbs;kmlamgfyrg Wfyrg ³ CamYynigpøÚvEdkce g ót KWkMNt; tamrubmnþ³ Wfyrg = 500.e / R kñúgenah e - cmgayrvaggks½rfynþ. R - kamrbs;pøúvekag. ebirfynþrt;elipøúvrtg; Wfyrg KW kmlamgfyrgseblenah W fyrg = 0. cmnam ³ erkabikmlamgfytamgbixageli/ eyigenaykcitþdl;kmlamg fybnþalmkbi cab;epþimbeba Hma:sIunekIteLIg. tarag 6>2 l>r RbePTpøÚv sßanpab rbs;pøúv rfynþ kg; Rcva:k; ma:siungus kg; xsl; rfynþsenþag kg; Rcva:k; kg; xsl; 1 ebtug/ ebtim l Rkalfµ/ erkah mfüm Rkalfµ 4 di 5 difµietibcik mfüm Gn; mfüm Gn; Gn; ya:ggn;

10 4. ykcitþtukdak;³ krnidwkcba Únedayrfynþ/ eyigman Q = FGUs / (W fyem + W i ) - P krnidwkcba Únedayma:sIunGUs/ eblegaykmlamggusenakmlamgc,am pøúv eyigman ³ Q = FGUs / (Wfyem + W i ) 6. KNnabrimaNrfynþ 1. KNnary³eBleTAmkrbs;efynþ b rfepøig elikmnat;pøúv rfynþ / Edk/ RtUeL kmnt;tamrubmnþ ³ t = telidak; + L / v 1+ tdak;cuh + L / v 2 + tecos kñúgenah telidak; - ry³eblelikdak;smpar³eligrfynþ ema:g tdak;cuh - ry³ebldak;cuhsmpar³birfynþ ema:g tecos - ry³eblrg;camenartg;kenøgecoskña ema:g v 1 nig v 2 -el,óncl½trbs;rfynþebldwksmpar³ nig eblmindwk rfynþbrtet KILÚt_Em:Rt ¼ ema:g 127

11 smkal; a) CamYynigpøÚvmYyTis nig smpar³dwkmyytis enahry³eblrbs;rfynþ myyecigkw ³ eday t = telidak; + tdak;cuh + 2L / vmfüm vmfüm - el,ónmfümrbs;rfynþtamgetatamgrtlb;mkvij KILÚt_Em:Rt ¼ ema:g b) CamYynigpøÚvmYyTis b:uenþmankmnat;ecoskña enah enahry³eblrbs; rfynþmyyecigkw ³ eday t = telidak; + tdak;cuh + tecos +2L / vmfüm tecos- ry³eblrfynþqb;ecoskña ema:g 2. cmnynecig niyaytamgetatamgmk kñúgmyyéf rbs;rfynþ³ RtUv)anKNna tamrubmnþ ³ m = (T + t 0 ) / t kñúgenah T - ry³eblsrub t 0 - ry³ebl)at;bg;bnþalbi bþúrrfynþ b edaysarrfynþrt; mindwksmpar³bikenøgpþúkdl;kardæan nig RcaseTAvij. CamYynig rfynþ nig ma:siungus t 0 = ema:g 3. cmnynrfynþedlrtuvkar (n) ³ kmnt;tamrubmnþ ³ 128

12 n = Q / (q.m) kñúgenah Q - TMgn;sMPar³RtUvdwkkñúgmYyry³eBl evn q - TMgn;eRbIR)as;rbs;rfynþ. 7. lt PaBcracr nig lt PaBdwkrbs;pøÚv 1. lt PaBcracrrbs;pøÚv ³ KWCacMnYnrfynþ cmnynexsrfepøig Gaccracr)anelI kmnat;pøúvkñúgmyyéf. 2. lt PaBdwkrrbs;pøÚv ³ KWCabrimaNsMPar³GacdwkelIkMNat;pøÚvkñúgmYyéf edaybrimanrfynþ ExSrfynþ manrsab;. 8. pøúvbenþahgasnñenakardæan pøúvbenþahgasnñenakardæan minemnrtuvtamsmnumbrbec ketsrbs;pøúvgciérnþet/ b:uenþenaetrtuvekarbbnþalkçx½nðebjeljsmedafana)ansuvtiþpabcracrcm)ac;. 1. pøúvrfynþ ³ ekercinefivpøúvrfynþbenþahgasnñ bmerikarsagsg; elikardæan rymcamyynig pøúvrfynþ GciéRnþ edim,ibnßycmnaysagsg;pøúvfñl;. eyigetefivitamcmhanducxagerkam ³ dmbug/ eyigefivpøúvbenþahgasnñ ducca ³ pøúvdi/ pøúvdiekécñ/ pøúvfµl it b RKYs / pøúvfµbmebk/ pøúvbnþhebtugcak;rsab; b pøúvrkalbnþheqitamkg;rfynþ. eblmantuneyignwgefivpøúvgciérnþ b bba b;pøúvbenþahgasnñ erbahva minrtwmet RtUveRbIkñúgkargarsagsg;beNÑaHeT EfmTaMgenAeRbIsMrab;bMerI plitkmµ erkaymk. 129

13 pøúvbenñahgasnñ manmuxkat;ttwgducxagerkamenh ³ Epñk! KWsMrab;rfynþbr/ KWCacieBaI mpøúv edim,imnussefivdmenir nig rfynþecoskña/ EpñkTI # RbLaybgðÚrTwk/ EpñkTI $ KWCa TIFøadak;sMPar³bMrug edim,i kargarcysculpøúv. RsTab;dI CaFmµtaRT)anTMgn;BI 0>5 2>5 Kgf/cm² b:uenþtmgn;kg;rfynþ CaFmµta eligdl; 5-5>5 ehtuenh elirstab;pøúvekrtuvrkalbenßm edim,ibegáinkmlamgrt rbs;rstab;pøúv. a) RsTab;pøÚvdI ³ RtUv)aneFIVedayviFIeGayma:suInruj (Bulldozer) edim,iegay épþrabesµi ehiyerkaymkegayma:siunbgðab; (Roller) mankmlamgbgðab;bi 2-6 etan/ bgðab;ercindg edim,ibegáit)ancarstab;rwgmaml. b) RsTab;pøÚvdIEkécñ ³ efivedayvifirkalmyyrstab; CaFmµta BI sm smas EdlsmasPaBrYmman³ cmnam ³ dif n; (Heavy soil) BI 6-14 dixsac; (Sandy soil)bi EpñkenAsl; KWCaRKb;tUcepSg² ducca RKYsEdlmanRKb;tUc² 130

14 ebirkwhpøúvcadif n; enaheyigefmxsac; edim,ipøúvecosputbipñt; b rgilebl manepøóg. ebirkwhpøúvcadixsac; enahrtuvefmdif n; edim,ibegáinkmrits it nig eday ehtuenah eblmanepøóg nwgecos)ansßanpabhurercah. c) pøúvmakadam (Macadam)³ Gaceday RkYs b fµ eyigrtuvrkalcarstab;² FmµtakMras;BI sm. enarstab;nimyy² RtUvbgðat;ya:ghab;edayma:sIunbgðab; (Roller). EpñkRKwH pøúvrtuvbun/ ekk¾rtuvrkalcarstab;² nig bgðab;ya:genntan;tab;. tambenþa pøúv/ cam)ac;rtuvmanrblaybgðúrtwk edim,ifanapøúverbir)as;)anyur. RbLaybgðÚrTwk 2.0 M i=5-6 % b/2 i=3-4% RsTab;fµ b RkYs RKwH 131

15 d) pøúvrkalbnþhebtugsrésedkcak;rsab; ³ bnþhebtugcafmµtamantmhm 0.15x1x3.0m. smkal;³ ebirfynþmankmlamgpþúk 10 etan enaherbibnþhkmras;bi sm. ebirfynþmankmlamgpþúk 25 etan enaherbibnþhkmras;bi sm. ekercinerbierkn edim,isþúcrkal. muneblrkalbnþhebtug eyigrkal RsTab;xSac;kMras;BI 7-10 sm edim,ierkayeblerbi KWGacelIkbnÞHenaH elig edaygayrsyl edim,iyketaerbienakenøgepsg. e) pøúvbenþahgasnñrkalbnþheqi ³ eketgerbienakenøgérb. RbePTpøÚvenH RtUv)anRkaltamkg;rfynþ ducrubxagerkam ³ cmebahkenøgekag eyigrtuvmanttwgfmcagttwgfmµtabi 1-2 m nig CMral 6 0 etetap itrbs;kamekag x0.20x x1.4x3.20 a

16 l>r tarag ³ Tinñn½yeRbIedIm,IKNnapøÚvrfynþbeNÑaHGasnñ ducxagerkam ³ Ékta RbePTpøÚv tmruvkarbec kets II III snþssrfynþkñúgmyyema:g erkog <=15 2 TTwgEpñkrfynþ CamYypøÚvmYyTis CamYypøÚvBIrTis m m 3/5-4/0 6/0 3/0 5/5 3 Ggát;p wtpøúvekaggb,brma m CMralGb,brma TisSmanPaB PaBGacemIleXIj tamtisrfynþrt; tamtissgçagpøúvexvg m m smkal;³ RbePT II KWCapøÚvRkalfµ/ RKYs nig Fatus it/ KWpøÚvekAs U. RbePT III KWCapøÚvdI/ b pøúvrkal fµ /RKYs minmanfatus it b:uenþbgðab;ya:ghab;. 133