1 GatUm FatuKImI nigsmasfatu 1>1 GatUm

Átírás

1 emeronti GatUm nigtssn³smxan;² ragkayeyig ekagi stvkamrbm:a nigesovepaenh TaMgGs;enHsuT EtmanGVICarYmnwgKña. ragkayeyig bgáeligedaygatum duckñaetanwggviepsg²etotenaeliepndiedr. GatUmmanTMhMtUcNas; etahbicaeyigefvikar BRgIksk;mYysrésrbs;eyIg[FMb:unNak¾eday k¾eyigmingacemilexijgatummyy²edr. tambitmangatum rab;ban;lan enakñúgcmnucd¾tucmyyenh >. ekrkan;etsakl,gnwksμanebbenah nigbnþab;mksakl,gsμannuv GatUmrab;Ban;lanminGacrab;)an EdlbgáCarUbragkayGñkeLIg. KMnitsþIBIGatUmRtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;Gs;ry³eBlCagBIrryqñaMmkehIy. edaysarvatucebkefiv[ek Bi)aknwgbgðajBIvtþmanrbs;vaNas;. b:uenþsbvéf eyiggacemilvaexijedayerbimirkutssn_eglicrtunicedl mangnupabx<s;. KImIKWCakarsikSaGMBIGatUmTaMgLay faetivamanlkçn³smkal;y:agducemþc vacgp ab;kñay:agducemþc ehiyeyiggacerbiva)any:agducemþc. GatUmTaMgLayKWCaKMnitd¾Gs arürbs;kimivitu ehiyeyignwgesvgyl;va [ercincagenhetotenakñúgemeronenh. GatUm FatuKImI nigsmasfatu > GatUm s½gásipsmbipakl ittuc²bmput EdlehAfa GatUms½gásI. Tg;EdgpSMBIGatUmTg;Edg EdlxusBIGatUms½gásI. maspsmbi GatUmmas Edl xusbigatums½gási nigtg;edg. GatUmCaPaKl itd¾tucbmput. vaesþiretcalmhtet myy. GatUmnImYy²manéNVy:U myynigbbkénpakl itedl ehafaeglicrtugefivclnacmuvijénvy:u. rubxagsþambgðajnuv GIVEdlGatUmsUdüÚmmYyGacemIleXIjedaykarBRgIkRbEhl Ca 00 landg. énvy:u BBkeGLicRtug

2 > FatuKImI FatuKImImYypSMeLIgBIGatUmEtmYyRbePTb:ueNÑaH. ]TahrN_ sudüúmpsmeligbigatumsudüúmetmyy RbePT duecñhvacafatukimimyy. GñkviTüasaRsþenAEtrkeXIjnUvFatuKImIfμInana. rhutmkdl;eblenhmanfatukimicmnyn 09 ehiyrtuv )aneksáal; nigkmnt;eqμahcapøúvkar. kñúgcmenamfatukimitamggs; FatuKImIcMnYn 90 RtUv)anrkeXIjfamanenA kñúgrstab;epndi nigbriyakas ehiyfatuenasl;epsgetotrtuv)anbegáiteligenakñúgtibiesaf. FatuKImICa ercinkñúgcmenamfatukimisib,nimiμttamggs;mangayukal)anrtwmetb:unμanvinatib:uenñah bnþab;mkk¾bmebketaca FatuKImIepSg etot. >> nimitþsbaøaénfatukimi edim,i[manpabgayrsylsmkal; FatuKImInImYy²mannimitþsBaØamYy. nimitþsbaøatamgenh CaTUeTARtUv )ankmnt;yktameqμahgg;ekøs b LataMg duccanimitþsbaøakabun C mkbieqμahgg;ekøs Carbon. nimitþsbaøa b:utasüúm K mkbieqμahlatamg Kalium. eqμahfatukimimyycmnynrtuv)ankmnt;tameqμahgñkedlrk exijva. >> taragxybénfatukimi taragenaxagerkamtmb½renhcataragxybedlmansar³smxan; nigmanrbeyacn_bmputkñúgepñkkimi. va RbdUceTAnwgEpnTImYy BIeRBaHFatuKImITaMgGs;suT EtmanTItaMgkMNt;enAkñúgtaragenH.

3 vakmnt;eqμah nignimitþsbaøafatukiminana. CYrQr b RkumEdlmanbg;elxCaGMbUrénFatuEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKña. ducenhebigñksáal; lkçn³smkal;énfatumyykñúgrkumnamyy GñkGacBüakrN_)anBIlkçN³sMKal;énFatuepSg etotedlenakñúgrkumcamyykña. CYredk ehafaxyb. bnþat;kac;ditc,as;ejkelah³bigelah³ edaygelah³enaxagsþam ehiyerkabienahpakercin Caelah³enAEpñkxageqVg. >3 smasfatu FatuKImITaMgLayGacpSMKñabegáIt)anCa smasfatu. smasfatumyymangatum énfatukimixus²kñaca ercinpsmkña. eyigniyayfagatumtamglayrtuv)anpsmedayvifikimi begáit)ancasmasfaturab;lan. taragxag erkam enhbgðajbismasfatugay²cmnynbi eqμahsmasfatu FatuKImIEdlpSM rebobcgsm<½n rbs;gatum Twk GIuRdUEsn nigguksiuesn H O H kabundiguksiut kabun nigguksiuesn O C O egtanul kabun GIuRdUEsn nigguksiuesn H H H C C O H H H >4 nimitþsbaøasmasfatu nimitþsbaøasmasfatumaneqμahfarubmnþ. ducenh rubmnþrbs;twkkw H O. smnyr. etigivetacagatum?. etiepñkedlenacmmnðléngatummaneqμahgiv? 3. curbnül;faetigivetacafatukimi. 3 vartuv)anerobcmeligbinimitþsbaøaénfatukimiedlpsmva. 4. cur[eqμahfatukimiedlmannimitþsbaøaducteta k- Ca x- Mg K- N X- Ne. 5. edayerbitaragxybcacmnyy curkmnt;eqμahelah³biedlgñkkitfamanlkçn³smkal;rsedogkña.

4 . etigivetacasmasfatu? 7. edayerbitaragxageli cursresrrubmnþrbs; k- kabundiguksiut x- egtanul. karsiksabenßmgmbigatum > RbUtug NWRtug nigeglicrtug GatUmmanéNVy:U nigbbkeglicrtugedlefviclnacmuvijénvy:u. énvy:upþal;manpakl itbirrbeptetot KW RbUtug nignwrtug. PaKl itedlmanenakñúggatumrsalxøamgnas; ma:srbs;vartuv)ankitcaxñatma:sgatum CaCagKitCa Rkam. RbUtug nigeglicrtugmanbnþúkgkáisni. PaKl itkñúggatum ma:s bnþúk RbUtug NWRtug eglicrtug xñatma:sgatum xñatma:sgatum Gacecal)an bnþúkvic man (+) KμanbnÞúk bnþúkgvic man (-) smkal; RbsinebIeKeFVIkarBRgIkGatUm[FMb:unTIlan)al;Tat; enahénvy:urbs;va nwgmantmhmb:unrkab; senþkmyyb:uenñah. > kartermobrbs;pakl it GatUmsUdüÚmmaneGLicRtug RbUtug nignwrtug nigtermobducrubxagerkamenh. RbUtug nignwrtugsßitenacamyykñaenakñúgmnðl begáit)ancaénvy:u EdlCaEpñkF n;cagekéngatum. eglicrtugvilya:geloncmuvijénvy:u tamkrmitfamblxus²kña. >3 elxlmdab; b elxgatum GatUmsUdüÚmmanRbUtug. RbkarenHRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;vaBIeRBaHmanEtGatUm sudüúmetedlmanrbutug. GatUmRbePTepSgeTotmancMnYnRbUtugxus²Kña. ekgackmnt;gtþsbaøanrbs; 4

5 GatUmmYy edaycmnynrbutugrbs;va. cmnynrbutugtamggs;rbs;gatumrtuv)anek[eqμahfa elxlmdab; b elx GatUm. elxlmdab; b elxgatumrbs;sudüúmkw. >4 cmnyneglicrtug GatUmsUdüÚmman eglicrtug duecñhvamancmnynrbutug esμinwgcmnyneglicrtug. RKb;RbePTGatUmTaMgGs;man cmnynrbutug nigcmnyneglicrtugesμikña. ehtuenhehiy )ancaefiv[gatumkμanbnþúk NWttamn½yGKÁisnI. bnþúkrbs;eglicrtugrtuv)antutat;edaybnþúkrbs;rbutug. >5 cmnynma:s ma:srbs;gatummyykmnt;edayrbutug nignwrtug edayeglicrtugesþiretkμanma:s. ducenh cmnynrbutug nigcmnynnwrtugsrubenakñúggatummyyrtuv)anekehafacmnynma:s. cmnynma:s = cmnynrbutug + cmnynnwrtug cmnynma:ssudüúmkw 3 ( + = 3) tamtaragxyb sudüúmrtuvsemþgca 3 Na. enhbgðajfa GatUmsUdüÚmmancMnYnma:s 3 nigelx lmdab;. duecñh Gñkk¾dwgEdrfavaman NWRtug (3 - = ). > GatUménFatuKImI0dMbUg enakñúgtaragxyb FatuKImIRtUv)anerobtamelxlMdab; b elxgatumekinelig. xagerkamenhkwcafatukimi 0 dmbug FatuKImI nimitþsbaøa elxlmdab; b elxgatum cmnynrbutug GIuRdUEsn H eglüúm He licum Li 3 ebrilüúm Be 4 cmnyneglicrtug cmnynnwrtug cmnynma:s cmnynrbutug + cmnynnwrtug 3 4 bnþúkenaeligatumsudüúm RbUtug RbUtugnImYy²manbnÞúk + bnþúksrub + eglicrtug eglicrtugnimyy²manbnþúk- bnþúksrub- plbukbnþúk (+) + (-)= 0 ducenh GatUmKμanbnÞúksrubeT

6 br kabun GasUt GuksIuEsn PøúyGr engug sudüúm ma:ejsüúm GaluymIj:Úm siulisüúm pusvr s<an;f½r kør Gakug b:utasüúm kal;süúm smnyr B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca cur[eqμahpakl itnanaedlbgágatum.. etipakl itnamyyedlman k- bnþúkvic man? x- KμanbnÞúk? K- esþiretkμanma:s? 3. GatUmmYyman 9RbUtug. etivacafatugvi? 4. ehtugiv)ancagatumtamglaykμanbnþúk? 5. ducemþcedlehafa? k- elxlmdab; b elxgatum x- cmnynma:s. curr)ab;eqμahgatumxagerkamenh. etivamancmnynrbutug eglicrtug nignwrtugb:unμan C O Mg 3 Al 9 Cu

7 3 GIusUtUb nigma:smfüm rmlwk etiekkmnt;rkgtþsbaøangatumnamyyy:agducemþc? manetgatumsudüúmetedlman RbUtug. ekgacsmkal;gatummyyy)anedaycmnynrbutugrbs;va. 3> GIusUtUb GatUmGIuRdUEsnxageRkamenHmanRbUtugEtmYyb:ueNÑaH b:uenþgatumtamggs;enhminduckñaetedaysarva mancmnynnwrtugxus²kña. GatUmGIuRdUEsnPaKeRcInKWman TRmg; H. vaman RbUtug nig eglicrtug b:uenþkμannwrtuget. b:uenþk¾mantrmg;xøhebbenhedr edayvaman NWRtug. vaman eqμahfa dwetrü:úm H. 7 ehiyxøhetotk¾mantrmg;ebbenh Edr edayvaman NWRtug nigman eqμahfa RTIcUm 3 H. GatUmTaMgbIenHeK[eQμaHfa GIusUtUbGIuRdUEsn. GIusUtUbKWGatUménFatuKImIRbePTdUcKñaEtmancMnYn NWRtugxusKña. FatuKImIPaKeRcInmanGIusUtUb. kal;süúmman GIusUtUb ma:ejsüúmman 3GIusUtUb R)ak;manGIusUtUb ehiykabunman 3GIusUtUb taragxagerkambgðajbigiusutubrbs;kabun. eqμah nimitþsbaøa cmnynrbutug cmnyneglicrtug cmnynnwrtug cmnynma:s kabun- kabun-3 kabun-4 e p C 3 C 4 C e p n GIusUtUbTaMgbIenHekItmanenAkñúgFmμCati duccaenakñúgkabundiguksiut Edlmankñúgxül;. b:uenþgatum kabun-3 manet % b:uenñah ehiygatumkabun-4 manpakrytictycbmput. 3> GIusUtUb niglkçn³vitüúskmμ kabun-4 CaFatuviTüúskmμ. vakμansißrpabet minyurminqab;gatumenhnwgrtuvebk b bmelgedayman beba jkamrsμiμ. FatuKImICaeRcInmanGIusUtUbEdlmanlkçN³viTüúskmμ. GIusUtUbEdlmanlkçN³viTüúskmμ b GIusUtUbviTüúskmμbMEbkmineTogTat;. eyigmingacniyay)anfa GatUm kabun-4 nwgrtuvbmebkkñúgry³eblbirbivinati b k¾rab;ban;qñametotenahet b:uenþeyigdwgc,as;biry³ebl 7 e p n 3 4

8 EdlGIusUtUbviTüúskmμkñúgPaKsMNakmYybMEbk)anBak;kNþal. ry³eblenh[eqμahfa Bak;kNþalxYb. Bak;kNþalxYbrbs;GatUmkabUn-4 manry³ebl 5730 qñam. duecñhebiekmangatumkabun-4 cmnyn 00 enahkwman 50 kñúgcmenam 00 nwgrtuvbmebkry³ebl 5730 qñamcab;bieblenhteta. lkçn³enhehiyedlgac CYyeyIg[bkRsayGMBIGayurbs;eQI q wg nigsmelokbmbak;buranedlpakercinmangatumkabun-4 duecñh eyiggackmnt;gayurbs;va)antamry³karvas;kamrsμi EdleK[eQμaHfakarkMNt;Gayurbs;kabUn. 3>3 m:asgatumefob A r ma:smfüm ducgñk)andwgrycmkehiyfa GatUménFatuKImIEtmü:agGacmanm:asF n;rsalcagkñaedaysarguisutub nwgkña. ma:sefobénfatukimimyykwcama:smfüméngatumguisutubrbs;va EdleKtageday A r. ]TahrN_ RbUmmanGIusUtUbFmμCatiBIr eqμah nimitþsbaøa cmnynrbutug cmnynnwrtug cmnynma:s GatUmRbUm RbUm-79 RbUm Br 35 Br =44-35=4 enakñúgfmμcati Bak;kNþalGatUmRbUmmancMnYnNWRtug44 ehiymancmnyn ma:s79. Bak;kNþaleTotmancMnYnNWRtug 4 ehiymancmnynma:s. duecñheyig GacrkeXIjcMnYnma:smFümrbs;RbUm KW 0. 3>4 rebobrkm:asgatumefob eyiggacerbirubmnþedim,iedahrsayrkma:sgatumefobducteta ma:sgatumefobénfatukimimyy = cmnynm:asgiusutubtimyy + cmnynm:asgiusutubtibir {eyigefivrebobenhbnþrhutdl;gs;giusutubfmμcatirbs;va }. ]TahrN_ GatUmkørmanGIusUtUbBIrenAkñúgFmμCati % 50% eqμah nimitþsbaøa cmnynrbutug cmnynnwrtug cmnynma:s GatUmkør kør-35 kør Cl 37 7 Cl edayerbirubmnþxageli ma:smfümrbs;gatumkørkw 75 5 Ar =,5 + 9,5 = 35, % 5%

9 ducenhma:smfüm b A r rbs;gatumkørkw 35,5 smnyr. GIVeTACaGIusUtUb? curr)ab;eqμahgiusutubnanarbs;giurduesn nigsresrnimitþsbaøarbs;va.. etigatumkabunmanguisutubcmnynb:unμan? 3. GatUmkabUn-4manlkçN³viTüúskmμ. etienhmann½yya:gducemþc? 4. kamrsμiedlecjbifatuvitüúskmμgacmanerkahfañk; b:uenþebleyigdkdegðim eyig)anrsubykkabun-4myyy cmnyn. etiehtugiv)ancavaminb:hbal;dl;suxpabeyig? 5. etismaspabgiusutubrbs;rbumy:agducemþc? etivaxusebøkbiguisutubénfatudétetotrtg;na? 3 5. Tg;EdgmanGIusUtUbBIrKW 9 Cu nig 9 Cu k- etigiusutubnimyy²mannwrtugcmnynb:unμan? x- ekdwgfagatumtg;edg-3 mancmnyn9% curknnama:sgatumefobrbs;tg;edg. 4 rebobénkartermobeglicrtug 4> RsTab;;eGLicRtug enakñúggatum eglicrtugvilya:geloncmuvijénvy:uetatamkrmitfamblxus²kña. krmitfambltamg enh[eqμahfarstab;;;eglicrtug. RsTab;;;TImYyenACitéNVy:UmankRmitfamBlTabCageK fambleglic RtugtaMgenA. RsTab;;kan;Etq aybiénvy:umankrmitfamblkan;etx<s;. eglicrtugtamlaytamgenakrmit fambltabcagekedltmenr.b:uenþvatamggs;kñamingactamgenarstab;;;timyy)anet. erbahrstab;;myygactamg ena)anrtwmetcmnyneglicrtugkmnt;namyyb:uenñah. ]TahrN_ RsTab;;TImYyGacmaneGLicRtug RsTab;;TIBIrGacmaneGLicRtug RsTab;;TIbIGacmaneGLicRtug 9

10 0 duecñheglicrtugrtuvbmebjtamrstab;;myymþg² edaycab;epþimbirstab;;timyy enaeblrstab;;myymun RtUv)anbMeBjRKb; etibrstab;;bnþab;etotcab;epþim. 4> RsTab;;eGLicRtugrbs;Fatu 0dMbUg FatuKImI nimitþsbaøa elxlmdab; b elxgatum RsTab;;TI RsTab;;TI RsTab;;TI3 RsTab;;TI4 GIuRdUEsn eglüú:m H He licum ebrilüú:m br kabun GasUt GuksIuEsn PøúyGr engug Li Be B C N O F Ne sudüúm ma:ejsüúm GaluuymIj:Úm siulisüúm pusvr s<an;f½r kør Gakug Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar b:utasüúm kal;süúm K Ca 9 0

11 manetgatumbi eglüúm engug niggakug kñúgcmenamfatukimi0dmbug EdlmaneGLicRtugeBjenA RsTab;;xageRkAbg s;. edaylkçn³enhehiyedlefiv[vaminmanrbtikmμ Fatunicl ducedlgñknwg)anexij enaepñkxagerkay. 4>3 erkageglicrtug nigtaragxyb erkageglicrtugmann½yfa CateRmobeGLicRtugenAkñúgGatUmmYy.eRKageGLicRtugrbs;Fatu0 dmbugrtuv )anbgðajducxagerkametatamtaragxybcacyredk nigcyrqr xyb nigrkum xyub Rkum elxlmdab; b elxgatum RsTab;eGLicRtug erkageglicrtug cmnam RsTab;;TaMgLayRtUvbMeBjedayeGLicRtugenAtamlMdab; edaycab;epþimbirstab;;edlmankrmitfambltab CageKbMput. RKb;FatuKImITaMgGs;enAkñúgRkumdUcKña mancmnyneglicrtugrstab;;erkaduckña. elxrkumesμinwgcmnyneglicrtugenarstab;;erka. FatuKImIenAkñúgRkumsUnü ]sμ½nkrm maneglicrtugeq t ebj enarkb;rstab;. elxxybesμinwgcmnynrstab;;eglicrtugedlvaman.

12 smnyr. GatUmmYymaneGLicRtugcMnYn 3. curkuskmnustagbgðajbikartermobeglicrtugrbs;va. etivacafatugvi?. ducemþcedlehafaerkageglicrtug? 3. erkageglicrtugrbs;sudüúmkw,,. curbgðajbierkageglicrtugrbs;fatuxagerkamenh. k- licum? x- ma:ejsüúm? K- GIuRdUEsn? 4. GatUmmYymaneGLicRtugenARsTab;;xageRkAcMnYn5. etivasßitenarkumnakñúgtaragxyb? 5. etigatumenakñúgxybti3manrstab;;eglicrtugcmnynb:unμan?. kñúgcmenamfatukimitamg0dmbug etifatunaxøhedlmaneglicrtugrstab;;erkabg s;eq t ebj? cursresrerkageglicrtugrbs;fatutamgenah. 5 TsSn³bnþbnÞab;GMBIGatUm 5> karsiksaeligvij TsSn³sMxan;CageKbg s;rbs;kimikwrkb;vtßútamggs;efvieligedaygatum. duecñhenaeblekerobcmgvimyy enatibiesafekbitcaefvivaeligeday[pakl itgatumrab;ryekadimanrbtikmμcamyykña.etikimiviturkexijgatum edayrebobna? manrbvtþievgq aynas;. 5>> TsSn³rbs;CnCatiRkicburaN TsSnviTUCnCatiRkicCaeRcIn)anKitBIBiPBCMuvijxøÜnrbs;BYkeK. etitwkkwcarubfatuedlmingacbmebk)an b? etixül;rkan;etcalmhtetb? ebieyigbmebkfμmyydmu[etacapg; bnþab;mkbmebkpg;enahetot eticugerkay eyignwggacbmebk)anpakl ittuccagenhetotedrb et? RbEhl 450qñaMmunRKisþþskraC TsSnviTUmñak;eQμaHedm:URKIt (Democritus) )anelikelignuvsmμtikmμ myyedlecgfa {RKb;vtßúTaMgGs;begáIteLIgedayPaKl ittuc² EdlminGacbMEbk)anehAfaGatUm}Edlman n½yfa :mingacbmebktetaetot)an :. Kat;snμteTAelIGatUmedayBN bynkw s exμa Rkhm nigébtgehiy manrubrag nigtmhmxus²kña. minetb:uenñah Kat;)ansnμteTotfa GatUmEdlmanrUbragmUlehIyFMmanrsCati Ep m riégatummanrybragrsycehiytucmanrscaticur. GatUmBN smanlkçn³relag cmenkégatumbn exμa manlkçn³ erkim. RKb;vtßúkñúgelakbegáItBIl,ay GatUmTaMgenH tambrimanepsg²kña. TsSnviTUepSgeTot)anKitfaTsSn³enHminsmehtupleT. elakgarisþúfl (Aristotle) 34-70mun RKisþskraC KitfavtßúRKb;y:agbegáItBIFatubYny:agKW Twk di epøig nigxül; EdlRtUv)anlaybBa ÚlKñatam

13 brimanxus²kña.fμmyydmumandiercin b:uenþminmantwkercinet. etahbicaekbmebkvaetacapg;tuc²ya:gnak¾eday k¾pg; TaMgenHenAEtrkSalkçN³rbs;fμdEdl. 5>> TsSn³rbs;GñkKImImCÄwmsm½y TsSnviTUCnCatiRkic)anxitxMKitya:gxøaMgGMBIbBaðaxagelIenHb:uEnþmin)aneFIVBiesaFn_eT. GñkKImImCÄwm sm½y erkayrkisþskrac )anyl;exijepsgbienh BYkKat;)aneFIVBiesaFn_ TaMgéf TaMgyb;kñúg ekalbmngrk[exijrsarksacivit rksarubrag[enaetekμg nigxmrbwgbegáitmasecjbielah³edlmantémø efak. GñkKImImCÄwmsm½y)aneCOfaGVIV²RKb;ya:gpSMeLIgBIFatubIy:agman )art s<an;f½r niggmbil. GñkGac bmelgelah³muldæanduccasmn[etacamasedayrkan;etbenßmbriman)art[)anrtwmrtuvetb:uenñah. cugerkayminmangivkyr[pjak;ep IlenaHeT edaybykekmin)anttylecakc½ykñúgkarplitmas. b:uenþek)anplit sarfatucaercinedlmanlkçn³rsedognwgducmas edayerbirubmnþgaf km)amgersabsmasfatuepsg²etaeli épþsarfaturbs;bykekerbir)as;. 5>>3 rbkkmehijrbs;kimivitu enatibba b; GñkKImImCÄwmsm½ymanekrþ eqμahedaysarkarbnøm nigputkuhs qe)akr)ak;rgvan;biesdæi Edlcg;)anmas. CayfaehtuBYkeK)anpþl;»kassRmab;karekItmannUvRbePTGñkKImIRtwmRtUv. enaeblenah karyl;dwggmbigatumesþiretrtuv)anbmepøcetaehiy. b:uenþenaqñam GñkviTüasaRsþeQμaHr:UEb tb y (Robert Boyle) )anbgðajfa ]sμ½ngacrtuvbenñn[kan;etmanlmhtuc. Kat;snñidæanfa ]sμ½nbgáedaypakl it EdlmancenøaHlMhrvagKñanwgKña Kat;k¾)anelIkeLIgBIniymn½yénFatuEdlenAEteRbI)anrhUtmkdl;sBVéfç enh FatuKWCasarFatuEdlminGac bmebk[etacasarfatugaycagenh)an. enaqñam 799 ehiycag 30 qñamerkaymk KImIviTUCnCati)araMgeQμaHhSÚEsblVIRBusþ (Joseph Louis Proust) )anbgðaj[exijfa Tg;Edg II kabunatmansmamartduckñarvagtg;edg kabun nigguksiuesn. etahbicaeyigplitvatamrebobnak¾eday k¾smamartpakpsmrbs;vaenaet³ 5PaKTg;EdgTl;nwg PaKkabUn nig PaKGuksIuEsn. enhnam[eyigsnñidæanfatg;edg kabun nigguksiuesnbgáeligbipakl itedlpsmcamyy KñatampleFobdUc²Kña. 5>>4 TsSn³rbs;dal;tun (Dalton) KImIviTUCnCatiGg;eKøs eqμah dal;tun (Dalton) )anvipaketaelirbkkmehijtamgenh. kñúgqñam 03 Kat;)ansnñidæanfa ebisinfatutamggs;bitcabgábipakl itedlmingacbmebk)anemnenah duecñhgvi²tamggs;bit CaRtwmRtUvehIy. Kat;)an[eQμaHPaKl itenhfagatum tamcncatirkic. bnþagatumrbs;fatumyygacpsmca myybnþagatuménfatuepsgetottamplefobcak;lak;myy. eblenhkmnitbigatumkan;etyl;c,as;tamry³ BiesaFn_CaeRcIn. 3

14 5>>5 lmj½rrbs;;lmggfbaøcati KμannrNamñak;bBa ak;[exijfarubfatubegáiteligbipakl itdac;²bikñaenahet edaysarvatucebkbi)ak emilexijedayepñktet. b:uenþkñúgqñam 7 rukçvitucncatisáútelneqμahr:uebter)an (Robert Brown) )an siksabilmggfbaøcatienakñúgtwkedaymankarqøúhmirkutssn_pg Kat;eXIjfavaeFIVclna\tQb;Qr ehiykat; KiteTotfavamanCIvit bnþab;mkkat;sakl,gcamyylmggfulimþg vak¾manclnaduckña. Kat;snñidæanfalMGg efivclna)an edaysarkarrujrcanbipakl itrbs;twk. duecñhbitcamanpakl itdac;²bikñaemn minemnmanetena kñúgrtwsþienahet. 5>> TsSn³bnþbnÞab;mk>>> enakñúgqñam 955 CnCatiGaemriceQμaH GWvin mulw (Erwin Muller) )anbegáitma:siunmyymaneqμahfa mirkutssn_binitügiuy:ug EdlvaGacBRgIkrUbPaBcugm úlm:aejtic)an5landg. bc úb,nñenhmirkutssn_eglicrtu nic)anbgðajrubpabd¾gs arübigatumepsg²kña. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday tamkarsiksags;ry³eblcaercin TsvtSmkehIy GñkviTüasaRsþ)anq l;fa etimangivenakñúggatum. enhkwcaerogmyyepsgetot. smnyr. tamtssn³rbs;elakedm:urkit curerobrab;bigatumnanaedlgñkecocak;famanenakñúgtwkrkuckukakulamyy kmb:ug.. etielak edm:urkit yl;exijrtwmrtuvya:gducemþcgmbigatum? 3. etimanry³eblb:unμanqñamenacenøahrvagbmenalrbs;edm:urkit nigdal;tunsþigmbigatum? 4. ehtugvi)ancaelak dal;tun yl;fatssn³rbs;kat;bigatumrtuv)anekttylyk minductssn³rbs; elakedm:urkitenaeblenahet? 5. rbkkmehijedlfa lmggfbaøcatienakñúgtwkmanlmj½r CadMNak;kalsMxan;kñúgEpñkviTüasaRsþ. ehtugiv?. ehtugvi)ancalmggfuliefivclnaenakñúgxül;edr? RbvtþirbkKMehIjPaKl itbgágatum > epþimecjbirubvitu 00qñaMmkehIy KImIviTU)anTTYlsÁal;fa vtßúrkb;ya:gpsmelig edaypakl itd¾tucbmput EdlminGacbMEbk)anehAfa{GatUm} b:uenþ bc úb,nñenhekdwgfagatumgacbmebk)an. RbEhlCa 00 qñamcug KMrUGatUmrbs;elak dal;tun 4

15 erkayenh ek)ansiksaya:gsiucermabipakl itedlmanenakñúggatum. > rbkkmehijeglicrtug kñúgqñam 97 rubvitucncatigg;ekøsmñak;eqμah fumsun (J.J Thomson) )ansegátemilkamrsμikatut CakaMrsIμmanBnøW eglicrtugedl elceligkñúgbmbg;ekvsubaøakasmyyedlrtuv)antp ab;etanwg manbnþúkgvic man esokvigkáisni. Kat;snñidæanfa kamrsμienh karbitkwca)ac;én KMrUGatUmrbs;elak fumsun PaKl itmanbnþúk EdltUcCagGatUmxøaMg ehiyvacaepñkmyyéngatum. Kat;[eQμaHPaKl itenahfa RKab;l it GatUm (corpuscles) ehiyerkaymkeqμahenhrtuv)anbþúretaca eglicrtug. vacaerogpjak;ep IlmYyEdlfaGatUmminEmnCaPaKl ittuccagekbg s;etotet. elakfumsun)an[ eyabl;fa eglicrtugsßitenas itcab;nwggatum duccarkab;tmbamg)aycurs ÜtEdls itcab;dmunmedr ehiyepñkena sl;éngatummanbnþúkvic man. >3 kamrsμicemøk munenahmyyqñam rubvitucncati)aramgmñak;eqμah bickwer:l (Becquerel) )ansegátexijvtßúmyyman lkçn³cemøkya:gxøamg edaykat;)anexijbnþhhvilrubftedlektukkñúgfttueligrsgab;edaysarb:hnwgkamrsμi cemøk. )atuputenhbnþalmkbipaksmnakgu yra:j:úmedldak;enakñúgfttuenahedr.ehtukarn_enh)anefvi[ Kat;rkeXIjnUv)atuPUtviTüúskmμPaB. Gu yra:j:úmbeba jpakl itgal;hva \LÚvenHeyIgdwgfa PaKl itenhca bnþmúénrbutugbir nignwrtugbir Edlmansar³RbeyaCn_bMput. vamanbnþúkvic man ehiyf n;cageglicrtug 7000 dg.ekgacbenøónel,ónva nig)aj;vaduccarkab;kamepøigd¾tucqμar. >4 énvy:u nigrbutug kñúgqñam 9 enarbetsgg;ekøs rubvitumñak;eqμah GWnENsr:UfWpt (Ernest Rutherford) )anbiesafedayerbipakl itgal;hav. Kat;)an)aj; )ac;pakl itgal;hvaetaelisnøwkesþigénmas. Kat;segáteXIjPaKl itgal;hva PaKeRcIn)anqøgkat;snøwkmasenaH b:uenþpakl itxøh)anpøatmkvij. elak r:ufwpt)anbnül;fagatumesþiretcalmhtet EdlPaKl itgal;havesþirettamg Gs;Gacqøgkat;)an edaygayrsyl. b:uenþvamangvimyytuc F n; enacmknþal EdlGaceFVI[PaKl itgal;hvaxøhpøatmkvij. Kat;)anrkeXIj énvy:u edaysnμtfa vapsmedaypakl itedlmanbnþúkvic man ehafa RbUtug. 5 rubfatuedlman bnþúkvic man KMrUGatUmrbs;elak r:ufwpt KMrUGatUmrbs;elak b

16 >5 RsTab;;eGLicRtug RbsinebIéNVy:UmanbnÞúkviC man ehtugiv)ancaeglicrtugminrt;eta rkva? kñúgqñam 93 elak enlb½r (Niels Bohr) )anelikeligbirtwsþirstab;; eglicrtug. RTwsþIrbs;Kat;RtwmRtUvRKb;BiesaFn_TaMgGs;. > NWRtug KMrUGatUmrbs;elak qatvuic kñúgqñam 930 rubvitucncatigaløwm:g;birnak; eqμah b Ut nigeb kexir (Bothe and Becker) )an)aj;pakl itgal;havetaeliebrilüúm ehiy)anbmebkdmupakl itfμiecjbibnþhebrilüúm enah. enaqñam 93 rubvitucncatigg;ekøseqμah Ecmqatviuc (James Chadwick) )anyl;exijfa PaKl it TaMgenHmanma:sesμIma:sRbUtugEdr b:uenþkμanbnþúk ehiykat;[eqμahfa NWRtug. 9 qñambnþab;bi elak dal;tun (Dalton) )anesñikmrugatummk KMrUGatUmenHRtUv)anbMeBjbEnßmedayKImIviTUeRkay²mkeTot. > PaBBit \LÚvenH etikarsiksagmbigatumcb;sbvrkb;ehiyb ena? KMrUGatUmEdlGñk)aneRbIBnül;y:agc,as; srmab;gñkkimi edim,ibnül;bilkçn³smkal;énfatu. b:uenþvarkan;etcakmrumyy EdlCaKMnUstaggayb:ueNÑaH. tambitgatummanpabsamjúamercincagkmrurbs;eyigetaetot. rubvitu)anrkexijfamanpakl itgayxus²kñacmnyn RbEhl 50 muxetotenakñúggatum. vagacnwgmangvi²ercincagenhetotedim,irukrk. smnyr. elakdal;tun )anesñitssn³rbs;kat;gmbigatumkñúgqñam 03. etib:unμanqñamerkaymketot etib ekrkexijeglicrtug?. CaerOy²rbkKMehIjenAkñúgviTüasaRsþminEmnCakic karrbs;mnussetmñak;etedlefvi KWmanmnusSCa ercinedlculrym. etinrnacagñkrkexij k- eglicrtug? x- énvy:u? K- NWRtug? 3. k- GIVEdlGñk)aneronkñúgEpñkKImIGMBIGatUm KWCaKMrUgay². curbnül;. x- ehtugiv)ancagñkkimibnþerbikmruenh? smnyr niglmhat;srmab;emeronti. xagerkamenhkwcasarfatukimisambaømyycmnyn.

17 k Edk kabundiguksiut )art sudüúmkøru Twk GIuRdUEsn i- curecksarfatutamgenhcabirepñk Fatu nigsmasfatu. ii- edayerbitssn³éngatum curbnül;bipabxuskñarvagfatu nigsmasfatu. x- cureckfatutamgenhcaelah³ niggelah³ K- curpþl;]tahrn_birbenßmetotgmbi i- elah³ ii- Gelah³ iii- smasfatu. kñúgm:uelkultwk GatUmRtUv)anP ab;kñaduc)anbgðajkñúgrubenh O H H etigatumkñúgsmasfatuxagerkamenhp ab;kñay:agducemþc? k- s<an;f½rdiguksiut SO x- emtan CH 4 K- emtanul CH 4 O X- GIuRdUEsnEBGuksIut H O g- Gam:Ujak; NH 3 3. ebi p tag[rbutug e tag[eglicrtug nig n tag[nwrtug etikarerobrab;xagerkamenhrtuvnwgpakl itna myy? k-pakl itedlmanbnþúkvic man. x-pakl itedlmanenacamyyrbutugkñúgénvy:u. K-PaKl itedlmancmnynxuskñaenakñúggatumbirénfatuetmyy. X-PaKl itedlvilcmuvijénvy:u. g-pakl itedlmanbnþúkgvic man. c-pakl itedlma:srbs;vagacecal)an. q-pakl itedlcmnynva)anmkbipldkéncmnynma:s nigelxlmdab;. C-PaKl itedlkμanbnþúk. Q-PaKl itedlmanma:sesμietanwgma:snwrtug. j-pakl itedlmancmnynesμielxlmdab;. 4. GatUménFatumYyRtUv)anbgðajdUcenH k- eti X Y nig Z tag[gvi? Y z X 7

18 x- etigatumnimyy²xagerkamenhmannwrtugb:unμan? Ag 9 Cu 0 3 H 0 Ne 9 U 5. GIuRdUEsn dwetrüú:m nigrticum CaGIusUtUbnwgKña. TRmg;rbs;vaRtUv)anbgðajdUcxageRkam GIuRdUEsn dwetrüú:m RTIcUm k- edayemilrub curbmebjcenøahxagerkam tag[ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> tag[ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> tag[ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> x- eticmnynma:sgatumgiurduesn dwetrü:úm nigrticummanb:unμan? K- curbmebjl,hductetaenh GIusUtUbrbs;FatumYyEtgEtmancMnYn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>nig>>>>>>>>>> esμikña b:uenþcmnyn>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> xuskña. X- cmnynma:smfümguirduesnkñúgfmμcatikw,00. etigiusutubnamyyedlmansmamartpakryercincag ekbmput?. curbmebjtaraggiusutubrbs;fatugay²myycmnyn ducxagerkam GIusUtUb eqμahfatukimi cmnynrbutug cmnynma:s cmnyn p e n O GuksIuEsn O C 3 C 4 Mg 5 Mg

19 7. cmebahfatutamg enh GaluymIj:Úm (Al) br (B) GasUt (N) GuksIuEsn (O) pusvr (P) nigs<an;f½r (S). curbba ak; k- xybrbs;fatunimyy² enakñúgtaragxyb. x- Rkumrbs;FatunImYy²enAkñúgtaragxYb. K- elxlmdab;rbs;fatunimyy²enakñúgtaragxyb. X- cmnyneglicrtugedlmanenakñúggatumnimyy². g- erkageglicrtugrbs;fatunimyy². c- cmnyneglicrtugrstab;erkabg s;rbs;gatumnimyy². kñúgcmenamfatuxagelietinaxøhedlgñkecofa manlkçn³rsedogkña? ehtugiv?. brmangatumbirrbeptducbgðajkñúgrubxagerkam GatUm A RbUtug NWRtug eglicrtug 9 GatUm B k- etigatumtamgbirxagelienhcagvinwgkña? x- cursresrsnæankat;rbs;gatumnimyy²? K- eticmnynma:srbs;gatum A b:unμan? X- ehtugiv)ancacmnynma:sgatum A niggatum B xuskña? etigatum B F n;cagb RsalCagGatUm A? g- cursresrerkageglicrtuggatum A nig B? curbnül;? c- kñúgfmμcatigatum B man 0%. curknnama:sgatumefob mfüm rbs;br. 9. kalü:úm (Ga) manenakñúgfmμcati CaTUeTApSMeLIgBIl,ayénGIusUtUbBIry:agKW kalü:úm-9 nigkalüú:m-7. elxlmdab;rbs;gatumkalüú:m KW 3. k- etikalü:úm-9 mancmnynnwrtugb:unμan? etikalüú:m-7mancmnynnwrtugb:unμan? x- KNnaPaKryGIusUtUbnImYy²rbs;kalü:ÚmenAkñúgFmμCati ma:sgatumefob mfüm kalü:úmkw 9,.

20 0. enakñúgtaragxybsudüúmmanelxlmdab; nigma:ejsüúmmanelxlmdab;. k- etielah³tamgbirenhmancmnynrstab;eglicrtug nigcmnyneglicrtugenarstab;erkaduckña b xus Kña? x- ma:sgatumefobsudüúmkw 3,0 nigma:sgatubefobma:ejsüúmkw 4,3. kñúgcmenamgatumtamgbir etigatumnamyymangiusutubetmyy? curbnül;.. sþúgcum (Sr) manelxlmdab; 3. vacafatumyyedlsßitenakñúgxybti 5 nigrkumti éntaragxyb. curbmebj nuvl,hxagerkamenh duecñh sþúgcumman k- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>eglicrtug. x- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>RsTab;eGLicRtug. K- >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>eglicrtugenarstab;erkabg s;.. xagerkamenhbgðajbikartermobeglicrtugrbs;gatummyy k- cursresrerkageglicrtugrbs;gatum. x- etigatumenhsßitenakñúgrkumnamyyéntaragxyb ehiyrkumenahmaneqμahgiv? K- cur[eqμahfatumyyepsgetotedlmancmnyneglicrtugenarstab;erkaduckña. 0