Bakükat; tmbn;banic kmµesrigas an. CMgWeKaqáÜt. ekalneya)ayksikmµtueta. vibaøabnbrtrbpbedim. shkmn_garhvikxagekit. GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF

Átírás

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2 matika Bakükat; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> v bubvkfa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ix esckþieføggmnrkun >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>xi CMBUkTI 1 savtarbak;b½n >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 CMBUkTI 2 xø wmsarsegçbtamvis½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 ksigacivkmµtueta >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 Ggár >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8 RKab;sVaycnÞI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8 bsustv >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9 EpøsVay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9 erbgrukçcati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 RsaTwketñat >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>10 ekas U >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 RtI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 plitplsurt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 sgðarwmedlefvigmbib ssi nig epþa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12 smelokbmbak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12 esvahirbaøvtßú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>13 esvasmng; nig esvabak;b½n >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>14 CMBUkTI 3 kic snüarbs; WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15 CMBUkTI 4 RbPBedIm nig ekalkarn_rbs; WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>21 i

3 CMBUkTI 5 briyakasbtbbaøatifµ IcMeBaHGaCIvkmµkñ úgrsuk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>33 CMBUkTI 6 briyakasvinieyakfµ I >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>43 CMBUkTI 7 briyakasfµ Ikñ úgkarefv IBaNiC kmµ ³ karebiktipsar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>53 CMBUkTI 8 briyakasefv IBaNiC kmµfµ I ³ dmenahrsaycamyynwgr)amgminemnbn Ky >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>63 CMBUkTI 9 karkøayetacamanpabrbkytrbecg nig dmenahrsaycamyynwgkarrbkytrbecg >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>69 ]bsm<½n k1 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ TUeTA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>77 ]bsm< ½n k2 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ Ggár >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>89 ]bsm< ½n k 3 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RKab;sVaycnÞ I >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>101 ]bsm< ½n k4 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ bsustv >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>109 ]bsm< ½n k5 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ EpøsVay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>115 ]bsm< ½n k6 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ erbgrukçcati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>123 ]bsm< ½n k7 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ RsaTwketñat>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>129 ]bsm<½n k8 GaCIvkmµksikmµ ³ ekas U>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>133 ]bsm<½n x RtI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>139 ]bsm< ½n K1 sib,kmµ³ plitplsurt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>147 ]bsm< ½n K2 sib,kmµ ³ sgðarwmefv IGMBIb ssi nig epþa >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>153 ]bsm< ½n X semøókbmbak; >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>159 ]bsm< ½n g1 esvahirbaøvtß ú >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>169 ]bsm< ½n g2 esvasmng; nig esvabak;b½n >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>175 ]bsm< ½n c btbiesafrbs;smacikmyyetotrbs; WTO : RbeTsG Uhág;da >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>179 ]bsm< ½n TI 1 FnFanBt man >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>191 ]bsm< ½n TI 2 karkamrtkargarcmrujbanic kmµenakm< úca >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>195 ]bsm< ½n TI 3 muxgarrbs;kamkugrtul >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>199 ]bsm< ½n TI 4 Gas½ydæanRksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nig ensat >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>201 ]bsm< ½n TI 5 snþanurkménbec ks½bþ WTO >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>203 ii

4 iii AFTA tmbn;banic kmµesrigas an AGOA c,ab;sþibikmeninnigkalanuvtþpabrbs;tivbgarhvik ASEAN smakmrbcacatigasiugekñy_ ATC kic RBmeRBogsþIBIvaynPNÐnigsMelokbMBak; BSE CMgWeKaqáÜt Camcontrol naykdæankm<úcartytbinitütmnijgahr½n nih½rn nigbrgáabkarekøgbnøm naykdæankamkugrtulénrksygbanic kmµ CAP ekalneya)ayksikmµtueta CDRI vitüasßanbnþúhbnþal RsavRCav edim,igpivdæn_km<úca CEPT Bn KyGnueRKaHEdlmanRbsiT PaBTUeTA c.i.f. éføfanara:b;rg nigéfødwkcba Ún C/O vibaøabnbrtrbpbedim COMESA psarryméngarhvikxagekitnigxagt,úg EAC shkmn_garhvikxagekit EBA GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF EU shpabgwr:ub FAOSTAT Tinñn½ymUldæanEpñksßitirbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIes,ógGaharnig karcat;tamgepñkksikmµ FDI vinieyakpþal;bibrets f.o.b. éføpþúkelinavanigéførbkl;enakmbg;ep GATT kic RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIBn KynigBaNiC kmµ GATS kic RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBIkareFVIBaNiC kmµesvakmµ GDP plitplkñúgrsuksrub GNP plitplcatisrub ILO GgÁkarBlkmµGnþrCati Bakükat;

5 iv INBAR bnþajb ssi nigepþagnþrcati IP kmµsit ibbaøa IPR sit isþibikmµsit ibbaøa ITRO GgÁkareRkAs URtIPaKIGnþrCati LDC RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆticbMput MAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nig ensat MFA kic RBmeRBogsrésGMe)aH MFN RbCaCatiEdl)anTTYlkarGnueRKaHbMput MoC RksYgBaNiC kmµ NAFTA kic RBmeRBogBaNiC kmµesrienagaemrikxagecig NGO GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al OPEC GgÁkarénbNþaRbeTsnaMeRbgecj PSI GFikarkic muneblpþúk SGS Rkumh unrtytbinitütueta SME shrkasfuntucnigfunmfüm SPS Gnam½ynigPUtKamGnam½y TBT ]bskáepñkbec ketscmebahbanic kmµ TRIMs vifankarvinieyaktak;tgnwgbanic kmµ TRIPS TidæPaBTak;TgnwgBaNiC kmµénsit isþibikmµsit ibbaøa UK crkpbgg;ekøs UN GgÁkarshRbCaCati UN Comtrade Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatisþIBIBaNiC kmµ UNBS kariyal½ysþg;darrbs;rbetsg Uhág;da UNCTAD snñisitggákarshrbcacatisþibibanic kmµnigkargpivdæ UNEP kmµvifirbs;ggákarshrbcacatisþibibrisßan US shrdægaemrik USDA RksYgksikmµrbs;shrdæGaemrik VAT GakrelItémøbEnßm WTO GgÁkarBaNiC kmµbipbelak

6 bubvkfa etahbicaeyigculcitþ b minculcitþk¾eday saklpavubniykmµkwcaepñkmyyéncivitrbcaméf rbs;eyig. CalT plénkarrikcmerinxagmefüa)aydwkcba Ún nigkmnakmn_rbmtamgkarebiktulay énesdækic nanaenaelibipbelak \LÚvenHRbeTsTaMgLaykan;EtmanTMnak;TMngCamYyKñaeLIg. edayttylsáal;tfpabenh etibrbetskm<úcasermccitþculcasmacikrbs;ggákarbanic kmµ BiPBelak (WTO). etahbica dmenirkarénkarculcasmacikenhkwcakarbi)akmyy ehiykm<úca RtÚvTTYlykl½kçx½NÐEdlelIshYsBI btdæansrmab;rbetsedlminsuvgpivdæn¾k¾eday k¾eyig suxcitþttylykedr. eyigmanehtuplc,as;las;kñúgkarefviduecñah. RbeTseyIgmankmøaMgBlkmµ EdlekIneLIgy:agelOn b:uenþeyigkµankargarrkb;rkan;smrab;bykeket. ehiyenaeblcamyykñaenh eyigrtuvrbqmmuxcamyynwgkarrbkytrbecgxagesdækic y:agxøamgbismnak;rbetscitxagrbs;eyig. manet vis½yékcnedlrikcmerinmyyetetibgaccyybegáitkargaredlmannirnþpab)an. cmebaahrbetsedlmantmhmtuc nigmankmritgpivdæn¾ducrbetskm<úca KnøwHsMxan;mYysMrab;eFVI[vis½y ÉkCnrIkcMerIn)an KWBaNiC kmµgnþrcati. ducedlbtbiesafn¾énkarefvismahrnkmµesdækic énrbets myycmnyn)anbgðajkñúgry³eblbirtsvtsknøgmkenh RbeTsEdlmanpleFobBaNiC kmµeli plitpl kñúgrsuksrub (GDP) x<s;cagekmankarrikcmerinxagesdækic CamFüm 3/5 kñúgmyyqñam enakñúgkmlúg TsvtS1980 nig 5 kñúgmyyqñam enakñúgkmlúgtsvts1990. enakñúgkmlúgeblenhedr RbeTsEdlmin )anefvismahrnkmµ esdækic mankarrikcmerincamfüm RtwmEt 0/8 kñúgmyyqñamenatsvts1980 nig 1/5 enatsvts b:uenþ edim,iefvi[banic kmµmangtßrbeyacn¾cmebahkñaetavijetamk ekrtuvmanekalkarn¾ rymmyycmnynsmrab;rkb;rkgskmµpabbanic kmµ. ekalkarn¾tamgenhrymman PaBebIkcMh tmøapab PaBEdlGacRbemIlTukmun karmineriisegig nigrbb½n edahrsaycemøahedayep kelibtbbaaøtþi. edayculcasmacikrbs; WTO eyigminrtwmetbegáinlt PaBkñúgkarBRgIkTIpSar nig)anttylkar ekarbrtwmrtuvbirbetsédkubanic kmµ Edlman\Ti BlenAkñúgBiPBelakb:ueNÑaHeT vaefmtamgpþl;ca sbaaøc,as;las;myy dl;skþanublvinieyakinfa RbeTskm<úCaKWCaTIkEnøøgl smrab;rbkbrbrbanic kmµ. v

7 b: uenþsmacikpabenakñ úg WTO nigkarefv IkMENTMrg;rdæaPi)alEdlcaM)ac;mYycMnYn mintan;rkb;rkan; et smrab; TTYl)anplRbeyaCn¾BIBaNiC kmµ. RbeTskm<úCanwgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn¾BIsmaCikPaBén WTO RbsinebIRkumhu ngacivkmµtamglayyl;dwgbivifan niigbtbbaaøtþiiénbriyakasbanic kmµfµi² edim,i[ek TajykplRbeyaCn¾BI»kasfµI² nigtb;tl;camyynwg]bskácmebahmux. ehtuenhehiyeitbeyiigshkarcamyy kmµvifigpivdæn¾vis½yékcntmbn;tenøemkgá (MPDF) rbs;sacivkmµ hirbaøvtßúgnþrcati (IFC) kñúgkarerobcmtak;etgesovepamkáúetsenh nigkmnitpþücepþim epsg²etot edim,ibnül; dl;vis½yékcnbiggákar WTO. ducedlgs;elak elakrsi nwgxijenaebl GanesovePAmKÁúeTsenH esovepaenheckecjcabirepñkfm². EpñkTImYyerobrab;BI vifannigbtbbaaøtþirym. ÉEpñkTIBIr BinitüBIlT PaB én\ti Blrbs;smaCikPaB WTO mkelivis½yesdækic myycmnyn. EpñkenH smxan;nas; erbahvapþl;bt manbitidæpabtuetaéntipsarnimyy² nigpablm)akedlgacivkmµkm<úca nwgcybrbth RBmTaMgRbPBBt manepsgetotsmrab;tipsarnimyy². RksYgBaNiC kmµsumeføggmnrkundl; MPDF Edl)anshkarCamYyeyIgkñúgkarplit esovepa mkáúetsenh. eyigsgçwmfa esovepamkáúetsenhnwgkøayetacarbpbd¾mansarrbeyacn¾myy smrab;shrkinrbs;eyigedlcg;tajykrbeyacn¾bismacikpabrbs;km<úcaenakñúg WTO. cm RbsiT etsrdæm nþi rdæm nþirksygbanic kmµ Exmina qñam 2005 vi

8 esckþieføggmnrkun RbeTskm<úCa nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak (WTO)³ esovepamkáúetssmrab; GaCIvkmµ enh RtUv)anpliteLIgrYmKña edayrksygbanic kmµ nigkmµvifigpivdæn_vis½yékcntmbn; TenøemKgÁ MPDF. Ék]tþm sux siupan;na rdæelxafikar RksYgBaNiC kmµ nig elak Adam Sack én MPDF )anpþl;karennam nigkamrtdl;karbegáitesovepaenhelig. elak eha sunaf CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarbegáItÉksarENnaMenH erkamkardwknamrbs; GñkRsI Trang Nguyen. elak David Woods naykrkb;rkgrbs;rkumh un World Trade Agenda Consultants CaGñkniBn ÉksarenH. elak twker:t smerc nig elak yu m:ab; )anculrymkñ úgkarrsavrcav nigbinitüemil ÉksarenH. GñkRsIJennifer Herink niggñkrsi Ann Bishop CaGñkEksMrYl nigbinitüemileligvij nuvéksarc,ab; edim. kbaøa yu synti )anculrympþl;eyabl;eliéksarerbog nigcyykñúgkarbkerb. elak Ta sav:ura CaGñkbkERbÉksarenH ehiy GñkRsI Ta san CaGñkBinitüemIlkarbkERb TTYlxusRtUvelIkarplit nig CYyxagEpñkrdæa)al. GñkRsI Ka Kn a TTYlxusRtUvelIEpñkrcnaGkSr nigrubpab. GñkRsI Nguyen Thi My k¾)ancyysmrylxagepñkrdæa)alpgedr. vii

9 viii

10 CMBUkTI 1 savtarbak;b½n RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa)ankøayeTACasmaCikGgÁkarBaNiC kmµbipbelak WTO enaéf TI 13 Extula qñam km<úca)ancrcagmbil½kçx½nðénkarcul WTO CamYysmaCikdéTeTot Gs;ry³eBl Cit 9 qñam. ek)anttylsáal;smacikpabkm<úca CapøÚvkar enaexkbaøa qñam 2003 nakic RbCuMfñak;rdæm nþi WTO enatirkugkankunénrbetsmuicsiuk. karculcasmacik WTO rbs;km<úcaenh )anttylsc ab½n BIrdæsPa nig)anttylkargnum½tyl;rbmbirbwt spa enaexkbaøa qñam tamry³karcul WTO RbeTskm<úCaTTYl)annUvTMnak;TMngEbbkic snüa EdlGacGnuvtþ)an CamYyesÞIrEtRKb;RbeTsTaMgGs; EdlmantYnaTIsMxan;² enakñúgvis½ybanic kmµ. kic snüa WTO KWCa kba b;énkarsnüa nigvifan EdlebIk[manRckcUleTAkan;TIpSarTaMgLay)an. ekgnuvtþkic snüaenh tamry³rbb½n edahrsayvivat Edlmansmtßkic d¾fmeliepñkc,ab; nigbanic kmµ. RbB½n c,ab;rbs; WTO manlkçn³sµúksµajxøamgnas;. RbB½n enhmankic RBmeRBogRbmaN 20 rymcamyynwgesckþisermccitþ niggnussarn³nana CabEnßmeTot. b:uenþekalkarn_énrbb½n enh manlkçn³sambaønas;. ekalkarn_tamgenhrymman³ karminerisegigcmebahsmacik tmøapabénc,ab; nigvifanbanic kmµ karykcitþtukdak;cabiess cmebahbnþarbetskmbuggpivdæ karerbir)as;bn Ky KWsRmab;EtkarBarTIpSar nigkarefviesripavubniykmµtipsarcacmhan². KN³kmµaFikar nigrkumrbwksa nana rymmangñktmnagrbs;smacik WTO EdlBinitüemIlral;kic RBmeRBogTaMgGs; nigmantisñak;kar enatirkughswenv RbeTssVúIs. \T iblénsmacikpab WTO mkelivis½yékcnkm<úca RbkarsMxan;KW ekkb,icgcamfa kñúgry³eblxøibnþab;bikm<úca)anculcasmacik WTO eknwgbumexij manplrbeyacn_ b bbaðartuvrbqmmuxeliy. tambitmankarpøas;bþúrmyycmnyn)anekitelig kñúggmlúg ebléndmenirkarcul WTO riékarpøas;bþúrdétetotnwgekitmanenakñúgbnþaqñamxagmux. 1

11 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ smacikpabkñúg WTO minfanaecakc½yenakñúgbanic kmµbipbelakeliy. pþúyetavij WTO pþl;nuvrkbx½nððmyy srmab;ektrmg;esdækic nigkmentrmg;détetot EdlnwgCYyRbeTskm<úCa [man lt PaBRbkYtRbECgenAkñúgTIpSarbreTs ehiytnþwmeblcamyykñaenh smacikpabenhk¾pþl;briyakas EdlTak;TajkarvinieyaKpgEdr. myyry³kalerkaymk nwgman»kastipsarfµi² srmab;rkumh unedl manlt PaBRbkYtRbECg nigshrkinpabx<s;. k¾b:uenþ ecakc½yénkarnamecjnwgekitelig)an luhrtaet mansm<½n PaBRbkbedayEpøpáa rvagrdæapi)al nigepñkékcn. Rkumh unenakm<úca cam)ac;rtuvkmnt; GtþsBaØaNénplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜn enakñúgrbb½n BaNiC kmµ WTO ehiyefviy:agna [rdæapi)al karbarplrbeyacn_tamgenah )anrkb;rkan;enatirkughswenv. \T iblrbs; WTO nwgekiteligcabynkrmit. TI 1³ kñúgry³eblxøibgáür \T iblenahkwkargnuvtþ karsnüaektrmg;rkbx½nðc,ab; nigrdæ)alkñúgrbets. TaMgenHKWCal½kçx½NÐ EdlRKb;RKgRbtibtþikar GaCIvkmµ nigbanic kmµ enakñúgrbetskm<úca. TI 2³ RbsinebImankarEklMGehdæarcnasm<½n c,ab; nig vifanbanic kmµ enahsmacikpabkñúg WTO GacnwgTak;TajkarvinieyaKTaMgLay)an. TI 3³ RbsinebI Rkumh unkm<úcamanplitpabx<s; nigmanlt PaBpÁt;pÁg;plitplEdlmanKuNPaBl )antan;eblevla kñúgtémørbkbedaylkçn³rbkytrbecg enahl½kçx½nðculetakan;tipsar EdlmankMNt;enAkñúg WTO nigkmnt;edaykic RBmeRBogRbcaMtMbn; RBmTaMgkic RBmeRBogEdlmanlkçN³GnueRKaHdéTeTot nwg køayetacaktþanam[sermcecakc½y smrab;epñkékcnkm<úca. TI 4³ WTO pþl;nuv»kasmyycmnyn ebalkw BuMEmnRKan;EteFVI[smaCikrbs;xøÜnkan;EtmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgb:ueNÑaHeT EtEfmTaMgCYy dl;bykek [echtb;tl;camyynwgkarrbkytrbecgenakñúgtipsarrbs;xøünpþal;pgedr. l½kçx½nðénkarcul WTO rymmankarsnüarbs;rbetskm<úca kñúgkare)ahcmhanetamux CamYynwg kmµvifikmentrmg;c,ab; rab;tamgkarbegáittulakarbanic kmµrbs;km<úcapgedr. briyakasc,ab;nwgrg \T iblpþal;bikic RBmeRBogepSg²rbs; WTO. ]TahrN_ vifankmnt;témøtmnijsrmab;kitbn namcul niggakrelitémøbenßm VAT rbs;naykdæanky nwgefvi[rkumh un niggñknamculgacrbmandwg CamunnUvtémøBn dar nigbn Ky. duckñaedr kic RBmeRBogrbs; WTO sþigmbigfikarkic muneblbba Ún TMnij PSI nigkarpþl;gacjabnñnamcul nwglubbm)at;kgvl;gmbicmnat;kar cmebahtmnijenakmbg;epnana. RbeTskm<úCak¾RtUvbnþbegáItc,ab;rbs;xøÜnsþIBIkic karbarkmµsit ibbaøa IP pgedr. 2

12 PaBTak;Tajrbs;km<úCa kñúgnamcatikenøgmyyedlgactak;tajkarvinieyak GaRs½yelIkarEk lmgbrisßanc,ab; nigtulakar. karsnüarbs;rbetskm<úcacmebah WTO kñúgepñkesvakmµ KWCaKnøwHd¾ smxan;myy cmebahskþanublry³eblevgénkarvinieyaknaeblgnakt. ]bskácmbgcmebahrkumh un km<úca KWkgVH\NTan nigesvahirbaøvtßúepsg²etot. esvaturkmnakmn_ smng; GaCIvkmµ Gb;rM nigsuxapi)al mansar³smxan;xøamgnas;srmab;gnaktrbs;rbetskm<úca. TaMgGs;enH Cakmµvtßúénkar snüacmebah WTO EdlebIkcMhvis½yTaMgenH [Rkumh unbretsculmkrbkbgacivkmµ. vifannana rbs; WTO k¾dak;vin½ypgedr elirbepténerkogeliktwkcitþdl;karvinieyak Edlkm<úCaGacpþl;)an. bbaðaculetakan;tipsar savtarbak;b½n Rkumh un niggñknamecjkm<úcagacrmbwgfa BYYkeKnwgmansuvtßiPaBCagmun kñúgkarculetakan;tipsar brets. WTO dak;krmit[smacikrbs;xøün kmnt;grtabn KyGtibrma b GRtaBn KykMhit EdlmankRmitxus²BIKñay:ageRcIn. srmab;rbets]ssahkmµpakercin elikelgetvis½yksikmµ nig vaynpnð GRtaBn KyGtibrmaenHmankRmitTabNas;. cmebahtipsarénrbetskmbuggpivdæsmxan;² myycmnynrbs;km<úca Bn Kyrbs; WTO enamankrmitx<s;. b:uenþ enatamrbmedn ekercingnuvtþ GRtaBn EdlmankRmitTab. manrbkard¾smxan;myy EdlRkumh unkm<úcatamglay RtUv yl;dwgenahkwi PaBxusKñarvagBn KykRmitGtibrmanana EdleK[eQµaHpgEdrfa :Bn katbvkic } nig GRtaBn EdleK GnuvtþCak;Esþg. GRtaBn RbePTTI 1 Bn katbvkic KWCaGRtaBn EdlRbeTsCa smacikggákar WTO RtUvEtRbtibtþitam cmenkégrtabn RbePTTI 2 Bn EdleKGnuvtþ kñúgkrni PaKeRcIn minemncagrtabn EdleKRtUvEtRbtibtþitamenaHeLIy. kñúgzan³carbetsrkirkmyy nigkñúgzan³casmacikrbs;smakmrbcacatigasuigaekñy_ ASEAN BaNiC kmµrbs;km<úcapakercin )anrbrbwtþetataml½kçx½nðénpabgnuerkah. kmµvifinana duccarbb½n GnueRKaHBaNiC kmµtueta GSP nigkmnitpþücepþim {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} EBA rbs; shpabgwr:ub Edlpþl;karrYcBn nigbummankmnt;kutacmebahbnþarbetsedlmankargpivdætictycbmput LDCs mantémøxøamgnas;srmab;rbetskm<úca. k¾b:uenþkmµvifitamgenah min)anttylkarfana enakñúg WTO et ehiyercinetgnuvtþkñúgrkbx½nðénvifansþibirbpbedim EdlmanlkçN³sµúKsµaj. 3

13 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ enakñúgdmenircul WTO RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVIkMENTRmg;rcnasm<½n Bn Kyrbs;xøÜnpÞal;. kmen TRmg;nana enaqñam 2001 )ankat;bnßybn krmitmfüménbn Ky nigkat;bnßycmnynednkmnt;bn Ky b cmnynkrmiténgrtabn BI 12 krmit mkenartwm 4 krmit. karsnüagmbibn Kyrbs;km<úCa sßitena kñúgkrmittamgenh b x<s;cagenh. GaRs½yehtuenH plb:hbal;cak;esþgénkarculggákar WTO enaqñam 2004 cmebahbn Ky mantictycbmput. Rkumh unkñúgrbets)anrgnuv\t iblénkarrbkytrbecg EdlCa lt plénkmentrmg;bn KyenHrYceTAehIy. enamanepnkarefvikmentrmg;bn KybEnßmeTot b:uenþ kmentrmg;tamgenah BuMEmnCaEpñkNamYyénkic snüarbs; WTO eliy. ebisincaekmincg;[cmnulcati Føak;cuH edaysarkarkat;bnßybn KyTaMgenH enahekrtuvedahrsaybbaðart;bn. etahbicakarculcasmacik WTO pþl;karfanafa Bn Kyx<s;bMputEdlGñknaMecjkm<úCaRtUvbg; enatipsarbrets EdlRbeTsTaMgLay)ansnüaenAkñúgkic RBmeRBog WTO k¾eday k¾bykekenaetrtuv RbQmmuxeTAnwg]bsKÁCaeRcIneTot. kutasrmab;vaynpnðnwgrtuvgs;sublpabenacugqñam enakñúgvis½yksikmµ vifanrbs; WTO sþibikutabn KymanlkçN³sµúKsµajCaxøaMg ehiykarrmelap etaelirbb½n enh EtgekItmanCaTUeTA. bbaøtþinanarbs; WTO enakñúgepñkenh nwgmanerobrab;enakñúg esovepamkáetsk_enh ehiynwgmansar³smxan;srmab;ksigacivkmµrbs;km<úca. vifanrbs; WTO k¾manrymbba ÚlpgEdr nuvr)amgepsgetotedlminemncabn Ky. r)amgtamgenah Tak;TgeTAnwgbTdæannana r)amgbec ketscmebahbanic kmµ (TBT) nigbtbbaøtisþibisuvtßipabes,óg Gahar nigvifansþibirbpbedim nwgmansar³smxan;cmebahrkumh unnanarbs;km<úca. plb:hbal;én WTO mkelirkumh unkñúgrsuk smacikpabkñúg WTO GacminbegáIt[mankarRbkYtRbECgxøaMgkøaenAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRbeTs eday pþal;et. etahcay:agenhkþi Rkumh uncaercinnwg)andwgfa sm<afénkarrbkytrbecgnwgekinelig enaebl EdlmankarEkTRmg; nigebikcmhesdækic km<úca. WTO TTYlsÁal;fa eblxøh rdæapi)alcam)ac;rtuvet pþl;nuvkarkarbardl;plitkrkñúgrbets EdlTTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;ya:gF n;f r. WTO pþl;karkarbar tampøúvc,ab;cmebahrkumh unkñúgrbets ehiyc,ab;enhgacgnuvtþ)an GaRs½yelIbBaðafa etikarrbkyt RbECgenaH CakarRbkYtRbECgRbkbedayyutþiFm b GyutþiFm. k¾b:uenþ l½kçx½nðnanasrmab;karkarbar 4

14 savtarbak;b½n tampø Úvc,ab;EbbenHmanlkçN³hµt;ct; ehiyekcam)ac;rtuvgnuvtþvifantamgenh edayrbugrby½tñ. CaBiess rdæapi)alrtuvbgðaj[exijfa karnamculkmbugch\t iblgvic man cmebahrkumh unkñúgrbets. kic RBmeRBogrbs; WTO nigkarsnüanana cmebahlt PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarGacpøas;bþÚr)an RbsinebIkic RBmeRBogTaMgenaHeFV I[b:HBal;dl;TMnij]sSahkmµ plitplksikmµ nigesvanana. smacik WTO efvikarcrcacafµigmbibanic kmµ kñúgry³ebl 2-3 qñammþg ehiyrebobvar³gpivdæn_ena TIRkugdUha (Doha -rdæfaniénrbetskata KWCarebobvar³cugeRkaybg s;kñúgry³eblknøgetafµi²enh. enakñúgkic RbCMuenATIRkugdUha ekrmbwgfa mankarpøas;bþúrcmbggmbibriyakasrbkytrbecg cmebahksigaciv kmµbipbelak. ekk¾rmbwgpgedrfa nwgmankic RBmeRBogfµImYyrbs; WTO sþibikarsrmbsrmyl BaNiC kmµ EdledaHRsaykarEkl;MGEbbTkargarnaMecjnaMcUl niglubbm)at;karykr)ak;bnþúkerkapøúv karenatamrbmedn. kic RbCuMTIRkugdUha (Doha) k¾mankarpøas;bþúrdétetot Edlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHRkumh unnamecj ksikr nigepñkékcnkm<úca pgedr. GaRs½yehtuenH CakarsMxan;Nas; EdlEpñkÉkCnRtUveFVIkargar y:agcitsñit CamYyraCrdæaPi)al edim,ikmnt;gatipabnanaénkarcrca nigrtuvbba ÚnGaTiPaBTaMgenaH Ca bnþ enakñúg WTO. edim,i[cmngtak;tgenhmanrbsit PaB Rkumh unékcn cam)ac;rtuvyl;gmbidmenirkar rbs;rbb½n WTO nigrtuvyl;dwggmbivifiepsg² srmab;fanasuvtßipabénplrbeyacn_tamglay. 5

15 6

16 CMBUkTI 2 xøwmsarsegçbtamvis½y \T iblrbs; WTO mkelivis½ynamecjsmxan;² myycmnynenakm<úca nwgmanpabxusebøkbikña CaxøaMg. cmebah]ssahkmµmyycmnyn kargarkmentrmg;eliepñkbtbbaøtþiry³eblxøi Gacmansar³sMxan; Nas;. b:uenþ srmab;]ssahkmµdétetot kargarsmxan; KWkarpøas;bþÚrl½kçx½NÐénkarcUlTIpSar enakñúg ry³eblevg. ]bsm<½n nanaenakñúgesovepamkáetsk_enh nwgefvikarbinitüemiledayrtys² eli»kas nana cmebah]ssahkmµkm<úcamyycmnyn EdlekIteLIgedaysarsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO. vis½ymyycmnyn EdleK)aneRCIserIsykmksikSakñúgÉksarenH KWRKan;Etcg;bgðajnUvTidæPaBrYmmYyénEpñksMxan;² rbs;esdækic EdlRbkbedayplitPaBx<s;Etb:ueNÑaH. karerciseris]ssahkmµmyy BuMEmnmann½yfa ]ssahkmµenahtmngcamanecakc½ykñúgkarnamecj Cag]sSahkmµepSgeTot Edlmin)aneRCIserIsmk niyayenahet. xagerkamenhkwcaxøwmsarsegçb dkrsg;ecjbiesovepamkáetsk¾tamvis½y enakñúg]bsm<½n epsg². ksigacivkmμtueta RbeTskm<úCamanFnFanksikmµCaeRcIn ehiymanskþanublercin srmab;erbkøaysm,tþiksikmµ TaMgenaH etacagacivkmµnamecjrbkbedayecakc½y. cmebahplitplsmxan;²myycmnyn kar)at;bg;kunpab rbs;tmnijksikmµ tamry³karrt;bn KWCabBaðacMeBaHmuxd¾FMbMput. karcmnayx<s;enakñúgrbets ehdæarcnasm<½n minl GRbsiT PaBEpñkrdæ)al k¾duccakgvhkarvinieyakelismtßpabekécñ TaMgGs;enH minbgálkçn³l cmebahkarefvigacikmµtampøúvkareliy. ksikr niggñklk;dum ercinetercis erisykcermis gaybmput KWlk;eTA[BaNiC krmkbirbetscitxagénrbetskm<úca EdlmanlT PaBr:ab;rgcMNay erkapøúvkarkñúgkardwkcba ÚnTMnijecjBIRbeTskm<úCa srmab;ekécñ niglk;bnþ. kmentrmg;c,ab;edl TamTaredaysmaCikPaBkñúg WTO RBmTaMglT PaBcUleTAkan;TIpSarEdlmanPaBGnueRKaHBaNiC kmµ 7

17 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ GacCYy)ankñúgkrNIenH. b:uenþ briyakasbanic kmµsakl GacEklMG)anCakRmit²b:ueNÑaH edayeyag tambtbbaøtþinanarbs; WTO. ekrtuvetyl;dwgcacam)ac; GMBIr)aMgBn Kyd¾x<s; rbbkutad¾sµúksµaj nigkartrmuv[mansuvtßipabes,óggahar edim,icab;yk]tþmpabén»kasfµi². RkumksiGaCIvkmµKb,I BinitüemIl[)anhµt;ct; nuvskþanublénkic RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) edim,ieklmgl½kçx½nðnana kñúgeblgnakt. Ggár km<úcaman»kastictycnas; kñúgkarvilrtlb;etakan;zan³carbetsnamecjggárd¾fmmyy. sbvéf enh RbeTséfkMBugnaMmuxeK kñúgkarnamecjggárenaelitipsarbipbelak ehiyrbetsevotnam k¾carbetsnamecjggárd¾fmmyyedr. brimanrsuvcaercinrtuv)anekrt;bn etakan;rbetsevotnam edim,i yketakin rycehiynamecjbnþ. km<úcamaneragm:asuinkinrsuvetmyyb:uenñah EdlGacplitGgáreTAtam btdæanénkarnamecj)an ehiyplitplrbs;eragcrkenh k¾)anbba ak;[exijfa mankunpabl manek TTYlsÁal;enAtamTIpSarénRbeTsrIkceRmInpgEdr. ebimankarvinieyakbenßmetotetaelim:asuinkinrsuvedlmanlkçn³tmenib enahkm<úcanwggac pát;pág;ggáredlmankunpabl Biesskan;EteRcIneTAkan;TIpSarGnþrCati. RbkarenHnwgbegáInnUvkar TTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatifa Ggárkm<úCaGaceqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæankRmitx<s;. WTO enabumtan;ebikcmh nig enamintan;pþl;pabyutþifm cmebahtipsarggárgnþrcatienaeliyet b:uenþkic RBmeRBognanaEdlmanlkçN³ GnueRKaH duccakmnitpþücepþimrbs;shpabgwr:ub {GVI²TaMgGs;elIkElgEtGavuF} RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa CakarebIkTVar[RbCaCatiRkIRkbMputenAelIBiPBelakEdlkMBugplitGgár. RKab;sVaycnÞI kñúgry³eblb:unµanqñamcugerkayenh karrikcermind¾fmbmputenaelitipsarrkab;svaycnþienakñúgbipb elak KWkarelcmuxénRbeTsevotNamEdl)ankøayCaRbeTsplit nignamecjrkab;svaycnþifmcagek. smtßpabekécñenarbetsevotnammantmhmfm efvi[gñkttylyketaekécñbnþertomxøüncaersc kñúgkar pþl;éføx<s; cmebahrkab;svaycnþiedlcavtßúfatuedim. ksiplsvaycnþirbs;km<úcamyyepñkfmrtuv)anektij 8

18 eday[r)ak;pþal;éd nigdwkcba ÚneRkApøÚvkar b rt;bn qøgednetakan;rbetsevotnam. BaNiC kr evotnamtamglay h antijkñúgtémømyyx<s;cagtémøtijculrbs;rkumh unekécñkm<úcamyy Edlman smtßpabplitsrmab;tipsarbipbelakducekedr. karkybpsmkñaénkarcmnayx<s;enakñúgrbets nigkar TamTar[mankarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar enakñúgkardwkcba Únplitplqøgkat;Epnana CamUlehtueFVI[ plitkmµrkab;svaycnþienakm<úca CYbkarlM)ak nigkµanlt PaBRbkYtRbECgx<s;. b:uenþtipsarrkab; svaycnþi enaelibipbelakmantmhmfm ehiyl½kçx½nðénkarefvibanic kmµenaetebikcmh. skáanublbenßm sßitenaelikarbrgiktipsarrkab;svaycnþi EdldaMedaykareRbICIFmµCati. bsustv mankarsiksa nigkarbiesafepsg²bba ak;fa RbeTskm<úCaman»kasy:ageRcInkñúgkarnaMecj bsustv ducca eka RkbI RCUk nigbsubksi. bc úb,nñenh karefvibanic kmµekarkbi ercinrbrbwtþetatamry³ karrt;bn. RbsinebIbMb:ncMNIGahar[)anRtwmRtUv ekgaclk;ekarkbikm<úca etakan;tipsarkñúgtmbn; b myy RbEhlCaGaclk;eTA[TIpSarmCÄwmbUBa EdlkMBugEtmantRmUvkarekIneLIgpgEdr. ek)annam ecjekarkbixøh² etakan;tipsarenarbetsm:aelsui. kñúgry³b:unµanqñamfµi²enh CMgWelIstVBahn³ )anefvi[ BaNiC kmµbsustvbipbelak mankarerbrbyl duecñhkareqøiytbetanwgbtdæansuxpab mansar³smxan; Nas;sRmab;BaNiC kmµenh. ekgacsermckic karenh)antamry³kargpivdæesvaepñkbsustv nig begáinlt PaBkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;fñaMeBTüsRmab;bsustV. karefvigacivkmµetaelivis½ybsustv k¾trmuv[man kareklmglt PaBplitcMNIstV EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgpgEdr. erkabienh l½kçx½nðbanic kmµ cmebah bsustv manlkçn³ebikcmh. EpøsVay xø wmsarsegçbtamvis½y ksikrkm<úcadamepøeqiedlmankunpabx<s;caercinrbept ehiyepøeqitamgenahmyycmnynman trmuvkarx<s;enakñúgtipsarénrbetsrikcermin. GñkTijenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsrIkceRmIn h antijepøeqi EdldaMedayeRbICIFmµCati kñúgtémøx<s;. trmuvkarepøsvay)anekineligy:agercin enakñúgry³ebl 10 qñamcugerkay edaybanic kmµbipbelakekineligetvmyycabir. RbeTskMBugGPivDÆmYycMnYn kmbug BüayamnaMecjEpøeQIRKb;rdUvCaeRcInRbePT nigmankunpabx<s; etakan;tipsarbrets. l½kçx½nðénkar 9

19 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ efvibanic kmµepøeqi mankarebiktulayy:agercin b:uenþbtdæansuvtßipabes,óggaharmanlkçn³ hµt;ct;. enakm<úcaekkyrerobcmkardamsvay[)anrbesircagmun EdlBuMEmnsRmab;EtkarnaMecjEt b:uenñahet b:uenþk¾rtuveqøiytbnwgtrmuvkarkñúgrbets edayrab;tamgtrmuvkarrbs;vis½yetscrn_pgedr. erbgrukçcati RbeTskm<úCa)annaMcUleRbgrukçCatiCaeRcInRbePT b:uenþkm<úcamanmanbtbiesafkñúgkarnamecj dugerbg palm oil. ek)annamecjrkab;;fbaøcatipþl;erbgbirbetskm<úca b:uenþtamrckminpøúvkar edim,i bmebj[smtßpabekécñfm² CaeRcInenAbNþaRbeTsCitxag. TIpSareRbgrukçCatienAelIBiPBelakman lkçn³sµúksµaj bnþalmkbikarrbkytrbecgrvagplitpléntmbn;mangakasfatubgááür nigplit pléntmbn;rtubic. l½kçx½nðénkarculetakan;tipsar TMngCaRtUveKEklMG ehiykar]btßmöfnetaeli plitkmµrtuvcuhfy EdlCavi)akénkarcrca nakic RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) rbs; WTO. b:uenþ TIpSar enabnþekinelig erbahmankarerbir)as;fµi² EdlTak;TgnwgtRmUvkarplitples,ógGaharEdlpþl; suxpabl nigplitplekécñepñk]ssahkmµ kñúgkarrbkytrbecgcamyyplitplkimiedlmanrbpbbi erbg\n n³. trmuvkarerbgrukçcati kmbugmankarekineligenaelitipsarrbetscin ehiyrbetssmacik Gas anmyycmnyn k¾ebikcmhcabgáür srmab;namculerbgdugetakan;tipsarrbs;bykekpgedr. RbeTskm<úCa man»kassrmab;namecjerbgdugbenßmetot nigplitedim,icmnyserbgrukçcatinamculmyycmnyn RbsinebI ekgackat;bnßycmnaykñúgdmenirkarplitkñúgrbets)an. RsaTwketñat RsaTwketñatKWCaplitplmYy kñúgcmenamplitplcaercin EdlGacplit)anBIedImetñat. Rkumh unmyy EdlmanTItaMgsßitenACitTIRkugPñMeBj kmbugplitdmnab;epøeqi TwkexµH myk nigk nþk RBmTaMgRsamYycMnYn nigepsc ³cRmuHnana EdlplitBIplitplepSg²énedImetñat. epsc ³Edlman CatiRsvwg rbs;rkumh unenh KWRsaTwketñatEdlmanKuNPaBBIrEbb mancatirsvwgkrmit 8 nig 10 RsaTwketñatlaymñas; nigrsatwketñatmanrscatixji. plitpltamgenhgacesvgtipsarenatam haglk;epsc ³nana. TIpSarGasIueRcInEtkarBarePsC ³surakñúgRbeTs b karbaredaysarmulehtu sasna. enarbetsrikcermin mankarkarbartictyc b:uenþcmebahes,óggahar cam)ac;rtuvetekarbtam 10

20 btdæansuvtßipabgahar. karykr)ak;bnþúkrdæ)alminpøúvkar nigkgvhxatepñkehdæarcnasm<½n enakm<úca efvi[b:hbal;y:agf n;f rdl;smtßpabrbkytrbecg. l½kçx½nðrbs; WTO nwgefvi[mankarpøas;bþúrtictyc Etb:ueNÑaH elikelgetkñúgbribténbtdæansuvtßipabes,óggahar enakñúgkic RBmeRBogsþIBIGnam½y nig PUtKamGnam½y SPS. ekas U bnþab;bisemøókbmbak; niges,kecig ekas UFøab;CaplitplnaMecj Edlmansar³sMxan;bMput rbs;km<úca. CaTUeTA KuNPaBénekAs Ukm<úCamankRmitx<s; b:uenþkm<úcabumsuv)anlk;ekas UeTAkan; GtifiCnenAbreTsedaypÞal;eLIy ehiyeketglk;kñúgtémø TabCagtémø enakñúgtipsar BiPBelak. ]ssahkmµekas Ukm<úCamYyPaKFMRKb;RKgedayrdæ. enatutamgbipbelak ]ssahkmµenhrg nuvplb:hbal;y:agercin edaysargnþrakmn_rbs;rdæapi)al ehiyenagasiumankarrbwgerbgdak;kmhit karrbkytrbecg tamry³sm<½n GaCIvkmµFM². enakñúgkarcrca WTO RbeTskm<úCa)anGHGagfa eknwgefviékcnpavubniykmµrtbüsm,tþi]ssahkmµekas UsaFarN³PaKeRcInenAqñaM b:uenþ vifan rbs; WTO nigl½kçx½nðénkarculetakan;tipsarmansar³rbeyacn_tictycb:uenñah luhrtaet Rkumh un ekas Ukm<úCa plitekas UtamKuNPaBCaGnþrCati. RtI xø wmsarsegçbtamvis½y RbeTskm<úCaman»kas niggacmanskþanubly:agercin kñúgkarefvigacivkmµelifnfanrtirbs;xøün enakñúgtipsarnamecj. trmuvkarcmebahrtiedlmankunpabx<s; nigplitplrtikmbugekineligenakñúg TIpSarBiPBelak kñúgebledlkarpát;pág;mankrmit. ekebiktulaytipsary:agercin b:uenþkm<úcacam)ac;rtuv CMnH]bsKÁnana duccabtdæansuvtßipabes,óggaharcmebahgñkerbir)as; kardak;pøaksbaøa karplit EdlmannirnþrPaB nigkarerbir)as;]btßmöfncatueta edim,i[xøüngacrbemilemilkan;etc,as;las; kñúgkarculetakan;tipsarbipbelak. RbeTskm<úCakMBugxatbg;nUvtémøy:ageRcInnUvplensaTsmuRT bnþalmkbikarepþrrti nigbgáa etakan;navabretsedaypþal;. b:uenþkarcmnaykñúgkardwkcba Ún nig pþúktmnijenakm<úca mankrmitx<s;caxøamg EdlBi)ak[BaNiC kmµrsbc,ab;gac)anttylplcmenj. karcrcakñúgkic RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha) rbs; WTO enakñúgkarrtytbinitü]btßmöfnelikarensat Kb,IebIkcMh»kasfµI² benßmetot RbsinebIkic RbCMuenaHTTYl)aneCaKC½y. 11

21 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ plitplsurt trmuvkarsurt nigplitplsurt srmab;tipsarbipbelakmanbrimantic b:uenþmantémøx<s; Nas;. plitkmµsréssurtmancmenkticcag 0/2 éntipsarsrésvaynpnðbipbelak. éføsurt eqax<s;cag éføkb,aseqa 20 dg ehiyplitplsurtbisréssurt nigsmbt;surtedlekniym KWCa plitpll Biess. surteqarbs;km<úcamankunpabx<s; b:uenþkarplitmancmnynticnas;. Gñkt,aj BwgEp kelikarnamculerkapøúvkar EdleFVI[manlkçN³sµúKsµajcMeBaHkarbBa ak;gmbirbpbediménplit plsurt Edl)aneFVIenAkm<úCa. RbsinebIeKGacbgðajbTdæan nigrbpbtmnij enahkm<úcanwgman»kas TIpSarCaeRcIn enakñúgrbetsmanesdækic rikcerminnanaenagasui EdlGnuBaØat[naMcUledayrYcBn. bc úb,nñenh RbeTskm<úCa mansmtßpabtictycnas; kñúgkic dmenirkartamebbesdækic xñatfm nigpát;pág; TMnijmanKuNPaBx<s; kñúgbrimansmrsb srmab;karnamecj. enakñúgbriyakastamgenh vifan WTO man\t ibltictycb:uenñah mkeliplitplsurt. sgðarwmedlefvigmbib ssi nig epþa bc úb,nñenh plitkmµerkogsgðarwmrbs;km<úcabum)anerobcm srmab;karnamecjeliy. GaCIvkmµ EdlmanlkçN³RKYsarenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj nigenatirkugfm²éetot kmbugpliterkogsgðarwmedlman KuNPaBl bgáür GMBIeQIxøwm b ssi niglaycrmuhkñarvagb ssi nigepþa. etahcakm<úcamanvtßúfatuedim nigmangñkcmnajkþi k¾ekpliterkogsgðarwmsrmab;lk;bmeri[etesckþirtuvkar enakñúgtipsarkñúgrbets b:uenñah. k¾b:uenþtipsarenaelibipbelak srmab;erkogsgðarwmefvigmbiepþa nigb ssiedlmankunpabx<s; enamantmhmfm nigkmbugetekinelig. enaqñam 2003 shrdægaemriknamculcag 400 lan duløar. plitkrfm²tamggs; KWsuT EtCaplitkr EdlmanRbPBmkBIbNþaRbeTsenAGasuI CaBiessKWRbeTscin riérbetsevotnam k¾kmbugetkøayetacaplitkrd¾fm y:agqab;rh½spgedr. karercotculrbs; RbeTscin etakñúgtipsarerkogsgðarwménshrdægaemrik )anbgá[manskmµpabkarbar BITIRkug v:asuinetan. karn_enhgacpþl;»kas srmab;plitkréetot². b:uenþ enakñúgeblenh RbeTskm<úCa BuMmankarerobcMplitkrsmRsb ehiyk¾kµanehdæarcnasm<½n rubv½nþsmrsb srmab;efvibanic kmµxñatfm eliy. RbkarenHGactRmUv[mankarcUlrYmBIédKUbreTs. 12

22 smelokbmbak; kñúgzan³cavis½ynamecjcmbgrbs;km<úca vis½ysemøókbmbak;bwgep ky:agxøamg elikargpivdænaebl GnaKtenAkñúg WTO. l½kçx½nðbiessgnuvtþcmebahvis½yvaynpnð nigvis½ykat;edrkñúgbipbelak srmab;ry³ebl 40 qñam )anbba b;enakñúgexmkra qñam edaykµankarfanakñúgkarpþl;kuta namculetakan;tipsarshrdægaemrik ek)armöfa RbeTskm<úCak¾dUcCaRbeTsdéTeTot nwgrtuvlubbm)at; edayrbetscin EdlmanéføcMNayplitkmµTab. enakñúgpabbit sßanpabenhmanlkçn³sµúksµaj CagenHeTAeTot. eksegátexijmansbaøaénrbtikmµxøamgmyy Tak;TgnwgkarRKbdNþb;énRbeTscin etaelitipsarsemøókbmbak;énshrdægaemrik. l½kçx½nðbiessénkarcul WTO rbs;rbetscin srmab; karnamculvaynpnð nigsemøókbmbak;rbs;xøün trmuv[mankarrtytbinitübibnþarbetsnamcul. enaman mefüa)ayepsgetot rbs; WTO EdlGacnwgRtUveRbIR)as;pgEdr edim,ibegáitca]bskácmebahkmenin CabnþbnÞab; enakñúgkarercotcultipsarbiplitkrcin. Ep kelilt PaBTaMgenaH Rkumh ungñknamecj niggñklk;raynana enatipsarénrbetsrikcermin cam)ac;rtuvbegáinrbpbgñkpát;pág;rbs;bykek. RbeTs km<úcaman]tþmpabmyycmnyn erbahfa km<úcamansavtarl sþibi sit kargar niggacmanlt PaBnaMcUl etakan;tipsarfm² kñúglkçn³gnuerkah. b:uenþrbetskm<úca cam)ac;rtuvbmebjl½kçx½nðrbpbtmnij srmab; lt PaBnaMcUleTAkan;shPaBGWr:ubedayrYcBn. RbkarenHmann½yfa km<úcartuvbegáit[manvis½y vaynpnðenakñúgrbets b vivdævifisa sþénkarplitsmelokbmbak; tamry³kic shkarcamyyédkubi bnþarbetsgas an. RbkarKYr[elIkTwkcitþþ KWplitkrsemøókbMBak;cin kmbugbegáinkarvinieyakrbs;xøün enakñúgrbetskm<úca. esvahirbaøvtßú xø wmsarsegçbtamvis½y kgvhlt PaBkñúgkarTTYlesvahirBaØvtßú EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECg KWCa]bsKÁrcnasm<½n cmebah kargpivdæ nigkarvinieyakedlepþateelibanic kmµenakm<úca. sm,tanedlek)anpþl;[ cmebahesva FnaKar nigfanar:ab;rgenakñúgkarcrcarbs; WTO kñúgry³eblxøi minrtuv)anekrmbwgfaman\t iblercin eliy. enakñúgry³eblevg RbsinebIkm<úCaeFVIkMENTRmg;nana EdlbNþal[mankarpøas;bþÚrkic Rbtibtþi GaCIvkmµ nig\riyabfsafarn³cmebah\ntan enahgacnwgtak;tajrkumh un esvahirbaøvtßúbrets [cul mkvinieyak nigbegáinesvananarbs;fnakar nigrkumh unfanar:ab;rgbc úb,nñ. b:uenþ Rkumh untamgenhtmngca 13

23 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ mincab;garmµn_et luhrtaethanip½ynana EdlTak;TgnwgkareFVIGaCIvkmµenAkm<úCa RtUv)aneKkat;bnßy CasßaBr. esvasmng; nig esvabak;b½n edim,igpivdæehdæarcnasm<½n srmab;[mankargpivdæ EdlepþatelIkarnaMecj RbeTskm<úCaRtUv karvis½ysmng; EdlmanlT PaBkñúgkarpþl;esvaTMenIb manrbsit PaB nigmanpabrbkytrbecg. eyagtam]bskánanakñúgrbetsbc úb,nñ skmµpabmyycmnynnwgbnþrkb;rkgedaybrets. enatnþwmkñaenah edim,i[manlkçn³rbkytrbecg Rkumh unsmng;rtuvkaresvaedlmansmtßpab duccarkumh undwkcba Ún Rkumh unvisvkmµ nigrkumh unsßabtükmµ. karsnüagmbiepñkesvarbs;km<úcacmebah WTO GnuBaØat[man karebiktulaycabgáür cmebahrkumh unbrets. b:uenþ Rkumh unsmng;cam)ac;rtuvfanasmöar³brikçaretatam l½kçx½nðedlmanlkçn³gmenayplbmput. ]TahrN_ kñúgkrnisuim:g; karnamcul mantémøx<s; ehiykargusbnøayeblevlakñúgkarrbkl;tmnij KWbNþalmkBIPaBsµúKsµajTUeTAénEpñkrdæ)al. GaRs½yehtuenH smng;kwcaepñkmyymansar³smxan;énesdækic Edll½kçx½NÐBaNiC kmµ rbs;vis½yenh Bak;B½n nwgtmnijpg nigesvapg ehiyvamanlkçn³cam)ac;kñúgkarkmnt;lt pl. 14

24 CMBUkTI 3 kic snüarbs; WTO enakñúgexkbaøa qñam 2003 rdæm nþimkbirbetscasmacikcmnyn 147 rbs; WTO )anttylyk l½kçx½nðénkarculcasmacik WTO rbs;rbhracanacrkkm< úca. ry³ebl 9 qñam Kitcab; ;BIkardak; BaküdMbUg km<úca)angnuvtþral;l½kçx½nðtamggs; ehiysmacikpabcak;esþgrkan;ettrmuv[mankarpþl; sc ab½nelikic RBmeRBogenH BIrdæsPakm<úCaEtb:ueNÑaH. km<úca)anttylsc ab½nenh kalbiéf TI 13 Ex kbaøa qñam 2004 ehiysmacikpabénrbetskm<úcakñúg WTO )anculcapøúvkar kñúgry³ebl 30 éf erkaybienah ebalkwenaéf TI 13 Extula qñam etahcasrmab;rbetsnak¾eday dmenirkarculcasmacik WTO KWCadMeNIrkarEdlmanry³ eblevg nigsµúksµaj. WTO BuMEmnCakøwbEdlrdæaPi)alGaccUlrYm edayrkan;etbg;r)ak;enahet. karculcasmacikenh KWCakic snüaedlmancmngc,ab;capøúvkar rvagsmaciktamggs; CamYysmaCik fµi. kic snüaenhbba ak;gmbil½kçx½nððlmgiténbanic kmµrvagsmaciknana nigbba ak;gmbikaryl;dwgeli TidæPaBCaeRcInénc,ab; nitikmµ dmenirkartulakar nigl½kçx½nðvinieyaknana. kic snüaenhpþl;[km<úca nuvplrbeyacn_ nigsuvtßipabtamggs; Tak;TgeTAnwgviFan nigvin½y Edl begáitcarbb½n c,ab;rbs; WTO EdlEcgGMBIskmµPaBrbs;smaCikTaMgGs;rbs;xøÜn. kic snüa enh pþl;nuv\riyabfc,as;las; niggac):an;rbmantukcamun)an cmebahplitpl nigesvananarbs; km<úca enakñúgtipsarrbs;smaciktamggs;détetot. karsnüabnþefvikmentrmg;benßmetot cmebahsmacikcas;rbs; WTO kic snüarbs;km<úca pþl;nuvkarfana elikarebþcjacitþbnþefvikmen TRmg;esdækic karrbtibtþ itamvifan nigvin½ytamglayrbs; WTO tameblevla nig pþl;l½kçx½nðénkarcul etakan;tipsar nigkarvinieyakedlgac):an;rbmantukcamun)an. m:üagvijetot BaNiC kr nigvinieyakinén PaKITaMgsgxag Kb,IemIleXIjnUvbriyakasebIkTUlay nigkan;etmansuvtßipabkñúgkarefvvigacivkmµ. 15

25 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ kic snüa WTO KWCakic snüaedlmanlkçn³cakatbvkic niggacgnuvtþ)an. Rkumh unnana rbs;km<úcamancmenofa enaeblgnakt nwgmansmacik WTO myyetotgacrmelapelikic snüa kñúgkarrksatmnak;tmngsmrsb cmebahkarnamecjrbs;km<úca. RbsinebImanerOgdUecñHekIteLIg BYkeK mansit iesñi[rdæapi)alesvgrkdmenahrsay tamry³tmnak;tmngetvpaki ehiyrbesirbmputenah KWTTYl karvinicä½ymyy tamry³rbb½n edahrsayvivatrbs; WTO sumganrbgb;ti 1. édkubanic kmµenakñúgtmbn;myycmnyn)ankøayetacasmacik WTO rycehiy kñúgenahman RbeTséf cin nigtipsarmyycmenkfmrbs;gas an. b:uenþ TIpSarénRbeTsCitxagrbs;km<úCa BuMEmnsuT EtsßitenAkñúg Rkbx½NÐénkic snüabanic kmµrbs; WTO eliy. RbeTsevotNam niglav kmbugsßitkñúgdmenirkarén karculcasmacik WTO. kñúgzan³casmacikfµimyy RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvbgðajkñúgry³eBlb:unµanqñaMxagmuxenHGMBIkarGnuvtþ kic snüatamglayrbs;xøün cmebahsmacik WTO détetot. enhkwcabbaðamyy EdleK RtUvRbQmmux. etahbikm<úcamanzan³carbetsmankargpivdætabbmputk¾eday GñkcrcaTaMgLayrbs;km<úCa )an RbwgERbgy:agxøaMgkøa enakñúgdmnak;kalcugerkayéndmenirkarculcasmacik WTO edim,iekarb tamkarsnüaedlmankartamtarxøamgbgáür. ekbi)akbüakr\t iblénsmacikpabkñúg WTO mkelikm<úcanas;. karsnüanana GacbegáIt[ mankic RbwgERbg EdlmanlkçN³RbkYtRbECgenAkñúgvis½ymYycMnYn b dak;kmhitpabbt;ebnenakñúg karbegáitekalneya)ayfµi². b:uenþ karsnüatamgenah KYrEtCMrujrdæaPi)al [GnuvtþviFankarEkTRmg;Edl mangmenaypll cmebahgacivkmµ sumgancmbukti 5. 16

26 RbGb;TI 1³ sit irbs;km<úca kñúgkarrbqmmuxcamyysmacikéetotrbs; WTO kic snüarbs; WTO kic snüarbs; WTO GnuvtþcMeBaHsmaCikTaMgGs;. edim,ignuvtþsit irbs;xø ÜnenAkñúgkic snüa enh mannitivifisrmab;rbetskm<úca EdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaEdr cmebahédkubanic kmµtamglayrbs;km<úca enakñúg WTO. kñúgeblgnakt RbsinebIRkumh un niggñknamecjkm<úca yl;fabmumancmnat;kar mkeliplitplrbs;xøünetatamvifanrbs; WTO etenah BYkeKGaccat;viFankar)an. etahbica manetrdæapi)alb:uenñah EdlGaceFVICatMNagpøÚvkarenAkñúg WTO sßitenakñúgtirkug hswenvkþi k¾rkumh unnanagacesñi[rksygbanic kmµedahrsaybakübnþwgcmnysxøün)an. CadMbUg ekedahrsaybbaðaenh CamYyrdæaPi)alTaMgenaHedaypÞal; b: uenþkñ úglkçn³erkapø Úvkar CYnkal tamry³ ebskcnkartutenakñúgrbets. RbsinebITMnak;TMngEbbenHBM u)ansermclt pletenah rdæapi)algacelikykbbaðaenh etakan; WTO. vifiedahrsaymyy KWeFVIeLIgtamry³karelIkykbBaðaenaH etaedahrsayerkapøúvkar CamYy ebskcnkartutrbs;smacik WTO EdlBak;B½n enahswenv. vifimyyebbetot KW dak;bbaðaenah enakñúgrebobvar³rbs;kn³kmµafikarrtytbinitüpabrtwmrtuvtamkic RBmeRBog b bbaøtþi WTO EdlBak; B½n. ]TahrN_ ekgacelikbbaðaedltak;tgnwgbtdæanbec kets Edlbgá]bsKÁdl;karnaMecj rbs;km<úca enakñúgtipsar WTO CamYyKN³kmµaFikarvivaTbec ketsepñkbanic kmµ. ebiibbaðaenah Tak;TgnwgRbtibtþikarkUta eliplitplksikmµ ekrtuvelikeligetakn³kmµafikarksikmµ. RbsinebIviFIsa sþtamgenahmingacdmenirkar)an b RbsinebIbBaðaenaHmanlkçN³F n;f r nigbnþan; km<úcagacculxøünetakan;rbb½n edahrsaytmnas;pøúvkarrbs; WTO. enhkwcarbb½n tulakarrbs; WTO ehiynitivifirbs;;rbb½n enh manecgenakñúggnussarn³énkaredahrsaytmnas; DSU. CMhanTImYy KWRtUvesñIsMukarBieRKaHeyabl;eTVPaKICapøÚvkar CamYysmaCikBak;B½n edaycun dmnwgdl; WTO GMBIkartv:a. RbsinebIkarBieRKaHTaMgenHminpþl;plkñúgrvag 60 éf etenah km<úca GacesñI[manKN³vinicä½y. karvinicä½yebbenh PaKeRcIneFVIeLIgelImUldæanénkarbkRsaybBaØtþic,ab; rbs; WTO ehiytamfmµtatamtareblevlabir)ammyy etar)ambynex. 17

27 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ enaebledlmankarrbkaslt plrbs;kn³vinicä½y PaKInImYy²manCeRmIs edimi,efvikarbþwg ]T rn_ etakan;sßab½n]t rn_rbs; WTO. karefviebbenhgacrtuvkareblbenßmbi 60 eta 90 éf ehiy PaKITaMgBIrcaM)ac;RtUvTTYlyksalRkménbNþwg]T rn_enah. ]bmafa ebiekbinitüexijfabakü bnþwg rbs;km<úcamanlkçn³rtwmrtuv enahpakicaj;kþicam)ac;rtuvgnuvtþsalrkmenah EdltamFmµta KWRtUvlub bm)at;vifankarbanic kmµedlbgátmnas;enahecj. RbsinebIBMueFVIdUecñHeTenAmanbBaØtiþ epsgetotkñúggnussarn³énkaredahrsaytmnas; (DSU) EdltRmUv[pþl;sMNgBaNiC kmµ b pþl;sit i [km<úcadksm,tanbanic kmµ BIPaKImçageTot. dmenirkartamgmulenhgaccmnayeblevlayurnas; CYnkalRtUvcMNayeBlrhUtdl; 18 Ex cmebahrkumh un niggñknamcul. b:uenþekgacedahrsayvivat)an tamry³kic RBmeRBogeTAvijeTAmk etahcaenaeblnak¾eday enakñúggmlúgeblénkargnuvtþnitivifienh. krnienh ercinekitman ehiyenh KWCaeKalbMNgrbs; DSU. kargnuvtþtam DSU CaCagRbkan;ykviFIsa sþedlbmusuvmanlkçn³pøúvkar trmuv[mankar BicarNal itl n;. minrtwmetcmnayeblevlayurb:uenñahet b:uenþkic karenhk¾gactrmuv[cmnayr)ak; ercinpgedr erbahfatamfmµta RtUvmantMNagKtiyutþEdlmanbTBiesaF. b:uenþ srmab;bnþarbets EdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMput ekgacrksµakþiktiyutþedaymincam)ac;cmnayercin tamry³mcämnðl RbwkSac,ab;rbs; WTO EdlmanmUldæanenATIRkughSWENv. rdæapi)albmuemnsut EtGacdak;bNþwgsaTukçBaNiC kmµnimyy² tamebbenheliy. kñúgry³ebl db;qñamknøgmkenh WTO )anedahrsaykrni DSU cmnyncag 300 krni. mankrnipakercin RtUv)aneKedaHRsay edaymincam)ac;qøgnitivifigvitamggs;. ek)anbegáitkn³vinicä½yrbman EtCag 130 b:uenñah. rdæapi)alkm<úca CaBiessRksYgBaNiC kmµ cam)ac;rtuvefvikarsermccitþfaetirtuvedahrsaybbaða NaxøH ehiyefviy:agducemþc. BakübNþwgrbs;vis½ykmµnþsal b vis½yksikmµnwgrbmulpþúmpakercin enapñ MeBj. enhkwcamulehtumyyedlfa karbegá ItsmaKmBaNiC kmµnwgmansar³smxan; edim,iefv I[Epñk ÉkCn TTYlsÁal;skþanuBleBjeljénsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO. 18

28 kic snüarbs; WTO sumepj IkarsaksYrdMNwgepSg² GMBIskmµPaBTak;Tgnwg WTO sþ IBIkarlM)aknanaTak;Tgnwgkar namecj mkkan;kariyal½ykic kar WTO énnaykdæangas an nigggákargnþrcatién RksYgBaNiC kmµ EdlmanGas½ydæan³ 20 A mhavifi RBHneratþm PñMeBj TUrs½BÞelx TUrsarelx RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsQanmuxmYyenAkñúg WTO RbeTskm<úCa KWCaRbeTsmankarGPivDÆTabbMputdMbUgbg s; EdlseRmclT plkñúgkarcrca culcasmacik WTO. bnþarbetsrkirkdétetotedl)anculetacasmacik WTO manlkçn³ gayrsylcag erbahbykekføab;casmacikrbs;ggákardmbugrbs; WTO KWkic RBmeRBogTUeTAsþIBI Bn Ky nig BaNiC kmµ (GATT). smacikrbs; GATT mansit ikñúgkarkøayetacasmaciksßabnikén WTO fµi enaqñam mak ad¾lm)akrbs;km<úca kñúgdmenirkarculcasmacik mann½yfa ekmingaccat;tukkm<úca faca RbeTsmYyEdlTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIsmaCikPaBkñúg WTO edaybummankarefvivipaktanpþal;enah et. etahbicakm<úca CaRbeTstUcmYyenAkñúgBaNiC kmµbipbelakkþi km<úcamansit ienakñúgkarbeba j mti nig man\t iblcmebahkarsermcrbs; WTO CaBiesskñúgkarcrcaBaNiC kmµ duccakic RbCuM naeblfµi²enh enatirkugduha (Doha) CaedIm. karsnüamyycmnynrbs;km<úca enakñúgkic RBmeRBogCamYy WTO manbba ak;enakñúgcmbukbnþbnþab;. CarYmmankarsnüacMnYn 3. TI 1³ RbeTskm<úCa)anerobrab;lMGitGMBIsßanPaBbc úb,nñ énbanic kmµ nigekalneya)ayesdækic rbs;xøün ehiy)anbegáitkmµvifikmentrmg;myy. kmµvifienhnwgefvi[rbets km<úcae)ahcmhaneq<ahetarkkargnuvtþebjeljcamyyy WTO kñúgry³eblb:unµanqñamxagmux. TI 2³ karcrcabegáit[mankba b;énbn Ky {Gtibrma} elikarnamcultmnij. CMBUkTI 7 Bnül;GMBIGRtakMhit GRtanuvtþ niggrtagnuerkahénbn Ky. kba b;enhkwcaepñkmyyénkic snüa ehiyek)anp ab;vaetakñúg l½kçx½nðnanaénsmacikpab kñúgnamcakmµvifibn Ky. TI 3³ kmµvifimyyetotdak;ecjnuvl½kçx½nð cmebah karpát;pág;esvamkkan;km<úca rymmanl½kçx½nðsrmab;karvinieyak nig karbegáitrkumh unpþl;esvabrets. 19

29 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ karcul WTO minfananuvecakc½yenakñúgbanic kmµbipbelakeliy. vacamefüa)aymyy EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edayrdæaPi)al EpñkÉkCn nigpakibak;b½n détetot Edlpþl;»kassmRbkb nigpþl;kic karbar. \LÚvenH km<úcacam)ac;rtuvrbtibtþitamkarsnüa nigkatbvkic EdleK)anRbkan;yk TnÞwmKñanwgkarTajykplCaGtibrma BI»kasTaMgenaH. 20

30 CMBUkTI 4 RbPBedIm nigekalkarn_rbs;; WTO WTO KWCaGgÁkar EdlbnþevnBIkic RBmeRBogBaNiC kmµbimun EdlehAfa kic RBmeRBogTUeTA sþibi Bn Ky nigbanic kmµ (GATT) EdleK)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM WTO mansmacikpab ercincag GATT nigrkbdnþb;elikmµvtßúercincag. b:uenþ KW GATT enhehiy Edl)anbegáIteKalkarN_ BhuPaKIenAkñúgRbB½n BaNiC kmµenh. RbGb; TI 3 )anbgðajcasegçbgmbirbvtþi rbs; GATT nig WTO. WTO KWCasßab½nmYy nigcasmnuménvifantamglay EdlehAfa {c,ab; WTO}. smaciknimyy² kñúgcmenamsmacikcit 150 rbs; WTO RtUvRbtibtþitamviFanTaMgenH nigrtuvpþl;[smacikdétetot nuvplrbeyacn_banic kmµcak;lak;edlbykek)ansnüa. GgÁsMxan;énc,ab;rbs; WTO rymmankic RBmeRBog nigesckþisermccitþcag 60. TaMgGs;enH RtUvsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtBinitürbs;RkumRbwkSa nigkn³kmµafikarnanaéntisñak;karknþalrbs; WTO enatirkughswenv RbeTssVúIs. WTO Kµankariyal½yenAtamRbeTs b kariyal½yrbcamtmbn;et. karcrcakñúgrtg;rtayfm duccakic RbCuMenATIRkugdUha (Doha - rdæfaniénrbetskata CaedIm trmuv[man evtikacrcabiessrbs;xøün. smacikrbs; WTO fñak;rdæm nþicybrbcmukña y:agehacnas; BIrqñaMmþg. eblerkabienh RbtiPUfñak;CatiTaMgLay EdltamFmµta CaGñkkarTUt nigcam nþibanic kmµ Cati efvikargarrbcaméf. RbGb;TI 2 xagerkam bgðajrcnasm<½n énsßab½ntmnagrbs; WTO. 21

31 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ RbGb;TI 2 ³ rcnasm<½n rbs;ggákarbanic kmµbipbelak BinitüemIleKalneya)ayBaNiC kmμ BinitüemIl 6-8 RbeTskñúgmYyqñaM karedahrsayvivat sßab½nedahrsayvivatcybrbcm ukña eblcam)ac; snñisitfñak;rdæm nþi RbRBwtþeTAerogral; BIrqñaM mþg RkumRbwkSaTUeTA RbCMusamBaØCaeTogTat; nigrbcumvisambaø KN³kmμaFikarcrcaBaNiC kmμ RtYtBinitüemIlkic RbCMuenAdUha Doha RkumRbwkSasMrab;BaNiC kmμtmnij RtYtBinitükic RBmeRBogTMnijTaMgGs; KN³kmµaFikarnanarYmman ³ ksikmµ lt PaBcUlTIpSar karraramgepñkbec kets vifankargnam½y nigputkamgnam½y karvaytémørbs;ky vifansþ IBI RbPBedIm vifankarrbqamgnwgkarlk;bgç Úcéfø RkumRbwkSasMrab;BaNiC kmμesvakmμ RtYtBinitükic RBmeRBog GATS KN³kmµaFikarnanarYmman ³ esvahirbaøvtß ú karsnüacak;lak; RkumRbwkSasRmab;TidæPaBén c,ab;kmμsit ibbaøa EdlTak;TgnwgBaNiC kmμ RtYtBinitükic RBmeRBog TRIPS 22

32 RbGb;TI 3 ³ Rbvtþisegçbrbs; WTO karcrcarvagrbetscmnyn 50 ]btßmökamrtedayggákarshrbcacati edim,ibegáit GgÁkarBaNiC kmµgnþrcati ITO dmnalkñacamyyfnakarbipbelak nig mulnifi rubiyvtßúgnþrcati. esckþirbagmyysþibi ITO RtUv)anbegáIteLIg. RsbCamYyKñaenHEdr RbeTscMnYn 23 )ansermccitþefvikarcrcakarkat;bnßybn namculkñúgrbetsrbs;xøün nigedim,ignum½tesckþirbagvifanbanic kmµmyycmnyn rbs; ITO. sm,tantak;tgnwgbn namcul nigvifanrymkñaedlehafa kic RBmeRBogTUeTA sþibibn Ky nigbanic kmµ GATT éf TI 1 Exmkra³ GATT culcafrmanelimuldæanbenþahgasnñ. kñúgcmenam smacik 23 RbeTs kalbidmbug manrbetscmnyn 11 CaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ. Exmina³ snñisitggákarshrbcacatisþibibanic kmµ nigkarpþl;kargar enatirkug Lahav:an énrbetskuy)a Gnum½tFmµnuBaØrbs; ITO b:uenþfmµnubaøenah cam)ac;rtuv TTYlsc ab½nbiggákarnitibbaøtþifñak;cati rdæapi)alshrdægaemrikrbkasfa xøünnwgminesvgrkkarpþl;sc ab½nelifmµnubaørbs; ITO eliy erbahmankarrbqamgenakñúgspa. GaRs½yehtuenH ITO k¾rtuv)anek rmlayecal GATT enaetcakic RBmeRBog {benþahgasnñ} myydedl enakñúg GATT mankic RbCMucb;eBjelj cmnynr)ambirelik. RbPBedIm nigekalkarn_rbs; WTO 23

33 km<úca nigggákarbanic kmµbipbelak³ esovepamkáetsk_smrab;gacivkmµ qñam TIkEnøg nig eqµah RbFanbTénkarRbCMu cmnynrbets 1947 hwsenv Bn namcul TIRkugGaensIu Annecy )aramg Bn namcul TIRkugT½rkay Torquay Gg;eKøs Bn namcul hswenv Bn namcul hswenv kic RbCMuenA Dillon Bn namcul hswenv kic RbCMuenA Kennedy Bn namcul nigvifantb;tl; karlk;bgçúcéfø hswenv kic RbCMuenAtUküÚ Bn namcul-vifansþibir)amg minemnbn namcul.l ek)anbukbenßm :EpñkTI IV : én GATT edim,ipþl;rbrbwtþikmµbanic kmµgnuerkah cmebah RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ CaBiess edim,igac[ekttylplrbeyacn_ BIBn namcul enakñúg karcrcabanic kmµ edaymincam)ac;pþl;kargnuerkahsgvij ek)anbenßm :RbeyaKbgálkçN³gayRsYl} etakñúg GATT edim,ibegáitkermagkar GnueRKaHEpñkc,ab; cmebahrbetskmbuggpivdæ. KeRmagkarTaMgenH ducca GSP CaedIm manlkçn³pþúykñacamyyvifansþibi MFN kic RbCM uenarbetsg UrUháay (Uruguay) )anrbrbwtþetaenatirkug Punta del Exte. GaNitþ rbs;kic RbCM uenhmantmhmfmcageblna²tamggs; rymbba ÚlTaMgviFannanaTak;TgnwgBn namcul niggviedlminemncabn namculpgedr. b:uenþ kic RbCMuenHk¾)an BRgIkRbB½n efvi BaNiC kmµetakan;vis½yfµ I²énBaNiC kmµpgedr ducca esvakmµ nigsit i sþ IBIkmµsiT i bbaøa. erkabienh vacakic RbCMuEdlerobcMsaCafµITaMgRsug nuvrbb½n edahrsayvivat nig begáit GgÁkarBaNiC kmµfµimyy srmab;cmnys GATT Edl man :lkçn³ benþahgasnñ} éf TI 20 ExFñÚ³ Qandl;mankic RBmeRBogsþIBIÉksarTaMgGs;énkic RbCMuenA RbeTs G UrUháay (Uruguay). GtßbTc,ab; nigkarsnüafñak;cati sþibitmnij RBmTaMgesvakmµ EdlmancMnYn TMB½r. 24

34 RbPBedIm nigekalkarn_rbs; WTO : ú 1995 ::kic RBmeRBogTIRkugm:ar:aeks (Marrakesh) RbeTsm:ar:uk sþibikarbegáitggákar BaNiC kmµbipbelak )anculcafrman kargnuvtþkic RBmeRBogPaKeRcIn sþ IBIkic RbCM uenarbetsg UrUháay (Uruguay) rymman kic RBmeRBogsþIBIksikmµ vaynpnð kmµsit ibbaøa karvaytémøbn Ky nig]bskámin EmnCaBn namculdétetot Qandl;mankic RBmeRBogbEnßmGMBIesvahirBaØvtß nigesvaturkmnakmn_camuldæan kic RbCMufñak;rdæm nþién WTO enatirkugesgafl (Seattle) shrdægaemrik BMuGac RbkasebIkkic RbCMuBaNiC kmµfµimyy)aneliy RbeTscinkøayCasmaCikénGgÁkar WTO bnþab;biqøgkat;karcrcags;ebl 15 qñam snñisitfñak;rdæm niþénggákar WTO RbkasebIkkic RbCMuenATIRkugdUha (Doha) RbeTskm<úCakøayCasmaCikTI 148 rbs;ggákar WTO. EbbbTTaMgGs;enH)ankøayeTACabnÞúkmYyd¾F n; cmebahbnþasmacik WTO EdlCaRbeTs tuctac nigrkirk. edim,icyysmralbnþúk ehiyély:agna[mankarculrymrbkbedayrbsit PaB GgÁkar WTO nigtipñak;gargnþrcatidétetot )anpþl;cmnyybec ketsedlrymmanvkábnþúhbnþal m nþibanic kmµ fñak;catipgedr. b:uenþcmnyyedlmanenah minrkb;rkan;srmab;cyyrbetskm<úca[culrym enakñúgepñktamggs;rbs; WTO eliy. RbeTskm<úCacaM)ac;RtUvkMNt;GaTiPaBénkmµvtßúrbs;xøÜnenAkñúg smacikpab kñúg WTO RBmTaMgbBaðanana Edlkm<úCaelIkeLIgcMeBaHGgÁkarenH. RbeTskm<úCa man»kasculrymkñúgrkummyy CamYyRbeTsdéTeTotkñúgkardwknaMkarcrca. Rkum énrbetscasmacik WTO EdlmankarGPivDÆTabbMput 1 efvikarcamyykñaenaebledlbykekman 1 GgÁkarshRbCaCati)aneGayeQµaHRbeTscMnYn 32 kñúgcmenamrbetscmnyn 50 facarbets {GPivDÆticbMp;ut} EdlCasmaCikrbs; WTO : Gg;ehÁaLa bg;køaeds ebnamg b ½rKINahVasU b UrunDI km<úca safarnrdægarhvik knþal qad kugeháa DüIb UTI hámb Í háien háienb Ísav éhti elhsútu m:adaháasáa m:alavi m:al;div m:ali m:uritani m:uhsmb Ík miy:an;m:a en):al; niehsriy:a rv:an;da esenháal esra:elgun ekahsulúm:un tg;hsani tueháa GUhÁg;da hsmbiu. 25