mkáúetsk_b½t man bwgtenøsab

Átírás

1 mkáúetsk_b½t man bwgtenøsab

2 e)ahbum<edayggákar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan (live & learn) pþhelx 364 mhavifirbhmunivgs sgáat;psaredimfáúv x½nðcmkarmn RkugPñMeBj km<úca RbGb;sMbuRtelx 91 TUrsBÞ ekhtmb½r Ex kumö³ 2007 karecjpsayenhkwcaepñkmyyénkmeragrkb;rkgbrisßanbwgtenøsab (TSeMP) nigyut nakarpsbvpsay niggb;rmbrisßanfñak;cati (NeeAC) cuhkic snüaeday RksYgbrisßan pþl;fvikaedayfnakargpivdæn_gasui (loan 1939 CAM(SF)) nibn nigcgrkgeday ³ PIF½r sþar nig esckþiepþim eday ecdi sµit EksMrYleday ³ CuM smgun ebrc suxdani nig Kat b unfan bkerbcapasaexµreday ³ ersg supl CuM smgun nig ebrc suxdani BinitüEksMrYleday ³ ebrc suxdani nig Kat b unfan rcnaeday ³ xarin yaumg rubpabeday ³ sumepøggmnrkundl;ggákar WCS- eglin RBIk tuni linam GaLan miqud nig cu valsþún. sunja: EGnDlEv:bW miteql GIssak; xarin yaumg FarI v:ult½rtun KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ rksasiti RksYgbrisßan GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan (live & learn environmental education) GtßbTenHGacTajykmkeRbI)ankñúgeKalbMNgGb;rM edaymanbba ak;birbpb. esckþibba ak; ³ ÉksarGb;rMbrisßanenHRtUv)anerobcMedayTIRbwkSaGgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan smrab;rksygbrisßan (Moe). esckþieføggmnrkun ³ ÉksarenHRtUv)andkRsg;ecjBIÉksarCaeRcIn EdlmanbBa ak;enacugbba b;epñknimyy². This CD contains PDFs of the Infomation Guide in Khmer and english. These can be opened using the program Adobe Acrobat. Text from the PDF can copied and pasted. This text is reusable for educational purposes. If used please cite the source. To copy text: open the document in Adobe Acrobat and use the TexT Tool to highlight the text you require. Then choose: edit > Copy, edit > Paste into a new document. siudienhmanéksar mkáúetsk_sarb½t manbwgtenøsabcapasaexµr niggg;ekøs. ÉksarenHGacebIk)anedayeRbIkmµ vifigarku)at. GtßbTenHGaccMlgykeTAeRbI)ankñúgeKalbMNgGb;rM. RbsinebIGñkeRbI sumbba ak;birbpbedim. edim,icmlggtßbt ³ sumebikéksarenakñúgkmµvifigarku)at nigerbi TexT Tool edim,iercisykgtßbtedlcg;)an. bnþab;mkerciserisyk ³ edit > Copy, edit > Paste culetakñúgéksarfµi. TexT Tool Published by live & learn environmental education #364, St. Preah Monivong, Phsar Domthkov, Khan Chamkarmon, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Po Box: 91 Phone: (855) livelearn@online.com.kh February 2007 This publication forms part of the Tonle Sap environmental Management Project (TSeMP) and National environmental education and Awareness Campaign (NeeAC) Contracted by the Ministry of environment Supported by the Asian Development Bank (loan 1939 CAM (SF)) Written and compiled by: Peter Starr, Introduction by Jady Smith edited by: Chum Som onn, Pich Sokdany and Keat Bunthan Translated by: Sreng Sophal, Chum Som onn and Pich Sokdany Proofed by: Pich Sokdany and Keat Bunthan Design and layout by Karen Young Photos: Thank you to WCS eleanor Briggs, Tony lynam, Allan Michaud and Joe Walston. Sonja endlweber, Mitchell Issacs, Reach Sambath, Carly Starr, Terry Wooltorton, Karen Young, MRC Printed by: Graphic Roots Copyright Ministry of environment, live & learn environmental education. This text is reusable for educational purposes. If used please cite the source. Disclaimer: This educational document was prepared by consultants live & learn environmental education for the Ministry of environment (Moe). Acknowlegements: This document has been complied from numerous existing materials, these are acknowlegements at the end of key sections.

3 mkáúetsk_b½t man bwgtenøsab matika 1> esckþiepþim 04 2> karbriecätsmxan;² 10 RbPBepSg² 3> smnyredlrtuv)ansyrcajwkjab; 14 FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ 4> tmbn;karbarfmµcati 20 FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu Jady Smith, Frederic Goes 5> zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab 23 FnaKarPivDÆn_GasIu GgÁkaryUeNsáÚ KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ 6> rduvtamgr)améntmbn;bwgtenøsab 32 GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB (WCS) 7> érblictwk 36 FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu vitüasßanrsavrcav niggpivdæn_clpltwksab

4 matika 8> tmbn;diesim 38 mcämnðlclplbipbelak KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ 9> Clpl 44 KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ 10> shkmn_ensat 51 rdæ)alclpl 11> karrkb;rkgérbeqienaextþesomrab 55 KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ 12> KuNPaBTwk niggnam½y 58 FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu GgÁkarmUlniFishRbCaCatisMrab;kumar (UNICEF) k> Tinñn½yKuNPaBTwk nigrbb½n Gnam½y 60 RksYgEpnkar 13> RbePTRtI nigstvkñúgtwkepsg² 66 GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB elxafikardæanzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab 14> BBYkstVsøabepSg² 70 GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB mulnifisarb½t manékracü 15> nanapabénbbyklµún 77 GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB 16> BBYkfnikstVepSg² 82 GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB

5 17> CIv³cMruHenAtMbn;sñÚlbwgTenøqµar 86 RksYgbrisßan matika 18> ekaledagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ 89 RksYgEpnkar 19> kargb;rmbrisßan 94 GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan (Live and Learn) 20> snþanurkm 97 KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ 21> GkSrkat; 111 KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ KN³kmµaFikarshRbtibtþikarsMrab;km<úCa 22> bba IeQµaH niggas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n 118 GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan (Live and Learn) 23> kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan 129 GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan (Live and Learn)

6 01 esckþiepþim bbaðabrisßan)ankøaycacmnucceckkñarbs; BiPBelakCafµImþgeTot GMBIplb:HBal;d¾xøaMgkøa énkarerbrbylgakasfatu EdlCacMeNaTbBaða RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;enAeBlbc úb,nñ. enakñúg TMnak;TMngbBaðaenH plvi)akedlekitecjbikar min)anrkb;rkgbrisßan nigmin)ankat;bnßykar erbir)as;rbs;eyig kmbugetbgðajecjcarubrag y:agc,as; nigerkahfñak;ercinelig². cmebahkar ERbRbYlGakasFatukñúgxN³enHKW kmbugsßitkñúg bnþajpsbvpsayb½t mangnþrcati nigkmµvifi neya)ay. enaebledlbnþajpsbvpsay B½t manepþatcmnab;garmµn_elikarerbrbyl GakasFatu CakarsMxan;Nas; RtUvrkSacMNab; GarmµN_enaH[epþateTAelIbBaðabrisßandéT etotpgedr EdlRbCaBlrdæGacRbQmmux ral;éf ehiynigrtuveteronrkb;rkgbbaðatamg enah. edim,iefviegaykaryl;dwgmann½yxøwmsar GMBIGVI EdleyIgCYbRbTH faetivabak;b½n ducemþc ehiyehtugvi)ancavasmxan; EdlRtUvEtRKb;RKg nigkarbarenah KWCabBaðaEdleyIgcaM)ac;RtUveFVI karepþatgarmµn_rymkña. RbB½n psbvpsayb½t man mangñkganekin eligercin EdlBYkeKmankarcab;GarmµN_ nig karrbyy)armöxøamggmbibrisßan. duecñh eyigkyr cab;yk»kasl enh minrtwmeteckrmelkb½t mangmbibbaðavibtþibrisßanb:uenñahet b:uenþeyigrtuv EtBRgwgGMNacRbCaCneGayeFVIskmµPaBpg Edr EdlCaTmøab; edaykarpøas;bþúr\riyabf ducca kare)ahecalsmramkaksmnl; karedir CMnYskarebIkbrCaedIm. RbB½n B½t man RtUvEt mantynatinammuxekkñúgkarelikkmbs;cmenhdwg shkmn_ niggb;rmrbcablrdæ. eyigcam)ac;rtuv BRgIkeGaymankaryl;dwgGMBIbrisßankñúg cmenamrbcablrdæ EdlnwgnaMeTArkkarsMerc citþénkarrkb;rkgrbs;eyig ducedleyigxitxm efvismrab;gnaktmyyrbkbedaycirpab. kargb;rm nigkarsiksakwcaerkógpsmd¾smxan; bmputkñúgkarerbkøayegaykan;etmancirpab. kñúgkareqøiytbetanwgkaryl;dwg Edlmankar ekiteligedlfa brisßankmbugetttylrg\t ibl d¾garkk;tamry³tegvirbs;mnussenah kargb;rm RtUv)aneKepþatykcitþTukdak;fa )anbgðajbi rebobkat;bnßytegvib:hbal;rbs;eyigetaeli brisßan rebobeklmgeligvijnuvkarxucxatedl eyig)anbmpøaj nigrebobefviepnkar niggpivdæ edim,iegaygnaktmyykan;etmancirpabefm

7 etot. rebobénkargb;rmenhsßitenaerkamgñk dwknamcaercin Edl)ancgRkgCaRkumeRkamlkç xnðmyysþibikargb;rmbrisßan. Gs;eBl30qñaM knøgmkehiy ek)anelikkmbs;y:agxøamgkøa nuvkargb;rmbrisßantamry³karefvievtikagnþr CatiCaeRcInelIk. CaBiess ekaledagpivdæn_ shssvtsr_rbs;ggákarshrbcacati k¾)an CuMrujeGayeRbIR)as;viFankarGb;rMCaclnaeq<aH etarkkargpivdæn_rbkbedaycirpabpgedr. fµi²enhetot mhasnñi)atggákarshrbcacati k¾)anrbkasgmbi TsvtSr_Gb;rMkarGPivDÆRbkb edaycirpab smrab;qñam eday )ansgát;f n;fa kargb;rmkwcafatumyyedl mingacxvh)anedim,ismerc)annuvkargpivdæn_ RbkbedaycIrPaB. kalbimunmancemøahkñúgrsuk RbeTskm<úCa KWCaGñknaMmuxeKmYykñúgtMbn;xagEpñkGkSr sarsþ nigmankarsiksagb;rmx<s; ehiykñúgqñam 1925 km<úcacarbetsdmbugekedl)anbegáit tmbn;karbarfmµcati. CaGkusl edaysar CemøaHGs;eBlCaeRcInqñaM )anefvi[muldæanrkwh d¾l enhvinasricriletavij. kargb;rmbrisßan enarbetskm<úca etibetmanrbvtþieligvijkñúg ry³eblxøib:uenñah Edl)andak;bBa ÚlCaelIk dmbugetakñúgekalneya)ayrbs;racrdæapi)al tamry³ karbegáitegaymanrksygbrisßanena qñam1993. tamgbieblenahmk kargb;rmbrisßan TTYl)annUvkarKaMRT nigttylsáal;ercinfaca ]bkrn_smxan;myykñúgkarkat;bnßybbaðanana EpñkbrisßanEdlkMBugEtman\T ibletadl;rb etsnaeblbc úb,nñenh. shkmn_ Gñkpþl; CMnYy)ankt;sMKal;eXIjCaBiess GMBIsar smxan;énkargb;rmkñúgkarcyycysculeklmg brisßanedlexþcxþam egayl eligvij nigedim,i RKb;RKg nigkarbarbrisßanénrbetskm<úca egay)anl RbesIreLIgvijnaeBlGnaKt. mankardak;bba ÚlkarGb;rMbrisßaneTAkñúgkmµ vifisiksatamsala etahcay:agenhkþi CarYm skmµpabgb;rmerkarbb½n efvi[kargb;rmbrisßan kñúgrbetskm<úcariksaytulmtulay. karsh karcaédkucamyygñksarb½t man edim,ip ab; TMnak;TMngbBaðabrisßaneTAdl;GñkGanenaH va manskþanublxøamgnas;. B½t manedlrtwmrtuv nigminlmegogrbs;gñksarb½t man GaceFVIeGay RbesIreLIgnUvkaryl;dwg nigkarbipaksaeday pþal;gmbitmruvkarcam)ac; smrab;kargpivdærbkb edaycirpab. vacakarrbesir EdlRbeTs km<úcamankarekineligcalmdab;nuvgtßbt nig r)aykarn_b½t manepsg²sþibi sßanpabbrisßan b:uenþekenaetrtuvkarbenßm nigeckrmelkkaryl; dwgegay)anercinefmetotgmbitmruvkarbrisßan kñúgtmbn;. enakñúgkic RBmeRBog cuhéf TI6 Exmifuna qñam 2005 RksYgbrisßanénraCrdæaPi)alkm<úCa )angnum½tegayggákar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;ena CamYybrisßan(L&L) GnuvtþyuT nakargb;rm nig psbvpsaybrisßanfñak;cati (NEEAC) Edlsßit enaerkamepñkmyyrbs;kmeragrkb;rkgbrisßanbwg Tenøsab (TSEMP). TSEMP TTYl)ankar ]btßmöfvikabifnakargpivdæn_gasui (ADB) erkamr)ak;km Ielx 1939 CAM (SF) EdlCa EpñkmYyénkMrgKMeragbwgTenøsab (TSI). bwgtenøsabmansarsmxan;érkelgsmrab; eyigtamggs; nigcaebhdugrbs;rbetskm<úca. CaGkusl sarsmxan;énfmµcatienh RtUvTTYlrg nuvsm<af\tqb;qrbiskmµpab EdlKµan esckþiepþim

8 esckþiepþim cirpabrbs;mnuss. brisßan kmbugrtuv)anføak; cuhy:agf n;f r ehiyedaybummankargnþrakmn_ nigkarpøas;nuv\riyabf efviegayrbb½n egkulúsui EdlexÞcxÞaMTaMgRsugenaH sßitenakñúgkarrbqm muxénkarhiinehacgs;. yut nakargb;rm nig psbvpsaybrisßanfñak;cati (NEEAC) man ekalbmngelikkmbs;cmenhdwgsþibi bbaða brisßanenarkb;kmritenakñúgsgámkm<úca eday epþaty:agbiessgmbirbb½n egkulúsuitamgmulén bwgtenøsab. CaEpñkmYyénviFIsaRsþCayuT sarsþ eyig xitxmcumrujrkumgñksarb½t manegaymankaryl; dwg)anl RbesIr nigecherbir)as;)annuvsmöar³ Bak;B½n sþibibrisßanbwgtenøsab. esovepa mkáúetþsk_b½t manbwgtenøsab RtUv)ane)aHBum< eligsmrab;rkumgñksarb½t man edim,ieqøiytb etanwgcmnab;garmµn_ EdlnwgbgðajGMBIbwgTenø sab nigedim,ibmebjelikgvhxatcmebahfnfan manrsab; Edlpþl;lT PaBdl;RkumGñksarB½t man CaBiessGtßbTCaPasaExµr. esovepa mkáúetþsk_b½t manbwgtenøsab KWCa karrbmulcgrkgnuvéksarbak;b½n Epñkbrisßan ercin EdlepþatsMxan;sMrab;CaCMnYyB½t mandl; GñksarB½t man. esovepaenhgacnwgerbicaék sareyagd¾manrbeyacn_smrab;rkumgñkrsav RCav niggñksresrgtßbt RBmTaMgGñkdéT etot Edlcab;GarmµN_nwgbrisßanbwgTenøsab. esovepamkáúetþsk_enh sresrgmbib½t manehtu karn_bit² mankalbriecät nigsmnyrtamglay EdleKEtgEtsYrCajwkjab;GMBIbwgTenøsab. GtßbTenH nwgcyygñksarb½t manegayebk KMniteRcInkñúgkarsresrGtßbT nigr)aykarn_ B½t manbak;b½n TaMgLay)anl RBmTaMgCYy bgðajpøúvbykekeq<ahetarkb½t mantak;tgepsg² etotenakñúgesovepamkáúetþsk_enh. EpñkTIBIr esovepamkáúetþsk_enh pþl;catidæ PaBTUeTAmYyGMBItMbn;karBarFmµCati nigtmbn; zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. EpñkenHepþat smxan;gmbirduvtamg 5 rbs;bwgtenøsab nig tmbn; érblictwk nigtmbn;diesim. bwgtenøsabkwca tmbn;karbarfmµcatifmbmputmyykñúgcmenamtmbn; karbarfmµcatitamglaykñúgrbetskm<úca ehiy RbCaCn myypakbirs;enakñúgtmbn;enh ehiy k¾cabwgmyyd¾mansarsmxan;bm;put. sarsmxan; rbs;bwgtenøsab RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;CaGnþr Cati edaymankardak;bwgenhca zbniyciv mnðlmyyy nigrtuv)andak;bba ÚlCatMbn;dIesIm ruamsar. rduvkalrbs;bwgenh nigdmenirtwkhur RtUv)aneKBiBN na edayehtufa vamansar smxan;dl;érblictwk. tmbn;diesiménrbets km<úcak¾rtuv)anerobrab;enakñúgepñkenhpgedr. EpñkTIbI sgát;f n;benßmgmbibwgtenøsabfa CaRbPBFnFanFmµCatimYy ducca FnFanCl pl shkmn_ensat karrkb;rkgérbeqi nig KuNPaBTwk. sarsmxan;rbs;bwgtenøsabedl CaFnFanmYYyminKYrRtUveK[tMélTabenaH eliy. rbbtwkelig nigrsketavijrbs;bwg TenøsabnaMmknUvPaBsm,ÚrEbbénRbPBmðÚb Gahard¾FMrbs;RbeTskm<úCa manduccamcäcati nigrsuvcaedim. bwgtenøsabpþl;nuvrbbsarcati RbUetGuIndl;RbeTskm<úCarhUtdl;70. kar RKb;RKg nigkarkarbarbrisßanbwgtenøsabeday vifankarcmruh mansarsmxan;y:agx<s;bmput edim,i RTRTg;dl;FnFanTaMgLayrbs;bwgenH. CIv³cMruH KWCaRbFanbTRtg;EpñkTI4. RbFan btenhrymmanbykmcäa stvsøab stvlµún fnik 6

9 stv CaedIm ehiynigepþatsmxan;etaelitmbn;bwg TenøqµarEdlCatMbn;RtI nigbksibgkun. karef rksaciv³cmruh mansarsmxan;dl;karefrksasux PaB burnpab nigplitpabénrbb½n egkulúsui. RbB½n egkulúsuibwgep ketaelitmnak;tmngénpab samjúam nigkarbwggars½ykñaetavijetamkén Pav³kñúgRbB½n TaMgGs; nigbwggars½yelisux PaBRbB½n brisßan EdlmanTMnak;TMngKñaCanic. RbCaCnkm<úCa BwgEp kcabiessetaelirbb½n CIv³ cmruh karbwggars½yetavijetamk BIeRBaHvaCa GnþrGMeBIrvagBBYkPav³TaMgLay nigenakñúg brisßan Edlpþl;RbPBFnFanes,ógGahard¾ smxan;smrab;rbcablrdæedlmankarekinelig CalMdab;enH. RbB½n egkulúsui tmruvegaymankar RKb;RKg nigkarkarbar edim,iefrksasuxpab nig plitpabrbs;xøün. EpñkTI5 epþatetaelirubpabd¾fmmyygmbiekal edagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ nigkargb;rmbrisßan. enakmritfñak;gnþrcati mankic xitxmrbwgerbg smxan;²caercin edim,ismrbsmrylskmµpabeq<ah etarkkarefviegaymancirpabxagvis½ybrisßan. ekaledagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ (MDGs) KWCaviFI sarsþmyy b:uenþekaleda TaMgenHRtUvEtTTYl )ankar]btþmökamrttamry³skmµpabtamglay edim,iegayekaledatamgenahsmerc)anecak C½y. kargb;rmbrisßan edirtyy:agsmxan;kñúgkar elikkmbs;karrkb;rkgbrisßan nigrtuv)ankmnt; edim,icmrujclnarbcacnegaykan;etmanciv PaBRbkbedaycIrPaBRbesIreLIgEfmeTot. enakñúgesovepamkáúetþsk_ nwgcyymyykmrit EfmeTot edaymanstþanurkmbnül;bakül ² Bakükat; niggksrkat; nigbba IeQµaHGgÁkarBak; B½n nana. kgvhxatbaküebcn_edlmintan;rsb Kña KWCa]bsKÁFMmYyeTAnwgkarcgRkgÉksar egaymanrbsit PaB nigkarbkerbcapasaexµr GMBIB½t mansmxan;²xagepñkbrisßan. stþanurkm EdlFøab;eRbIknøgmk RtUv)anerobcMedaydak; bba ÚlCamYYy stþanurkmrbs;kmeragkn³kmµkar TenøemKgÁ nigvcnanurkmbakübrisßan ehiy sgçwmfa nwgcyynammknuvpabc,as;las; nigca kmlamgmyysmrab;kargard¾l enh. karefvidmenirpøúvq ayrtuvcab;epþimbicmhan dmbugtampøúvmyyedlrtwmrtuv. eyigsgçwmfa esovepa mkáúetþsk_b½t manbwgtenøsab nwgcab; epþimefvidmenirtampøúvmyy EdlRtwmRtUvsMrab;Gñk sarb½t man niggñkepsg²etotedlefvikarbak; B½n CamYykarGb;rMdl;saFarN³CnGMBIbrisßan Edls at EtTTYlrgnUvkarxUcxatenH. eyig sgçwmy:agmutmamfanwg)anexij nig)anb ercin benßmgmbisarsmxan;énbwgtenøsabnaeblxag mux. esckþiepþim 7

10 esckþiepþim bwgtenøsab nigzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab PUmisa sþ KWCabwgTwksabEdlFMCageKenAkñúgGasuI GaeKñy_ edayrkbdnþb;eliépþdi 1/5 lan hikta enaqñam 1993 RBHraCRkit)andak;bwg TenøsabCatMbn;karBarFmµCati smrab;karerbi R)as;eRcInya:g TenøsabmanenAkñúgbBa IsaklelakcMnYn 200rbs;GgÁkar WWF BItMbn; smxan;²én lkçxnðcmbgsmrab;kargpirks RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatienAqñaM 1997 CazbnIyCIvmNÐl CamYynwgtMbn;sñÚl 3 ERBkTal; bwgtenøqµar nigsþwgesn erkam kmµvifi mnuss nigcivmnðl rbs;ggákar UNESCO rymbba ÚltMbn;éRBvalPk; nigérblictwk EdlFMCageKenAGasuITaMgmUl érblictwkpþl;nuvcmrkrtibgkunya:gsmxan; smrab;rduvbgkun kenøgfmfat; nigkenøgrk cmnismrab;rtiedlpøas;tibitenøemkgá plitplrsuvenavaltmnabbwgtenøsab esµirnwgrbman 12 éntinñplrsuvrbcamqñam TenøsabRtUv)ankMnt;CakEnøg Edlman bbaðabrisßanxøamgmyyénsar³smxan;casakl GagsþúkTwkTenøsablatsn wgcag 80000K>m 2 rw 44 énépþdikm<úcasrub 32 énrbcacnkm<úcars;enacamyygagtenø sab Clsa sþ lkçn³clsa sþbiesséntenøsab bwgtenøsabrtuv)anp ab;tenøemkgáeday Tenøsab EdlmanRbEvg 100K>m. ral;qñam TenøsabhUrRtlb;kñúgTMrg;CaTwk CMnn;BITenøemKgÁcUleTAkñúgbwgTenøsab nigcak;bmebjbwg mantmhm 250> >000 hikta enarduvr)amg nigekindl; 1-1/6 lanhikta enarduvvssa kmbs;bi 1-2m efobnwgnivusmurtenarduv R)aMg eta 8-11m BInIv:UsmuRTenArdUvvsSa 20 énbrimantwkcmnn;tenøemkgártuv )anrsubedaybwg nigtenøsab 62 éntwktenøsab)anbitenøemkgá 38 éntwktenøsab)anmkbigagtenøsab Clpl Tenøsab CabwgEdlmanplitplRtIeRcIn CageKmYyelIBiPBelak nigrtuv)an)a:n; RbmaNRbEhl 60 énbrimantinñplrti TwksabenAkm<úCa Clpl nigfnfantwkepsgetotrtuv)an )a:n;rbmanenatmél 233landuløaGaemrik kñúgmyyqñam nanapabrtix<s; b:uenþtinñplrtipakercin enakm<úcasmburedayrticmnyn 10RbePT Pñak;garshKmn_ClpleRcInCag 400 RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAtamPUmiCuMvijbwg edim,i RKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiTenøsab

11 TinñplRtIRbmaN 230>000etankñúg myyqñam enhrtuv)ancat;tukfatabcagqñammun² EdlTinñplRtIRbcaMqñaMmanrhUtdl; 4000>000etan Tenøsabpþl;rhUtdl; 80 énrbuetguin dl;rbcacnkm<úca érblictwk érblictwkmanr)ay niglkçn³xusbiérb valpk;enakenøgepsgetotenaelibipbelak érblictwkmanrbman 200RbePT érblictwkdmbuglatsn wgcag 1lan hikta hiktaenATsSvtSr_TI 60 nig 362>000hikta enaqñam1991. bc úb,nñman TMhMya:gtic 240>000 hikta RbCaBlrdæ RbCaCnPaKeRcInenAelI nigcumvijbwgbwg GaRs½yxøaMgelIRtI nigfnfantwkepsgetot ticcag 10 énrbcablrdæedlrs;ena eli nigcumvijbwgmantwks atsmrab;briepak nig bgán;smrab;erbir)as; RbCaCn 1/2lannak; rs;enakñúgtmbn;edl B½T CuMvijedaypøÚvCatielx 5 nig elx 6 RbEhl 3lannak; rs;enakñúgextþ5 Edl Cab; mat;twk nigrbehl nak; rs;enacumvijbwg RbmaN 37 énrbcablrdærs;enakñúg bnþaextþcumvijbwgzitenaerkamexsbnþab;én PaBRkIRk vifiénkarerbir)as;]bkrn_xusc,ab;rym man ³ kardak;fñambul karerbierkógpþúh karerbierkóggkáisni nigmgrklal it mankar)a:n;rbmanfa manrkysarercin Cag 80 enamintan;ttyl)antwks at erbir)as; CMgWRKuncaj; RKunQam karb:hbal; pøúvdegðimf n;f r nigerakrebgmyycmnyn ekitelig Bak;kNþalénkumarGayueRkam 5qñaM min TTYl)anGaharRKb;RKan; kumar 70 min)anbba b;fñak;bzmsiksa efobetanwgcmnyntutamgrbetscati Edltic Cag 60 CIv³cMruH CakEnøgEdlmankarRbmUlplBs;Twk FMCageKelIBiPBelak EdlekIneLIgeday sarkarlutlas;xøamgenakñúgksidæanciba wm RkeBI manbnþaystvsøabtwkkmrfmcagekmyyena GasuIGaeKñy_ ³ ehiyk¾cakenøgedlsmxan; CageKsMrab;RbePTepSgeTot EdlkMBugrg karkmramkmehg dmbugmanfnikstvfm²caercinduccadmri RkbI érb nigkþan; b:uenþtamgenh)an)at;bg;etaehiy RbePTrukçCatieRcInCag 200RbePTman enabwgtenøsab TenøsabmanRtIya:gtic 225RbePT lµún 42RbePT stvsøab 225RbePT nigfnikstv 46RbePT 9 esckþiepþim

12 02 kalbriecätsmxan;² photo: Sonja Endlweber

13 kalbriecätsmxan;² 1863³ GaCJaFr)andak;eGayeRbIR)as; RbB½n LÚt ensatcabri)alkic skþipumi. R)ak; cmnulrtuvbg;etaegay)aramgenaqugsmurtéf. 1884³ RbB½n LÚt ensatrtuv)ane)ahbg;ecal edaysarmankarbhe)arbiksikr EdlRbqaMg tva:elikarrmelapetaeliednensatrbs;bykek. 1908³ RbB½n RKb;RKgLÚt ensatfµi)an begáitelig mankmnt;tamrduvensat karbegáit LÚt bmrug nigkardak;kmriteli]bkrn_ensatmyy cmnyn. GñkPUmimUldæanRtUv)aneKpþl;siT iegay ensatenakñúgednensat ehiyvitüasßanrsav RCavk¾RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlenaHpgEdr. GaNaniKm)araMg)aneRbIR)as;R)ak;cMNUlkñúg kargpivdæeliehdæarcnasm<½n safarn³ ducca pøúvfñl; nigpøúvedk rhutdl;ttyl)anékracüqñam ³ c,ab;ensatrtuv)andak;egayerbi R)as;. TMnas;LÚt ensat)anekitmanelig bnþab;mk RBHmhakSRt neratþm sihnu )an bba aegaybbaäb;dmenirkarlút ensatmyy cmnyn. TsSvtSTI 60³ manesckþiraykarn_fa m as;lút ensat niggñkrkb;rkglút ensat RtUv)ansMlab;enAkñúgCMelaHCamYym nþimuldæan niggñkpumi. 1970³ GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;karGb;rM vitüasarsþ nigvb,fm (UNESCO) )ancab; epþimgnuvtþkmµvifimnuss nigcivmnðl. 1971³ snñisitgnþrcatienakñúgtirkugguir:g; )angnum½tgnusbaøara:msar sþibi sar³smxan;ca skléntmbn;diesim CaBiesskarkarBarCMrk stvbksitwkrtuv)ancat;culkñúggnusbaøaenh. 1973³ elak ln; Nul hamxat;minegay efivgacivkmµlút ensattamggs;. 1975³ LÚt ensatpakercinrtuv)anhamxat; enaeblexµrrkhmrtytrtarbetskm<úca. 1987³ rdæapi)al)anrbkasegayerbic,ab; sþibikarrkb;rkg nigrdæ)alclpl. c,ab;fµienh )ankmnt;ednensatcasm,tþisafarn³ nig )anebgeckkarensatcabirbeptducca kar ensatrtg;rtayfm karensatrtg;rtaymfüm nigkarensatrtg;rtaytuc. 1993³ RksYgbrisßanRtUv)anbegáIteLIg. RBHraCRkwtü sþibikarbegáitelignuvrbb½n tmbn; karbarfmµcati 1994³ TIPñak;garCaeRcIn ducca GgÁkar es,óggahar nigksikmµénshrbcacati(fao) pþücepþimegaymankic xitxmrbwgerbgbegáitkar RKb;RKgrYmelIkarensaT. 1995³ RbeTskm<úCa RbeTsLav nigrbets evotnam)ancuhhtßelxa elikic RBmeRBog sþibi kic shrbtibtþikargpivdæn_rbkbeday cirpabenatmbn;gagtenøemkgá. CMelaHelIEpñkensaT CMelaHelIsiT iénkarerbi R)as;Twk nigsit ikan;kab;di)ancab;epþimraldal rvagshkmn_ksikr nigshkmn_ensat ducca ³ m as;lút ensat kmµkrlút ensat GaCJaFrmUldæan nkr)al nigeyafa. kalbriecätsmxan;² 11

14 kalbriecätsmxan;² 1996³ rdæspacati)angnum½tc,ab;sþibi kar begáitrksygbrisßan nigc,ab;sþibikarkarbar brisßan nigrkb;rkgfnfanfmµcati. RbeTskm<úCa)anyl;RBmcUlCasmaCikGnu sbaøara:msar. GgÁkaryUnIsáÚ )angnum½tyl;rbmeliyut sa sþ nigkmeragkargarsmrab;bnþajkargarcasklén zbniycivmnðl duccasnñisitgnþrcatienati RkugesvIl énrbetsegs,ajnaqñam ³ GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;karGb;rM vitüasarsþ nigvb,fm yuensáú )anbegáit zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsabelig. RksYgbrisßan)anpþÜcepþImerobcMKMeragsakl,g enaerbktal; nigsagsg;sßaniy_rsavrcav brisßanelikdmbugenakm<úca. 1998³ )anbegáitbnþajkargarzbniyciv mnðlenagasiugaekñy_. erkabirbetskm<úca bnþajkargarenhmanrbetscin \NÐÚensIu Lav ma:elsiu PUma hvilibin éf nig RbeTs evotnam. 1999³ semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn )an manrbsasn_fa ³ CaeRcInqñaMmkenH vis½ycl pl KWsßitenAkñúgsPaB {GnaFibetyü} nigman CMelaHeRcIneTAelILÚt ensat. 12 RbeTskm<úCa)anbegáIttMbn;dIesImEdlman sar³smxan;casaklcmnyn 03 erkamgnusbaøa ra:msar EdlkñúgenaHman ³ bwgtenøqµar kñúgextþ kmbg;fm TenøemKgÁEb:kxageCIg extþsþwgertg nigekahkabienaextþekahkug nigekahtuc²ena CitenaH. rdæspacati)angnum½tc,ab; sþibikarbegáitrksyg FnFanTwk nig]tuniym nigc,ab; sþibi karrkb; RKgFnFanTwk. GnuRkwtü sþibi karrtytbinitükarbmbultwk nig RKb;RKgsMNl;rwgRtUv)anGnum½t. esckþirbag sþibi EpnkarskmµPaB {diesim} RtUv)anerobcMeLIg. 2000³ semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn )an Rbkaskat;LÚt ensatmanépþdi 8000 h>t pþl;egayshkmn_rkb;rkgvij nigcab;epþim dkm nþiclpledlrbrbwtþgmebibukrlyyecj. enakñúgdmnak;kalenh LÚt ensatrbetskm<úca cmnyn 239LÚt manvisalpabsrubfmcagmyy lanhikta Edlpþl;R)ak;cMNUlRbEhl 2landuløa etadl;rdæapi)al. PaKeRcInénLÚt ensatedl)anlubecal KWLÚt ensatmantmhm tuc² nigmantmélnimyy²minticcag 30 lan erol. 2001³ RbeTskm<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTs TI1enAGasIu EdlbegáItkariyal½yGPivDÆn_ shkmn_ensat nigmantitamgenakñúgnayk dæanclpl. kariyal½yenhbegáiteligkñúg ekalbmngeliktwkcitþdl;shkmn_kñúgkaredir tynatismxan;elikarrkb;rkgfnfanclpl. - rdæapi)al)anesñismudl;ggákar es,óggahar nigksikmµénshrbcacati extþesomrab egay

15 begáitkn³kmµkarrkb;rkgclplenacmuvijtmbn; zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. - begáitgnurkwtü sþibitynati nigparkic énelxa FikardæanzbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab. elxafi kardæanenh dwknamedayelxafikarmyyrubmkbi KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁkm<úCa nigelxa FikarrgcMnYn 03 rub mkbirksygksikmµ rukça Rbma:j; nigensat RksYgbrisßan RksYgFn FanTwk nig]tuniym. - rdæspacati )angnum½tc,ab; sþibi diføi. - KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ RbeTscin nig RbeTsPUma)ancuHhtßelxaelIkic RBmRBag siþbibtbbaøtþiénb½t manclsa sþéntenø Lan sag¼tenøemkgá enakñúgrduvtwkcmnn;. - FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu )angnum½tyl;rbmeli KMeragRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab EdlmanTwk R)ak; 20landuløa nigmanekalbmng edim,i BRgwgkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati erobcm shkmn_ niggpirksciv³cmruh. - semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn TTYlerobcM kic RbCMukMBUlmhaGnutMbn;emKgÁ Edlmanfñak; dwknammkbirbetscin Lav PUma evotnam nig RbeTséf RBmTaMgRbFanFnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIu. kñúgeblkic RbCMukMBUl)ancuHhtßelxaelI kic RBmeRBogGnþrrdæaPi)al siþbi karefivbanic kmµfamblkñúgtmbn;. 2003³ rdæspacati )angnum½tc,ab; sþibi érbeqi. 2005³ GnuRkwtü sþibikarrkb;rkgshkmn_ ensat RtUv)anRbkaseGayeRbI. LÚt ensat TaMgGs;RtUv)ankMNt;Casm,tþisaFarN³ eday manecgbisit ishkmn_kñúgkarerbir)as; EdnensaT nigsit irbs;rbcablrdæedlminrs; enakñúgshkmn_pgedr. naykrdæm nþicin evn Ca)a:v TTYlerobcMkic RbCMu kmbulénbnþafñak;dwknamrbetsenakñúgmhagnu tmbn;emkgá. fñak;dwknaménrbetstamgenh )an yl;rbmbegáinel,ónkic shrbtibtþikareli vis½yksikmµ nigttylsáal;fa kar)at;bg;kun PaBbrisßanKWCakarKMramkMEhgya:gF n;f rena kñúgtmbn;. 2006³ rdæspacati)angnum½tc,ab;fµi sþibi Clpl. kalbriecätsmxan;² 13

16 photo: Tony Lynam Wcs 03 smnyredlrtuv)an ecatsyrcajwkjab;

17 smnyredlrtuv)anecatsyr Cajwkjab; GVI? etizbniycivmnðlkwcagvi? tmbn;karbarrbb½n egkulúsuismxan;²enaelibi PBelakRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCatitamry³ GgÁkarshRbCaCati smrab;kargb;rm vitüasa sþ nigvb,fm (UNESCO). TIPñak;garGgÁkarsh RbCaCati )anefvikarbib½nnabitmbn;tamgenhfa Ca {TIBiesaFn_Pav³rs;} smrab;efvikarsakl,g elikarbba ÚlkarRKb;RKgdIFøI Twk nigciv³cmruh. zbniynimyy²rtuv)anrbkasedayrdæapi)alén RbeTsnImYy² nigenaetzitenaerkamkarrkb; RKgrbs;eK. etitynatitamgbirbs;zbniycivmnðlbwg TenøsabmanGVIxøH? zbniynimyy²rtuv)anekkmnt;eligedim,i CYykarBareTsPaB RbB½n egkulúsui RbePT nig nanapabénes n RsbeBlCamYynwgkarelIk kmbs;kargpivdærbs;mnuss nigesßrpabesdæ kic. tynatitibikwedim,irttg;skmµpabepsg² rym mankargnuvtþkmeragbgðajkarbnþúhbnþal karsiksarsavrcav nigkargegáttamdan kar ERbRbYlbrisßanEdlTak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆeday nirnþrpab kargpirksenakñúgkmritmuldæan kmrit Cati niggnþrcati. etigivcatmbn;sñúl tmbn;rtnab; niggnþr tmbn;? ral;zbniynimyy²mantmbn;sñúledlcatmbn;kar Barya:gtwgrwgCamYynwgkarkMNt;eGayman skmµpabmnusstictyc. karkmnt;tmbn;rtnab; egay)anc,as;las;kw edim,ikarbartmbn;sñúlbi karerbrbyléngnþrtmbn; EdlCatMbn;Edlman kartamgenarbs;mnuss nigkarefviksikmµ. etizbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsabcagvi? tmbn;karbaredlmantmhmrbman 1/5lan hikta rab;bba ÚlTaMgépÞbwg valérblictwk nigvalesµalictwk BiessenAtMbn;PaKxag ekit. enarduvvssa épþbwgmantmhmeligdl; 1/6lanhikta EdlTMhMenHekIneLIgrhUtdl; 6dgénTMhMbwgenArdUvR)aMgEdlmanTMhMRtwmEt 250>000hikta. etimanktþakmramkmehggvixøhcmebahzbniy CIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab? karefvigacivkmµhyskmritelifnfanérbeqi mcäa nigstvérb. karkmramkmehgenahrymman kart nþanykdienarduvr)amg nigkarkab;ranérb lictwk. ktþakmramkmehgcatuetakw karekin elignuvtmruvkarelifnfanfmµcati smrab;eqøiytb nwgkmeninrbcacn. etigvietacabnþajzbniycivmnðl GasuIGaeKñy_? bnþajkñúgtmbn;énzbniyedl)anrbkas enaqñam1998 EdlkñúgenaHman RbeTscin \NÐÚeNsuI Cb:un Lav ma:elsui PUma hvilibin éf evotnam nigkm<úca. kariyal½y UNESCO EdltaMgenATIRkug hsakata )anbegáitekhtmb½r smrab;bnþajkargarenh. RbeTskm<úCa)aneFVI smnyredlrtuv)anecatsyrcajwkjab; 15

18 smnyredlrtuv)anecatsyrcajwkjab; Cam as;pþhenakñúgkic RbCuMelIkTIbIrbs;bNþaj kargarenhedlrbrbwtþeligenakñúgextþesomrab kñúgqñam 2003 nigrbetslav)anefvicam as;pþh smrab;kic RbCMuelIkTIbYnenAqñaM etikmeragrkb;rkgbrisßanbwgtenøsabcagvi? CaKMeragEdlmanTwkR)ak; 20landuløa Gaemrik edaymankarculrympþl;fvikaedayfna KarGPivDÆn_ GasuI (ADB) kmµvifigpivdæn_rbs; GgÁkarshRbCaCati mulnifibrisßanbipbelak nigrdæapi)alkm<úca. RkumRbwkSaén ADB )angnu m½telikmeragenhenaqñam KMeragenHman 3EpñkKW karbrgwgelikarrkb;rkgfnfanfmµ Cati karbegáitshkmn_ niggpirksciv³cmruhena zbniycivmnðl. etigñkna? etigñknacagñkenabierkaykmµvifizbniy CIvmNÐl? UNESCO CaGñkRKb;RKgkmµviFIEdlman zbniy482 enakñúgrbetscmnyn102 Kitmk dl;qñam mankn³kmµafikarrbwksamyy BinitüelIkarbegáItzbnIy edim,iefivkarbar nig pþl;gnusasn_dl;rkumrbwksasmrbsmrylgnþrcati CaTUeTA BYkeKeFVIkarCYbRbCuMKñaerogral;BIrqñaM mþg. RkumRbwkSaenHmanTItaMgenATIRkug)a:rIs nigmansmacikcmnyn 34rUb EdleFVIkare)aH eqñaterciserisrbfanmyyrub niggnurbfan 5rUb. etigñknacagñkrtytbinitüelizbniyciv mnðlrab;rycmuvijbipbelak? zbniytamggs;rtuv)anrtytbinitü etatam RkbxNнkargarCasklrbs;GgÁakar UNESCO bu:enþzbniycivmnðlnimyy²rtuv)an RKb;RKgeTAtamRbeTs EdlzbnIyCIvmNÐl enahtamgena. zbniyminrtuv)anrkbdnþb; edaygnusbaøagnþrcatieliy b:uenþekrtuvet ekarbtamlkçnþik³edim,ieqøiytbetanwgtynatibi rbs;zbniy. etigñknacagñkrtytbinitüelizbniyciv mnðlbwgtenøsab? RksYgbrisßanCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkar RKb;RKg karefivepnkarkarbar niggpirkstmbn; sñúlénzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab tamry³ karsmrbsmrylrbs;kn³kmµafikarcatitenøemkgá km<úca edaymankarculrymbisßab½nbak;b½n shkmn_muldæan niggacjafredndi. etigñknacagñkttylra:b;rgelikmeragrkb; RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab? kariyal½ygnuvtþkmeragrtuv)anefiveligena rdæ)alclplénrksygksikmµ rukçarbmaj; 16

19 smnyredlrtuv)anecatsyrcajwkjab; nigensat RksYgbrisßan nigelxfikardæanzb nicivmnðlbwgtenøsab. KMeragenHRtYv)an BinitüTUeTAedayKN³kmµaFikartMErtMrg;TisEdl dwknameday Ék]tþm c½nþ sarun EdlCardæm nþi RksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nigensat. etigñknacagñkpþl;fvikadl;kmeragrkb; RKgenH? PaKeRcInénTwkR)ak; 20landuløaGaemrik énkmeragenhrtuv)anpþl;edayr)ak;km I ADB cmnyn 10/9lan duløagaemrik CamYyrdæaPi)al km<úcaedl)anpþl; 3/9landuløaGaemrik CarUbiyb½NÑkñúgRsuk. GgÁkar shrbcacati smrab;kamrtbrisßanbipbelak )anpþl; 3/9lan duløagaemrikepsgetotcacmnyy\tsmng nigkmµvifigpivdæn_rbs;ggákarshrbcacati (UNDP) )anpþl;cmnyy\tsmngedlmantwk R)ak;cMnYn 623>000duløa GaemrikpgEdr. ADB k¾)anpþl;benßmnuvtwkr)ak; 540>000 duløagaemrikcacmnyy\tsmngeliepñkbec k ets. ehtugvi? ehtugvi)ancazbniycivmnðlmansar³ smxan;? zbniycivmnðlbgðajegayexijfabwg TenøsabCaGagsþúkCIv³cMruHEdlmansar³sMxan; Casakl nigsmxan;smrab;egkulúsui brisßan nig PaBcMbgrbs;vaeTAelIEpñkvb,Fm. Tenøsab KWCabwgTwksabEdlFMCageKenAGasuIGaeKñy_ Edl)anpþl;nUvTinñplRtIeRcInCageKmYyelI BiPBelak nigpál;edaypþal;nuvmuxrbrciba wm CIvitrbs;RbCaCnExµrRbmaN 11. man RbCaCnRbmaNCagmYylannak; rs;enakñúg zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab BiessenAkñúg tmbn;rtnab; niggnþrtmbn;. karensatcaskmµ 17

20 smnyredlrtuv)anecatsyrcajwkjab; PaBcMbgmYy b:uenþtmbn;valtmnabk¾rtuv)anerbi edim,iefviers nigkardmnampgedr. ekaledacmbg énzbniycivmnðlkw edim,isiksa nigcmrujeli cmenhdwgmuldæanrbs;rbcacngmbibrisßan. stvsøabtwk RbmaNCit 100RbePT RtUv)an rkexijenakñúgtmbn;enh ehiytmbn;enhk¾rtuv)an eksáal;fa CatMbn;sMrab;RkeBI GeNþIk sva ep nigbs;twkrs;enapgedr. épþrbman 10 éntmbn;rkbdnþb;eday érbeqix<s;² Biess enatamsþwg nigtmbn;esim. kenøgna? etitmbn;sñúlzbniyzitenartg;na? enapakxagecig nigxagekitrcamgtenø. tmbn;sñúlfmcagekkw tmbn;sñúlerbktal;edlzit enakñúgextþ)at;dmbg. tmbn;sñúlbirepsgetotkw bwgtenøqµar nigsþwgesnedlzitenakñúgextþkmbg; FM. tmbn;sñúlerbktal; nigbwgtenøqµarkwcatmbn; Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;CakEnøgBgkUn nig kenøgrkcmnismrab;rbeptstvsøabtwkfm²edl kmbugrgkarkmramkmehg. tmbn;sñúlsþwgesn smburedayrbepteqikmr nigvaltmnab. etitmbn;rtnab;zitenartg;na? tmbn;rtnab;rkbdnþb;eliepñkénépþbwg nig latsn wgrhutdl;valérblictwk. PaKeRcIn valatsn wgenakñúgextþ)at;dmbg nigrkbdnþb; kñúgextþkmbg;fm nigextþebaf sat;myypakfm nig enakñúgextþkmbg;qñamg nigextþesomrabmyypak tuc. tmbn;rtnab;k¾catmbn;edlrtuv)ankmnt; edayrbhracrkitüfaca {tmbn;erbir)as;ercin ya:g} enaqñam photo: Wcs 18

21 etignþrtmbn;zitenartg;na? tmbn;enhlatsn wgenapakxagekitextþ bnþaymanc½yrhutdl;pakxagt,úgextþkmbg; qñamg. RBMRbTl;extþ)at;dMbg ebaf sat; nig extþesomrabtambenþaypøúvcatielx5 nigpøúv Catielx6 niglatsn wg rhutdl;pøúvcatitamgbir enaextþkmbg;qñamg nigextþkmbg;fm. tmbn;enhrab; bba ÚlTaMgEpñkxøHénextþkMBg;qñaMg ebaf sat; )at;dmbg nigesomrab k¾duccasvaysuisupun b:uenþ minenakñúgtirymextþkmbg;fmet. enaeblna? etizbniycivmnðlrbs;ggákar UNESCO cab;epþimbegþþiteligenaeblna? enaqñam 1997 KWenAeBlEdlTIPñak;garenH )anrbkas {kmµvifimnuss nigcivmnðl} rbs; ekedim,ibegáittmbn;karbarsmrab;rbb½n egkulúsui smxan;². kargmbavnavbikmµvifienhrtuv)anefvi eligenaésnñisit UNESCO enaqñam 1968 mkemøh. etiggákar UNESCO )anrbmerbogeli yut sa sþ nigrkbxnðkargarcasklrbs; ek smrab;zbniycivmnðlenaeblna? enaqñam 1996 bnþab;bisnñisitrkugesvil enarbetsegs,ajqñam etizbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsabrtuv)an begáiteligenaqñamna? bnþab;bimanesckþismerccapøúvkarrbs;rkum RbwkSasMrbsMrYlGnþrCati smrab;kmµvifimnuss nigcivmnðl rbs;ggákar UNESCO kñúgkar bba ÚlbwgTenøsabeTAkñúgRbB½n zbniycivmnðl BiPelak enasm½yrbcmuebjggárbs;rkumrbwksa smrbsmrylgnþrcatiena éf TI Extula qñam 1997 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsabrtuv )anbegáitcapøúvkaredayrbhracrkitüena éf TI 10 Exemsa qñam 2001 etiyut sa sþgagtenøsabrbs; ADB )antak;etgeligenaeblna? yut sa sþenhrtuv)ankmnt;fyerkayeta kan;qñam 2003 nigkamrteliyut sa sþrbs; ADB nig kmµvifiqñam 2005 dl; FnaKarenH )anelikeligenaqñam 2005 fayut sa sþgag sþúkedl)an {karpþl;b½t man nigsnþab; } kñúg cmenamekalkarn_gnuvtþsmxan;²rbs;va KYrCa muldæanrkwhsmrab;begáitgatipab nigcmnyyeli karefviepnkarsmrab;rbetskm<úcaenary³eblbi 5 eta 10qñaMxagmux. RbPB ³ ADB, UNESCO KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁkm<úCa. smnyredlrtuv)anecatsyrcajwkjab; 19

22 04 tmbn;karbarfmµcati

23 tmbn;karbarfmµcati karkarbarfmµcatikwcakarykcitþtukdak; myyenarbetskm<úca. karbmpøajcmrkedlbgá eligedayesdækic sgáménrbets PUmisa sþ niglkçxnðgakasfatu. GñkCIvviTUstVéRBPaK ercinecocak;fa vifil bmputedim,ibgáarmin[man kar)at;bg;rbeptstvérbkw efvikarbegáit nig EfrkSaEdnbMrug ]Tüan EdnCMrkstVéRB nigtmbn; karbarepsgetot. RbeTskm<úCa)anbegáIt]TüanCatidMbUgeK bg s;enagasuigaekñy_enaqñam 1925 enaebl EdlmankarRbkasfa 10>800 hikta énépþ diérbeqienacumvijggárcatmbn;karbar. rhutdl;qñam 1969 RbeTskm<úCaman]TüanCati cmnyn 6 nigedncmrkstvérbedlrkb;dnþb;cit 2/2 lanhikta EdlRbmaNesµI nwg 12 én épþdisrub. enaqñam 1993 RBH)aT neratþm sihnu )anecjrbhracrkitükmnt;tmbn;karbar cmnyn 23kEnøg RKbdNþb;épÞdIRbmaN 3/3lanhikta EdlkñúgenaHman ]TüanCati7 kenøg EdnCMrkstVéRB 10kEnøg tmbn;karbar etspab 3kEnøg nigtmbn;erbir)as;ercinya:g 3kEnøg. cmnat;fñak;tmbn;tamgbynenah eyag etaelilkçn³xus²kña nigekalbmngénkar RKb;RKg edim,ieqøiytbnwgcmnat;fñak;cagnþr CatiedayGgÁkarshPaBGPirkSBiPBelak IUCN. tmbn;karbaredirtynatismxan;enakñúgkargpi vdævis½yetscrn_ karkarbarticmraltwkepøóg nigpþl;cmrksmrab;rukçcati nigstvérb. enaebl EdltMbn;mYyRtUv)ankarBarenaH vamankargay RsYlGnuvtþkarRsavRCavBICIvitstV érb xøa dmri CaedIm nigefvikarrbmultinñn½ybzmetaeli egkulúsui nigkarerbir)as;rbs;mnussetatam rduvk¾duccakarttylpl. B½t manbitmbn;mul dæanrtuv)aneckrmelketadl;gñkbak;b½n tam ry³sikçasalakarvaytméldmbug niggatipab énkargpirksrtuv)anbegáitelig. rhutdl;edimqñam 2001 RksYgbrisßan)an Gnum½t nigcyl]tüanurks 525nak; smrab; 59 sßaniy edim,iefvikarl,attmbn;karbar. nayk dæankarbar niggpirksfmµcatirbs;rksyg brisßanefvikarshkarya:gcitsñitcamyyggákar GPirkSCaeRcInedIm,ICMrujdl;karksagsmtßPaB kargb;rmbrisßan karbegáincivpabshkmn_ nig tmbn;karbar. evtikaedlep kelirbb½n karbarcmrkstvsøab enatmbn;sñúlerbktal; RtUv)aneFVIkarsakl,g enaqñam 2001 RtUv)anBRgIk nigrkbdnþb;eli RKb;bnÞaystVTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;. RKbdNþb; elicmnynbgkunénrbeptstvsøabtwksmxan;²ena kñúgtmbn;rbmancit100. tmbn;karbarmyycmnynrtuv)anrgkarkmram kmehg. TaMgenHbNþalmkBIPaBFUrlugenA kñúgkarrkb;rkgkarensat karkab;érbxusc,ab; karrbmulgus niggnuplérbeqi kar)at;bg; CMrk nigkarrmxanedlbnþalmkbiskmµpab rbs;mnuss. RbPB ³ FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI elakecdi sµit nig ERhdWrIk háws tmbn;karbarfmµcati 21

24 tmbn;karbarfmµcati 22

25 05 zbniycivmnðl bwgtenøsab

26 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab zbniycivmnðl bwgtenøsab zitenaerkamkmµvifiedl)ancab;epþimenaqñam 1970 GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;karGb;rM vb,fm nigvitüasa sþ (UNESCO) )ankmnt;bwg Tenøsab nigtmnablictwkenacumvijca {zbniyciv mnðl} enaqñam tmbn;enhmantmhm RbmaN 1/5 lan hikta edayrkbdnþb;eli épþbwg nigtamdgpøúvcatielx 5 nig 6. ena qñam 2005 zbniyenhcazbniycivmnðlmyy kñúgcmenamzbniytamg 482 kñúgrbetscmnyn 102 RbeTs. zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab zitenaerkamkarrkb;rkgrbs;kn³kmµafikar CatiTenøemKgÁ EdlmanelxaFikarénKN³kmµa FikarenHCaRbFan nigelxafikarrg 3rUb etot mkbirksygbrisßan RksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nigensat nig RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym. RksYgTaMgbIk¾)ancUlrYmRKb;RKgenAkñúgKMerag RKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsabedaymankarcUlrYm ]tßmöfvika edayfnakagpivdæn_gasui nigrdæapi )alkm<úca nigpñak;garggákarshrbcacati. zbniyenhrab;bba ÚlTaMgépÞbwg érblictwk nigvalesµalictwk Biess enaeb:kxagekitrcamg. enarduvvssaépþbwg ekineligdl; 1/6lanhiktaEdlTMhMenHekIn eligrbman 6dg éntmhmenarduvr)amg Edl manrtwmet hikta. brimantwk esþiret 2¼3énbwgenH)anmkBITenøemKgÁ nig 1¼3 etot)anbigagsþúkepsg²kñúgenahman sþwgesn nigsþwmebaf sat;caedim. RbEhlCa 10 éntmbn;rkbdnþb;edayedimeqix<s;² BiessenAtamsÞwg nigtmbn;esim. 24 érblictwkrbs;bwgtenøsabsmbur edayrbeptérbkuem<af nigérbrnamcag ekenakñúgtmbn;gasuitamgmul. enaqñam 1997 RtUv)an)a:n;RbmaNfa Gaclatsn wgeliépþ 350>000 hikta EdlRbEhlCa 1¼3én tmbn;tamgmul. érblictwkmansar³smxan;y:ag xøamgsmrab;rti BBYkstVsøabTwk nigbbyklµún. zbniycivmnðlmantmbn;sñúl 3KW ERBkTal; Edlzitkñúgextþ)at;dMbg tmbn;sñúlbwgtenøqµar nigsþwgesnzitena extþkmbg;fm. BBYkstVsøabTwkRbmaNCa 100RbePT RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgtMbn;sñÚl TaMgbIEdlmanTMhMsrubRbmaNCa hikta. manrbeptrtirbmancag 400RbePT k¾rtuv)anekexijmanenakñúgtmbn;enhedr ehiy k¾rymbba ÚlTaMgRkeBI GeNþIk sva ep nigbs;twk. tmbn;sñúltamgenhmantmhm 21>342hikta smrab;tmbn;sñúlerbktal; 14>560hikta smrab;tmbn;sñúlbwgtenøqµar EdlRtUv)aneKrab; bba ÚlpgEdrfa CatMbn;dIesImGnþrCatiedayGnu sbaøar:amsaredlmansar³smxan;tamg smrab;stv søabtwkfm²efvikarbgkun nigkenøgsmrab;rkcmni EdlstVsøabTaMgenHmanmYycMnYnCaRbePTEdl kmbugrgkarkmramkmehgelibipbelak. smrab; tmbn;sñúlsþwgesnmantmhm 6>355hikta nigsmburedaybbykrbeptérblictwkkmr. RksYg brisßan)an)a:n;rbmanfa manrbcacnticcag 20>000nak; rs;enakñúgtmbn;sñúltamgenh eday kñúgenahmanrbman 10>000nak; enakñúgtmbn; ERBkTal; 2>000nak; enabwgtenøqµar nig RbEhlCa 7>000nak; enakñúgtmbn;sñúlsþwg Esn.

27 bnþaymanc½y suisupun mgálburi )at;dmbg tmbn;ra:msar GnþrtMbn; tmbn;rtnab; tmbn;sñúl EdnCMrkRtI TIrYmextþ Rkug pøúvcati pøúvedk Tenø RBMRbTl;extþ )at;dmbg emagb ssi esomrab ebaf sat; RkKr ebaf sat; kmbg;qñamg PUmisþúk kmbg;qñamg kmbg;fm kmbg;cam TenøemKgÁ esomrab Tenøsab kmbg;fm kmbg;cam zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab 25

28 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab tmbn;rtnab; RKbdNþb;elIépÞbwg niglatsn wgetadl;rbmrbtl;érblictwk xagerka. valatsn wgfmenakñúgextþ)at;dmbg nigrkbdnþb;enakñúgextþkmbg;fm nigebaf sat; nigpakxøhénextþkmbg;qñamg. edayminrab;bba Úl tmbn;sñúltamgbi tmbn;rtnab;enhmantmhm 541>482hikta ehiyk¾rtuv)ankmnt; edayrbh racrkitüfa CatMbn;eRbIR)as;eRcInya:g Epñk myyéntmbn;karbarfmµcati enakñúgqñam enakñúgtmbn;enhmanpumibenþttwkrbman 60PUmi EdlmanRbCaCnRbEhl 70>000 nak;. tmbn;rtnab;rtuv)anb½t CuMvijedayGnþr tmbn; EdltMbn;enHBT½æCuMvijedaypøÚvCati elx 5 nigelx 6 kñúgextþ)at;dmbg ebaf sat; nigesomrab. valatsn wgrhut dl;pøúvcatibirenakñúgextþkmbg;qñamg nigkmbg;fm 26 Edlrab;BIPaKxagt,ÚgextþkMBg;qñaMg rhutdl; suisupunenapakxagecig. tmbn;enhlatsn wgeli épþrbman 899>600hikta edayrab;bba Úl TaMgEpñkénRkugmYycMnYnkñúgextþeBaF sat; nig extþesomrab b:uenþminzitenakñúgextþkmbg;fm eliy. cmnynrbcacnmanrbmanca 1/6lan nak; rs;enakñúggnþrtmbn;enh. karensatkwcaskmµpabcmbg b:uenþ valtmnablictwkk¾rtuv)anekerbismrab;efvi ERs nigdamduhbbykbenøepsg²etotpgedr.ekaledacmbgrbs;zbniycivmnðlkwedim,isi ksa nigcmrujelicmenhdwgmuldæaneliegkulúsui. bnþajkñúgtmbn;rbs;zbniy CIvmNÐl km<úcakwcaepñkmyyénbnþajzbniy CIvmNÐltMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_ Edlcab; dmenirkartamgbiqñam smacikepsg etotman RbeTscin \NÐÚensuI Cb:un Lav ma:elsui PUma hvilibin éf nigevotnam. kariyal½y UNESCO enatirkughsakata )an begáitca ekhtmb½r smrab;bnþaj EdlRtUv)an eksáal;fa SeaBRnet. km<úca nigggákar UNESCO )anerobcmkarrbcumelikti3 smrab; bnþajkñúgtmbn;enakñúgextþesomrabenaqñam 2003 edaymancmnyybirbetscb:un karerob cmrbcumelikti4 RtUv)anerobcMeLIgenARbeTséf kñúgqñamm bnþajkñúgtmbn;epsgetotmanducca bnþajzbniycivmnðlgwr:ub Edlcab; epþimenaqñam 1987 nigzbniycivmnðl GasuIxagekItEdlcab;epþImenAqñaM 1994.

29 photo: eleanor briggs Wcs photo: eleanor briggs Wcs 27

30 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab bnþajkñúgtmbn;k¾mansmrab;zbniycivmnðlkñúg bnþarbetsenagarhvic niggara:b; k¾duccaena GaemrikLaTIin egs,aj nig B½rTuyhÁal;. sar³smxan;diesimkm<úca GnusBaØadIesImRtUv)aneFVIeLIgenATI Rkugra:msar kñúgrbetsguir:g; kñúgqñam ziterkam GnusBaØara:msar RbeTsCa ercin)ankmnt;diesimcasar³smxan;smrab;bipb elakedayepþatetaeli egkulúsui rukçsa sþ bsusa sþ nigclvitüa. enaqñam 2005 bba Ira:m saréndiesimedlmansar³smxan; CaGnþrCati mancmnyn 1462kEnøg RKbdNþb;elIépÞRbmaN 125lanhikta enakñúgrbets 146. km<úcamantmbn;ra:msar 3 Edlman TMhM 54>600hikta RtUv)ankMnt;enAéf 23 mifuna qñam tmbn;edlfmcagekkw bwgtenøqµar nigrbb½n ERBkCuMvijkñúgextþkMBg;FM EdlmanTMhM 28>000 hikta. RbmaNCa Bak;kNþaltMbn;dIesImenHCaEpñkéntMbn;sñÚl rbs;zbniycivmnðl. tmbn;diesimtibir man TMhM14>600hikta zitenapakxagecigtenø emkgákñúgextþsþwgertg. tmbn; TIbI KW ekahkabi nigekahenacumvij EdlmanTMhM 12>000hikta kñúgextþekahkug. shkmn_gnþrcati)ankt; smkal;fatmbn;tamgbienhman {tmélcabiess { smrab;rbets nigrbcacnkm<úcatamgmul. enaqñam 1999 smacikéngnusbaøara:m sar)anyl;rbmeliekalkarn_ nig KMeragEpnkarsMrab;begáItbNþajdIesIm GnþrCati. edayeyagelikmeragepnkartmbn; EdlRtUv)ankMnt;kñúgbBa Ira:msarKYrCatMbn;Edl 28 man {sar³smxan;smrab;kargpirksciv³cmruheli BiPBelak nigsmrab;fananuvcivitmnusstamry³ tynatiegkulúsui nigcrnþtwk{. enaqñam 2000 rdæelxafikaréngnusbaøadiesim)anesvgrkyuk sm½yfµi smrab;gatipabrymedim,icmnysnuvgatipab dedl²edlmanenakñúgtmbn;ra:msar nigzbniy CIvmNÐl. zitenaerkamrbb½n dedl²edlman enh tmbn;diesim 33kEnøg RtUv)ankMnt;CatMbn; ra:msar EdlzitenACamYy rwcan;kñanwgzbniyciv mnðledlkmnt;eday UNESCO. tynati UNESCO enakñúgzbniy CIvmNÐl zbniycivmnðlcakarkmnt;rtlb;eta kan;qñam 1968 ebledlsnñisit UNESCO GMBavnav[mankmµviFIsMrab;begáIttMbn;dI ekak nigtmbn;eqñredim,itmnag[rbb½n egkulúsuismxan;²elibipbelak. UNESCO cab;epþimkmnt;tmrg;enaqñam 1970 xn³edlpñak;garedlmantitamgenatirkug)a:ris )anbegáitkmµvifi {mnuss nigcivmnðl : eday [mantmbn;karbaredlrtuv)ansáal;faca zbniycivmnðl. enaqñam 1995 )anefvisnñisit GnþrCatimYyenATIRkugsuIvIl )anyl;rbmeli yut sa sþzbniycivmnðl nigkmeragepnkar bnþajbipbelakénzbniycivmnðlenaqñam edayrtuv)ankmnt;eqµahedayrdæapi)al zbniycivmnðlrtuv)anttylsáal;cagnþrcati b:uenþvartuv)anrkb;rkgedaybnþarbetsedl Cam as;zbniycivmnðlenah. UNESCO efvi karbn nabizbniycivmnðlfaca {TIBiesaFn_

31 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab smrab;karrs;ena} smrab;sakl,gelikarbba Úl karrkb;rkgdi Twk nigciv³ cmruh. zbniyciv mnðlnimyy²rtuv)anrmbwgfa nwgcyygpirksets PaB sßanrbb½n nanapabénrbept nigesn RsbeBlCamYynwgkarpÁt;pÁg;sMrab;karGPivDÆ rbs;mnuss nigesdækic. tyunati TI3 KWedIm,ICYy dl;karrsavrcav RtYtBinitü kargb;rm nigpøas;bþúr B½t man. zbniycivmnðlminrtuv)anrkbdnþb; edaygnusbaøagnþrcatieliy b:uenþekrtuvet ekarbtamlkçnþik³ edim,ieqøiytbetanwgtynati TaMgbIrbs;zbnIy. zbniycivmnðlnimyy²mantmbn;sñúl tmbn;rtnab; niggnþrtmbn;. tmbn;sñúlénzbniycivmnðl KYrEtbegáIteday Rsbc,ab; nigpþl;nuvkarbaryurgegvgeliets PaB RbB½n egkulúsui nigrbeptstv nig rukçcati EdlmanenAkñúgtMbn;enaH. CamFµtatMbn;sñÚl mingnubaøat[manskmµpabmnusseliy elik ElgEtkarRsavRCav karrtytbinitü nigkarerbi R)as;CalkçN³RbéBNIEdleFVIeLIgeday RbCaCnkñúgtMbn;b:ueNÑaH. tmbn;rtnab; EdlenA CuMvijtMbn;sñÚlGacmankarRsavRCav edim,irkb; RKgelIkardaMduHtamEbbFmµCati didmnam érb eqi nigclpl edim,ibegáintinñplkñúgxn³ EdleyIgeFVIkarGPirkSCIv³cMruH nigfmµcati egay)anercintamedlgacetaryc. tmbn;tamg enhgacrtuv)anerbipgedr smrab;kargb;rm vká bnþúhbnþal etscrn_ nigkarbegáitfµi. Gnþr tmbn;latsn wgbnþab;bitmbn;rtnab;edltmbn;enh GacmanlMenAdæanmnusS karefviksikmµ nig skmµpabepsgetot. tmbn;sñúlpakercincadi safarn³ b:uenþk¾gaccakmµsit iékcn rwrkb; RKgedayGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alpgEdr. man krnicaercinedldienakñúgtmbn;rtnab; niggnþr tmbn; CakmµsiT irbs;shkmn_ rwkmµsit iékcn. zbniycivmnðlmyycmnynkwca]tüan Cati kenøgrksatukfmµcati nigcakenøg Edlmankarkt;sMKal;CaGnþrCatieday ebtikpnðbipbelak niggnusbaøara:m sar. shkmn_kñúgtmbn; nigkarbak;b½n ena 29

32 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab kñúgksikmµ rukçakmµ nigclplrtuv)anemil exijedayggákar UNESCO facapl RbeyaCn_cMbgsMrab;zbnIyCIvmNÐledayRsb CamYyGñkviTüasa sþ rdæapi)al nigbipbelak TaMgmUl. edim,ikøaycazbniycivmnðl)an tmbn;enahrtuvca {tmnagegayciv³smxan;² rbs;tmbn;{ edayrymcamyytmbn;etspab sßanrbb½n rwrbeptstv nigrukçcati rwnana PaBEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eFVIkarGPirkS. tmbn;enahrtuvmantmhmrkb;rkan;smrab;kmnt;capøúv c,ab;facatmbn;sñúl edim,iefvikarkarbarkñúgry³ eblevg edaymankarkmnt;c,as;las;etaeli tmbn;rtnab; niggnþrtmbn;. GaCJaFrmUldæan shkmn_kñúgtmbn; nigepñkékcnkyrmankarcul rymkñúgkarefviepnkar nigrkb;rkgzbniyciv mnðl kñúgkrniedltmbn;fmµcatimantmhmfmzit enacab;nwgrbmrbtl;rbetsbir rwercin GgÁkar UNESCO CMrujeGayRbeTs EdlmanRBMRb Tl;Cab;TaMgenaHeFVIkarRKb;RKgrYmKña. TIRbwkSaKN³kmµaFikar UNESCO Binitü elirkb;karkmnt;elicivmnðl nigefvignu sasn_etakan;rkumrbwksagnþrcatiedl EtgEtCYbRbCuMral;2qñaMmþg. RkumRbwkSa Edl)anbegáIteLIgenATIkñúg )a:riskñúgqñam 2000 enhmansmacik 34nak; ehiyefvikarculrym e)aheqñaterciserisrbfanmñak; niggnurbfan 5nak;. enaqñam RbeTsmuicsuickU rymcamyyrbetsgu sþali háana kuerxagt,úg russi nigrbets TUnIsa CaGnuRbFan. smacik UNESCO EdlminmantMNagenAkñúgRkum RbwkSaenHGacbBa ÚnGñkGegátkarN_ edim,icul rymrbcumcamyykñaenh Pñak;garGgÁkarshRbCa CatidUcCa kmµvifibrisßanrbs;ggákarshrbca Cati GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµ GgÁkarépÞ smurtbipbelak nigggákarsuxpabbipbelak 30

33 k¾gacculrympgedr. RkumRbwkSaGnþrCatién shb½n vitüasa sþ RkumRbwkSaviTüasa sþsgám GnþrCati nigshpabgpirksbipbelak GacedIr tynaticagñkpþl;mtidl;rkumrbwksa. tynatirbs;kn³kmµafikarcati TenøemKgÁ karttylxusrtuvrymsmrab;zbniyciv mnðlbwgtenøsabcatynatirbs;kn³kmµa FikarCatiTenøemKgÁ. KN³kmµaFikarenHdwk namedaytisþikarkn³rdæm nþielikargpivdæ kar RKb;RKg nigkarefrksatwk nigfnfanbak;b½n epsgetoténtenøemkgáenakñúgkic shkarcamyy GCJaFrextþ-Rkugk¾dUcCaPJak;gar rdæapi)al knþal. kic shkarcamyym as;;cmnyy nigkn³ kmµafikarcatienarbetslav éf nigevotnam KWEp keliekalkarn_én {smpab nigpl RbeyaCn_Edlsmehtupl} smrab;smacik TaMgbYnénKN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ. KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁman tmnag 10RksYg. RksYgTaMgenaHmandUcCa RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym RksYgbrisßan RksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nigensat RksYgkar brets nigshrbtibtþkarn_gnþrcati RksYg ]ssahkmµ Er: nigfambl RksYgEpnkarN_ RksYgEdndI nkrrubniykmµ nigerobcmedndi RksYgsaFarN³kar nigdwkcba ÚnRksYg GPivDÆn_CnbT nigrksygetscrn_. RbFan RbtibtþiKN³kmµaFikarTaMgmUlKW rdæm nþirksyg FnFanTwk nig]tuniym Ék]tþm lwm Kaneha nig GnuRbFan 3 epsgetotkw rdæm nþirksyg brisßan Ék]tþmbNÐit m:uk ma:er:t rdæelxafi karrksygsafarn³kar nigdwkcba Ún Ék]tþm RtaM GuIvtwk niggtitgkánaykrksygksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nigensat Ék]tþm suin nini. rdæelxafikarsmrbsmryleliskmµ PaBBImYyéf etamyyéf nigpþl;rbwksadl; RbFanKN³kmµaFikar. elxafikardæanrym bba ÚlTaMgelxaFikardæanzbnIyCIvmNÐl nig naykdæanbietot rymnwgkarttyl xusrtuveli kic karrdæ)al nighirbaøvtßú rymbba ÚlTaMgTMnak; TMngsaFarN³ neya)ay nigkarefviepn karn_ nigkmeragcaercinetot. naykdæankmerag manrksygbak;b½n 4 RksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nig ensat RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym RksYgeTscrN_ nigrksygbrisßan nigepñk2 epsgetotttylbnþúkelikmµvifierbir)as;twk nig brisßanrbs;kn³kmµafikarcatitenøemkgá. GKÁelxaFikarrgénKN³kmµaFikar CatiTenøemKgÁman 3rUb kñúgenahman ³ Ék]tþm ebc Dun Ék]tþm Et NavuF RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym nig Ék]tþm kul vdæna RksYgbrisßan EdlÉk]tþmCardæ elxafikarzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. ehiy kñúgzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsabenhk¾mangnurdæ elxafikar 3nak; etot KW bnðit ena e)ann½r CaGnuRbFannaykdæankarBar niggpirksfn FanFmµCati énrksygbrisßan CaRbFanRbtibtþi elak sm ena GnuRbFan rdæ)alclplén RksYgksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nig ensat elak Lúg sara:vuf GnuRbFannaykdæanRKb;RKg nig GPirkSFnFanTwk énrksygfnfantwk nig]tu niym. RbPB ³ FanaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ GgÁkar yunisáú 31 zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab

34 06 rduvkaltamgr)am éntmbn;bwgtenøsab

35 nabak;knþalrduvr)amg Exmkra dl; Ex]sPa nabak;knþalrhutcugrduvr)amg Edlman cenøahbiexmkra dl;ex emsa karensatrtiefiv GaCIvkmµ EdlmanlkçN³CaRTg;RTayFMRtUv)an efiveligenatamlút ensat nigtampøúvtwkenacmu vijtenøsab ehiytnþwmnwgenhedr kardutesµa smrab;efivksikmµ nigdiérb)anekitmaneligna eblenahpgedr. enaxn³edlvaltmnablictwk)anrigs Üt Gs; karrbmulpþmúrtiexµarkb;rbeptducca ³ RtIr:s; RtIeqþa RtIRkaj; rs;enakñúgtwk edayxøünrbs;va manbn exµaedaysaretsarfatukimi Edl bnþalmkbikarrlyyrukçcatienaebltwklic. RtIRbePTenH Gacrs;enAkñúgTwkEdlmanCati GasIut xvhguksiuesn ehiyrtirbeptenh PaK ercingacdkdegðimykxül;)an nigpøas;tietark kenøgfµi nigmyycmnynetot Gackb;xøÜnrbs;vaeTA nwgl,ab;pk; rg;camrhutdl;mantwkcmnn;mkdl;. stvrmebsuirtigs;myycmnynenatambwgbyr. enatmbn;érblictwk nabak;knþalrduvr)amg rhutdl; cugrduvr)amg KWCaeBlevlasMrab;stV søabtwkefivkarbnþbucy:agsmxan;ducca ³ Rksar k Tug cmenkégenþik nigbs;føan; k¾)anbnþbuc enatmbn;érblictwk nigérbre)ahnaeblenhpg Edr duckñanwgstvsøab enatamvalesµa ducca stvrmeb nigstvrkyccaedim. naedimrduvvssa Ex]sPa Exmifuna Exkkáda enaeblrduvepøóg)anføak;naedimrduvvssa enaex]spa dl;ex kkáda TwkCMnn;cab;epþImeLIg ehiyenaeblenahtwktenøsab)anttyltwkbi sþwg ERBk nigtenøemkgá. RtImansb,úrs)an cab;epþimefivkarpøas;tibitenøemkgáeq<ahetakan; bwgtenøsab EdlCakEnøgpþl;cMNIGahar nigca smbuksmrab;bgkunenaexbnþab;munnwgbykvavil RtLb;mkkan;TenøemKgÁvijnacugqñaM. RtI RbePTenH rs;enaesþiretmyycivitrbs;vaenakñúg TwkTenøemKgÁEdlhUrCaRbcaM. photo: eleanor briggs Wcs rduvkaltamg 5 éntmbn;bwgtenøsab 33

36 rduvkaltamg 5 éntmbn;bwgtenøsab photo: eleanor briggs Wcs RtIRbePTenHman ³ RtIdMrI RtIR)a RtIsNþay RtIkaEh RtIeBa nigrtirbma:. enarduvenhedr BBYkRtIexµA k¾)ancab;epþimpøas;tietarkcmrk nigtikenøgsmrab;bgkun. naedimrduvvssa )ankmnt;karcab;epþimbnþ BUCrbs;hVÚgstVsøabTwkd¾FMdUcCa ³ Rksar k Tug enatmbn;érblictwk. bbaðaenhvacasbaøa myyedlbba ak;fa rduvvssacaeduvbnþbuc)anmk dl;ehiy BBYkstVTaMgenHmandUcCa ³ stv erkol stvk Ba úh stvdmudul nigstvkuk Edlrs; enatamtmbn;valesµacmuvijbwgtenøsab. enakñúgtmbn;érblictwk nigtmbn;érbre)ah edimeqik¾cab;epþimecjepøpáa. enaeblenah dmnamrsuveligtwkk¾)ancab;epþimduhbnøkpgedr enatamtmbn;valtmnabxagerka. enaedimrduvvssartuv)ankmnt;cmnamfa Ca karcab;epþimrduvkalénkarcab;stvbs;twk Edl mancmnynd¾ercinbmputenaelibipbelak. enabak;knþalrduvvssa ExsIha ExkBaØa Extula enaeblepøógenaetbnþføak;nabak;knþal rduvvssa rvagexsiha nigextula )anefivegay bwgtenøsablatsn wgfmlvwgelviy EdlenAeBl enah RtIbnþrksMbukBgkUn rkcmnigahar ehiy nigbbykkunrtituc² k¾cab;epþimfmfat; ehiyk¾ca eblevlaénkarbnþbucénbs;twkenakñúgtmbn;érb lictwk nigtmbn;érbre)ahpgedr. BBYkstVEk ktwk nigstvesµaj )anvil RtLb;eTArksMbukrbs;BYkvavijenAkñúgtMbn; érblictwk ehiycab;epþimbnþbuc. edimeqibnþ ecjpáa nigmanepø. enaexsiha nigextulaenh enatmbn;tmnab EpñkxageRkA KWCadMNak;kalsMxan;énkarlUt las;dmnamrsuv BBYkRtIrkcMNIenAtamvalERs ehiykmriténkarcab;stvtwkbs;x<s;bmputekit manenakñúgrduvenh. 34

37 nacugrduvvssa Extula Exviciäka enaebledlkmrittwktenøemkgámankarrsk cuh crnþtwkbwgtenøsab)anhurb Ba asrtlb; etavijenacugrduvvssa kñúgextula nigexvicäika. kmlúgeblenah karensatrtikñúgrtg;rtayfm )ancab;epþimenatamlút ensat nigtampøúvtwk smxan;². RbePTRtIscab;epþImpøas;TIecjBIbwg eq<ahetakan;tenøemkgávij. enatmbn;érblictwk nigtmbn;érbre)ah edim eqi)anduhrtyyx I cmenkbbykbs;twkenaetbnþ karbnþrbucbs;bykva. enaeblenh esµaeligtwk)anduh nigdmnam RsUveLIgTwk)ancab;epþImTMu. edimrduvr)amg Exvicäika ExFñÚ nig Exmkra kmrittwkcmnn;)anrskcuhy:agelon ehiy karefvigacivkmµensatxñatfmenabwgtenøsabena EtbnþkñúgkMLúgeBlénedImrdUvR)aMgenH rduvrmehiy KWcab;BIExvicäika dl; Exmkra. KYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa eblenhkarpøas;tieta xagerkarbs;bbykrtisb,úrsmankmritmyyx<s; BiessBBYkRtIerol. hvúgstvrtecokkam nigstvrmeb )anrkcmni enatambwg ehiycmenkbbykstvek ktwk nig stvesµaj)anbba b;karbnþbucrbs;bykvaenakñúg tmbn;érblictwk ehiystvsøabtuc²cab;epþimduh søabfmlµmrkb;rkan;smrab;efivkarehahehir. stv bksitwkfm² ducca ³ Rksa k Tug )anvilrtlb; etarksmbukrbs;bykvavij. BBYkEdlbnþBUC enapþal;nwgdiducca ³ stvsiulmggpáa nigstvrkyc )anvilrtlb;etakan;tmbn;valesµa nigvalers ehiystvsøabedlenagasiuxagecig nigtmbn; GWr:ub)aneFIVdMeNIreTAkan;tMbn;bwgTenøsab edim,i ekcecjbirduvrtcak;enaepñkxagecig ehiystv RbePTenHman stvrmeb stvcabbuk stvrkycgin stvdunta stvrksa stvxþb;di. enakmlúgrduvrtcak;enh karrbmulplrsuv RbcaMqñaM)ancab;epþIm nigbnþab;mkkwkarrbmul plbs;twk. RbPB ³ GgÁkarsmaKmGPikSstVéRB (WCS) photo: eleanor briggs Wcs rduvkaltamg 5 éntmbn;bwgtenøsab 35

38 07 érblictwk

39 érblictwk érblictwkéntenøsabmansar³smxan;smrab; RtIBgkUntamrdUv CaCMrk nigcatmbn;edlpþl; cmnigaharsmrab;rtiedlpøas;tietatenøemkgá. etahcatmhmrbs;vamankarfycuh vaenaetcatm bn;valesµaglictwk nigérblictwkedllat sn wgfmcagekenagasui nigbnsl;tukca]tahrn_ FMCageKénCMrkRbePTenHenAGasIuGaeKñy_. CamYynwgdIEdlmanculøRBwkS érbduhena tmbn;valpk; érblmg rukçcatienaerkamtwk nig ClCatiTaMgLay érblictwkpþl;rbeyacn_ smxan;caercinsmrab;mnuss nigstv. GñkviTüa sarsþ)ankt;rtatukcaéksarnuvrukçcatirbehl 200RbePT EdlCarukçCatiEdlCitputBUCBItMbn; diesimtenøemkgá CaBiessCamYykarrab;bBa Úl etakñúgrbepteqi. plitplclplbwgtenøsabkwcaplitpl x<s;cagekmyyelibipbelak. lkçn³tuetaenh GacbBa ak;)anfa érblictwkminrkan;etpþl;nuv TICRmk nigkarbardl;stvtamglayb:uenñahet b:uenþk¾edirtynatiy:agsmxan;pgedr kñúgkarkekit eligvijénfnfancivsarsþedlman\ti BleTA vijetamkducca ExSGahard¾FMmYy. plitplérbeqiducca EpøeQI RKab;FuBaØ Cati nigswøkeqi bmebjtmruvkarcmnigahardl; stv. enaciterbktal; érblictwkrtrtg;nuv bnþaystvsøabtwksmxan;cagekena\nðúcin nig RbEhlCaenAGasIuGaeKñy_TaMgmUl. varbehl CatMbn;RbesIrCageKrbs;km<úCasMrab;GPirkS Pav³rs;Twksab. enaebledltmnb;varigkáisniminrtuv)an erkagsmrab;tmbn;bwgtenøsab r)aykarn_ FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI(ADB) enaqñam 2005 )an efvikarrbmanfatmnb;varigkáisnixøhenagagtenø emkgágacefivegayxuctmnak;tmngrbb½n TwkCa myybwg. karkab;bmpøajcrmk nigykdismrab; efivksikmµkw bbaðaedlkyrefvikarkitkur {d¾smxan;} myycamyynwgkarekinelignuvgñkerbici ehiyhur culetakñúgbwgefivegaymankarb:hbal;dl;mcäa nigrbcacnenakñúgtmbn;. edimeqirtuv)ankab;edimi,efvi]bkrn_ensat rymmansmras; niglb ehiykardak;kmhitelikar ensatenamankmrit edaysarkarensathys ehtu nigxusc,ab;. r)aykarn_rbs;fnakar GPivDÆn_GasIu)anRBmanfa :karfycuhnuvpl sþúkrtiminrkan;etfycmnynrtiet b:uenþk¾ch\ti Bl ebjtamgrcnasm<½n énkarpþl;cmnigaharén RbB½n egkulúsiuetotpg :. edimi,egaykarensatmancirpab luhrtaet érblictwkrtuv)anefrksa b BRgIk nigplsþúk RtIRtUv)anEfrkSa edayefvikarbrgwgelikarrtyt Binitü nigbegiánkmµvifibgáat;buc. kartrnþankñúg TMrg;énkarRkv:at;ykFnFanTwk kab;érbykeqi RbNIt niggus nigkab;bmpøajérbykdismrab;efvi kardamduh EdleFVIeGaymankarKMramkMEhgeTA dl;karbmpøajtmbn;érb. skmµpabtamgenahgac bnþalegaymankarhurercahdi kar)at;bg;civ CatidI efviegayxuckunpabtwkerkamdi bgáegay mantwkcmnn; nigefivegayrbpbtwkmanspab l k;. RbPB ³ FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu vitüasßangpivdæn_ nigrsavrcavclpltwksab érblictwk 37

40 08 tmbn;diesim photo: reach sambath

41 tmbn;diesim Caerogral;qñaM karcn;licenarduvvssa)an bmelgépþditmnabenapakknþalrbetskm<úca etacarbb½n EdnTwkd¾FMlVwgelVIy. tmbn;diesim RtUv)anEbkEckCa 3tMbn;sMxan;²KW enatam benþaydgtenøemkgáenacmuvijbwgtenøsab nig enatambenþaydgsþwgesn RBmTaMgmantMbn; diesimenatmbn;eqñrman ekahe):a nigsþwgekb. diesimrbetskm<úcartuv)anerbir)as;casmxan; smrab;ksikmµ Clpl karpát;pág;twk érbeqi etscrn_ KmnaKmn_ kartamgtilmena nigkar GPirkS RBmTaMg)aneRbIR)as;kñúgeKalbMNg détetotducca karrkb;rkgsmnl; karefivniy½t kmµkmbs;twkcmnn; r)amgkarbarxül;büúh nigkar TajykfamBl. diesimrbetskm<úca rgkar KMramkMEhgedaysarkMeNInénkareFIVGaCIvkmµ nigkarbrgikdi smrab;efivksikmµ nigkartamglmena rbs;rbcablrdæ. karkmramkmehgenahkw kar ensathysrbman karercrwledaysartwkcmnn; nigbmpøajérbeqienaepñkxageli karefivcmnyj stvsøab BgstVsøab Bs; nig GeNþIk karbmpøajcmrkstv karefivrbb½n ersacrsb kardwkcba Ún etscrn_ nigkarsagsg;tmnb; sþúktwk. KMeragkargarc,ab;RKb;RKgtMbn;dIesIm man EcgenAkñúgc,ab; )anpþl;egayetasßab½nrdættyl xusrtuvelikarerbir)as;fnfan karerbir)as;di nigkargpirksbrisßan. c,ab;tamggs;enhrym man c,ab;sþibiclplqñam 2006 c,ab;sþibidiføi qñam 2001 nigc,ab;brisßan qñam 1996 RBmTaMg c,ab;détetotman GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKg shkmn_ensat qñam 2005 nigrbhracrkwtüsþi BIkarbegáItRbB½n tmbn;karbar qñam1993. b:uenþ c,ab;tamgenhmin)anedahrsayegay)antulm TUlayelIkarRKb;RKg nigkargpirkstmbn;di esimenahet EdlbBaðaenH namegaymancmelah elikarerbir)as; nigkarbmpøicbmpøajfnfanrbs; BYkeK. TnÞwmnwgenHEdr KMeragEpnkarRKb;RKg niggpirksrtuv)anraramgedaysaretgvtþmanén kic RBmeRBog sþibivifisa sþ edim,iebgecktmbn; diesim. edim,ieqøiytbetanwgkunvibtþiedl)an ekiteligenh enaqñam 1999 EpnkarskmµPaB sþibikarrkb;rkgdiesimrtuv)aneroberogelig b:uenþepnkarskmµpabenhminrtuv)angnum½trhut dl;bak;knþalqñam enaebledlepn karskmµpabmintan;rtuv)angnum½tenah mcä mnðlclplbipbelak)ansiksags;ry³ebl BIrqñaM elikmeragepnkarsßab½n nigtamekal karn_c,ab;rkb;rkgdiesimenakm<úca nigkarpþl; tmélelifnfantamgenah. karsiksaenh TTYl )ankarsmrbsmrylbirdæ)alclpl nig)an cab;epþimgnuvtþenaqñam 2002 nigqñam 2003 ehiyvak¾caepñkmyyénkarsiksarsavrcavénkar siksafñak;tmbn; Edl)anGnuvtþenARbeTsLav RbeTsevotNam nigéfpgedr. r)aykarn_ énkarsiksaenh RtUv)ane)aHBum<pSayenA qñam 2006 nig)anbibn naelikarerbir)as;di esimenakm<úca )anbgðajfa karvaytmélrbs; fñak;dwknambmumanlkçn³c,as;las;elisarsmxan; tmbn;diesimenaeliy. karefivksikmµenaelitmbn; diesimkm<úcaeckecjca 4RbePT ducca RsUv vssa RsUvR)aMg RsUveLIgTwk nigrsuvrbedj Twk. RsUvrdUvvsSaRtUv)aneKeFIVenAtMbn;x<s; EdlGacmanTwkCn;enArdUvvsSa. CamYyenHEdr valersenatmbn;tmnab CaRbePTvalERsEdl ercincagekrbs;rbetskm<úca. RsUvRbedjTwk 39 tmbn;diesim

42 tmbn;diesim RtUv)aneFIVenArdUvTwksMrk CaFmµtaKWenAkMrit TwkCMnn;énRbB½n TwkTenøsab Tenø)asak; nig TenøemKgÁ ehiykmrittwkenh)anpþl;dl;dmnam RsUvRbEhl 9. RbB½n ersacrsbgacefiv )anenarduvtwksmrk nigsmrab;rsuvr)amg EdlGac efivksikmµ)anercindgkñúgmyyqñam. cmenkrsuv eligtwkvij RtUv)aneFIVenArdUvTwkeLIg mancmera TwkeRCA CaBiessRtUv)aneFIVkardaMduHenAtMbn; érblictwkkñúgtmbn;bwgtenøsab EdlRsUvRbePT enhmanrbmanca 7 éndmnamrsuvsrub. dmnamyut sa sþ)andamduhenavalfmlvwgelviy tamdgtenøemkgá eliekah nigcmuvijtmbn;tmnab énbwgtenøsab CaBiessenAkñúgextþkMBg;FM nig extþesomrab. dmnamenhrymman ebat senþk senþkdi l GMeBA kþüc dmlúgcva lðúgerbg RkecA. cmenkédmnamducca el<a RtLac exøak Rtsk; «Lwk nigeb:ge)a:h RtUv)aneFIV kardamduhenacenøahdmnamtamgenahpgedr. RsUvrdUvvsSamankareRbIR)as;fñaMKImIeRcIn CagRsUvrdUvR)aMg nigdmnamepsg²etot. kar erbir)as;fñamkimibnþicbnþücvagacefivegaystvca ercinducca RtI kþam BBYkxüg nig kegáb Gac mancivitrs;enakñúgersvssa)an. cmenkrsuv R)aMgvij tamr)aykarn_rbs;kmeragsiksarsav RCavdMNaMRsUvGnþrCatikm<úCa-GU sþali )an bgðajegayexijfa ksikrrbman 80 )an erbir)as;fñamsmlab;stvl it ehiyrtiesþiret 40 )angab;erkaybi)an)aj;fñambulksikmµ. etahbicabmutan;manlt PaBeFIVkarRtYtBinitüelI sarfatukimitamgenhk¾eday k¾enaetminr)akdkñuúg kar)a:n;rbmanetaelibrimanénfñamkimiedl kmbugeterbir)as; b karbeba jsmnl;fñamkimitamg enahelibrisßanpgedr. karensat nigvarivb,kmµ KWsßitenAkñúg cmenamkarerbir)as;smxan;²elidiesimena RbeTskm<úCa. kalbiqñam 1997 RbCaBlrdæ RbmaNCa 88 énrbcablrdæcmnyn 170PUmi Edlrs;enACMuvijzbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab mancivpabrs;enagars½yetaelikarensat nig skmµpabtak;tgmyycmnynetot nigplitpl RtIsrubmanRbmaNCag 500/000etan kñúg myyqñam sumbinitüemilepñkepsg²sþibicl 40

43 pl. plitplénvaristvedlttyl)anbitam valersmanrbman 100/000 etan¼qñam. varivb,kmµ KWCaEbrRtIy:agsMxan;enACMuvijbwg Tenøsab EdlmanRbmaNCa10 énplit plrtisrubtamggs;. stvenakñúgtwkedl ensat)anrymman RkeBI GnÞg; kegáb bgág nig Bs;Twk. cmenkkarciba wmrtienakñúgrshercin efvieligenaextþknþal nigextþdétetot Edl enaq aybibwgtenøsab. diesimcyyrtrtg;kñúgkarpþl;twksmrab; briepak e)akkk; gut nigsmrab;ersacrsb. RbCaCnPaKeRcIn Edlrs;enACMuvijtMbn;bwgTenø sab erbir)as;twkbikñúgbwgedaypþal; ehiytwk bwgenhk¾rtuv)anerbir)as;smrab;efivkarersac RsBdl;ksikmµenACMuvjbwgTenøsabpgEdr. karrbmulpl niggnuplérbeqibitmbn; diesim smrab;smng;lmenasßan nigerbir)as; smrab;efivbanic kmµ. plérbeqiedl)anbi tmbn;érblictwkminmankunpabx<s;et b:uenþgac erbir)as; smrab;sagsg;lmenas<antuc² nig CaCMrk b smrab;cmgingahar nigeq IrRtI)an. eyagtamr)aykarn_ qñam 2001 )anvaytmél fa lmenadæanenapumi)alt erbir)as;gussmrab; eq IrRtIkñúgmYyqñaMmanbrimaN 40 m 3 EdlGus TaMgenaHGaclk;enATIpSar)antMélBI 2>50duløa eta 3duløa kñúgmyyem:rtkub. eyagtamr)ay karn_qñam 1997 )anbgðajfa GñkPUmieRcInCag 80 enabamsima: extþ)at;dmbg )ankab;gusca ercinem:rtkubkñúgmyyéf smrab;yketalk;. r)aykarn_dedl enh)anbgðajfa karerbi R)as;GustamlMenAdæanenAkñúgshKmn_sMrab; cmgingaharman 8m 3 smrab;rkysarmyykñúgmyy qñam. cmenkgnuplérbeqiman bjssismrab;efiv k,ún ERtg nigs,úvsmrab;rbk;pþh kunrukçcatituc² smrab;efivca]bkrn_ensat nigkme)øaksmrab;efiv GRgwg nigbnþúhpsit. rukçcati nigstvedlman enakñúgtmbn;diesimrtuv)anekyketaerbir)as; smrab;ca»sfburanpgedr. tmbn;diesimenakm<úcatak;tajepjóvetscr kan;etercinelig. enakñúgzbniycivmnðlbwg Tenøsab manmcämnðlrkb;rkgtmbn;sñúl ERBkTal;)anebIkTIkEnøgsMrab;sñak;GaRsy½enA qñam 2005 nigtmbn;sñúlbwgtenøqµar)anebik[ mantikenøgsmrab;sñak;gars½yenaqñam ena 1998 GñkeTscr)ancUleTAelgenAtMbn; ERBkTal; EdlGac)a:n;RbmaNrkR)ak;cMNUl )anbi 1lan eta 2landuløa kñúg1qñam Edlkñúg enahrbehlca 10 etadl;shkmn_kñúg tmbn;etmþg. diesimmansar³smxan;smrab;kardwkcba Ún tampøúvtwk nigsmrab;kartamgtilmena. RksYg 41 photo: eleanor briggs Wcs tmbn;diesim

44 tmbn;diesim safarn³kar nigdwkcba Ún )anvaytmélfa cmgaypøúvtwkqøgkat;rbetskm<úcamanrbevg 855K>m enarduvr)amg nigenarduvvssamancmgay 1/544K>m. lmenasßanedlsagsg;eday manssrx<s;² nigsmng;benþttwkmancarkum FM²enACMuvijbwgTenøsab ehiysmng;benþttwk GacCasMNg;manlkçN³Gcié nþy_ b k¾smng; tamrduvkal edaypumitamgmulmankarpøas;bþúr etatamrduvr)amg nigrduvvssa. kic xitxmrbwgerbggpirksgacpþl;rbeyacn_ dl;bbykstvedlrgerkahfñak;enakñúgtmbn;diesim RbeTskm<úCa. BBYkstVTaMgenHrYmman epsat Tenø RkeBIRtI RtIraC nigrtirtsk;s. BBYkstV søab EdlTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;cMnYn 8RbePTeTot Edl)anerobrab;edayRksYgbrisßansþIBIbkSITwk ducca ³ TaéRBsøabs erkol k yks k xøünexµa Rtdk;FM Rtdk;tUc rnals TugRbepH. stvciba wmgars½yeligahar Edl)anmk BItMbn;dIesIm. eka RkbI siuesµa nigsarebirrukç Cati CaGahar cmenkébbykk anrkcmnigahar rbs;vaenatamvalers. stvk an nigbsubksi détetotsiucmniducca rukçcatitwk (water spinach) esµa nigrsuvedlduhenatmbn;diesim. tmbn;diesimcyykat;bnßykarbmbul nig smgatsmnl;. enaxn³ebledlrbetskm<úca mintan;manmefüa)aysmrab;efivrbrbwtþikmµenah PaKeRcInénsMNl;ravTIRkug nigkarbmbul bnþalmkbitirkug nig]ssahkmµ RtUv)an beba jecaletakñúgtenø nigtmbn;diesim. smnl;rav nigsmnl;rwg RtUv)anGñkPUmienAtMbn; CMuvijbwgTenøsab PUmibENþtTwk e)ahecal nigbeba jecaledaypþal;etakñúgtwk. cmenk ÉCIKImI nigfñambulksikmµk¾)anbeba jecaleta kñúgtmbn;diesimenhpgedr EdlkEnøgxøHCab; CamYyrukçCati nigepsgbienah RtUv)anbgðÚrecj etatamtwkcmnn;rbcamqñam. bwgbyrtuc² nigrbb½n Tenø KWCaGagsþúkTwk nigrksaniy½tkmµkmbs;twkenaerkayebledl manepøóg nigenarduvtwkcmnn;rbcamqñam. bwgtenø sab RtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfa GacTTYlTwk)an 28 ekadiem:rtkub EdlhUrcak;BITenøepSg² enakñúgépþgagrgtwkepøóg nigercinesþirettamg Gs;hUrcak;mkBITenøemKgÁCaerogral;qñaM. tmbn;érblictwkrtuv)anerbir)as;smrab;ca r)amgkarbaxül;büúh. enarduvvssa RbCaBlrdæ )anefivkarpøas;lmenasßanbenþttwkrbs;bykkat; etacitérblictwk edim,iecosvagbierkahmhnþ rayedaysarxül;büúh nigrlktwk. tmbn;diesimgaccarbpbénfambl KWmin 42

45 tmbn;diesim RKan;EtGacTajykGus nigfüúgb:uenñahet Et vagacpþl;fambledayerbikmlamgtwkpgedr. etahbicay:agnak¾eday knøgmk RbeTskm<úCa )ansagsg;eragcrkgkáisnierbicrnþtwkfn;tuc myycmnyn ehiytmnb;sþak;twkenhkwmanplb:h Bal;xøaMgeTAelIkarbMlas;TIrbs;RtIenAeBl EdlkMBugsagsg; ehiysmng;enhk¾caepñkmyy énkmeragsþartmnb;rbb½n ersacrsbsþwgcinitkñúg extþkmbg;fm nigcarbeptsmng;lmdab;ti2ena GasIu EdlrMBwgTukfa smng;enhnwgcab;epþim dmenirkarenarduvvssaqñam tmbn;diesimmantmélxagvb,fm pgedr. tméltamgenhcaeroy²rtuv)anerobcmefivenarduv bunüepsg²ducca bunügumtukrbcamqñam Edl R)arB efivenaedimrduvensat nigcugrduvrbmul plrsuv. karsiksa)anbgðajegayexijfa vacakar lm)akedim,iegaytmélenakñúgvaküs½bþepñkesdæ kic edaysaretmanmefüa)ayepsg² Edl sáal;edayrkumepsg² nigkaryl;dwgenaman kmrittab eliepñkmuxgaregkulúsiu. vabgðajfa diesimmansarsmxan; BiesscMeBaHkarRbkbrbr ciba wmcivit nigsuxmalpabrbs;rbcablrdæena Tab b:uenþvabgðajfa mankarlm)akedim,iefivkar )a:n;rbman tmélrbs;vaetadl;rbcablrdærki RkenAeBlEdlplitpl nigesvakmµmin)an culkñúgesdækic TIpSar nigkarttylsáal;enaman kmrittab. enakñúgeblgvtþmantmélénrubiy b½nñ karsiksa)anbba ak;fa diesimgacmantmél Tak;TgeTAnwgPaKryénkarcUlrYmrbs;RbCa BlrdæcMeBaHmuxrbrciBa wmcivit. vagacevkejk BIkarcUlrYmvaytMélEpñkesdækic éndiesimeta kñúgekalneya)ayeliktwkcitþdl;karerbir)as; FnFanRbkbedaycIrPaB nigcyykat;bnßypab RkIRk. RbPB³ mcämnðlclplbipbelak KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ 43

46 09 Clpl

47 Clpl PaBsMbUrEbbénFnFanClplrbs;RbeTs km<úcartuv)anttylsáal; niggaccaktþamyykñúg kartak;tajgñkcmnyjbibnþarbetsepsg² man ³ cin B½rTuyhÁal; Cbu:n nigrbets hulg; enamunebledl)aramgculmkdak;gana nikmenastvtsti19. kñúgkmlúggananikm niym)aramg GaCJaFr)anbegáIteGaymankic snüa CYlLÚt ensat nigbegáitc,ab;ensat EdlCac,ab;elIkTI1rbs;RbeTskm<úCa. eyag tamr)aykarn_qñam 1910 RbeTskm<úCa)annaM ecjplensatrbehl 50/ 000etan nigenatsvtsqñam1920 nig1930 GñkCMnYj cin)annamecjplitplrtiegotcmnyn 25/000 etan kñúgmyyqñam etakan;rbets\nðúensuiet myybu:enñah. sm<afetaelifnfanclplmankarekin xøamgeligedaysarkmeninrbcablrdæ. enaqñam 1940 plitplrtisrubmanrbman 120/000etan Edlcab;BIeBlenaHmk kmenin RbCaBlrdæekInbIdg )ancmrujdl;karensatrti mankarekineligya:gehacnas;dl; 400/000etan¼qñaM RtwmqñaM2000 cmenkékar vaytméleblfµi²enhbgðajfa karensatrti RbcaMqñaMmanRbmaN700/000etan. Tak;Tg etanwgtméllt plenh karensat mankarrb NaMgRbECgCamYyTinñplRsUvEdlpþl;x<s;bMput eliplitplkñúgrsuksrub EdlGacvas;lT pl TMnij nigesvakmµrbs;rbets)an. karensatrtitwksabenarbetskm<úca man visalpabfmbmputenaelibipbelak Tak;Tgnwg brimanrti EdlensaT)anrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. edayep kelikarensatmanlkçn³gpirksenah plensatttyl)anman RbmaN 400>000etan EdlCaplmYysßitkñúglMdab; x<s;ti4 enaelibipbelakbnþab;birbetscin \NÐa bg;køaeds. ebivaytmélx<s;cagenh RbeTskm<úCa Cab;lMdab;elx2ebIeRbobeFob CamYyRbeTscin kñúgkarensatrtitwksab ehiykarensatepsgetotpakercinmanlkçn³ CaRTg;RTaytUc KWCakarensaTtamlkçN³ RKYsar. rdæ)alclpl)anniyayfa enaqñam 2003 plitplrtisrubkwhysbikarsµan {ekinx<s;cagqñamknøgmk} nig)anpþl;b½t manfa GRtaénkarensaTtamRKYsarnImYy² )anføak; cuhrsbnwgtmélrtienatipsar. naykdæan)an elikeligfa {RbePTFM²kMBugmankarFøak;cuH ehiycmnysedayrtituc²edlgayekit nigqab; FMFat; b:uenþmantméltab}. enaqñam 1940 kar ensatttyl)anpl 347 K>k b:uenþrhutdl; Clpl 45

48 Clpl karensatrtg;rtaytuc mfüm nigfm Gnuelamtamc,ab;qñaM 1987 karensatena RbeTskm<úCaRtUv)anEckCa 3RbePT KW RTg;RTay tuc mfüm nigfm EdlEp ktamtmhmén]bkrn_ensat 52RbePT nigmanvisalpabtinñplttyl)an. rdæ)alclpl)anebgeck]bkrn_ensatcag 100RbePTepSgeTot EdlRbePTTaMgenaHminman EcgenAkñúgc,ab;eT. ]bkrn_ensatrtg;rtaytuc EdlTTYl)anbrimaNplRtIcenøaHBIBak;kNþal nig2¼3 énbrimanplensatcaerogral;qñam CakarensaTtamlkçN³RKYsar nigmantitamgena CuMvijbwgTenøsab eday)anerbir)as;]bkrn_fn;tucducca ³ mg niglb ehiykarensat EdlmanRTg;RTaytUcdUecñH mintmruvegaymanlixitgnubaøatiþ nigefivkarensat)anry³ eblebjmyyqñam. RKYsarEdlmanmuxrbrensaTesÞIrEt90 énrkysarsrub ekeco Cak;fa)aneRbIR)as;]bkrN_RTg;RTaytUc. enaqñam 1995 ]bkrn_ensatmancmnyn 85/000eRKÓg EdlGacensaTRtI)anRbmaN 700K>k kñúgmyyrkysar nigbrimanplrti EdlRbmUl)anelIsBI2¼3 enakñúgextþkmbg;qñamg nig)at;dmbg. karensatrtienatam valersenacumvijbwgtenøsab GacRbmUlpl)anrhUtdl; 100/000etan kñúgmyyqñam EdlbrimaNenHesµInwg 1¼4 énplrtiedlensat)anenatutamgrbets. karensatrtg;rtaymfüm RbmUlpl)anRbEhl1¼4 énplensatrbcamqñam enhcakar ensatmanlkçn³cabanic kmµ nigrtuv)angnubaøatþegayefivkarensatenacenøahextula nig Ex]sPab:ueNÑaH KWenAeBlTwkTenøcab;epþImRsk. karensatrbeptenhmincam)ac;tmruvegay mangacjab½nñet ehiy]bkrn_smxan;man mgsmrab;erbir)as;kñúgkarensat. enakñúgqñam1995 manlmenadæanrbehl 9000RKYsar rs;enacumvijbwgtenøsab efvikarensatcalkçn³rtg;rtay mfüm ehiyplensatttyl)ancamfümman 5/3etan¼RKYsar kñúgmyyqñam. karensatrtg;rtayfmmanrbehl 5 énkarensatsrub ehiykarensatenhkwman lkçn³ca]ssahkmµ nigbak;b½n smxan;eliepñklút ensat EdlRtUv)anCYlry³eBl2qñaM. ]bkrn_ensatpakercingacrkbdnþb;épþditmhmfmducca day niggyn. enaqñam 1995 plensat mfümtamlút nimyy²manrbman 54/1etan. ehiykaredayerbir)as;]bkrn_ensatducca dayrti manenatenøsabxagecigrkugpñ MeBjRtUv)ankMNt;CakarensaTedayRTg;RTayFMpgEdr. RbPB³ rdæ)alclpl 46

49 nabak;knþaltsvtsr_ qñam1990 bgðajfa pl ensatrtikñúgmñak;²mankarføak;cuhdl; 192 K>k KWesµInwg 45. plensatenabwgtenøsab manrbman 60 énplitplrtitwksabsrubenakñúgrbets km<úca. eyagtammcämnðlrtibipbelak )anvaytmélkalbiqñam2005 RbCaBlrdæ 1>25lannak; rs;enaextþcumvijbwgtenøsabbwg Ep keliplitplrti nigfnfanvaricati smrab; CaGahar nigcivpabrs;enarbs;bykkat; b:uenþ Ep ktamkarrsavrcavedayelkmyyenaextþ kmbg;qñamg nigesomrab rbs;kn³kmµkartenø emkgá)ane)ahbum<psayenaqñam1998 )anegay dwgfa RbCaBlrdæEdlBwgEp ketaeliplitpl RtImanRbmaN 1>17lannak;. karsiksafµi enh)anegaydwgfa extþcmnyn05 enacumvijbwg TenøsabmancMnYnRbCaBlrdæ RKYsar CaGñkensaT nigmancmnynshkmn_ensatcmnyn 145shKmn_. tamr)aykarn_qñam2006 rbs;vitüasßan RsavRCav niggpivdæn_ensattwksab énrdæ)al Clpl )anefivkar)a:n;rbmantmélplensat nigfnfanvaricatidétetot EdlTTYl)anBIbwg Tenøsabman 233lan duløa¼qñam. r)ay karn_enhep ktamtyelxr)ak;cmnulelirbcacn cmnyn 209/000RKYsar EdlBYkKat;rs;enAeday BwgEp kelifnfanvaricatisßitkñúg extþkmbg;qñamg esomrab )at;dmbg ebaf sat; nigkmbg;fm RBm TaMgmanR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaMsrubman 215lan duløa¼qñam KWesµInwg 172duløa¼RKYsar Edlman smacik 6nak;CamFüm. benßmetaelitmélén cmnulenh 13landuløa KWCatMél EdlbgðajBI plrtiensatsmrab;briepakcacagsmrab;yk etalk;edlesµinwg 63duløa¼RKYsar ehiynig tmél 5landuløabEnßm KWCatMélEdlRbCaBl rdættylpl)anbirukçcati nigstvrs;enakñúgtwk EdlRtUv)ancat;TukCasm,tþirYm. karbriepak RtIRbcaMqñaMrbs;RbCaCnenACuMvijbwgTenøsabRtUv photo: eleanor briggs Wcs Clpl 47

50 Clpl )an)a:n;rbmanfaman 76K>k kñúgmnussmñak; EdlCaGRtax<s;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigcagrta x<s;bmputenaelibipbelakpgedr. cmnul)anbifnfanvaricatienatmbn;bwgtenøsab xñat landuløa kar)a:n;sµanr)ak;cmnulrbcamqñamsmrab;rkysaredlbwgep ketafnfanvaricati bukbenßmelikarerbi R)as;RtItamlMenAsßan nigpledlrbmul)anbistv rukçcatirs;enakñúgtwk kñúgextþkmbg;qñamg extþebaf sat; extþ)at;dmbg extþesomrab nig extþkmbg;fm. kmritr)ak;cmnulrkysar kmbg;qñamg ebaf sat; )at;dmbg esomrab kmbg;fm srub 1/000 16>2 13>7 15>2 12>8 12>7 70>6 1/001-2/000 7>1 11>6 9>5 8>0 7>9 44>1 2/001-5/000 4>9 19>8 13>3 11>2 11>1 60>3 > 5/000 3>1 12>2 9>3 7>8 7>7 40>1 srub cmnul 31>3 57>2 47>3 39>9 39>4 215>1 karensat smrab; erbir)as;kñúgpþh 1/8 3/6 2/8 2/4 2/4 13>0 BBYkstV nigrukçcatikñúgtwk 5>0 vaytmél srub 33>1 60>8 50>1 42>3 41>8 233>1 RbPB³ rdæ)alclpl eyagtamr)aykarn_ )anbgðajegaydwgfa RbCaCnrs;enACuMvijbwgTenøsabmanmux rbrciba wmcivitbwgep kx<s;etaeliplensat nigfnfanvaricatidétetot. RbCaBlrdæRbmaN 150/000RKYsar esþiret 1¼3PaK énrkysartamggs;sßiterkamexsbnþab;énpabrkirk manr)ak; cmnulrbcamqñam1/000duløa b ticcag EdlmFüm 470duløa¼qñaM b RbEhl78duløa¼mñak;. Bak;B½n karensatedayrtg;rtaytuc EdlmankarekIneLIgeFIVeGayRKYsarRkIRk EdlBwgEp ktamgrsugeli FnFanvarICati smrab;civpabrbs;bykek )anbgðajfa man32 énr)ak;cmnulsrub. pþúymkvij RKYsarGñkman 12 rkr)ak;cmnul)anercincag 2/000duløa¼qñaMRtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfa manesþir EtBak;kNþalénR)ak;cMNUlEdlrk)anedayRKYsarenACuMvijbwgTenøsabTaMgmUlEdlBwgEp kelifn FankñúgTwk. karsiksabgðajfa RKYsarEdlrkR)ak;cMNUleRcInenH TMngCaemRKYsar Cam as;lút ensat b Bak;B½n karensatfunmfüm. 48

51 RKYsarEdlrs;enAtMbn;bwgTenøsabrs;enAedayBwgEp ketaelifn FankñúgTwk RKYsarmansmaCikmFümcMnYn 06 nak; enakñúgextþ kmbg;qñamg extþebaf sat; extþ)at;dmbg extþesomrab nigextþkmbg;fm Clpl kmritr)ak;cmnul kmbg;qñamg ebaf sat; )at;dmbg esomrab kmbg;fm srub $ 1/000 39/742 24/630 32/384 27/309 26/ /988 $ 1/001-2/000 5/746 8/479 7/196 6/069 5/983 33/473 $ 2/001-5/000 1/915 5/653 4/048 3/414 3/365 18/395 >$ 5/ /615 1/349 1/138 1/122 5/703 srub 47/882 40/376 44/978 37/929 37/ /560 RbPB³ rdæ)alclpl rdæ)alclpl)anbba ak;fa PaBxusKñaTaMgRsugénR)ak;cMNUlkñúgtMbn;bwgTenøsabKWCa {bbaða F n;f rmyyedlcam)ac;rtuvetbgðaj} edim,iegayexijbikarbwgep kkmritx<s;etaelifnfanvaricatikñúg cmenamrkumrkysarrkirkbmput. naykdæan)anniyayfa karrbyy)armµn_bicivpabrs;enarbs;bykek ducca kargnubaøategayculensatedaysuvtþipab nigsit icamuldæanetaelisnþisuxes,óg elikargar kargb;rm nigkareftamsuxpabrtuv)anbba ak;enakñúgkic BiPakSaGMBIkarRKb;RKgRbkbedaynirnþrPaBén FnFanClpl nigrbb½n egkulúsuienabwgtenøsab. RkumRKYsarEdlrs;enAbwgTenøsabman Exµr cin evotnam nigcam. eyagtamr)aykarn_)anbgðajfa lt plrbcamqñam etaelifnfanvaricatienatmbn;bwgtenøsab EdlP ab;mkcamyy minmandak;bba ÚlnUvtMélénRbB½n egkulúsiu rwtmélsgámmkcamyyet. CagenH etaetot r)aykarn_)anbba ak;fa FnFanClpl nigfnfanvaricatidétetot KWRKan;EtCaEpñk myyéntmbn;diesimtuetarbs;bwgtenøsab EdlrYmmandUcCa ³ Tenø sþwg bwg valers érblictwk nigtmbn;epsgetotb:uenñah. r)aykarn_)ancmtas;fakyretbba ÚltMélénTMnak;TMngtMbn;dIesImbwg TenøsabeTAkñúgenaHedayeyagelImuxrbrciBa wmcivitrbs;rbcablrdæ nigkarbwgep ketafnfanrbs; BYKeK. RbPB³ rdæ)alclpl/ KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ 49

52 Clpl karensatedaydayrtimanenakñúgr)aykarn_qñam 2006 karensatd¾smxan;1kñúgrbb½n bwgtenøsabkw karensatedayerbi]bkrn_day enaépþtenøxagecigti RkugPñMeBjEdlensaT)anRtwmEtRtIerol enaebledl BYkvacakecjBIbwgrvagExtula nigkumö³caerogral;qñam. karensatday CaFmµtaTTYl)anBI 4-5 énkar ensatrbcamqñamrbs;rbcacn k¾bu:enþenakñúgqñam karensatekinetvdgrhutdl;30/000etan kmritx<s;bmputcab;tamgbimankarrtytbinitütamrbb½n Edlcab;epþImenAqñaM1995. KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ )anraykarn_enabak;knþalqñam 2006fa karbrgáab elikarensatxusc,ab;etaelikarerbi]bkrn_dayman karekineligbirdæ)alclplqñam2004 nig2005. manktþaepsg²edlefviegayrtimanpab smburercinelislubenarduvkalmun EdlekIneLIgedaylkç½x½NÐGMeNaypll BIbrisßan. RbPB³ KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ photos: Mitchell Isaacs 50

53 10 shkmn_ensat

54 shkmn_ensat shkmn_ensat eyagtamgnurkwtü sþibi karrkb;rkg shkmn_ensat Edl)anRbkasedaysemþc naykrdæmrnþi h un Esn manrbsasn_nabak; knþalqñam2005 fa RbCaBlrdærs;enAkñúgEdn ensat b enacitednensatgacbegáitshkmn_ ensatedaysµ½rkcitþ. smacikrbs;shkmn_ RtUvEtCaRbCaBlrdæExµr nigmantilmenakñúgedn ensat. RbCaBlrdæRtUvEtGnuvtþdUcteTA ³ RKb;RKgkarensaTTwksab nigrbb½n egkulú suienatamtmbn;edlkat;ecjbilút ensat. RKb;RKgFnFanClplRbkbedaynirnþrPaB nig smfm. begiánkaryl;dåg nigttylsáal;gmbigtß RbeyaCn_énFnFanClpltamry³karkar Bar nigkarrkb;rkg. pþl;rkbxnðc,ab;smrab;begáitshkmn_ ensat nig elikkmbs;sþg;darénkarrs;ena nigkat;bnßy PaBRkIRk shkmn_ensatgacttylhirbaøvtßúbivipak Tanrbs;smaCik GMeNay CMnYyrbs; rdæapi)al BIGgÁkarGnþrCati GgÁkarminEmn rdæapi)al nigr)ak;cmnulrsbc,ab;dét etót. smacikshkmn_ensattmruvegayekarb btbba arbs;rdæ)alclpl nigculrymkñúgkar begiáttmbn;gpirks. BYkeKk¾TTYlxusRtUvpgEdr elikarfana)annuvsit iesµikñadl;smaciktamggs; ducca kargnuvtþn_c,ab; karefviepnkarrkb;rkg nigkarcuhkic RBmeRBogCamYynaykdæan. smaciktamggs;rumcamyysmtßkic mansit i kñúgkarrwbgusvtßútagénkarensatxusc,ab; kar rmelapc,ab; nigxat;xøüncnelµis. b:uenþbykek mingacefvigvimyyenaxagkñúgtmbn;shkmn¾ ensatedaybmumankargnubaøatbirdæ)alcl pl)aneliy. BYkeKBMumansiT ikat;cacmenk b begáitcakmµsit iékcnenakñúgkenøgensat 52

55 shkmn_ensat shkmn_ b cuhkic RBmeRBógNamYy CamYyGñk xagerka sum,ietkñúgkarsavrcavepñkvitüasarsþ k¾eday. shkmn_nimyy²rtuvdwknamedaykn³kmµa FikarEdlmansmaCik 5rUb 7rUb b 11rUb RtUv )anercistamg edaykare)aheqñatedaysmgat; smrab;gantþi 5qñaM. bukáledlttyl)ansmelg eqñatercincagek nwgrtuvercistamg CaRbFan KN³kmµaFikar nigbukáledlttylsmelgx<s; TI2 nwgrtuvercistamgcagnurbfan. m nþigacjafr Clpl nigsmacikrkumrbwksaxmunwgrtuvgeba Ij culrymsegátkare)aheqñat Etvtþmanrbs;BYk Kat;minEmncUlrYmkare)aHeqñateLIy. KN³kmµaFikarRKan;EtCaGgÁkarEdl)an RbKl;siT ikñúgkardak;baküetardæ)alclpl edim,ismukargnum½telikic RBmeRBogshKmn_ ensat Edlbnþry³eBlminelIsBI 3qñaM. KN³kmµaFikarshKmn_ensaTGacesñIsMurk CMnYybec ketsbim nþiclpl nigbukálnana edim,ierobcmesckþirbagelikic RBmeRBog shkmn_ensat. kic RBmeRBogtMrUveGayman P ab;mkcamyynuvepntimartdæan 1³ bba IeQµaHsmaCikTaMgGs; nigsmacikkn³kmµa FikarshKmn_ lkçnþik³ nigbtbba aépþkñúg nig esckþieføgkarn_gmbiekalbmngrbs;shkmn_ ensat. esckþirbagénkic RBmeRBog RtUv RbkasbiTpSayCasaFarN³ nigtamkariya l½ynanarbs;rdæapi)alenakñúgxmu nigrsuukman ry³ebl30éf. m nþixmu Rsuk RtUvEtTTYlxus RtUvedaHRsayTMnas; rdæ)alclplttyl xusrtuvelikargnum½telismeni edim,ibnþkic RBm erbogkñúgry³ebl 30éf mungs;sublpab. kic RBmeRBogRtUvbnþedaysV½yRbvtþi RbsinebI rdæ)alclpl min)anefivesckþicundmnwg eqøiytbetanwgsmenismubnþry³eblsublpab énkic RBmeRBogkñúgry³eBl 30éf. kic RBmeRBogkEnøgensaTshKmn_ Gac cat;tukcaemax³muneblgs;sublpab Rbsin ebishkmn_)anbmpøajfnfan edayxkxanmin )angnuvtþ edayrmelapelibtbba aépþkñúg b bt 53

56 shkmn_ensat bbaøtþiepsg². kic RBmeRBogGac cat;tukca emax³ RbsinebIrdæaPi)alsMercfa tmbn;enhrtuv dak;smrab;erbir)as;carbeyacn_safarn³ nig RbeyaCn_sgÁm. kic RBmeRBogkEnøgensaT shkmn_ GacRtUv)ancat;TukCaemaX³pgEdr tamsmenibismacikkn³kmµafikar Edlman smelg 2¼3. erkaybittyl)ankic RBmeRBogEdl)an Gnum½trYcehIy KN³kmµaFikarshKmn_ensaT GacesñIsMubec ketsbigacajfr smtßkic Clpl edim,ierobcmepnkarrkb;rkg. ry³eblénsubl PaBEpnkarenH RtUvmandUcKñaeTAnwgsuBlPaB énkic RBmeRBogkEnøgensaTshKmn_pgEdr b:uenþrtuvetefivkarbinitüeligvijedaykariyal½y Clpl extþ¼rsuk Caerogral;qñaM. smacik KN³kmµaFikarRtUvcUlrYmRtYtBinitü vaytmél EpnkarRKb;RKg edim,ifananirnþrpabénedn ensat rdæ)alclplrtuvkarepnkarrkb; RKgedIm,IBinitüeLIgvijedayGnuelamtam brifanc,ab;edlbak;b½n nwgkarensat. 54 rdæ)alclpl)anrbkasfa karpøas;bþúr etarktmrg;fµirtwmrtuv {Canic kaletgetman CMelaHfµI² sm<½n PaBfµI kalanuvtþpab nigkar KMramkMEhgepSg²}. rdæ)alelikeligfa ena dmnak;kalpøas;bþúrénrbetskm<úca cmebah shkmn_ensat lt PaBeRcInGacekItmaneLIg {vanwgkøaycakarrihkit edayep ketatamsbþ safukarbr CaCagkarBitkñúgsm½ykal ebizan³ tampøúvc,ab;rtuv)anttylsit ifµicmebahshkmn_ nwgrtuv)anekarbedaysmacikenakñúgsgám. } edaydwgbilt PaBénPaBtantwgfµIrbs;sgÁm nigkarcyydl;rbcablrdæ edim,iedahrsay CMelaHtamtMbn; duecñhvanwgkøaycakic karsmxan; myy EdlminRtwmEtTIPñak;garrdæaPi)alb:ueNÑaH et GgÁkarsgÁmsIuvilk¾mankarCab;Bak;B½n kñúg kargpivdæshkmn_ensatpgedr. rdæ)alclpl )anbegáitbnþal½ytam bnþaextþ CamYyGgákares,ógGahar ksikmµ nigggákar NGO Forum. rdæapi)alkm<úcamanrkumskmµpabclpl )anbrgik400rkumkargarbenßmetót. k¾b:uenþ karerobcmenahmintan;)anyl;rbmenaeliy mankargarbnþcarcinedlnwgbba b;edayecak C½ynaeBlxagmux. eyagtamgnurkwtü sþibi karrkb;rkg shkmn_ensat Edl)anRbkasedaysemþc naykrdæmrnþi h un Esn manrbsasn_nabak; knþalqñam2005fa smaciktamggs; rymcamyy smtßkic mansit ikñúgkarrwbgusvtßútagénkar ensatxusc,ab; karrmelapc,ab; nigxat;xøüncn elµis. b:uenþeyagtamgnurkwtüenahminegay smacikshkmn_ensatculrymet. RbPB ³ rdæ)alclpl

57 11 karrkb;rkgérbeqi enaextþesomrab

58 karrkb;rkgérbeqienaextþesomrab karrkb;rkgérbeqiena extþesomrab RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgtMbn; nigmkbixagerkatm bn;)anerbir)as;fnfanfmµcatiextþesomrab CayUrNas;mkehIy edaymin)anbicarnagmbi vifikñúgkarttylplrbkbedaynirnþrpab nigkar GnuvtþdéTeToteT. skmµpabebbenhbgðaj egayexijbirbb½n {ebikcmh} edayehtufafn Fan RtUv)ancat;TukCasm,tþisaFarN³ b Cakmµ sit irbs;shkmn_edlenaek,r. karerbir)as; FnFanhYsRbmaN KWCaeRKaHfñak;F n;f rena tmbn;érblictwkenacmuvijbwgtenøsab etahbica mankarxitxmrbwgerbgbigacjafrmuldæan nigggá karerkardæapi)aly:agnak¾eday k¾karerbi R)as;edayminmannirnþrPaBelIFnFanksikmµ Clpl nigérbeqi edayminkitkurenaetbnþ. enakñúgepñkksikmµ ksikr)ankab;bmpøaj érblictwkedim,ibegáinépþdiers nigdamsenþk. tamr)aykarn_érblictwkenaxagecigbwgtenø 56 sabmanrbman 400hikta RtUv)anrgkar bmpøaj edim,ibrgikdismrab;ksikmµ Edlkarran diérblictwkebbenh minrtuv)ankmnt;kñúgbbaøtþi c,ab;enahet. enakñúgepñkclpl plensat)anføak;cuh edaysarkarensatxusc,ab; nigkarbmpøajcmrk RtIBg nigkarbnþbucrbs;rti. skmµpabensat xusc,ab;enarduvrtibgedaymanducca kar ensat edayerbi]bkrn_gkáisni karqk;rti nigkarensatedayerbi]bkrn_gynxñatfm. enatmbn;erbkrsemac manpumimyyenakñúgrsuk surtnikm)anegaydwgfa karensatrbcaméf rbs;gñkensatkñúgshkmn_)anføak;cuhbi 10K>Rk mkena 3K>k kñúgmyyéf EdlkarFøak; cuhenhmanry³ebl2qñam knøgmkehiy. enakñúgepñkérbeqi el,ónénkarkab;eqi kalbieblfµi²smrab;tipsarnamecj nigkarrbmul TijeQIsMrab;TIpSarenAkñúgRsuk mingactb;sáat; )anet. érbeqirkbdnþb;enacmuvijbwgtenøsab )anttylrgkarhinehacya:gf n;f redaysar karkab;eqiedayxusc,ab; nigkarbmpøajérb lictwk. etahcaskmµpabkab;eqirtuv)an kmnt;edayc,ab;k¾eday b:uenþcmebahkarrkgus nigeqismrab;erbir)as;tamlmenadæan enaminman sßab½nnattylxusrtuvenaeliyet. edim,iedahrsaynuvbbaðaénkarerbir)as;fn FanminRbkbedaynirnþrPaBenAbwgTenøsab enahtipñak;garrdæapi)al Gñkpþl;CMnYyGnþrCati nigggákarerkardæapi)alepsg²etot)ancmruj nuvrbbrkb;rkgedayshkmn_ edim,iekerb reboberbir)as;fnfan. KMeragEdl)anpþÜcepþIm edayggákar es,óggahar nigksikmµrbs; shrbcacati (FAO) EdlKMeragenH)anykcitþ

59 Tukdak;elIenAtMbn;fñl;dac;manépÞdI 2660hikta enakñúgrsuksurtnikmedlcati kenøgfnfanfmµcatirtuv)anrgkarbmpøaj nig )at;bg;. CagenHeTot épþtmbn;enheckca érblictwkman 830hikta tmbn;valesµa 789hikta bwgerbkrsemac 500hikta dismrab;ksikmµrduvr)amg 417hikta nig épþdamqukman 125hikta. KMeragRKb;RKgshKmn_fñl;dac;)anbgðaj fa RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_minmancMeNHdwgGMBI vifirkb;rkgfnfanfmµcati ehiynigbykkat;min mankarttylxusrtuv edaysarbykkat;minyl; dwgbikarbak;b½n nwgkarsmerccitþelikarerobcmfn FanenaHy:agNa. ]TahrN_ RbCaBlrdæmin Føab;)anTTYlkarRbwkSaeyabl;elIbTbBaØtþi c,ab;tak;tgnwgkarensatxusc,ab;et b:uenþbyk Kat;RtUvTTYlkarpakBin½yeTAtamc,ab;eTA vij. b:uenþkarxvhxatkarttylxusrtuvenah )an laylmcamyyrbcablrdæ Edlrs;enAEk,rtMbn; enah EdlGacecjcUlensaTenAtMbn;éRBlic TwkedayBMumankarRBYy)armµN_GMBIplb:HBal; F n;f rénkar)at;bg;fnfanedlekitmaneliy. edim,iedahrsaybbaðatamgenh emxmu nig GPi)alRsuk RBmTaMgGPi)alextþpgEdr)an Gnum½telIrcnasm<½n RKb;RKgshKmn_fµIsMrab; RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgtMbn; EdlCaGñkeRbIR)as; FnFanTaMgenH. RKb;TIPñak;garrdæaPi)alTaMg Gs; EdlTTYlxusRtUvelIkarRKb;RKgFnFan FmµCati )angnum½tvifisa sþesvgrkkargpirks nigkarrkb;rkgfnfanfmµcatiedaypþl;pl RbeyaCn_dl;shKmn_. edayeyagtam rebobénkarrkb;rkgshkmn_enh karrs;ena rbs;rbcablrdæedlrs;enakñúg nigek,rtitamg tmbn;gnuvtþkmerag mansit iculrymkñúgkarrkb; RKgFnFanFmµCatishKmn_ tamry³karercis eriskn³kmµafikar. c,ab; nigbtbbaøtþitamg Gs;RtUvEtmankarGnum½tyl;RBmedayGaCJaFr muldæan nigtipñak;garrdæapi)al. dmnak;kalti1 énkargnum½tc,ab;fµienaqñam 1997 enaebledlrksygksikmµ rukçarbmaj; nigensat )anerobcmtmbn;fñl;dac;casßaniy_ RsavRCavKMrUmYy. karrsavrcavcabnþbnþab; RtUv)anBinitüeTAelIRbvtþi Epñkesdækic nigfn FanFmµCatirbs;shKmn_ nigqandl;karerob cmsikçasala edim,ierobcmepnkarrkb;rkg. rdæ)alclpl )angnum½telibtbbaøtþiedl Bak;B½n enaqñam KMnitpþÜcepþImrbs;shKmn_RtUv)anTTYl ykcab;bimankardak;bba ÚlnUvkmµviFIdaMéRBlic TwkeLIgvij nigsiksarsavrcavetaelirbeptén ]bkrn_ensatedlrtuv)anerbir)as;minrbkb edaynirnþrpab. bbaðacagatipabman karkat; bnßykarensatxusc,ab; nigkarkab;bmpøajérb lictwk. edayelkkarkat;bnßyl\dæ Edl erbir)as;eqimkbiérblictwk k¾cagatipabmyy epsgetot edayrsbcamyynwgkargb;rmdl; RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgshKmn _edim,ikarbarfn FanFmµCati. RbPB³ KN³kmµkarCatiTenøemKgÁ 57 photo: allan michaud Wcs karrkb;rkgérbeqienaextþesomrab

60 photo: terry wooltorton L&L 12 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y

61 KuNPaBTwk niggnam½y mulnifiggákarshrbcacatismrab;kumar (UNICEF) )anefvikar)a:n;rbmanfa RbCaCnticCag 30 enacnbt)anttyltwks aterbir)as; nigticcag 10 TTYl)anRbB½n Gnam½yRKb;RKan; Edl GRtaenHsßiitkñúgcMeNaménGRtaTabbMputenAelIBiPBelak. CamYynwgkarvinieyaKTuntictYc kñúgkar FanaelIesßrPaBbrimaN b RtYtBinitüelIKuNPaBenH PaKeRcInénRKYsarRkIRkenAtamCnbT tmbn; dac;rsyal enaetbwgelitwkerkamdi TwkePøóg nig TwkenAtambwgbYrepSg². RbPBepSgeTot)anbgðajfaRbCaCnmYycMnYnmanbgÁn;eRbIR)as; GagsþúkTwk briepaktwkdambuh nig myycmnyn)ansmgatéd)anrtwmrtuvmuneblbriepak. skmµpabtamgenhkyrecketadl;tmbn;edl mancmgwedltak;tgxøamgetanwgtwk CaBiessenAkñúgcMeNamRbCaCnCnbTRkIRk nigetadl;kenøgedl mangrtamrn³x<s;rbs;kumarmangayuticcag 5qñaM. karerbir)as;twkedlkµansuvtißpabgars½y edayvtþmanénbbykemerakedlrs;enakñúgtwk nigsarfatubmbulkwcakarb:hbal;dl;suxpab plit PaB nigsmtßpabénkareronsurt. KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y suxpab-tinñn½ycak;esþgbitwk niggnam½y unicef 2002 RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlTTYl)anTwks atebir)as; 34 RbCaCnTIRkugEdlTTYl)anTwks aterbir)as; 58 RbCaCnCnbTEdlTTYl)anTwks aterbir)as; 29 RbCaCnkm<úCaEdlTTYl)anRbB½n Gnam½y 16 RbCaCnTIRkugEdlTTYl)anRbB½n Gnam½y 53 RbCaCnCnbTEdlTTYl)anRbB½n Gnam½y 8 tamkarsegátexijbisßanpabfµi²éngnam½y nigkunpabtwkenakñúgrbets racrdæapi)alkm<úca )anrbmerbogelignusbaøasþibi karrkb;rkgelikarbmbultwkenaqñam1999. GnusBaØaenHmaneKal bmngedim,ikat;bnßykarbmbultwk nigefviegayrbesireligelikarrkb;rkgkaksmnl;ravsmrab;esßr PaBKuNPaBTwks atsmrab;karerbir)as;rbs;mnuss. 59

62 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y Tinñn½yTwks at nigrbb½n Gnam½yl smrab;extþtamgr)amcmuvijbwgtenøsab extþkmbg;qañmg srub TIRkug CnbT Twks at (%) 19/3 51/9 16/2 Twkma:sIun rw Twkk,alma:sIun 0/8 3/7 0/6 GNþÚgsñb; GNþÚgxYg 17/4 41/1 15/1 TwkTij 1/1 7/1 0/5 TwkKaµnGnam½y 80/7 48/1 83/8 GNþÚgCIk 52/9 25/9 55/5 TwkecjBIRkamdI Tenø GUr bwg RsH TwkePøóg 24/3 19/8 24/7 epsg² 3/5 2/4 3/6 srub bgán;gnam½ykñúgbrievn 6/0 29/9 3/7 RbPBBI RksYgEpnkar CMerOn kñúgqñam 1998 TwkenACnbT 16/2 TwkmanGnam½y TwkKµanGnam½y 83/8 60

63 extþebaf sat; srub TIRkug CnbT Twks at (%) 12/3 33/3 8/3 Twkma:suIn rw Twkk,alma:suIn 2/9 11/0 1/3 GNþÚgsñb; GNþÚgxYg 3/5 1/1 4/0 TwkTij 5/9 21/2 3/0 TwkKaµnGnam½y 87/7 66/7 91/7 GNþÚgCIk 53/3 31/1 57/5 TwkecjBIRkamdI Tenø GUr bwg RsH TwkePøóg 29 34/7 28/0 epsg² 5/4 0/9 6/2 srub bgán;gnam½ykñúgbrievn 8/5 20/8 6/2 RbPBBI RksYgEpnkar CMerOn kñúgqñam 1998 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y TwkenACnbT 8/3 Twks at TwkKµanGnam½y 91/7 61

64 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y extþ)at;dmbg srub TIRkug CnbT Twks at (%) 21/7 57/0 14/2 Twkma:suIn Twkk,alma:sIun 4/1 17/5 1/3 GNþÚgsñb; GNþÚgxYg 7/8 4/9 8/4 TwkTij 9/8 34/6 4/5 TwkKaµnGnam½y 78/3 43/0 85/8 GNþÚgCIk 37/8 22/3 41/0 TwkecjBIRkamdI Tenø GUr bwg RsH TwkePøóg 39/1 20/1 43/1 epsg² 1/4 0/6 1/7 srub bgán;gnam½ykñúgbrievn 19/9 56/2 12/2 RbPBBI RksYgEpnkar CMerOn kñúgqñam 1998 TwkenACnbT 14/2 Twks at TwkKµanGnam½y 85/8 62

65 extþesómrab srub TIRkug CnbT Twks at (%) 13/4 47/1 6/8 Twkma:suIn rw Twkk,alma:sIun 0/6 1/7 0/4 GNþÚgsñb; GNþÚgxYg 12/2 44/9 5/8 TwkTij 0/6 0/5 0/6 TwkKaµnGnam½y 86/6 52/9 93/2 GNþÚgCIk 69/7 38/0 76/0 TwkecjBIRkamdI Tenø GUr bwg RsH TwkePøóg 10/9 7/0 11/6 epsg² 6/0 7/9 5/6 srub bgán;gnam½ykñúgbrievn 6/6 28/1 2/4 RbPBBI RksYgEpnkar CMerOn kñúgqñam 1998 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y TwkenACnbT 6/8 Twks at TwkKµanGnam½y½ 93/2 63

66 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y extþkmbg;fm srub TIRkug CnbT Twks at (%) 3/6 15/3 2/1 Twkma:sIun rw Twkk,alma:sIun 1/7 7/2 1/0 GNþÚgsñb; GNþÚgxYg 1/4 6/1 0/8 TwkTij 0/5 2 0/3 TwkKaµnGnam½y 96/4 84/7 97/9 GNþÚgCIk 77/5 45/9 81/6 TwkecjBIRkamdI TenøGUr bwg RsH TwkePøóg 16/2 31/3 14/2 epsg² 2/7 7/5 2/1 srub bgán;gnam½ykñúgbrievn 13/1 35/2 10/3 RbPBBI RksYgEpnkar CMerOn kñúgqñam 1998 TwkenACnbT 2/1 Twks at TwkKµanGnam½y 97/9 64 Tinñn½y nigcmnucekaledaedl)anerbir)as;twks atenakm<úcaqñam 2015

67 RbCuMCn cmnuceda CnbT cmnuceda r)aykarn_ekaledagpiv]æn_ shssvtsr_ km<úca2003 KuNPaBTwk nig Gnam½y RksYgEpnkar)aneGaydwgfa enaqñam2003 r)aykarn_ekaledagpiv]æn_shssvtsr_km<úca 50 énrbcacncnbt Edl)anTTYlTwks atsmrab; qñam2015 ehiyek)a:n;sµanfa 80 EdlRbCa CnTIRkugTTYlTwks aterbir)as;. smrab;tirkug nigrbcumcnkm<úca nigsßitenaerkamcmnucedakmnt; 80 rbs;xøünrbehlca 10 RksYgEpnkar)aneGaydwgfa kñúgqñam2015 smamartrbcacnedl TTYlTwks aterbir)as;tmhmfmefgkw enatirkug nigtirbcmucn ehiymantmhmfmcagenatmbn;cnbt cmnyn enhetvrdgetadl; 27. RbCuMCn cmnuceda CnbT cmnuceda r)aykarn_ ekaledagpiv]æn_ shssvtsr_ km<úca

68 photo: Mitchell Isaacs 13 RbePTRtI nig stvkñúgtwkepsg²

69 RbePTRtI nigstvkñúg TwkepSg² TenøemKgÁmanRtIeRcInCag 1000RbePT bc úb,nñmanrbehl 500RbePT RtUv)aneK RbTHeXIjmanenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehiy RbmaNCag 200RbePT manenabwgtenøsab. edaysaretpabxus²kñaenh )anefivegayrtirs; enarkb;kenøg niggacrkcmniepsg²caercin smrab;karrs;enarbs;bykva. smrab;rbetsmyy EdlmanplitplRtIx<s;dUcCaRbeTskm<úCa CIv³cMruHmansar³sMxan;Nas; enaxn³ebledl vaedirtyca {KMrbsuvtßiPaB} enatamrduvnimyy². ]TahrN_ ³ kar)at;bg;nuvbbykrtimyycmnyn vaekiteligedaysarcmgw nigedaysarkar ensathysrbmanenakñúgrduvedlgacrtuv)an pþl;mkvijedaykarekinelignuvbbykdétepsg vij. BBYkRtI mancab;birtik itenakñúgersedlman RbEvg2sg;TIEm:Rt rhutdl;rtirac CaRtITwk sabedlmantmhmfmcagekbmputenaelibipb elak ehiyvagacmanrbevgrhutdl; 3Em:Rt. kan;etc,as;cagenhetotman ducca ³ RtIqøaMg RtIKl;raMg RtIr:s; RtIRkaj; ehiyenatambwg EdlCatMbn;TwksabenAxagkñúgk¾CaCMrkRtIdUc Ca ³ RtIkenÞag RtIkMBt RtIx wg RtIqøam RtIRkEbl nigrtidétcaercinetotpgedr. RtIrab;ry RbePTenAkñúgGMbUrCaeRcIn EdlmanTMrg;epSg² Kña mancmrkedlmancmnigahar niglkçn³én karkekiteligvij. etahbicabbykrtimyycmnyn)anbgenatam tmbn;valtmnabk¾eday k¾myycmnynfm)anpøas;ti etasmgmbgenatmbn;édtenøemkgáxageli ena Bay½BüRbeTskm<úCa enarbetslav nig RbeTsevotNam. erkaybirtibg ehiybykva )anviletakan;tmbn;valtmnab edim,irkcmnirhut dl;rduvtwktenøcab;epþimrsk. cmenktmbn;érb lictwkenacmuvijbwgtenøsabcatikenøsmbureta edaygaharciba wmya:gbiess. tmbn;bwgbyrmyycmnyn)ancyypþl;dl;stvkñúg TwkdéTeTot. stvtamgenhmanducca ³ RkeBI elos xüg Bs; GeNþIk kegáb kunk úk nigkmbws RBmTaMgstVsøab nigstvl itepsg²ducca ³ éc TwkCaedIm. RbeTskm<úCa briepakbbykvaricati RbmaNBI 50/000etan eta 100/000etan Caerogral;qñaM. etahbienarbetskm<úcaeyigsmburetaeday CIv³cMruH brimanrtiedlensat)anmancmnynercin bmputk¾eday EtkarensaTeFIVeLIgeTAelIRtI cmnynrbehl10rbept. eyagtamr)ay karn_énkarrsavrcavmyy Edl)aneFIVeLIgenA Bak;kNþalqñaM1990 )anbgðajfa ³ karensat RtUveFIVeLIgelIRtIcMnYnBI 44 eta 75RbePT ehiykarensatenh KWmanlkçN³CaRTg;RTayFM nigmfüm. BBYkRtIcMnYn 10RbePT EdlesµInwg 40 énbbykrtiedlrtuv)anensat. enatam LÚti ensatmanrbeptrtismxan;²ducca ³ RtIeqþa RtIerol RtIeqáak nigrtir)a. smrab;karensat edayerbidayenaxagecigtirkugpñmebjvij BBYk RtIEdlmaneRcInbnÞab;BIRtIerol KWRtIsøwkbJsSI nigrtirkus ehiybbykedlmanercinbnþab;etot KWRtIGacm_kuk RtIRBYl RtIq<inR)ak; nigrtir:s;. RtIEdlrs;enAvalTMnabmandUcCaRtIr:s; nig RtIeqþa EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa {RtIexµA} ehiy enaebledlvars;enakñúgtwkedlmansarfatu RbePTRtI nigstvkñúgtwkepsg² 67

70 photos: mrc RtIRkaj;-Climbing perch RtIRtsk;s-Thicklip Barb Soldier catfish RtIdMrI-Sand goby RtIerol-Trey Riel RtIk I-Indochina featherback RtIk,k-laotian shad RtIkaEhRkhm-Red tailed tinfoils Frogfish

71 KImIEdl)anmkBIkarrlYyBBYkrukçCatienaH )an ERbBN etacaexµa. RtIexµAKWvaGacFn;RTaMCamYynwgTwkEdlxVH GuksIuEsn ehiysmburedaycatigasiutercin EdlPaKeRcInvaGacdkdegðImykxül; niggac efivdmeniretarkrbpbtwkfµietot nigmyycmnyn etotvagacrkamgkñúgpk;rgcamrhutdl;mantwk CMnn;mkdl;. erkabirtieqþa EdlCaRbePTRtI exµamyyenakm<úca k¾manrbeptrtiepsg²etot ducca ³ RtIRkaj; RtIGENþg RtIkn r GnÞg; Edl RtITaMgGs;enHGacrs;enAedayKµanTwkkñúgry³ eblyur. BBYkRtIEdlmankarbMlas;TIBItMbn;TMnab eq<ahetakan;tenø KWvapøas;TIenArdUvTwkRsk KWCa RbePTRtIs EdlBBYkenHvars;enAesÞIrEtmYy CIvitrbs;vaenAkñúgTwkTenøhUr. BBYkRtITaMgenH KWCaRtIecjBITMnabdYcCa RtI qøamg rhutetadl;rti EdlmantMélx<s;KWRtIdMrI EdlRtITaMgenaHRtUv )annamyketalk;enatipsargnþrcatiducca hugkug swgðburi. BBYkRtIdéTeTotmandUcCa RtIR)a RtIsNþay RtIkaEh RtIeBa nigrtirbma:. enatmbn;tenøemkgámanbbykrticmnyn 9RbePT EdlRtYv)ancuHkñúgbBa IRkhménGgÁkarGnþrCati smrab;gpirksfmµcati EdlCaBBYkTTYlrgkar KMramkMEhgkñúgenaHman 6RbePT Føab;CaBBYk smxan;enakm<úca. RbePTRtIraCTTYlrgeRKaH fñak;y:agf n;f rmann½yfa varbqmmuxetanwg erkahfñak;y:agxøamgrhutdl;putbucenakñúgbbyk stv. enakñúgcmenamrticmnyn 5RbePT Edl )ancuhbba IsßitenAkñúgRbePTEdlkMBugrgkar KMramkMEhg nigkarkmramkmehgx<s;qanetakar putbucenahkw RtIRtsk; RtIt,k nigrti 3RbePT etotedlzitkñúgkmrit erkahfñak;tab kñúgenahman RtIRkay ehiykñúgbba IRkhmvijk¾mancuHRbePT RtIRtsk;s nigrtiebarbuy CaRbePTRtIEdlBMu manb½t manrkb;rkan;bgðajfartitamgbirrbept enhrgkarkmramkmehg b:uenþbbaðaenhtmruvegay manb½t manbenßmedim,ibba ak;. PaBsMbUrEbbénBBYkRtIcMnYn 6 RbePTenH )anføak;cuhy:agxøamgbnþalmkbikarensatercin elislub nigbnþalmkbikarerbrbyléncmrk Clsa sþ nigkarefivdmenirbmlas;ti. RbsinebI plb:hbal;bnþalmkbikarensatrtuv)anrkb; RKgsþúkGacRtUv)ansþareLIgvij RbsinebIbBaða brisßanrgplb:hbal;ya:gfm efivegaykarkitkur etaelismng;tmnb;rab;ban; nigsmng;détetot Edl)ansagsg;enAkñúgtMbn;TenøemKgÁ KWRtUv )anerobcmeligedaymankmeragepnkar. ena GtItkalTIPñak;garEdlTTYlxusRtUvelIvis½y RKb;RKgTwkenAtMbn;TenøemKgÁ minrtuv)anyk citþtukdak;elibbaðaclplet. edim,ikarbar BBYkRtIkñúgbBa IRkhm nigbbykrtimyycmnynkmbug EtCitputBUC karrtytbinitü Tb;sáat; nigkarrkb; RKgbrisßan CakarsMxan;sMrab;eBlGnaKt. RbPB ³ KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ 69 RbePTRtI nigstvkñúgtwkepsg²

72 14 BBYkstVsøabepSg² photo: eleanor briggs Wcs

73 BBYkstVsøabepSg² BBYkstVsøabRtUv)aneFIVkarsikSay:agTUlM TUlay nig)andwgc,as;birkumstvenakñúgtmbn; zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. cab;tamgbiqñam 2001 GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB (WCS) )angnuvtþelikargarskmµpabgpirks nigskmµ PaBRtYtBinitüelIhVÚgstVsøabBIrRbePTEdl mansarsmxan;caskl. enakñúgtmbn;sñúlerbk Tal; kñúgextþ)at;dmbg )anefivkarrab; nigkarbar hvúgstvsøabtwkfm² cab;tamgbitsvtsqñam1990 nigrwtetmankareconelonxøamgelikarrtytbinitü enhcab;tamgbiqñam2003. GñkviTüasa sþ)an RtYtBinitüRsavRCavelIRbePTstVkSwb nigbbyk stvsøabdétetotcab;tamgbiqñam 2001 enatam tmbn;valesµa nigtmbn;ksikmµéntmbn;valtmnab kñúgextþkmbg;fm nigextþesomrab. enatmbn;bwgtenøsab manhvúgstvfmcagek bmputénhvúgstvsøabtwkedlttylrgerkahfñak; enagasiugaekñy_enh ehiybwgtenøsabenhca TIkEnøgsMxan;mYysMrab;BBYkstVsøabEdlTTYl karkmramkmehgepsgetotpgedr. enaqñam 2005 GñkviTüasa sþ)anraykarn_egaydwg fa manstvsøabcmnyn 210RbePT EdlkñúgenaH 17RbePT TTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg rwesþiretrg karkmramkmehg sumbinitürbgb;. enatmbn; ERBkTal;CakEnøgFMbMput nigk¾catikenøgsmrab; efivsmbukenakñúggasiugekñy_smrab;bbykstvsøab TwkcMnYn 7RbePT EdlrgTTYlkarKMramkMEhg CitputBUCpgEdr. BBYkrgeRKaHfñak;RbQmnwg erkahfñak;dl;putbucenakñúgérbenahman stvkswb Rtdk;FM. BBYlEdlminmankarKMramkMEhgF n; F redlgayttylrgerkahman ³ Rtdk;tUc TugRbepH rnals nigbbultwk EdlTTYlrg erkahputbucenakñúgé B. cmenkbbyk EdlQan etargttylkarkmramkmehg rymman ³ rnalbn k xøüns esµaj nig GgÁt;exµA EdlRtUv)aneKehA mü:agetotfa dmbgrkjúg. tmbn;erbktal;kw Ca TIkEnøgmYyenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ EdlBBYk stvsøabcugerkayenhrtuv)anekdwgfakmbug begáitkunecarbs;va. tmbn;sñúlk¾)ancyypþl; rhutdl;30 énbbykstvsøabdétetotesþir EtTaMgGs;. RbePTstVsøabFM² détetotedl)anbegáit kunecarbs;vaenacmuvijtmbn;erbktal; mansar smxan;caskl. BBYkstVsøabTaMgenHmaneRcIn Cag 1 énbbykstvsøabrs;enakñúggasiu Edl BBYkstVTaMgenHmandUcCa Ek ktuc Ek ktwk mfüm kukerkagfm nig cegáólxüg. photo: allan michaud Wcs photo: allan michaud Wcs BBYkstVsøabepSg² 71

74 rnalb N-Painted Stork 3 Tg;RbepH Spot-billed Pelican 2 k yks-giant Ibis 1 k xøüns - Black-headed Ibis 2 Rtdk;tUc Lesser Adjustant 3 lesser adjutant stvxswb Bengal Florican 1 cabbykrtugelog Asian Golden Weaver 1 kdbrtugs White-throated Kingfisher 1 sarikarekvrkbi White-vented Myna 1 ExøgqabelOgRkem:A Brahminy Kite 3 RtedrvicTYl Red-wattled Lapwing 1 ekgkgtuc Oriental Pied Hornbill 3

75 lkçn³énkarttylrgkarkmramkmehg eyagtamrkumgpirksénggákarcivitstvgnþrcati EdlmanTItaMgsßitenARbeTsGg;eKøs Edl CaGaCJaFrcuHbBa IstVsøabeTAkñúgbBa IRkhmGnþrCatielIBBYkstV EdlTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhgput BUC. GgÁkarGnþrCatisMrab;GPirkSFmµCati (IUCN) )anefivkarcgrkgcab;tamgbiqñam 1994 Edl RbePTstVsøabTaMgenH RtUv)aneFIVkarvaytMél edayeyagetatamktþaciv³duccakarføak;cuhtmhm nigkarebgeckcmnynstvsøab RBmTaMg karebgecketatamtitamgpumisa sþpgedr. enaqñam2006 karcuhbba IeQµaHmancMnYneRcInCag RbePT EdlTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhgCaskl kñúg enahman 7725 CaRbePTrukçCati nig 8394 CaRbePTCastV ehiykñúgenah stvsøab 12 énbbyktamgenahkmbugrgkarkmramkmehg. BBYkstVeRcInCag 800 RbePT RtUv)anvinas)at;bg; ehiyrtuv)anebgeckcabirrbept ³ BBYkstVsøabepSg² karputbuc (extinct) BMumankarsgS½yNamYyEdlsmehtusmplfa RbePTcugeRkay)anputBUCenaHeLIy karputbucenakñúgérb EW (extinct in the wild) enamancivitedaysaretkarcab;ykecj rwkarrbmaj;ecjbitmbn; rwpumisa sþedlvaføab;rs;ena RbePTénkarTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhgman 3 KW³ EdlTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;ya:gF n;f r (critically endangered) EdlTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;BIkarputBUCF n;f rbmputenakñúgérb EdlCitputBUC (endangered ) EdlTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;BIkarputBUCF n;f renakñúgérb EdlgayrgTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg (vulnerable ) EdlgayTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;putBUCx<s;enAkñúgéRB RbePTdéTepSg²eTot EdlesÞIrEtrgkarKMramkMEhg (near threatened ) EdlQaneTArkkarTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg nigcitputbuc ebiminmankic xitxmrbwgerbgkñúg kargpirks *photo credits: 1 allan michaud Wcs, 2 eleanor briggs Wcs, 3 Wcs 73

76 BBYkstVsøabepSg² EdlesÞIrEtKµankarRBYy)armµN_ ( Least Concern ) CaRbePTEdlminmanTTYlkarKMramkMEhg b k¾esiþretminmankarkmramkmehg rymman RbePT EdlsMbUrhUrehor Tinñn½yminRKb;RKan; ( data deficient) minmanb½t manrkb;rkan; edim,iefivkarvaytmél minmankarvaytmél (not evaluated) minrtuv)anefivkarvaytmélenaeliy RbPB³ GgÁkarshB½n GPirkSBiPBelak photo: eleanor briggs Wcs tmbn;bwgtenøsabk¾manbbykstvsøabtwkfm² détetot mancmnynkan;etekinelig EdlBYkenH vinasputbuc b rgkarkmramkmehgenakñúgrbets Citxag. BBYkstVsøabTwkTaMgenHman Rksar RbepH EdlBBYkva)anvinasputBUCrYceTAehIy enaebledlekitkunecaenakñúgrbetséf. BYkepSgeTotmanstV kuks nigstvek ktwkfm EdlBBYkTaMgBIrenHRtUv)anTTYlrgeRKaHF n;f r enakñúgrbetséf nigstvrksarfñg; Edlman karkmramkmehgetbnþicbnþüc b:uenþvak¾ttylrg erkahpgedrenakñúgrbetséf ehiybbykstv TaMgGs;enHk¾mankarTTYlrgeRKaHputBUCenAkñúg RbeTsLavpgEdr. BBYkstVsøaTwkFMnImYy²)anykTItaMgtMbn; ERBkTal;EtmYyb:ueNÑaHsMrab;rdUvekItkUnrbs; BYkva. erkaybikarekitkun BBYkstVsøabesÞIrEt TaMgGs;)anpøas;TIeTAkan;EpñkepSgeTotén RbeTskm<úCa mantmbn;gpirksstverkolena RtBaMgfµ kñúgextþbnþaymanc½y nigvaltmnab PaKxageCIg. BBYkstVTaMgenHmYycMnYntUc )anetadl;pakxagt,úgrbetslav PaKxag ecig nigknþalrbetséf nigpakxagt,úg RbeTsevotNam. 74

77 BBYkEdlrgeRKaHfñak;F n;f r stvk xøünexµa BBYkenHmanrhUtdl;20RbePT RtUv)anRbTHeXIjenAkñúgextþkMBg;FM enaeblevlaxus²kña KWenA qñam 1999 nig qñam 2004 ehiybbyktamgenh)anvinassabsunüenakñúgrbetséf. BBYkTTYlrgeRKaHfñak; BBYkstV kswb enatmbn;valtmnabxagekitbwgtenøsab RtUv)aneKraykarN_fa manbbykstvtamgenh )anbgá begáitkunecay:agercinenatmbn;gasiugaekñy_enh niggacenaelibipbelak. karrtytbinitüetaeli BBYkstVeQµal RtUv)aneFIVeLIgeTAelItMbn;cMnYn 03 kenøg enacenøah qñam 2002 nig qñam 2004 )anbgðajegaydwgfa manrbeptstvbi 64RbePT eta 122RbePT epsg²kña. BBYkstVRtdk;FM BBYkTaMgenHman 54 RbePTrs;enAbegáItkUn enaqñam tmbn;sñúlerbktal; nig CahVÚgFM TI2enAelIBiPBelak EdlmanRbmaNCa 10 énl,aystvtutamgbipbelak. BBYkTaMgenH rgttylerkahfñak;ya:gf n;f renakñúgrbetséf. BBYkgayTTYlrgeRKaHfñak; Rtdk;Twk tmbn;erbktal; manbbykstvsøabenhmkbgkuny:agfmenatmbn;gasiugekñy_ Edlman RbmaNCa 10 énl,aystvenatutamgbipbelak. cmnynenhekineligbikarmkbgkuncmnyn 149KU enaqñam eta 209KU enaqñam ehiyedlbbyktamgenhttylrgerkah F n;f renakñúgrbetséf. BBYkstVTugRbepH tmbn;erbktal; CatMbn;EdlmanhVÚgstVTugRbepHd¾FMbMputenAelIBiPBelak. tamkarvay tmél)anegaydwgfa manbi 900 eta KU enaqñam 2005 RbElCa 20 énl,aystvena elibipbelak. BBYkstVTaMgenH mankarttylrgerkahf n;f renakñ úgrbetséf. BBYkstVsøabepSg² 75

78 BBYkstVsøabepSg² BBYkstVrnals BBYkstVRbePTenH RtUv)aneKeFIVkarvaytMélfa manrhutdl; 10KU Edl)anbnþBUCenA tmbn;erbktal; BYkvabnþBUCenAtMbn;EdneKakenAGasIuGeKñy_. CamYyKñaenH stvsøabrbeptenh manenaesssl;rbehlca 10RbePT rs;enakñúgrbetsma:elsiu nigrbetskm<úca vagacnwg ekitmaneligvijy:agqab;²naeblxagmuxenhenagasiugaekñy_. BBYkstVeRkol BBYkenHmanhVÚgrbs;varhUtdl; 30hVÚg EdlRtUv)aneKCYbRbTHenAtMbn;TMnabvalesµACMuvij tmbn;sþwgesn snþúk nig)arayn_ kñúgextþkmbg;fm enaebledlbykva)anpøas;tikenøg BYkvabnþBUC kñúgtmnabpakxagecigeq<ahetatmbn;rtbamgfµ kñúgextþbnþaymanc½y. cab;tamgbi 2002 BBYk stvrbeptenh mankarekineligedayminmanl,ayekitkuneca edaybykvars;enakñúgesµatam RbLayenArdUvR)aMgkñúgtMbn;sÞwgEsn. enaqñam 2005 BBYkTaMgenH)anekInelIsdl; 30k,al ehiy)anvinas)at;bg;birbetséf. RbePTEdlCitTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg stvrnalbn tmbn;erbktal;gaccyyrtrtg;dl;karbnþbucl,aystvrbehlca 1000KUr b 20 énl,aystv enaelibipbelak. BBYkenHTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;enAkñúgRbeTséf. stvk xøüns etahbicacmnynstvenhmingacrtuv)anrab;kyregaytukcitþ)an edaysaretbbykstvtamgenh )anbg enakñúérbrkas;k¾eday k¾tmbn;erbktal;cyyegayhvúgstvtamgenh)anbnþbucya:gfmbmput enakñúgtmbn;gasiugaekñy_)anpgedr. karrab;cmnyncmrkbnþbucenatmbn;mnðlgpirksstverkol kñúgextþbnþaymanc½yeligdl; 1600k,al enaqñam RbsinebIkarbnþBUCenH KWCaBBYk stvfmenah vamancmnyn 400KU GacmanBI 8-15 éncmnynenaelibipbelak. BBYkenHTTYl rgerkahenakñúgrbetséf. stvesµaj cmnynstvesµaj )anekineligkyregaykt;smkal;bi 280 eta smbuk enakñúgqñam karekineligbenßmetotenhgac manbbaðaelikarrkb;rkg. BBYkenHmankarrg erkahfñak;y:agxøamgenakñúgrbetséf. RbPB³ GgÁkar smakmgpirksstvérb elxafikardæanzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab 76

79 15 nanapabénbbyklµún photo: allan michaud Wcs

80 nanapabénbbyklµún nanapabénbbyklµún tmbn;bwgtenøsabcatmbn;diesimd¾smxan; bmputmyysmrab;kargpirksbbykstvlµúnenatmbn; GasIuGeKñy_. ekmankarecocak;fa zbniyciv mnðlbwgtenøsab CYyRTRTg;dl;BBYkstVlµÚn smxan;²caskl y:agehacnas;mancmnyn 8RbePT EdlBBYkTaMgenHRtUvTTYlrgeRKaHdl; putbuc b k¾bbykqanetarkkarttylrgerkah sumbinitüemil RbePTEdlTTYlrgeRKaH. BBYklµÚnEdlTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;F n;f rmanducca RkeBIRtI Bs;føan;ekam nigbbykgenþiktwksab mancmnyn 6RbePT edayrab;bba ÚlBBYkGeNþIk RkbIk,alBN elog. zbniycivmnðlk¾catikenøgrbmulpl stvbs;mancmnynercinbmputenaelibipbelak Edlpþl;pledaymankarekIneLIgya:gxøaMg nuvcmnynksidæanciba wmrkebienacmuvijbwgtenøsab kalbib:unµan qñamfµi²enh. enacenøahbibak;knþal qñam 2004 nigedimqñam 2005 Bs;cMnYnRbmaN 3>8 lank,al RtUv)ancab;edayeRbIR)as; ]bkrn_cab;bs;rblwtqñút\nþfnuman rvagbi 72 nig80 énkarcab;tamggs; ehiy RbePTBs; EdlmansarsMxan;bnÞab;BIenACMuvij bwgtenøsabmanrbmanbak;knþalénkarcab; enaxagt,úgénzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. cmebahkarefivgacivkmµ GaceFIVkarKMramkMEhgeTA elibbykedlrs;enakñúgbwg nigrtuv)anecocak;fa CaBBYklµÚnrs;enAtamtMbn;énRbeTskm<úCa ehiybbykdétetotmanbs;kacan; b Bs;RtI nig Bs;can;lµm b Bs;RtIr:s; EdlBBYkstVBs;TaMg BIrRbePTenH CaeKaledAsMrab;ykEs,krbs; vanamecjetalk;enarbetséf evotnam nig RbeTscin. enaqñam2004 Es,kstVBs;RbePT enhmyymantmélrhutdl; 10duløa nigrtuv)an yksac;rbs;vaedim,ilk;durelitipsar. ekcat; TukstVBs;RbePTenHCastVkMr EdlbNþalmk BIkarcab;hYsRbmaN. photo: allan michaud Wcs 78

81 RbePTEdlTTYlrgeRKaHfñak;F n;f r BBYkRkeBIRtI l,aystvedlrs;enakñúgérb)anføak;cuhkalbieblfµi²enh enaebledls ut kuntuc nigkunfm rbs;vartuv)ancab;yk nigrbmuletatukdak;enaksidæanciba wmrkebi nigy:agehacnas; manrkebi RbmaNCa 105k,al RtUv)ancab;BItMbn;bwgTenøsabenAcenøaH qñam 1998 nig qñam myycmnyntucbmput EdleKeCOfa manrs;enakñúgtmbn;sñúlcmnyn 3kEnøg KWtMbn; dirnat LÚt ensat elx6 nigtmbn;érblictwk EdlenACab;nwgtMbn;ERBkTal; EdltamBit RkeBITaMgenH GacCastV EdlrYcecjBIksidæanciBa wmrkebi. RkeBITaMgenH rymman ³ RkeBIKuy)a nigrbeptkunkat;)an ciba wmenakñúgksidæanpgedr. GeNþIkTenø enakñúgrbkkmehij sñúkgenþikbiredl)ankb;enakñúgl,b;pk;kñúgbwgenaqñam1985 edaygh Gagfa BBYkRbePTenHFøab;manrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwgTenøsab b:uenþtamkarrsavrcavkalbieblfµi² enh minmanpsþútagbgðajfamanrs;enacmuvijbwget. RbePTTaMgenH RtUv)ancat;TukCastVlµÚn tmnagegayrbetskm<úca. RbePTEdlTTYlrgeRKaH GeNþIkRkbIk,alelOg km<úcacarbetsmyyedlsmxan;bmputenatmbn;tenøemkgáerkamenh cmebahstvgenþik ehiy)an cat;tukfa CastVEdlmanlkçN³FmµtabMputenAkñúglMdab;TI 3 enakñúgbwgtenøsab. vars;enakñúg tmbn;erbktal; nigrtuv)anraykarn_fa manlk;enatamtipsarkñúgtmbn;cugxañs nigextþkmbg;fm niggñkrbmaj;k¾)anraykarn_pgedrfa manenakñúgextþkmbg;qñamg RsukkMBg;Elg. kn aygasui RbeTskm<úCaCYyRTRTg;dl;BBYksMxan;² enakñúgtmbn;énrbeptstvedlmangaf km)amg nigca RbeTsmYyEdlsMxan;bMputenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_. CaerOy² BBYkTaMgenHRtUv)anraykarN_fa manrs;enakñúgtmbn;bwgtenøsab b:uenþbmumanrubpabefivkarbba ak;ghgagnamyyet. GeNþIkRBic BBYkstVGeNþIkRbePTenHRtUv)aneXIjmankalBIfµI²enH nigmanlk;enatipsarkñúgextþkmbg; qñamg b:uenþminmanrubpabnamyyedim,ibba ak;ghgagfa vaenamankñúgtmbn;bwgtenøsabenahet. nanapabénbbyklµún 79

82 GeNþIkRkbIk,alelOg Yellow-headed Temple Turtle 3 RkeBIRtI-Siamese Crocodile 1 RtkYt Bengal Monitor 3 k nþg Water Dragon 1 Bs;føan;tUc-Burmese Python 1 tukek-tokay 1 knþaygasui-aiatic Softshell Turtle 1 Bs;Twk-Water Snake 2 80

83 BBYkEdlgayTTYlrgeRKaH GeNþIkbiTmuxsñÚkexµA GeNþItRbePTenHvamanlkçN³TUeTAlMdab;TI2 enakñúgtmbn;bwgtenøsab ehiy)ankøayca stvedlmankarlm)akkñúgkaresvgrkenakñúgérb ehiykalbieblfµi²enhrtuv)anekraykarn_fa stvgenþikenhmanenakñúgtmbn;erbktal; nigrtuv)anftrubenakñúgpumisari kñúgextþkmbg;fm. stvrbeptenhrtuv)anekecocak;fa manrs;enakñúgtmbn;tmnabrbetskm<úca Ed;lGacRTRTg;dl; l,aybbykstvedlfmbmputenakñúg\nðúcinenh. GeNþIkEk kexµa l,aygenþikek kexµakm<úca GacmancMnYneRcInbMputenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_. vars;enatam RtBaMg bwgenacmuvijbwgtenøsab edaysac;rbs;vaminrtuv)anekculcitþet edaymankøingarkk; EfmTaMgminGacbriePaK)aneTotpg. GeNþIkesamjI tamr)aykarn_enakñúgextþkmbg;qñamgfµi²enh GeNþIkRbePTenHRtUv)ancat;TukfaCastVkMr. GeNþIkskl GeNþIkRbePTenH mancmnynercinbmputrs;enacmuvijbwgtenøsab sac;rbs;vartuv)anekculcitþ ehiyrtuv)anerbir)as;smrab;cafñamburan. vamanenakñúgvalerseblrsuveligtwkkñúgextþkmbg;fm enacenøahbiexsiha nigexfñú nigrtuv)anekecofa vamancmrkenakñúgérblictwk. kn aygasiu etahbicastvkn ayrbeptenh RtUv)ancat;Tukfa CastVFmµtaenACMuvijbwgTenøsabk¾edayk¾ cmnynrbs;vamankarføak;cuhkyregaymankarrbyy)armµn_ nigcabbykstvkmrenakñúgextþkmbg;qñamg sac;rbs;vakwrtuv)anekculcitþy:agxøamg. BBYkstVEdlesÞIrEtTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg Bs;føan;eKa rwebahføan;rkhm enakñúgtmbn;sñúlsþwgesn nigbwgtenøqµar stvbs;rbeptenhrtuv)anekcab; edim,iykes,k sac; nigqamrbs;vasmrab;tipsarkñúgrsuk nigsmrab;efivkarnamecjetaerkarbets. enakñúgtmbn; sñúlerbktal; GñkensaT)aneRbIR)as;]bkrN_mgBiess edim,icab;bs;føan;eka GñkensaTdéT etot)ancab;stvbs;edayédpþal;. cmenk sþiedlcab;bs; BYkeK)anykmgdak;enAelIdIkñúg érbrkas;enakñúgrduvr)amg CaFmµtaBYkeKRbmUl)anBgBI 20 eta 30Bg. RbPB³ GgÁkarsmaKmGPirkSstVéRB GgÁkarmUlniFisarB½t manékracü nanapabénbbyklµún *photo credits: 1 allan michaud Wcs, 2 eleanor briggs Wcs, 3 Wcs 81

84 16 BBYkfnikstVepSg² photo: allan michaud Wcs

85 BBYkfnikstVepSg² BBYkfnikstVenAtMbn;bwgTenøsabminTan; RtUv)aneFIVkarsikSaeGay)anl RbesIrenAeLIy et ehiyk¾minmankarrsavrcavcak;c,as;etaeli RbePTfnikstVNamYyEdr. CamYyKñaenHEdr k¾mankargegátbnþab;bnsm)anefiveligenakñúg eblénkarsiksarsavrcavetaelibbykstvsøab nigbbyklµún. tamr)aykarn_birkumgñkl,at EpñkbrisßanenAtMbn;ERBkTal;)aneGaydwgfa enatamtipsar mandak;tamgbgðajbbykstvedl cab;)an. BBYkgayTTYlrgeRKaH BBYkfnikstVFM² myycmnynducca dmri RkbI érb nigkþan; )an)at;bg;biérbenacmuvijbwgtenø sab ehiykar)at;bg;enhetibetmankñúgry³ ebl 10qñaM fµi²knøgetaenh. vahak;biducca tmbn;tmnabbwgtenøsabføab;cacmrksmxan;rbs; BBYkfnikstVeTAtamrdUv nigmankar)at;bg;rti epsatbibwgtenøsabenaeblfµi²enhpgedr. enakñúgbbykfnikstvedlrs;enacmuvijbwg Tenøsab manbbykxøhttylrgkarkmramkmehg Casakl sumbinitürbeptbbykrgerkahena xagerkam. CagenHeTAeTot BBYkfnikstV EdlenAmanCIvitrs;enAmYycMnYn KWmansar³ smxan;cagnþrcati. BBYkfnikstVepSg² BBYkstVePxøÜnrelag (Smooth otter) enaqñam2002 GñkRbmaj;enAEk,rk,aletal Ek,rnwgtMbn; sñúlerbktal; cab;)anbbykstvepenh EdlCatYelxEtmYyKt; bgðajbirbeptnanaenazbniycivmnðl. xøarti (Fishing cat) CaerOy² RbCaBlrdækñúgtMbn;)anraykarN_ egaydwgbibbykstvrbeptenh. enaqñam 2002 RtUv)anraykarN_fa )ancybrbthdanecigxøarti enaebledlbwgmankarrigs ÜtenAkñúgtMbn;TMnabxageRkAéntMbn;ERBkTal; nigmandanecigepsg etotrtuv)anekraykarn_fa manenatmbn;rkyserkam. rjiepøig (Pygmy Slow loris) tamkarraykarn_bigñkensat niggñkbr)aj;)anegaydwgfa manbbykrjiepøigenhenakñúgtmbn;erbktal;. enaqñam2000 GaCJa FrFøab;)aneFIVkarrwbGUsBIGñkbr)aj;enAtMbn;ERBkTal; b:uenþ BBYkstVTaMgenHminRtUv)aneKbBa ak;ghgaget. photo: carly starr 83

86 etacmáúd-pileated Gibbon 1 svaertas-pig-tailed Macaque 3 RCwg-Flying-foxes 1 xþig-large Indian Civet 3 rji-slow Loris 4 svaggát;-stump-tailed Macaque 1 ep-otter 5 smebackelog-yellow-throated Marten

87 BBYkEdlesÞIrEtTTYlrgkarKMramkMEhg svakþam ( Long-tailed macaque) svarbeptenhmanrs;enabasebj kñúgtmbn;érblictwkx<s;² nigtmbn;érbre)ahenacmuvijbwg Tenøsab CaBiessenAtambeNþaymat;bwg b ERBk. cmnynstvsvatamgenh)anføak;cuhedayman EtmankarRbmaj;sMrab;eFIVkarbgáat;BUCenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa RbeTscin nigrbetsevotnam. GaCJaFr)aneFIVkarrwbGUssVarhUtdl; 170k,al BIGñkbr)aj; niggñkcmnyjenakñúgtmbn;erbktal; nigkmbg;fm CaBiess enakñúgrduvepøóg. stvsvaedlcab;)anrtuv)anekrbthexijmanenakñúgpumi benþttwkcaercinenacmuvijbwgtenøsab. BBYkRbePTstVEdlBMumanTinñn½yRKb;RKan; BBYksVaRBam (Germain s silver leaf monkey) etahbicakalbieblfµi²enh BBYkenHminTan;RtUv)aneFIV karcuhbba IedayshB½n GPirkSBiPBelakk¾eday k¾stv svarbeptenhttylrgkarkmramkmehgcasklpgedr Edl manmyycmnyn RtUv)aneKeCOCak;fa vacabbykgayrgerkah b k¾efmtamgcabbykedlttylrgerkahfñak;enaeblgnakt pgedr. BBYkEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;sñÚlERBkTal; nig bwg Tenøqµar RBmTaMgtMbn;karBarstVsøabvals gáay. sar smxan;edlbak;b½n énrbcablrdæenatmbn;bwgtenøsabena mintan;manpabc,as;las;enaeliy. BBYkfnikstVepSg² eperamrcmuh (hairy-nosed otter) tamr)aykarn_bir kñúgcmenamr)aykarn_ 4 Edl)anbBa ak;ghgagénbbykeprbeptenh TTYl)anBItMbn;bwgTenøsab EdlstVePBIrRbePTmanenAkñúgtMbn;ERBkTal;. tamrbcablrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;)anniyayfa BBYkTaMgenHRbEhlCaQaneTArkkarputBUCenAkñúgtMbn; ERBkTal;enH. RbPB³ GgÁkarGPirkSstVéRB WCS *photo credits: 1 allan michaud Wcs, 2 eleanor briggs Wcs, 3 Wcs, 4 carly starr, 5 nick cox wwf 85

88 17 CIv³cMruHenAtMbn;sñÚlbwgTenøqµar photo: eleanor briggs Wcs

89 CIv³cMruHenAtMbn;sñÚlbwg Tenøqµar bwgtenøqµarkwcatmbn;sñúlmyykñúgcmenam tmbn;sñúltamgbiénzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab ehiytmbn;enh RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;Caskleday GnusBaØara:msar. CIv³cMruHénbwgTenøsab nig sþwgerbktuc²enacmuvijmantmélsmrab;gpirks smrab;karsiksagb;rm nigsmrab;rbcablrdæedl rs;enakñúgtmbn;. mansþwgbir )anhurbix<g;rabxagecigén RbeTskm<úCacak;mktMbn;enH. sþwgtamgbirenah maneqµahfa sþwgesþagedlmanépþgagrgtwk epøógrbmanca 1/895 Km2 nigsþwgcierkg manépþgagrgtwkepøógrbman 1920Km2. kmrittwkepøógtamrduv nigrukçcatiedlduhenatam RbB½n énsþwgefivegaytmbn;enhsmburetaeday Pav³rs; GaharciBa wm nigplitpledlgac Tajykpl)an. bwgtenøqµarrtuv)anebgeckca4 tmbn;epsg² BIKña. tmbn;pøúvtwk bwg nigsþwgtuc² KWCatMbn; lmhurtwkénbwgbwgtenøqµarmanépþrbehl 4/000hikta tmbn;érblictwkedlcitetanwg bwgtenøsab tmbn;rukçcatilictwk nigtmbn;val esµaedlrkbdnþb;edayérbertg nigérbrbic. tamkarsiksarsavrcavrukçcatienatmbn;bwg Tenøqµar )anegaydwgfa tmbn;enhrukçcaticmnyn 190RbePT sßitenakñúg 67Rkum. CaTUeTArukç CatiEdlduHenAkñúgtMbn;manlkçN³xus²Kña rvag rukçcatiedlduhenatammat;erbk b sþwg nigrukç CatiEdlduHenAtamvalPk;enAeRkaymat;Twk. BBYkrukçCatibENþtTwkdUcCakMe)aøkmanduHeRcIn enatambenþaymat;erbk sþwg nigcafmµta exijmanbbykrukçcatiedlkµanb sduccasaray pgedr. enatmbn;enah k¾manrbeptedimrukçcati FM²pgEdr EdledImrbs;vamankMBs;rhUtdl; eta 15Em:Rt duccaedimramgtwk edimta«edim epþal. tmbn;érbre)ahxagerkayvalpk;man valesµatab² nigedimk nþamgehr. photo: eleanor briggs Wcs CIv³cMruHenAtMbn;sñÚlbwgTrnøqµar 87

90 CIv³cMruHenAtMbn;sñÚlbwgTrnøqµar bwgtenøqµarkwcatmbn;smxan;smrab;karefiv bmlas;tirbs;bbykstv. tamr)aykarn_ man BBYkfnikstVdUcCa svakþam svarbam xøarti ep nigsmebacrs;enakñúgtmbn;. tmbn;enhmanstvbksi TwkCaeRcIn rymtamgrbeptedlrgkarkmramkmehg CasklRtUv)aneFIVkarkt;RtaTukCaBiessenA rduvr)amgenaebledlbykvaecjrkcmni. RbePT smxan;²énbksitwkmanducca ³ TugRbepH Rtdk; FM Rtdk;tUc Rtyg k xøünexµa Rtdk;RbepH esµaj ce gáólxüg. elisbienhbs;mancmnyn 23RbePT RtUv)aneFIVGtþsBaØaNkmµ nigbbyk stvtukek RtUv)anerobrab;enAkñúgr)aykaN_pg Edr. müa:gvijetot GeNþIkCastVFøab;EtsMbUr enah Etbc úb,nñenh)ankøaycastvkmr. tam r)aykarn_cmebahrti stvclfnik nigbbykstv \tq wgxñg vahak;biduccamintan;mankarsiksa kñúgtmbn;bwgtenøqµarenaeliyet etahbicabbyk stvknþúmruy nigstvknþúmruyragtuc CastVl it EdlmanlkçN³epSg²Kña manbrimany:ag ercinenatmbn;valpk;xagerkay CaBiessKW stvknþúb nigcrgit. kargnuvtþminrbkbedaynirnþrpab RtUv)an erobrab;edaykarføak;cuhnuvrbeptrtitamggs; nigkarensatfn;tucgacrtuv)ankmnt;bitmél énfnfanenatmbn;sñúlbwgtenøqµar nigkarbmpøay nirnþrpabry³eblevg. kic xitxmrbwgerbg karbarfnfanenakñúgtmbn;tmruvegaymanvifirym Bak;B½n dl;gñkedlculrym CaBiessKW RbCaBl rdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgshKmn_ edayepþatkaryk citþtukdak;etaelikarrkb;rkgclpl nigkarefiv ksikmµrbkbedaynirnþrpab. cmenhdwgtam muldæan sþibisarsmxan;énérblictwkrtuvet begáinelig nigkarrbkbmuxrbrciba wmcivittam mefüa)ayepsg² RBmTaMgtMrUveGaymankar GPivDÆRbPBfamBl. enaxn³eblcamyykña enhedr mankmnitpþücepþimedltmruvegaykarkat; bnßykartajykfnfanenakñúgtmbn; nigcmruj egaymankaresvgrkmefüa)ayepsg² edim,i ecosvagkarerbir)as;nuvfnfanenakñúgtmbn;. RbPB³ RksYgbrisßan photo: allan michaud Wcs photo: allan michaud Wcs 88

91 18 ekaledagpivdæn_ shssvtsr_

92 ekaledagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ ekaledagpivdæn_ shsvtsr_ GnuelamtamesckþIRbkasshsvtSr_ EdlcuHhtßelxaedaysmaCikcMnYn 189rUb enaémhasnñi)at GgÁkarshRbCaCatinaqñaM 2000 rdæapi)alrtuv)ankmnt;egaymankar FanaelInirnþrPaBbrisßanfñak;Cati. kñúgenahtis edamyykñúgcmenamtisedatamg25 RtUv)anGnuvtþ edayrbhracanacrkkm<úcaenartwmqñam2015 KW {kardak;bba Úl nuvekalkarn_gpivdæn_rbkb edaynirnþrpab etakñúgekalneya)ayracrdæa Pi)al nigkmµvifiefivkarekerbelikar)at;bg;fn FanFmµCati}. eyagtamr)aykarn_fµi²edl )anecjpsayedayrksygepnkarenaqñam2004 )anbgðajfa TisedAmYyénTisedATaMgbIEdl {RbEhlnwg} RtUv)anGnuvtþenAqñaM2015 nig bgðajfa mankarcyykamrtsmrab;karrbcmuelitis eda 3 epsgetot bnßykarrikraldalemerak egds¾ CMgWeGds¾ nigebgeckrbcablrdæ Edl minttyl)annuvtwks at nigkareklmg Gnam½y. b:uenþkarkamrtmanrtwmet {mfüm} elikargnuvtþtisedabrisßan EdlRtUv)aneFIVkar vas;sþg;edaysuc nþ³c,as;las; cmnyn 14. enakñúgcmnuccab;epþiménr)aykarn_ semþc naykrdæm nþi h un Esn )anelikeligbisar³ smxan; nigekaledabrisßan. {FnFanFmµCati RbeTskm<úCaRtUvEtbnþkarykcitþTukdak; Rbsin ebieyig)anbnsl;tuknuvekrþ tmenld¾fmefgén ebtikp½nðbrisßand¾smburebbsmrab;gñkcmnan; erkay}. tamr)aykarn_)anbgðajfa extþesomrab extþkmbg;fm KWCaextþEdlsßitenAkñúgextþTaMg 9 90 Edl {mankmrittabbmput} Tak;TgnwgTwks at Gnam½y épþkmrbérbeqi nigkarbwgep ketaeli GussMrab;dut. sßanpabkñúgextþ ebaf sat; kmbg; qñamg nigextþ)at;dmbg {TTYl)anCamFüm}. ena mintan;manextþnamyyenacmuvijbwg Tenøsab mansßanpab {l \tex ah} enahet edaymanet extþsvayerog extþérbevg extþknþal extþ RkecH nigextþekahkug RBmTaMgRkugPñMeBj Rkugéb:lin nigrkugrbhsihnupgedr. TMhMKMrbéRBeQITUTaMgRbeTsRtUv)anFøak; cuhenaerkamkmritkmnt; 60 rvagqñam 2005 nig etahbi mankardamedimeqielig vijcab;tamgbiqñam 1985 k¾eday k¾r)aykarn_ RtUv)ankt;sMKal;fa TMhMKMrbéRBeQI Edlman 73 enaqñam 1969 )anføak;cuhmkticcag 59 enaqñam CamYyenHEdrRtwmqñaM 2002 érbeqicit 2lanhikta RtUv)an)at; bg;edaygrtarbcamqñam)anføak;cuhcab;tamgbi TsvtSr_qñaM 1960 Ed;lmanRbEhl 0>5 kñúg 1qñaM. cmebahkaredlgacttyl)annuvtwks at RbkbedaysuvtßiPaB nigkareklmggnam½y TsSn³vis½yenHRtUv)ankMNt;. r)aykarn_ )anbgðajfa rdæapi)alsßitenaelipøúvedim,ieq<ah etarktisedamyyedlman50 énlmenasßan enacnbtrtuvmansiti kñúgkarttyl)annuvtwk s atenartwmqñam2015 nigrbehlca80 smrab;lmenasßanenatirkug. mü:agvijetot kic xitxmrbwgerbgedim,ieklmggnam½ymantiseda eq<ahetamuxy:agl edaybgðajfa 100 én RbCaBlrdæenAkñúgTIRkug nig 55 énrbcabl rdæedlrs;enacnbtrtuvetttyl)annuvkarek lmg Gnam½yenAqñaM edim,ittyl)an

93 nuvtisedaenh FnaKarBiPBelak )anefivkarvaytmélfa TwkR)ak;cMnYn 600landuløaGaemrik nwg RtUveFIVkarvinieyaKelIbBaðaTwks at niggnam½y. GnuelamtamyuT sa sþ sþibi Twk niggnam½y Edl RtUv)anGnum½tedayKN³rdæm nþienaqñam RbCaCnRKb;rUbenACnbTRtUv)ancat;Tukfa man sit ittyl)ankarpát;pág;twks at nigesvagnam½yenaqñam yut sa sþ Edl)annwgkMBugGPivDÆ RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT k¾)anrmbwgtukpgedrfa RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;enACnbTrs;enARbkbeday {brisßans at} enaqñam TisedAedIm,IFananirnþrPaBbrisßan sucnakr cmnuckmnt; qñam TMhMéRBeQI énépþdisrub tmbn;karbartamg 23 lanhikta 3>3 3>3 3>3 3>3 tmbn;érbkarbartamg6 lanhikta 1>35 1>35 1>35 1>35 ]TüanurkSenAtMbn;karBar ]TüanurkSenAtMbn;karBarTaMg LÚt ensatéllktuksmrab; shkmn_ cmnynshkmn_ensat tmbn;karbarclpl rab;ban;hikta lmenasßanedlbwggars½yeli Gus RbCaBlrdæCnbTrs;enAedayman Twks at RbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkugedayman Twks at RbCaBlrdærs;enACnbTedayman Gnam½yl 8> RbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkugedayman Gnam½yl diedlmandak;eqµah cmnuckmnt;; RtUv)anerobrab;eyageTAtam TMhMénkarBüakrN_TukCamFümcenøaHBIqñaM RbPB ³ RksYgEpnkar ekaledagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ 91

94 ekaledagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ karerbir)as;famblcmnyskwcabbaðaknøw³ smrab;eqøiytbetakñúgtisedabrisßan. rdæapi)al manbmngkat;bnßybikarbwggars½yetaelikar erbir)as;gusbi 92 mkenartwm52 énlmena sßannaqñam RbCaBlrdæenAtamCnbT mankarerbir)as;gussmrab;ykfamblesþiret TaMgRsug. duecñh karvinieyakenakñúgepñkplit kmµ nigkareckcaynuvcmerisepsg EdlmantMél efakkw RtUvykmkBicarNaCaGaTiPaB. bbaðadétetotmankarbrgwgkarrkb;rkg FnFanFmµCatishKmn_ nigkarrkb;rkgdi safarn³ RBmTaMgsMrbsMrYlCamYyTIPñak;gar rdæapi)al nigm as;cmnyy. tamr)aykarn_ rbs;rksygepnkar )ankt;smkal;fa TMnas; rvagrksygrbs;sßab½nrdæenahkwbnþalmkbi { karefvikarrtytkña } EdlkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs; RksYgnImYy² RtUvEteFIVkarEbgEckeGay)an c,as;las;. r)aykarn_k¾rtuv)anefivkargmbav navegaymankarsmrbsmrylkñarvagtipñak;garrdæa Pi)al m as;cmnyy nigrvagm as;cmnyyxøünég pgedr. s ]bkrn_bmebkfatu. RKYsarmYydak;lamkstVeTA kñúgfg; EdlbnÞab;mkbMEbkFatueTACa]sµ½nEdlGac erbismrab;cmgingahar. 92 s kme)aøkkwcacmerisl smrab;rukçcati c gáansnsmsmécfambl-erbieqitic TTYl)anlT plduckña karkat;bnßykmeninrbcablrdæ nigkarek lmgsmtßpabrdæapi)aledim,iefivkarrkb;rkg brisßank¾mansar smxan;pgedr. r)aykarn_ )anbgðaegayexijfa RbeTskm<úCaTTYlrg erkaheday { karxvhxatsmtßpabbec kets} CaeRcInEpñkGMBIbBaðabrisßancab;taMgBIbBaðakar RKb;RKgdIFøI rhutdl; bbaðakarrkb;rkgciv³cmruh érbeqi ehiy)anelikeligbitmruvkarkñúgkar GnuvtþyuT sa sþ nigneya)ay. r)aykarn_)anerobrab;fa c,ab;rbs; RbeTskm<úCa {minrtuv)angnuvtþrtwmrtuv eday sar \T iblneya)ay kargpivdæminmankar RtYtBinitü nigminmankarcab;garmµn_birbca Blrdæ}. edim,ifananuvtmøapab nigknenyü PaB edim,irbqamgnwggmebibukrlyy EdltMrUv egaymankargmbavnavrkyutþifm nigtmruvegay mankmentmrg;eyafa nignkr)al.

95 ekaledagpivdæn_shssvtsr_ s synbenþttwkenaesomrab RksYgEpnkar)aneFIVkarsnñidæanfa karrkb; RKgFnFanFmµCatieGaykan;EtRbesIrGacCYy begáitfambl smrab;rbetskm<úca CYykat; bnßypabrkirk GPivDÆn_CnbT nigbegáitkar gar. benßmetaelikareklmg karrkb;rkg nig BRgwgsmtßPaBsßab½nedIm,IGnuvtþGnusBaØasþIBI CIv³cMruH ehiyr)aykarn_k¾)anefivkargmbavnav egaygnuvtþc,ab;sþibisþg;dartwk niggnam½y. karrtytbinitüeliyut sa sþ nigc,ab;edltmruv egaygnuvtþrsbtamkarrkb;rkgryménfnfan Gus. enakñúgr)aykarn_)angmbavnavegay efivkarvaytmélehtub:hbal;brisßanelikmerag sagsg;varigkáisnitajykkmlamgtwkenakñúg tmbn;karbar nigtmrg;kargaredim,ieklmgsnþisux diføikñúgry³ebl ényut nakarpsbvpsaysit ikan; kab;diføi. edim,ikat;bnßygars½yelifnfanérb eqi r)aykarn_k¾)ancmrujegaymankaresvg rkdmenahrsayepsgsmrab;muxrbrciba wmcivit rbs;rbcablrdæenakñúgtmbn;karbarfmµcati edaycmrujegaymankarvinieyakeliepñk fambl EpñkTwk nigérbeqi r)aykarn_)an elikeligbisar³smxan;éntmøapab nigsmpab rbs;c,ab;edlgnuvtþ. ehiyk¾)ansgát;f n; eliesckþirtuvkarénkarekécñsmpar³eday ]ssahkmµ. RbPB ³ RksYgEp;nkar s psitgme)ahgacbnþúhenaelidmbul 93

96 19 kargb;rmbrisßan photo: karen young L&L

97 kargb;rmbrisßan kargb;rmbrisßanenacumvijzbniycivmnðl bwgtenøsab)ankmnt;tamekaledadl;sh Kmn_ RKUbeRgon nigsissanusissenasala bzmsiksa b:uenþvasßitelidmenirénkarcab;epþim enaeliy. Gñkpþl;karGb;rMenaHrYmman GgÁkar GUsµÚs (Osmose) nigggákares,óggahar nig ksikmµénggákarshrbcacati (FAO) enakñúg extþesomrab RsbeBlCamYynwgGgÁkarmøb; ébtg GgÁkarse gáahstvérbenakm<úca (SCW) nigggákar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan (Live and Learn Environmental Education) enapñmñmebjk¾ )anefivkarbnþúh bnþalelikargb;rmbrisßanenhpgedr. vacakar lm)akkñúgkarkmnt;biplb:hbal; EdlCameFüa )ayttyl)anecakc½y nigmingacnammknuvkar ERbRbYlBitR)akd ebledlkµankmnitpþücepþim vaytmélcapøúvkar. enaqñam 2003 GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksi kmµénggákarshrbcacati erkamkic karsh karcamyy GgÁkarGUsµÚs GgÁkarseRgÁaHstVéRB km<úca nigggákarmøb;ébtg )ane)ahbum<éksar ENnaMsMrab;GñkGb;rMbrisßancMnYn 100c,ab; Edlman14 Epñk. enacugqñam 2004 GgÁkar TaMgenaH)anBinitüEksMrYlesovePAeLIgvij edayeyagtameyabl;bielakrku GñkRKU enakñúg qñam 2005 GgÁkarGUsµÚs )anbnþúhbnþalrku RbmaN 40nak; edim,iegaybykkat;gacerbi R)as;esovePAenH)an. cmenkéggákarmøb; ébtg)anbnþúhbnþalrku 32nak; epsgetot kñúgkarerbir)as;epñkepsg²kñúgesovepa edim,i erobcmgnuvtþkmµvifibergonbenßmema:g {køwbbrisßan} dl;sissbzmsiksakñúgextþ kmbg;s<w. GgÁkar se gáahstvérbenakm<úca )anbnþúhbnþaldl;rkucag 200nak; kñúgextþ kmbt ekahkug ebaf sat; RkecH mnðlkiri rtnkiri nigextþsþwgertg. GgÁkarmøb;ébtg nig GgÁkarGUsµÚs )anpþl;fvikadl;rkukñúgkarenßm kmµvifibrisßanrsbtamemeronsala. GgÁkar møb;ébtg )andak;bba ÚlmµviFIpSBVpSayviTüúry³ ebl 15naTI sþibibbaðabrisßancapøúvkarbirdg kñúgmyys)þah_ tamry³mcämnðlb½t man sþi km<úca nigmyyem:agkñúgkareqøiysmnyrtamturs½bþ RbsiT PaBénkmµviFIenHminTan;)anTTYleCaK C½ytamkarvaytMélenaHeT. enaqñam1999 GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksi kmµénggákarshrbcacati )andak;tamgbgðaj nuvbec kets nigkarrbkbrbrciba wmcivit Edl )angnuvtþenakñúgzbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab enatisñak;kartukek (Gecko) kariyal½y brisßancugexñós kñúgextþesomrab. smng; benþttwkk¾)andak;bgðajpgedrnuvciv³cmruh epsg² enaebledlgñkculmktssnana eblxagmux RtUv)ancat;TukmuxnwgCaRbCaBlrdæ kñúgshkmn_ensat niggñketscr PaKeRcIn CasisSEdlrs;enAEk,rmCÄmNÐlenH. tam karraykarn_ mansissrbman 5000 nak; )anmktssnamcämnðlenacugqñam 2005 kñúgenah sissbzmcmnyn 6Rkum )antssna mcämnðltukek BIrdgkñúgmYys)aþh_ manry³ ebl1em:agedayennam b bergontaméksar ENnaMsMrab;GñkGb;rMbrisßan. mcämnðlk¾)an begáitexsviedgur sþibikarkarbarérblictwk RBmTaMgbdapSBVpSay nigsøaksbaøapgedr. kargb;rmbrisßan 95

98 kargb;rmbrisßan GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµk¾)anbnþúh bnþaldl;rbhsgç nig)anerobcmesovepabnþúh bnþal sþibi brisßan edayepþattamfm RBH BuT i. RBHsgÇcMnYn20GgÁmkBIvtþcMnYn4 )an TTYlkarbNþúHbNþalenAcugqñaM 2005 cmenk ÉGgÁkarmøb;ébtgk¾)anGnuvtþkarGb;rMbrisßan tamry³vtþgarampgedr. enakñúgcmenamkmnitpþücepþimdétetot GgÁkarGPivDÆn_RKYsarkm<úCa (CFDS) GgÁkar siu)a: (SIPAR) nig GgÁkar NGO Forum )an erobcmsmpar³gb;rmmantmhmtucpgedr EdlPaK ercincabdapsbvpsay nigerogxøi² smrab; shkmn_. TnÞwmnwgenaHEdr GgÁkar Gnuvtþ KMeragEkécñsMNl;rwg-sMram (CSARO) enati RkugPñMeBj nigggákartipñak;garshrbtibtþikar GgÁkarGnþrCatiCb:un (JICA) )anbba ÚlkmµviFI bnþúhbnþalm nþirdæapi)aleliepñkbrisßanenh pgedr. mnþirbrisßanextþebaf sat; nig)at;dmbg)an erobcm)a:dapsbvpsay. bdatamgenaherobcmca myynaykdæankarbar niggpirksfmµcati nig naykdæanbrisßan énrksygbrisßan RBmTaMgGgÁ PaBsMrbsMrYlbec ketsenaerbktal;. RksYgxøÜnÉgk¾manGgÁPaBmYyeQµaHfa nayk dæangb;rm nigpsbvpsayb½t manbrisßan eday 96 epþatetaelikic xitxmrbwgerbgtamshkmn_ { TivaPBEpndIs at} nigmanecjgtßbtenh ecjerogral;rtimas. KMeragRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab(TSEMP) CaEpñkmYysßiteRkamKN³kmµaFikarCatiTenø emkgákm<úca EdlmanskmµPaBsMxan;BIrTak;Tg CamYykarGb;rMbrisßan. cmnuc1 Bak;B½n CamYy GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan EdlkMBugGnuvtþyuT nakarpsbvpsay niggb;rm brisßanfñak;catimanry³ebl 18Ex )angnuvtþ enabak;knþal qñam2005. Bak;B½n fñak;muldæan nigfñak;cati yut nakar)anepþatetaelitidæpab brisßanesdækic nigsgáménbwgtenøsab Edl CaGñkpþl;mðÚbGaharmanClsa sþcak;lak; nig rgkarkmramkmehg. enaedimqñam2006 yut nakarenh)anerobcmr)aykarn_ sþibi sßan PaBénkarGb;rMbrisßanRbeTskm<úCa nig)an begáitkmµvifivitüú karsmedgsil,³ nigkmµvifipsbv psaytamkaestrsµikm<úcary³eblmyyqñamkñúg extþcmnyn5enacmuvijbwgtenøsab cmenkkmnitpþüc epþimsmxan;epsgetotbak;b½n nwgkmeraggpirksbwg Tenøsab kmµvifigpivdærbs;ggákarshrbca Cati (UNDP) nig mulnifibrisßanbipbelak (GEF) EdlKMerag enhmankmµvifigb;rm nigcmenh dwgbrisßan nigcmenhdwgepsgetottamry³ salaeron nigmcämnðlbnþúhbnþal brisßan. TaMgenHmanbBa ÚlnUvmCÄmNÐl RKb;RKgtMbn;sñÚl cmnyn 03 etakñúgzbniy mnðlbwgtenøsab ERBkTal; bwgtenøqµar nigsþwgesn nigmcämnðlbenþttwkkñúgextþ kmbg;qñamg nigebaf sat; RBmTaMgmCÄmNÐl tukek (Gecko) enaextþesomrab. RbPB ³ GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan photo: terry wooltorton L&L

99 20 snþanurkm

100 snþanurkm snþanurkm karbnsam Adaptive CaTUeTA KWCaRbPTstV EdlGac bnsamxøün b rs;enaedaysmrbsmrylxøünetanwgkar ERbRbÜlbrisßanrbs;va. kalnarbepttamg enhkan;etgacpsametanwglkçxnðrs;ena nig karciba wmcivitkan;etxøamg enahlmenadæanfmµcati nigpabfn;rtamrbs;vaetanwgkarrmxanepsg²k¾ kan;etfmedr. enakñúgkarrkb;rkgbrisßanbakü {karbnsam} KWmann½yfa yut sarsþ Edlman lkçn³rlun ehiygacbba ÚlB½t manfiµ²eta kñúgyut sarsþ b ekalneya)ayrkb;rkgmyy Edl)anBinitüeLIgvij nigbegiánkunpab. karvaytmél Assessment: karsmedgecjy:agc,as;las;nuv tmélbrisßand¾bitr)akd)ankmnt; EdlcaM)ac; RtUvkarBar. Endpoints Assessment endpoint KWCaesckþIGFib,ay b ekaledabak;b½n etanwg lkçxnðegkulúsui ducca \T iblénkarbgá kmenitelisaba gákaykñúgtwk EdlcaM)ac;RtUv efvikarvaytmél nigkarbar. Assessment endpoints CaerOy²EtgEtpSarP ab;etanwgkar eqøiytbnwgpabtantwgbrisßan (Environmental stresses) rbs;rbeptenakñúg egkulúsui EdlCaGñkTTYlrg\T ibl (Ecological receptor species) b:uenþbykva k¾manepñkxøh EdlBwgGaRs½yeTAelIlkçN³ egkulúsuitamgenah EdleKdwgfa mantmélx<s; smrab;mnuss. 98 kmhab;civ³ Bioconcentration: KWCadMeNIrkarénkarRbmUlpþúMFatuKImI etakñúg saba gákayrs;enakñúgtwk edaypþal;bitwk. dmenirkarenh rymman karrsúbyk tamry³ RskI b CalikaEs,k nigkarbeba jecal. karbmebkfatu Decomposition: KWCadMeNIrkarCIv³mYyRb ept EdlBak;B½n etanwgkartmbar b bmebksriragá d¾sµúksµaj egayetacatmrg;gay edaysaba gá kaymyycmnyn EdleKeGayeQµaHfakarbMEbk Fatu ducca )ak;etri nigpsitcaedim. karbeba jtwk¼karbgðúrtwkecj Drainage Drainage basin: (sumbinitüemil b GacenARtg;Bakü Catchment ). rmhyt Evaporation: kar)at;bg;muelkultwk eday sardmenirerbrbylbipavrubrav etaca]sµ½n. CaTUeTA CalT plénkar)at;bg;twkenaebledl vtßúravenhrtúv)anbmelgetacacmhay. karb:hbnøw Exposure: RbtikmµedaypÞal; rvagpñak;garkimi Pñak;garCIv³mYyRbePT nigrbb½n CIv³mYy ekal eda b Epñkénbrisßan EdlTTYlrg\T ibl. karsmdil Exposure KWCakarb:HKñaedaypÞal;énPaBtan twgbrisßan (Environmental stressor) CamYy nwgepñkénbrisßan EdlTTYlrg\T ibl (Environmental receptor).

101 nirnþrpabcmrk Habitat sustainability: tyelxedlrtúv)an ekerbir)as;kñúgkarkmnt;kunpabx<s;bmputén lmenadæanfmµcati index enakñúgtmbn;myy. vtþmanénrbeptkúñgrsuk nigrbeptnamculbierka épþdiénlmenadæanfmµcati nigkmriténplb:hbal; KWCaktþasMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;PaBsißtesßrkñúgry³ eblevgénlmenadæanfmµcatienakúñgtmbn;myy. karpøas;ti Migratory karpøas;ti EdlCaFmµta KWGac egayekbüakrn_)an GaRs½yeTAelIRbePT Edlrs;enAkñúgTwknImYy² BItMbn; b Gakas FatumYyeTAtMbn; b GakasFatumYyepSgeTot edaysarmulehtuénkaresvgrkcmnigahar b bnþbuc.l. kenøgsarfatuciba wm Nutrient sink: tmbn;diesimedlmanmuxgarca XøaMgsþúkCICati b FatuKImITaMgLay. karefvigacivkmµhyskmrit Overexploitation: karefivgacivkmµ b erbi R)as;FnFanFmµCatielIsBIsmtßPaBEdl)an pþl;rbs;vakñúgkarkekiteligvij b RTRTg;nirnþr PaBedayFmµCatirbs;va. karbmbul Pollution Pollution-tolerant taxa: )andl;karerbir)as; stv\tq wgkg Edlrs;enAkñúgbrisßanTwk Caktþa RtÜtBinitükarERbRbYl. Pollution tolerant taxa KWCaRbePTTaMgLayNa EdleKcat;Tukfa GacRTaMrs;enA niglutlas;enakñúgbrisßan Edl manvtþmanénsarfatubul. PaBeRcInelIslb; Pollution-tolerant taxa ducca stveqøig Cab;Bak;B½n etanwg karfycuhéncmnyn Pollution-sensitive taxa EdlCaTUeTARtÚv)an ekcat;tukcapsúþtagénkarxucxatkunpabtwk. kmnkgakas Precipitation: ral;rtg;rtayéntwktamggs; mincaggáfaturav epøog b GgÁFatutan; RBwl b TwkkksMLI EdlFøak;BIbriyakaseTAdl;dI b KMrbsøwkrukçCati. kmetckmn kkr Sediment Sediment grain size: rgvas;tmhménrkab;di rab;bba Úlcab;BIfµFM² (Lager cobbles) RKÜs (Gravels) RKab;dI\dætUc² (Finer Clays) nigrkab;dil,ab; (Silts). TMhMénRKab;dI KWCa ):ar:aem:rtd¾smxan;myykñúgkarrtütbinitüenaebl efvikarkmnt;vtþman b brimanénfatukxvk;myy enakñúgcivitedlrs;kñúgtwk (Aquatic life). CaTUeTA diedlmanrkab;tuc ehiysmbureday sarfatusriragámansmtßpabbwtpþúksarfatu kxvk;ercin. RKab;dItUcmanépÞxageRkAFMCagdI RKab;FM ebikitcapakryetanwgmadrbs;va. eli sriragáenhetot FatuKImIkxVk;CaeRcInmanTMenar kñúgkarercotcul b etagp ab;etaelikmnkdi l,ab;edlmansarfatusriragáx<s;. kmnkmetckñúgtwk Sediment/water interface: karcybkñarvagtwk (water column) nigkmnkdi l,ab;ena)aterkam b EdlenAkñúgTwk. snþanurkm 99

102 snþanurkm photo: L&L tmnkña Succession: karerbrbülrubsarsþ (Dynamic) myylmdab; b esriénmuxgarrcna sm<½n nigsmaspabénrbeptenakñúgrbb½n egkulúsuimyykñúgry³eblmyy. CalT plrkum myyénsaba gákayefvikarrbecgrs;y:agecak C½yelIRkummYyeTot b epsg²etot tamry³ dmnak;kalmyycmnyn EdleFVIeGayRkumenH manskþanublcashkmn_ FmµCati (A potential natatal community) b eham:üag etotfa climax stage. karvas;kmritbul Toxicity test: mefüa)ay b vifi Edltamry³ enah kmritbulénfatukimi b smasfatuepsg² etot Edl)aneFVIBiesaFn_ RtÚv)aneKkMNt;. karefvibiesafn_sakl,ggmbikmritbul RtÚv)aneRbI R)as; edim,iefvikarvas;sþg;kmriténkareqøiytb (degree of response) Edl)anbegáIteLIg tamry³kardak;edaypþal; etanwgkmriténktþa CMruj (Stimuls) b kmriténsarfatukimibiess NamYy. karefvibiesafn_sakl,gkmritbulgacrtúv)anek erbir)as; edim,ivas;\t iblénplb:hbal;rbs; sarfatumyyetaelirkumsaba gákaymyyrbept Edl)aneRCIserIsenAeRkamlkçxNÐkMNt; myy. karefvibiesafn_sakl,gkmritbulenakñúg Twk CaTUeTAGacvas; a) smamarténsaba gá kayedlttylrg\t ibl b b) kmritén\t iblch bnþab;bikardak;edaypþal;etanwgsarfatumyy CakMNt; EdleKeFVIkarsakl,g ]TahrN_ smnakkmruénkmnkdil,ab; b kaksmnl;rav. erkahfañk; Hazard Hazard quotient: rubmnþedlrtúv)anekerbi R)as;sMrab;KNnakar):an;sµan PaBeRKaHfñak; énsarfatukxvk;myycakmnt;. Hazard quotient (HQ) RtÚv)ankMNt;edayplEck rvagkmhab;brisßan EdleK)anrMBwgTuk (EEC) nigkmhab;ekal (benchmark concentration BC ). kalna HQ mantméltuccag 1 (HQ<1) enah bba ak;fa PaBeRKaHfñak;man lkçn³gacegayektat;ecal)an. m:üagetot kalna Hazard quotient mantmélesµi 1 (HQ=1) enah bba ak;fa manvtþmanénerkah fñak;. ExSGahar Food chain: karepþrfamblbigñkplitdmbugek rukçcati tamry³saba gákaymyyesri b lmdab; EdlCaGñksIu nwgrtúv)aneksiubnþ ehiy Edlsnµtfa saba gákaynimyy²ciba wmcivit edaysiuetsaba gáepsg²etotmyyrbeptb:uenñah ]TahrN_ vdænkmµéncenøn RKlIgRKelag cab nigsþamg. enakñúgdmnak;kalénkarerbi 100

103 R)as;famBl RtÚv)anbMElgCakMedA EdlkMNt; cmnyndmnak;kal b vká b kmritcicati (Trophic level) enakñúgcgvak;gaharca 4 b 5. muldæan énkarttylsáal;cgvak;gahar KWBBYksuIsrIragÁ rs; nigbbyksuisriragásøab; BBYkTMBar b bmebk Fatu. GnþrGMeBITaMgenH ekiteligenakñúg bnþajcmnigahard¾sµúksµajmyy. KµanGuksuIEsn Anaerobic: (1) lkçxnðbrisßan EdlkñúgenaH KµanvtþmanGuksuIEsn (2) saba gákayedlgacrs;ena)an edaykµan vtþmanguksuiesn (3) dmenirkaredlgacekitmanelig)anenakñúg lkçxnðedlkµanguksuiesn. erkahfañk;gacnwgekitman karrbfuy Risk Risk estimate: karbgðaj b bba ak;fa briman tamry³rbu)ab ÍlIet én\t iblminl EdlekIt eligbikardak;edaypþal;etanwgbrisßan Edl mankmhab;énsarfatubulmyy. cmruh nanapab Diversity Diversity indices: rgvas;epsg² EdlRtÚv)an ekerbir)as;smrab;knna cmruhpabénrbeptrbs; lmenadæanfmµcatimyycakmnt;. CaTUeTA kalna diversity indices kan;etfmkwbba ak;fa RbB½n egkulúsuikan;etmansuxpabl. EckCaPaK fragmentation: EdlCalT plénkarekerb b karbmelgetspab edaykarrmxan b b:hbal;. cmenat Slope Slope gradient: KWCaRCugEdlépÞrabénépÞxagelI ertt b ecat erbobefobetanwgbøg;edk. ]TahrN_ cmenat esµirabesµi (Mearly level slopes) mankmrit ecat (Stope gradient) BI 0-3% ehiy cmenatxøamg mankmritecatbi 30-65% ClFrNIviTüa Hydrogeology: karsiksagmbiclnaéntwk erkamdiqøgkat;sarfatudifmµcati. CIv³cMruH Biodiversity: CaBakü EdlRtÚv)aneKeRbIR)as; edim,ibibn nanuvral;tssn³tanénpabcmruh RbePTéneGkULÚsIu CaBiess KWrab;bBa ÚlnUv PaBsm,ÚrénRbePTPaBsµúKsµajénRbB½n egku LÚsIu nignanapabénesentic. rgvas;edlman TMhMFM b x<s;én biodiversity. CaTUeTAeKcat; TukfaCasnÞsSn_bBa ak;gmbisuxpabd¾l RbesIr enakñúgrbb½n egkulúsiu CMrabTwk Infiltration: clnaéntwkelidi etakñúgdi b fµ tamry³rkehgebk b cenøahrbehagepsg². plitpab Productivity: GRtaplit CIvma:s (Biomass) edayrukçcatirs;catmrg;sarfatusriragá EdlPaK ercin RtÚv)aneRbIR)as;CacMNIGahar. karerciseris kareknð Recruitment: cmnynbenßm b karbnþbucn_én Ékát³nImYy²eTAkñúgsarB½n (Population). 101 snþanurkm

104 snþanurkm EdlKµanCIWWvIt Abiotic: énepñkedlkµancivit degðimtwk Aquifer: tyggá b bnþúm (Body) énfµ RKYs (gravel) xsac;edlrcabtwk ehiyedlman smtßpabgacpþúkbrimantwkd¾ercin EdlRkal BIeRkamedayrUbFatuminRCabTwk ehiyedltam ry³bnþúmtwkenh (Body) TwkeRkamdIRtÚv)aneK Tajyk. digineg¼gaedgin DNA (Deixyribonucleic acid): m:uelkul GasuIdnuyekøGicd¾sµúKsµajmYy. vakwcarubfatu esenticénrkb;sabagákaytamggs;. Edlmanxül;¼EdlmanGuksIuEsn Aerobic: (1) lkçx½nðbrisßanedlkñúgenah manguksuiesn (2) saba gákayedlcam)ac;rtúvkarguksuiesn smrab;civitrs;ena (3) dmeniredlgacekitmanelig)an Etkñúg lkçxn½ð EdlmanvtþmanGuksIuEsn. EdlmankMNt; Finite: EdlmankMrit b kmnt;. divitüa Pedology: karsiksacalkçn³vitüasarsþgmbi lkçn³tueta RbPB nigcmnat;fñak;éndi. édtenø Tributary: CaTUeTAKWCapøÚvTwktUc² EdlhUrcak; etapøúvtwkmyyepsgetot EdlmanTMhMFMCag. 102 tmbn; Endemi: KWCaRbePTkñúgRsuk CaerOy² KWCa RbePTEdlmankMeNItenAkñúglMdab;énsßanPaB PUmisaRsþkMNt;mYy. flclik Amphibian: stvq wgkgedlmanqamrtcak; sßitkñúgfñak; Amphibia EdlGacrs;enAkñúgTwk k¾)an nigeliekakk¾)an. lkçn³myycmnynrbs; varymman ³ 1) enaeblebjv½yrs;enaelidi b:uenþrtlb;eta kñúgtwkvijenaeblbgákmenit 2) GaceRbIR)as;Es,k nigmat;smrab;bn ÚrGuksuI EsnenAkñúgTwk 3) RkeBjEs,kKµaneram Rska b søab; 4) s utjas;begáincakunjas;edlrs;enakñúg Twk. fñambulksikmµ ededet DDT; (Dichloro-Diphenyli- Trichloroethane, or 1, 1, 1-Trichloro-2,2- bislp-chlorophenyl): KWCafñaMsMrab;stVl it myyrbept EdlmansarFatusrIragÁ nigkør (organochlorinated pestiside). DDT GacmanCaTMrg; p,p -DDT nig o,p -DDT. CaTUeTA DDT )andl;vtþmanén DDT TaMgGs; EdlmanTMrg;emtabUlIkbBa ÚlKña elikelg EtmankrNIbBa ak;epsg²bienh. DDT KWCafñaMKImI EdlmankMritBulxøaMg nigcaggáfatu smasedlmantmrg;fn;yurgegvg ebalkw mingayebkfatu (Persistem chemical compound).

105 TMnablicTwk Floodplain: KWCatMbn;TMnabCab;dgTenø swþg b pøúvtwk EdlenAelIenaHTwkCMnn;EtgEtRKb dnþb;. tmbn;enhekiteligbikmnkdil,ab; Edl manlkçn³fur (Unconsolidated material) EdlCaTUeTA rgføak;cuhbitwkcmnn;kñúgeblmun. TMhMénTMnablicTwkenH ERbRbÜleTAtammaD b TMhMTwkCMnn; ehiyehtuenh etibvartúv)an kmnt;edaytmhméntmbn;cmnn;nimyy². ]TahrN_ tmbn;tmnablictwkcmnyn 10dg kñúg ry³ebl 10qñaM (10 years floodplain) nwg RtÚvkMNt;edayTwkCMnn; EdlFMCageK Edl)an ekiteligcamfümragral;qñammþg. TwkRkamdI Groundwater: TwkEdlekItmanenAkñúgdI Edl sißtenakñúgcenøahrbehaglmhrénsilarstab; erkam nigsarfatuxnicéndisißtenacab;bieli silarstab;erkam (Bedrock) enh. TwkéRb Saltwater Saltwater intrusion (Salinisation): karrcab b hurculéntwkérbetakñúgrbb½n egku LÚsuItMbn;Twksab EdlCalT plbgáelig edaykarrmxanénmnuss b FmµCati b kic GPivDÆn_ edayskmµpabmnuss. karerbrbül KWkMhuk b rh½sénsmaspabrbept GacekItman elig. TwkeRkamdI Water column: CMhrénTwktamEbbTsSnTan (A conceptual column of water) BIépÞelI éntwkbwgrhutdl;)atbwg EdlCakMNkdI. TwkeRkamdI Water table: kmritx<s;cagekenakñúgdiéntwk erkamdi. water tuble begáitcarbmrbtl; rvagtmbn EdlEq tedaytwk (Zone of saturation) KµanGuksuIEsn nigtmbn;edl manrbehayxül; (Zone of aerating) manvtßúmanguksuiesn. Watershed : sumganbakü Catchment. FrNIviTüa¼PUKBÖsa sþ Geology: vitüasarsþedltak;tinetanwgrbvtiþ énpbepndi nigcivitrbs;va BiessKWB½t man Edlkt;RtaenAkñúgsIlaepSg². FarasaRsþ Hydrology: vitüasarsþsiksagmbitwkenaeli enakñúg nigenabixagelitmbn;myyénpbepndi rymman r)aytwk karvilcuhelig (Circulation) éntwk lkçn³rymrub nigkimiiéntwk RBmTaMg RbtikmµénbrisßanCamYyTwkxøÜnÉgpgEdr. FnFan Resource Resource exploitation: karerbir)as; b kar efvigacivkmµfnfanfmµcatimyy EdlelIsBI smtßpabénfnfanenahkñúgkarbnþbuc b manvtþ manenakñúgrbb½n egkulúsui. énkunpab Qualitative: EdlCakarGFib,ay Edlmin Gacrab;)an énbriman Quantitative: EdlGacrab;)an Ep kelikarrab; karvas;evg. 103 snþanurkm

106 snþanurkm nirnþrpab Sustainable Sustainable yield: brimanénfnfanmyycakmnt; EdlGacplit CaGciéRnþy_edaycIrPaB erkamvifisarsþrkb; RKgmYy ducca karkmnt;grtadkhut b RbmUlpleGayesµIKñaeTAnwg GRtapliteday FmµCati. tyelxéntinñpledaynirnþrpab smrab;ry³eblevgmyy ]TahrN_ brimaneqi Edl)ankab;rMlM EdleKGaceRCIserIs edim,i egayrsbkñaetanwgkarrkb;rkg Edl)ankMNt; TukCamun nigekaledaénsgám. bdibkçpab PaBpÞúyKañ (Antagonism): )atuputedlkñúgenah kmritbul énl,ayfatukimimyytabcagkmritbul Edl)an rmbwgtukecjbikarbukpsménkmritbulén FatuKImInImYy²enAkñúgl,ayenaH. bg;tus Benthos : bnþmúénsaba gákaymyycmnyn rym manrukçcati nigstv rs;enakñúg b elikmnkdi l,ab;énlmenadæanfmµcatitwk. bnþúmciv³ Bioaccumulation: BaküTUeTAeRbIsMrab; GFib,ay GMBIdMeNIkar Edltamry³enaHFatu KImITaMgLay RtÚv)anTajykedaypÞal;BITwk edaysaba gákaytwk. rebobénkartajyk enh rymmankarsuicmnigahar nigkmnkdil,ab; EdlmanpÞúkFatuKImI. RbsBVKña Tenø Confluence: cmnucedlenatienah crnþtwkhur éngagtwkelidibir (water bodies) ducca Tenø sþwg b pøúvtwk tuc² CYbKña ehiyhurrymkña. RbePTstVsIusMMNl;srIragÁénsarBagákay nana Detrivore Detrital feeders: RbePTEdlciBa wmciviteday suisriragásøab;enarss; b rlyyénrukçcati b stv. RbePTRtInaMcYl Exotic fish species: KWCaRbePTRtITaMgLay EdlminEmnCaRbePTkñúgRsuk ehiyrtúv)an namculbixagerka b BIeRkARbeTs. CYnkal RbePTnaMcUlenH GacRbECgrs;y:ageCaKC½y etaelirbeptkñúgrsuk edaysavafn;etanwgcmgw epsg² b ktþakmnt;rbcasarsþepsg² etot Population-limiting CagRbePTkñúgRsuk. 104

107 bnþajgahar Food web: KWCaDIyaRkamCaTsSTan Edl tagegaytmnak;tmngénkarciba wmcivitrbs; saba gátamglayenakñúgrbb½n egkulúsuimyy. vapsmeligedayesri b lmdab;myycmnynéncgvak; GaharEdltP ab;kñaetavijetamk. bwgvitüa Limnology: karsiksacalkçn³vitüasarsþ éngagsþúktwksab ducca bwgcaedim. RbePT smaspab Species Species composition: r)ayéncmnynrbept nigcmnynékt³ (individuals) énrbeptnimyy² enakñúgshkmn_myy. PaBsm,ÚN_énRbePT_ Species richness: cmnynénrbeptenakñúgtmbn; myy edayminrab;bba ÚlnUvr)ayrbs;vaeLIy. bmelgkmritbul Transformation rate: GRtaEdlFatuKImIeFVI karbmelgrtg;rtayenakñúgtmbn;diesim. kar eligcuhkmritkmbs;twk nigkarrsubykcicati Gac CH\T ibletaelikmritbmelgcatibulenh. RbB½n TwkhUr Water budget tulüpabéntwkedlhurcul nighurecj enakñúg RbB½n egkulúsuitmbn;diesimmyy. )a:ra:em:t Parameter: karerbrbülepsg² karbba ak;n½y b lkçn³rubsarsþénkarkmnt; karerbrbül b lkçn³ EdlRtÚv)aneKdak;bBa ÚlKñanUvlkçN³ nigtynatiénrbb½n egkulúsiumyy. CaTUeTA Parameter manlkçn³gacegayekvas;)an ducca brimanguksiuesnrlaykñúgtwkcaedim. GagrgTwkePøóg Catchment: KWCatMbn;EdlBITIenaH pøúvtwkeli di b RbB½n TwkeRkamdI TTYlTwkBIRbB½n bgðúrtwk enakñúggagénbwg b sþwg Tenø. Catchment RbmUl nigbgðúrtwkecjtamry³rckecj b mat; myy. RBMRbTl;én catchment CaTUeTAkMNt; edayexsry³kmbs; b zanelxaéntmbn;x<s;. Bam Estuary: GagsþúkTwkenAtamtMbn;eqñrsmuRT EdlGactP ab;edaypøúvtwkmyy b ercin etanwg smurt ehiyedltienahtwksab KW)anmkBI RbB½n bgðúrtwkenaelidi (Land drainage) lay LMCamYynwgTwkéRb. Estuaries CaTUeTAEtg EtTTYlrgskmµPaBTwkeCar-nac ehiyman tmélx<s; EdlCafñalRbB½n egkulúsuimyysmrab; CIvitCaeRcInRbePT Edlrs;enAkñúgTwksmuRT. BBYkstV Fauna: shkmn_stvenakñúglmenadæanfmµcati b tmbn;namyy. BBYkrukçCati Flora: shkmn_rukçcatienakñúgtmbn; b lmenadæan FmµCatiNamYy. Pav³rs; Biota: RKb;saBa gákaymancivittamggs; rukç Cati stv psit nigmirkusaba gákaytamglay EdlmanenAkñúgtMbn;nImYy². 105 snþanurkm

108 snþanurkm Pk; l,ab;m:dæ Siltation (Sedimentation): karføak;rgcuh nigkkrkrelikñaénkmetckmtidi Edl)anTTYl karhurercah b ercrwl enakñúgtwkerbktuc² bwg Tenø b GagsþúkTwkepSg²eTot. )atuput Siltation enakñúgbrisßan Twk Gacmanplb:H Bal;brisßand¾GaRkk; ducca karkab;di)attwk EdlCakEnøgRtIBg b begáinpabl k;kkr (Turbidity) EdlGacb:HBal;dl;kardkdegðIm énsaba gákayrs;enakñúgtwktamglay. Pk; smnl; Sludge: smaspabénggáfaturwg nigggáfatu rav EdlCalT pléndmenirkarrbrbwtþkmµtwk smguy edaymin)anttylrgnuvkarefviegayxab; edayrbrbwtþkmµrub b KImI muneblefvirbrbwtþkmµ TwksMGuy. PaBBul Toxicity: skþanubledlmanenakñúgsarfatuciv³ b KImImYy kñúgkarbgá\t iblgarkk;etaeli saba gákaymancivitenaebledlsaba gákay enah RtÚv)aneKdak;edaypÞal;eTAelIsarFatu enah. karefvibiesafn_sakl,gkmritbulgacrtúv)anek erbir)as; edim,ivas;\t ibl b:hbal;énsarfatu myyetaelirkumsaba gákaymyyrbept Edl)an erciserisenaerkamlkçxnðkmnt;myy. karefvi BiesaFn_sakl,gkMritBulenAkñúgTwk CaTUeTA Gacvas; a) smamarténsaba gákayedlttyl rg\t ibl b b) kmritén\t iblch bnþab;bikar dak;edaypþal;etanwgsarfatumyycakmnt; Edl ekefvikarsakl,g ]TahrN_ smnakkmruén kmnkdil,ab; b kaksmnl;rav. 106 PaBRCabTwk Permeability: KWCargVas;mYyénPaBgayRsÜl EdlCamYyenaH]sµ½n b vtßúrav GacRCab b qøg kat;rbehagxül;myycmnynénsarfatumyy. ena kñúgdi Permeability enh RtÚv)aneKkMNt;eday TMhM rebobtp ab; (arrangement) nigsmas PaBénRKab;dI (Soil particles) nigedaykmritén PaBhab;éndI. epøóggasiud Acid rain: TwkePøógEdlman ph TabCag 5/6. kmritekineligéncatigasuidgacbgáelig edayfmµcati ducca edaysarkarbeba j]sµ½n enakñúgeblmanbnþúhpñmepøig b eday karrmxan edaymnuss ducca cmehh\nðn³ b FatueqH epsg²>>>>. mmsasi Carnivore: stvtamglay EdlsIuEtsac;stV epsg²etot mamgsastv. mhnþray Catatrophe Catastrophic: karb:hbal; b karrmxanf n;f r EdlekItmanPøam² nigvisambaø mankmrit x<s;ekiteligminjwkjab; b yur²mþg Low frequency. emtabulis Metabolism: ral;dmenirkarkimitamggs; Edl ekiteligenakñúgsaba gákaytamgdmenirkarefvi smeyak nigbmebksarfatusriragá rymman kar rmlaygaharcaedim.

109 rmhytcmhaytwk Evapotranspiration: KWCaclnaénTwkBIdI b rukçcatinimyy² nigshkmn_rukçcati (Plent commumities) etakñúgbriyakastamry³ karbmpaycacmhay (Evaporation) éntwkbidi nigkarbmpayéntwktamry³dmenirrsµismeyak (Transpiration) edayrukçcati. ra:msar Ramsar: GnusBaØasIþGMBI tmbn;diesim Edl)an cuhhtßelxaena Ramsar RbeTseGor:g; kñúgqñam 1971 KWCasn isbaøagnþrcati Edlpþl;RkbxNÐ smrab;skmµpabfñak;cati nig kic shrbtibtþi karn_gnþrcati kñúgkargnuvtþgnusbaøa nigkar erbir)as;d¾smrsbcmebahtmbn;diesim nigfnfan rbs;va. rhutmktl;bc úb,nñenh eqµahéngnu sbaøaenh RtÚv)aneKsresrfa GnusBaØa sþibi tmbn;diesim (Convention on wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971) EdlRtÚv)aneKsÁal; nigniymerbir)as;cagnusbaøa Ramsar Ramsar Convention. bc úb,nñenh GnusBaØaenH manpakicuhkic snüacmnyn 128 EdlmantMbn;dIesImcMnYn 1090kEnøg manépþdi srub 82/4 lan hikta EdlRtÚv)aneKkMNt; enakñúgtaragtmbn;diesim Edlmansar³sMxan; fñak;gnþrcati Ramsar (Ramsar List of Wetland of International Importance). rsµismeyak Photosynthesis: KWCadMeNIrkarEdltamry³ enah rukçcatiefivkarbmelg CO 2 nig H 2 O etaca kabugiurdat (Carbohydrates) nigsmafatu epsg²etot edayerbir)as;cafamblbirbh GaTitü rmpaycmhaytwk Plant transpiration: kar)at;bg;cmhaytwkbi rukçcatietakñúgbriyakas. l,ab; Alluvium Alluvial deposits: kmetckmtiedlhurnammkeday sþwg Tenø b pøúvtwk epsg² ehiyrgføak;cuhbegáit)anca TMnablic TwkenACab;nwgTenø b pøúvtwktamgenah. lmnwg tulüpab Equilibrium: KWCaRbB½n myyedlsßitkñúgpab lmnwg b esßrpabcamyynwgfnfan niglt pl (inputs and outputs matching). lkçx½nð énpabnwgfál; b ERbRbYltic (Conditions of stasis). lmenazan CMrk Habitat: karerbrbül b karebk)ak;xucxatén lmenadæanfmµcati etaelicaekahdac;²bikña. snþanurkm 107

110 snþanurkm photo: L&L lmehas PaBes<at Porosity: PaBEdlGacRCabGgÁFaturav b ]sµ½nénsarfatumyy ehiyedl)anqøúhbba amg b KitCamaDénlMh EdlbMeBjRbehagcenøaH rvagrkab;di (Soil particles) libit Lipid: m:uelkulxøaj; b erbg vipak Analyse: EpñkNamYyCakMNt;EdlRtUv)an vas;evgenakñúgkarvipakkimi. KWGVIEdlRtÚv)aneK kt;smkal; nigkmnt;brimanenakñúgdmenirkar vipaksmnakkmru (sample). vinirtikmµ Denitrification: kar)at;bg;gasuttamry³kar bmelgrbs;vaplitpl]sµ½n EdlsMxan;Cag ekenah KWm:UelKul GasUt N niggasut GuksuIt N 2 O. dmenirkarenh KWeFVIeLIg edaybbykmirkúsaba gákay )ak;etri enakñúg lkçxnðbrisßanmyy EdlKµanGuksuIEsn. skmµpabdamedimeqi shkmn_ Community: kúñgn½yegkulúsui KWCasaBa gá kaymancivittamglayénrbb½n egkulúsuibiess myy ebalkw CaBiPBrukçCati stv psit nigmirkú saba gákay. sarfatubmbul Contaminant Contaminant sink: KWCaRbB½n myy ]TahrN_ tmbn;diesimmyy EdlRtÚv)aneK erbir)as;cagagsþúktuktamgrsugnuvsarfatukxvk; (Contaminants) NamYyCakMNt;. b eday erbibaküm:üagetot FatuKImIEdlbgðÚrcUlRbB½n enhmanbrimand¾ercinelislb; ebierbobetanwg brimanfatuukimiedlbgðúrecj. suitu)aøs Cytoplasm: EpñkpSM EdlmanCIviténekasika erkabinuyekøeg r. sßanrbb½n Ecosystem: KWCaRkummYyRbB½n mancivit nigkµancivit EdlmanGnþrGMeBIeTAelIKñaeTAvij etamk begáit)ancarbb½n myymanesßrpab. tamtssn³tancamuldæanenahkw rab;bba ÚlnUv Twk nigvdþéncicati crnþénfambltamry³cgvak; Gahar nigbnþajgahar (Food webs). CaTUeTARbB½n egkulúsui (Ecosystem) myykwca RbB½n éndmenirkarfambl nigkarbegáincicati EdlEpñknImYy²rbs;vaBak;B½n etanwgry³ebl myyd¾evg. ekalkarn_énrbb½n egkulúsui GacRtÚv)aneKykeTAGnuvtþenARKb;kMritTaMg Gs; BIRtBaMgnImYy²rhUtdl;bwg smurt nig EpndITaMgmUl. 108

111 esentic Genetic Gene pool: KWCa EsnsrubTaMgGs;énstV b rukçcatibgáat;nimyy²enakñúgrbcasarsþ (Population) enakñúgebletmyy. smram Litter Litter production: karrbmulpþú< edayfmµcati énrstab;elidikñúgtmbn;érbeqi. smrampsmelig BIsarFatuusrIragÁEdlminTan;EbkFatukñúgTMrg; CacMENkéndIRsTab;elI søwk EmktUc Edl)an Føak;cuHBIKMrbsøwkénedImeQI. smramkwca RbPBdMbUgbg s;énsarfatusriragácmebahdiérb eqi. sarfatuciba wm Nutrient sarfatuciba wmsriragá Nutrient budget: karbibn namyy GMBI brimanedl)andak; )at;bg; nigbrimanc½r ducca pusv½r kabun GasUt Edlvilvl; b culeta kñúgrbb½n egkulúsiumyy. sarfatuciba wmbnþ Nutrient cycling: KnøgpøÚvFrNI CIv³ KImI én CICatiCIv³sMxan; ducca kabun GasUt nigguksiu EsnenAkñúgmNÐlCIv³. KnøgpøÚv b pøúvqøgkat;enh rymman karrsubykcicati karbmelgcicati karerbir)as;cicati nigkarbeba jecal eday saba gákay A ehiybnþab;mk bba ÚneTA nig RsÚbykedaysaBa gákay B. stvrmba Predator Predatory: stvedletag smlab; nigsiustv epsg²etot smeyak Synthesis Synthesize: karpsmkñanuvfatupsmnimyy² egay etacasmasfatumyy (A unified whole). CaBiess KWdMeNIrkarénkarcgsm<½n smasfatu KImIBIsarFatu EdlpSMeLIgedayRbtikmµKImImYy b ercin. smnl;ravbgðúrecj Effluent: KWCakaksMNl;d¾sµúKsµajmYy ducca kaksmnl;ravecjbieragcrk]ssah kmµ b TwksMGuy EdlGacRtÚv)aneKTat;ecal etakñúgbrisßan. smtßpabkargar Energy: smtßpabkñúgkarbmebjkargar. GagsþúkTwk )asamg Basin: tmbn;tmnabedlkµan b manrckbgðúr ecjtictycbmput smrab;twkelidi ]TahrN_ rymman Gag bwg b TenøNamYy. GWRtYPIkasüúg Eutrophication: KWCaCICatiFmµCati b CaerOy² CakarbgáedaymnusS etakñúggagsþúktwk Edl bnþalegaymangrtaplitkmµsarfatusriragá x<s;. Eutrophication begáitegayman \T iblb:hbal;epsg²etot (side effects) CaeRcInEdleKmin)anrMBwgTukCamun rymman snþanurkm 109

112 snþanurkm bnþúménbbykesø EdlmankarlUtlas;xøaMg (Alqal blooms) kmritguksuiesn TabeTAtamrdUv nig bnßykarrs;enaénrti nigbbykstv\tq wgkgrs; enakñúgtwkepsg²etot. Gñkkat;bnßy Reductionist: RTIsþImYyEdlRKb;RbB½n sµúrk sµajtamggs; GacRtÚv)aneKyl;y:agc,as; nuvepñktamglayrbs;va. b m:üagetot karruk rk b EsVgrk edim,iefvikarkat;bnßytinñn½y b )atuputedlmanlkçn³sµúksµajegaykøayeta CalkçxNÐmYy EdlmanPaBgayyl; (Simple terms). GacekIteLIgvij Renewable: FnFanCIv³TaMgLay Edlmans mtßpabgacekiteligcafµivij edaykµankmnt; enakñúgkmlúgeblmyyénmnussmyycmnan;² edaysnµtfa mankargnubaøat b TTYlykelI bbaðaenh BIsMNak;kMlaMgTUeTAénbrisßansgÁm nigneya)ay. Dichlorodiphenel: plitplmyyedl)anmk BIkarEbkFatuedayFmµCatién DDT. di-chloroethylene (DDE) DIGuksIun Dioxin: RkummYyénFatuKImI EdlmancMnYn RbEhl 75 RbePTénRKYsar kørielapitdi bg;sudiguksuin (Chlorinated debenzodioxin famity). sarfatu 2/ 3/ 7/ 8-TCDD KWRtÚv)aneKcat;TukfaCaTMrg; EdlmankMritBulxøaMgCageKbMput. KWCa Epñk TUeTAmYyénkaksMNl;ravecjBIeragcRkplit emsarbdas. 110 ]sµ½npþhkba k; Greenhouse gases: ]sµ½nsmkal; (Trace gases) myycmnynenakñúgbriyakas Edl rksasitunðpabpbepndiegayenakmritmfüm EdleyIgmansBVéf enh. ]sµ½ntamgenh RtÚv)aneKehAfa greenhouse gases ehiyrbeptsmxan;cagekedlttylrg\ti Bl edaypþal;biskmµpabrbs;mnuss KW]sµ½nka bunic emtan GasUtGuksIut nig CFCs- Chlorinated fluorocarbons ducca Freon. brimanén]sµ½npþhkba k; KWCalMnwg b tulüpab myyrvaggivedlbba ak;fa etikñúgel,onelon b:unña Edl]sµ½nenH RtÚv)anbeBa jetakñúg briyakas RbPB niggviedlbba ak;fa etiva )at;bg;etavijenakñúgel,onelonkmritnaedr. eyigtamggs;kña kmbugcab;garmµn_gmbi GIVEdlfa etiskmµpabrbs;mnussgvixøhedlkmbugefivegay ERbRbÜlkMritekIteLIgedayFmµCatién]sµ½n kabunic nigemtan. Phreactic zone: RsTab;eRkamépÞelI Edl kñúgenahral;stv\tq wgkgtamggs; RtÚv)an bmebjedaytwk EdlmansMBaFFMCagsMBaF briyakas. kñúgsilaepsg² kmriténpabes<at CH\Ti BlelIlT PaBén]sµ½n b GgÁFaturav efiv clnaqøgkat;sila b di. Taxa richness: cmnynénfñak;nimyy² (Individual taxa) Edl)anRbmUlenAsßanIy_ Rsg;sMNakKMrU (Sampling station). tyelxenh GacCatMNagénsm,ÚNÑPaBmFüm myy (Amean richness) b sm,únñpabénrkum b shkmn_myy (A pooled rechness).

113 21 GkSrkat;

114 GkSrkat; GkSrkat; ACAPE GgÁkar ACAPE ( Association Cambodgienne d Approvisionnement en Eau) ACCB mcämnðlggár smrab;kargpirksciv³ cmruh (Angkor Center for the Conservation of Biodiversity) ADB FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI (Asian Development Bank) AEAM karrkb;rkg nig vaytmélkarerbrbyl brisßan (Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management) AJA smakm AJL (Association de la Jeunesse pour l Animation) ATT GagRtBaMgFM (Ang Trapeang Thom) AOX GaLÚEsnsrIragÁEdlRsUbyk)an (Adsorbable Organic Halogens) APDO GgÁkarcUlrYmGPivDÆn_GgÁr (Angkor Participatory Development Organization) AWC GgÁkarCMerOnbkSITwkGasIu (Asian Waterfowl Census) BC karrbmulpþúmtmruy (Benchmark Concentration) BDP EpnkarGPivDÆn_Gagsþúk (Basin Development Plan) BFD GgÁkarRBHBuT sasna smrab;gpivdæn_ (Buddhism for Development) BFDKT GgÁkarRBHBuT sasna smrab;gpivdæn_ extþkmbg;fm (Buddhism for Development Kompong Thom) BOD tmruvkar GuksIuEsnCIv³ (Biological Oxygen Demand) CEA karvaytmél\ti BlekIneLIg (Cumulative Effects Assessment) CEARC RkumRbwkSaRsavRC avvaytmélbrisßan énrbetskanada (Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council) CED shkmn_gpivdæn_esdækic (Community Economic Development) CEIA karvaytmélehtub:hbal;brisßanekinelig (Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment) CEQ RkumRbwkSa KuNPaBbrisßan shrdæ Gaemrik (Council on Environmental Quality United States of America ) CEPA smakmgpirksbrisßan nigvb,fm (Culture and Environment Preservation Association) CFDS esvakmµgpivdæn_rkysarkm<úca (Cambodian Family Development Services) CITES GnusBaØasþIBI karefvibanic kmµgnþrcati cmebahrbeptstv nig rukçcati CitputBUC (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) CLEC mcämnðlgb;rmc,ab;shkmn_ (Community Legal Education Centre) 112

115 CNMC KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁ km<úca (Cambodian National Mekong Committee) CSARO GgÁkarshKmn_Ekécñ niggnam½y shkmn_ { sáar:u } (Community Sanitation and Recycling Organization) DAC smakmgpivdæn_km<úca (Development Association of Cambodia) DOF rdæ)alclpl (Department of Fisheries) DPKS kmµvifigpivdænsiss nissitexµr (Development Program for Khmer Students) EA karvaytmélbrisßan (Environmental Assessment) EC/SPEC GgÁkar SPEC/EC (European Commission Support for the Environment Sector in Cambodia) EE kargb;rmbrisßan (Environmental Education) EP kmµvifibrisßan (Environment Program) C50 karrbmulpþúm\ti Bl smrab; 50 sarbagákayedlefvibiesafn_ (Effect Concentration for 50% of the test organisms ) EEC karrbmulpþúmbrisßanedlrmbwgtuk (Expected Environmental Concentration) EEM kartamdanrbsit PaBbrisßan (Environmental Effects Monitoring ) EES esckiþeføgkarn_bi\tiæblbrisßan (Environmental Effects Statement) EIA karvaytmélehtub:hbal;brisßan (Environmental Impact Assessment) EIED esckiþsmercénkarvaytmélehtub:hbal; brisßan tamry³ OEPP RbeTséf Environmental Impact Evaluation Decision (through OEPP, Thailand) EIS esckiþeføgkarplb:hbal;brisßan (Environmental Impact Statement) EMS RbB½n RKb;RKgbrisßan (Environmental Management System) EPDO GgÁkarGPivDÆn_ nigkarbarbrisßan (Environment Protection and Development Organization) ETP kmµvifibnþúhbnþalbrisßan (Environment Training Program) EPT snþssn_ egm:ubepþra:/epøkubepþra:/rtikubepþra: (Ephemoptera, Plecoptera, Tricoptera Index) ERA karvaytmélerkahfñak;brisßan (Ecological Risk Assessment) FACT sm<½n PaBedIm,IGPirkSFnFanClpl (Fisheries Action Coalition Team) FAO GgÁkares,ógGahar nigksikmµshrbca Cati (Food and Agriculture Organization) FCC GgÁkarGnaKtkumarkm<úCa (Future for Cambodian Children) FIMC KN³kmµaFikarRKb;RKgvinieyaKTunbr ets rdæapi)allav (Foreign Investment Management Committee Government of Lao PDR ) GkSrkat; 113

116 GkSrkat; FP kmµvificlpl (Fisheries Program) GECKO kariyal½ybrisßan cugexñós (Great Environment Chhong Kneas Office) GEF sßanpabbrisßantamgmul GEF (Global Environment Facility) GIS RbB½n B½t manpumisa sþ (geogrpahic information system) GNP pltuncati (Gross National Product) GPS sßanpabrbb½n TaMgmUl GPS (global positioning system) HQ plecksarfatubul (Hazard Quotient) IAA Pñak;garCMnYyGnþrCati (International Assisting Agency) ICF GgÁkarmUlniFiGPirkSstVeRkolGnþrCati ICF (international Crane Foundation) IEE karrtytbinitübrisßandmbug (Initial Environmental Examination) IFReDI vitüasßangpivdæn_ nigrsavrcavclpltwksab (Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute) IJF mulnifisarb½t manékracü (Independent Journalism Foundation) IMWG RkumkargarGnþr³RksYg rdæapi)al Lav (Inter-Ministerial Working Group Government of Lao PDR ) IUCN shpabgnþrcatismrab;kargpirksfn FanFmµCati (International Union For Conservation of Nature And Natural Resources) Koc emkunguktanul-twk (Water-Octanol Coefficient) ISO GgÁkarGnþrCatisMrab;erobcMsþg;da (International Organization for Standardization Designation) JICA TIPñak;garshRbtibtþikarGnþrCatiCb:un (Japan International Cooperation Agency) PNKA smakmpñmnagkrgi (Phnom Neang Kangrei Association) Lao PDR safarn³rdærbcamanit RbCaFib etyülav (Lao People s Democratic Republic) LC50 karrbmulpþúmsarbagákaysøab; Kityk 50 énsarbagákayedlefivbiesafn_ (Lethal Concentration (for 50% of the test organisms)) LEP c,ab;siþbikarkarbarbrisßan evotnam (Law on Environmental Protection Vietnam ) LMB GagTenøemKgÁxageRkam (Lower Mekong Basin) LLEE GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibi karrs;enacamyy brisßan (Live and Learn Environmental Education) LNMC KN³kmµaFikarCatiemKgÁ Lav (Lao National Mekong Committee) LOEC karrbmulpþúmrbsitæpabtamkargegát TabbMput (Lowest Observable Effects Concentration) MAFF RksYgksikmµ rukçarbma:j; nigensat (Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries) 114

117 GkSrkat; MDGs ekaledagpivdæn_shsvts (Millennium Development Goals) MOEYS RksYgGb;rM yuvcn nigkila (Ministry of Education,Youth and Sport) MOE RksYgbrisßan (Ministry of Environment) MOP RksYgEpnkar (Ministry of Planning) MOSTE RksYgviTüasaRsþ bec kvitüa nigbrisßan evotnam nig éf Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (Thailand and Vietnam) MOU GnusSrN³énkareyaKyl; (Memorandum of Understanding) MOWRAM RksYgFnFanTwk nig]tuniym (Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology) MRB GagTenøemKgÁ (Mekong River Basin) skmµpabdamedimeqi MRC KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ (Mekong River Commission) MRCS elxafikardæanénkn³kmµafikartenø emkgá (Mekong River Commission Secretariat) NEAP EpnkarskmµPaBbrisßanCatikm<úCa (National Environment Action Plan Cambodia ) NEEAC yut nakarpsbvpsay niggb;rmbrisßan fñak;cati (National Environmental Education and Awareness Campaign) NEPA neya)aybrisßancati shrdægaemrik (National Environment Policy United States of America ) NEQA kargpirksnigeklmgesckiþsmercbikun PaBbrisßanCati RbeTséf (Enhancement and Conservation of the National Environmental Quality Act Thailand ) photo: L&L 115

118 GkSrkat; NGO GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al (Non Government Organization) NRM RKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati (Natural Resource Management) NOEC karrbmulpþúmrbsit PaBmin)anGegát (No Observable Effects Concentration) OEPP kariyal½yneya)ay nigepnkar brisßan RbeTséf (Office of Environmental Policy and Planning Thailand ) PDA skmµpabsakl,gry³xøi (Pilot and Demonstration Activity) PDE mnþirbrisßanextþ (Provincial Department of Environment) PIO kariyal½ygnuvtþn_kmerag (project implementation office) PIU GgÁPaB rw EpñkGnuvtþn_KMerag (project implementation unit) PPPs neya)ay Epnkar nigkmµvifi (Policies, Plans and Programs) PRC safarn³rdærbcamanitcin (People s Republic of China) RAP karvaytmélénkaryl;dwg (Rapid Assessment of Perceptions) RCEDO GgÁkar GPivDÆn_brisßanshKmn_ CnbT (Rural Community Environment Development Organization) RRFAs skmµpabgnaktedlrbemiltukca muntamehtupl (Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions) RUPP saklvitüal½ypuminþpñmebj (Royal University of Phnom Penh) SEA karvaytmélyutæsarsþbrisßan (Strategic Environmental Assessment) SEA smakmesvakmµsmn³kµanrbmedn (Samanak Service Endlessness Association) SEls plb:hbal;brisßansmxan; (Significant Environmental Impacts) SIPAR GgÁkar sui)a: (Soutien a l Iniative Pour l Aide a la Reconstruction) 116 smbukxµúmbirtelakdug SoE skmµpabbrisßan (State of the Environment) SPEC GgÁkarKaMRTEpñkbrisßanenAkm<úCa shkmn_gwr:ub (European Commission Support for the Environment Sector in Cambodia) SSP sþisnþipab edim,ibrisßan (Strey Santepheap Deiombeiy Parethan) STEA TIPñak;garviTüasaRsþ bec kvitüa nig brisßan Lav (Science, Technology and

119 Environment Agency Lao PDR ) TCH GgÁPaBsMrbsMrYlbec kets (Technical Coordination Unit) TNMC KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁéf (Thai National Mekong Committee) TOC kae)ansriragásrub (Total Organic Carbon) TOR Éksareyag (Terms of Reference) TSBR zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab (Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve) TSBR elxafikardæanzbniycivmnðlbwg Tenøsab (Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Secretariat) TSBS yut sa sþgagbwgtenøsab (Tonle Sap Basin Strategy) TSCP KMeragGPirkSbwgTenøsab (Tonle Sap Conservation Project) TSEMP KMeragRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab (Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project) TSI kmrgkmeragbwgtenøsab (Tonle Sap Initiative) TSS sarfatukkrgenþtsrub ¼sarFatu kkrvilvilvl; (Total Suspended Solids) UNDP GgÁkar kmµvifigpivdæn_shrbcacati (United Nations Development Program) UNEP GgÁkar kmµvifibrisßanshrbcacati (United Nations Environment Program) UNESCO GgÁkar shrbcatismrab;gb;rm vitüas sþ nigvb,fm { yuensáú } (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) UNICEF GgÁkar munifikumarrbs;ggákarsh RbCaCati (United Nations Children s Fund) USEPA TIPñak;garkarBarbrisßanshrdæ Gaemrik (United States Environmental Protection Agency) VECs smaspakrbb½n brisßan nigbrisßan Edl)anvaytMél (Valued Environmental / Ecosystem Components) VNMC KN³kmµaFikarCatiTenøemKgÁevot Nam (Vietnam National Mekong Committee) VSG RkumKaMRTPUmi (Village Support Group) WAP kmµvifiyl;dwgbibbaðatwk (Water Awareness Programme) WCS GgÁkarGPirkSstVéRB (Wildlife Conservation Society) WEC GgÁkarGb;rMBiPBelak km<úca (World Education Cambodia) WFC mcämnðlclplbipbelak (World Fish Center) WHO GgÁkarsuxPaBBiPBelak (World Health Organization) WPO kariyal½ykarbarstvérb (Wildlife Protection Office) WUP kmµvifierbir)as;twk (Water Utilisation Program) WWF GgÁkar mulnifibipbelaksmrab;gpirks FmµCati (World Wide Fund for Nature) 117 GkSrkat;

120 22 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n

121 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n xagerkamenh CatarageQµaHsßab½nrdæaPi )al Pñak;garBhuPaKI Gñkpþl;CMnYeTVrPaKI nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al EdlBak;B½ ncamyykar Gb;rMbrisßanenAkm<úCa. taragenhmandak; bba ÚlnUvB½t manbikn³kmµafikarshrbtibtþi karsmrab;km<úca (CCC). GgÁkar culrymgpirksggár APDO (Angkor Participatory Development Organization) extþesomrab GgÁkar APDO )anbegáiteligedaygtit GñksµR½Kcitþrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAqñaM 2000 edayman Bak;B½n CamYyskmµPaB shkmn_enacmuvijggár. KMeragrbs;GgÁkarenH KWsMrab;GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSRbkbeday ecrpabkñúgekalbmngbrgwgsmtßpabcnbt edim,ikat;bnßypabrkirk nigkamrtdl;puminuv karecotukcitþelixøünég kñúgkargpivdæesdækic sgám vb,fm nigbrisßan. elak twk sakan savuf naykggákar Web: # 0630 Rkum12 PUmivtþbUr XMusalakMerIk extþesomrab GgÁkar ACAPE (Association Cambodgienne d Approvisionnment en Eau) PñMeBj GgÁkar ACAPE )angnuvtþkmeragtwks atena RbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM1988 nig )anbegáitrkum bnþúhbnþal vic aciv³enaqñam1991. smakm enh RtUv)anbegáItCaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAqñaM 1995 nigmanbtbiesafn_elikarpát;pág; nig Gnam½yTwktamshKmn_. GgÁkarenH epþatelikargarenaextþbnþay manc½y kmbg;fm kmbg;s<w ebaf sat; kmbt nig extþknþal. elak rs; saeron naykggákar Tel: acape@forum.org.kh # 282 pøúvn½rrbit EsøgrelIg sgáat;twkføa xnðb ssiekv RkugPñMeBj smakm AJA (Association de la Jeunesse pour l Animation ) PñMeBj GnuBaØatedayRksYgmhaépÞenAqñaM smakm AJA smrbsmrylepnkar smrab;karsiksagb;rm CaEpñkén Accueil Cambodgien. vamantitamgenaextþkmbt nigpþl;kargb;rmpasabrets nigfñak;benßmerka em:ag smrab;muxvic asala RBmTaMgmankmµviFIkuM BüÚT½r kmµvifikila nig kmµvifidétetot. smakm k¾)anpþl;pgedr nuvkargb;rmepñksux PaB nigbrisßan. Mao Kolbtr nayksmakm Tel: / aja@forum.org.khaja, mjc@forum.com.kh # 282 pøúv608 bwgekgkg2 xnðcmkarmn RkugPñMeBj GgÁkar bnþúhkumar (Bondos Komar), PñMeBj begáiteligedayggákarerkardæapi)alrbs; )aramg Partage )andmenirkarcab;tamgbiqñam GgÁkarenH CYyKaMRTdl;salabzm bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n photo: Sonja Endlweber 119

122 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n siksa nigsalametyürbs;rdætamry³kmerag CaeRcInmankarsagsg; nig karsþareligvij eliepñkgnam½y Gb;rMsuxPaB nigc,ardmnam. GgÁkarbNþúHkumarGnuvtþkargarenAextþeBaF sat; extþknþal extþkmbg;s<w nigextþtaekv. elak Kg; sarmu naykggákar Tel: Fax: #6 pøúv 388 sgáat;tylsvayérb1 xnðcmkarmn PñMeBj GgÁkar RBHBuT sasnaedim,igpivdæn_ BFD (Buddhism for Development) )at;dmbg BFD RtUv)anksagedayGIundaNamU: b ÍKU nig elak ehg munñicinþa nig RBHsgÇmYyRkum enaécmurmcneposxøünsayfurbetséfqñam bc úb,nñenh GgÁkarenHmanTItaMgenA kñúgvtþmyyextþ)at;dmbg nigmanekalbmng edim,ismercegay)anelikargpivdæesdækic sgámrbkbedayecrpabrbs;rbcablrdæena tmbn;bay½bü RbeTskm<úCa. GgÁkarenH Gnuvtþ kargarenaextþmyycmnynetotducca ³ bnþayman C½y Rkugéb:lin esomrab kmbg;fm RBHvihar nigtirkugpñmebj. 120 elak ehg munñicinþa naykggákar Tel: (053) bfdkhmer@camintel.com Web: vtþgnøg;vil RsuksEgá extþ)at;dmbg GgÁkar RBHBuT sasnaedim,igpivdæn_ extþkmbg;fm BFDK (Buddhism for Development Kompong Thom) kmbg;fm cuheqµahcaggákarerkardæapi)alcab;tamg BIqñaM 2000 ehiyggákar BFDK Bak;B½n CamYy KMeragshKmn_éRB eqi nigkmeragksikmµ sriragá. elak li xum )ancab;epþimskmµpab kargarrbs;ggákarenav½ryiv (Vor Yeav) qñam1997 edaybegáitcarkumse gáahenakñúgpumi cmnyn3 duccarkumefrksapøwers02 nigrkum EfrkSabNþúHkUneQI01. elak li xum naykggákar Tel: @mobitel.com,kh pøúvcatielx 6 kmbg;fm GgÁkar GPivDÆn_esdækic shkmn_ CED (Community Economic Development) RkecH )ancuheqµahenarksygmhaépþqñam 2003 niggnuvtþkargarenapumicmnyn67 16XMu nig 4Rsuk kñúgextþrkech. GgÁkarenHBak;B½n Ca myykmµvifismxan;cmnyn03kw kmµvifigb;rmerka RbB½n kmµvifigb;rmsuxpab nig kmµvifiksikmµ nig karciba wmstv. skmµpabkargardétetot mankargpirksfnfanfmµcati. ys ParI GñksMrbsMrYlRkum cedcam@camintel.com pøúvelx3 RtBaMgRBIg extþrkech

123 mcämnðlgb;rmc,ab;shkmn_ CLEC (Community Legal Education Centre) PñMeBj GgÁkarenHpþl;karGb;rM karts Umti nigesva kmµepñkc,ab;détetot nig va)anbegáitelig enaqñam 1996 CamCÄmNÐlFnFanc,ab; edim,i elikkmbs;tynatic,ab; yutþifm niglt irbca Fibetyü. qñam GgÁkarenH )angnuvtþetatamsaklvitüal½yc,ab; San Francisco nigkamrtmulnifieday USAID. qñam2002 )ancuhbba I CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al kñúgrsuk nigmangnuvtþkmeragts UmtitampøÚv c,ab; kñúgkarkarbarrbeyacn_safarn³eday epþatelibbaðadiføi nig FnFanFmµCati. kargar smxan;rbs;ggákarkwenaextþrtn³kiri nigmnðl KIrI. elak ey:g vir³ naykrbtibtþi Tel: clec@online.com.kh Web: usfpp/clec_home.htm # 56 pøúv 306 s>k bwgekgkg 1 PñMeBj GgÁkar sáar:u CSARO (Community Sanitation and recycling Organization) PñMeBj )anbegáiteligenaqñam1997 kñúgekal bmngelikmbs;sþg;dargnam½y suxpab nig brisßan nigbegáit»kasfµi dl;gñkedlbak;b½n niwgkarrkb;rkgsmnl;. kargarrbs;ggákar epþatelienarkugpñmebj. elak ehg yukura: naykkmµvifi Tel/Fax: (023) scaro@online.com.kh Web: scaro/organization_info.htm # 71 pøúv 368 sgáat; TYlsVayéRB1 xnðcmkarmn PñMeBj smakmgpirksvb,fm nig brisßan CEPA (Cultural and Environmental Preservation) PñMeBj begáiteligenaqñam1995 nigcuhbba IeQµaH CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alenAqñaMbnÞab;. smakm CEPA pþl;vkábnþúhbnþal sþibikarrkb;rkgfn FanFmµCati nig brisßan dl;nissitsaklvitüa l½y bukálikggákar nigm nþirdæapi)al. tmbn; Edl)ankMnt;KWTIRkugPñMeBj nigextþsþwgertg. skmµpabmanduccashkmn_érbeqi shkmn_ Clpl nigbnþajkargarkarbartenøessan nigkarrkb;rkgtenø. elak etb b unñarit i ³ nayksþiti Tel: (023) / cepa@online.com.kh Web: # 40> pøúv 352> bwgekgkg1 cmkarmn PñMeBj smakmgpivdæn_ km<úca DAC (Development Association of Cambodia) PñMeBj cab;epþimenaqñam1994 nig)ancuhbba IenA RksYgmhaépÞqñaM1999. smakmmankic RBm erbogshrbtibtþuikar elikargb;rmerkarbb½n Ca myyrksyggb;rm yuvcn nigkila. smakmenh epþateliextþebaf sat; nigmanekalbmngpþl; vkábnþúhbnþalvic aciv³sþibibrisßan lt irbca Fibetyü nigsiti mnuss. elak b:u etog nayksmakm Tel: / potiengdac@yahoo.com 6 pøúv 214¼143> bwgrblwt 7mkra> PñMeBj bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n 121

124 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n GgÁkar kmµvifigpivdæn_smrab;nissitexµr DPKS (Development Programe for Khmer Student) PñMeBj begáitedayrbcablrdæedlmancmnajepñk Gb;rM EpñkTMnak;TMng nigsit ikumar. GgÁkar DPKS CYy]btßmÖ KaMRTdl;kumar nigyuvcn EdlkarTTYl)ansiT itictyc. GgÁkarenH)ancuH bba ICamYyGaCJaFrextþ nigrksygmhaépþenaqñam 2000 nigbak;b½n CamYyshKmn_éRBeQI nig karbarbrisßan. elak LÚv b unlag naykggákar Tel/Fax: dpkspur@yahoo.com #444 psarcas; BaljaK1 smebamas> extþebaf_isat; GgÁkar GPivDÆn_ nigkarbarbrisßan EPDO (Environmental Protection and Development Organization) extþebaf sat; begáiteligenaqñam1988 edaymankar ]btßmökamrtbiggákarcati nig GnþrCati kñúgextþ ebaf sat;. GgÁkar EPDO GnuvtþkargarelI EpñkGPi)alkic l nigkart;bnßypabrkirk nigmankarbak;b½n CamYyshKmn_éRBeQI nig skmµpabrbkbrbrciba wmcivit nigxitxmrbwgerb gedim,icmrujkarculrymbisafarn³enakñúglt i RbCaFibetyü. elak G ut smrit naykrbtibtþiggákar Tel/Fax: Fax: dpdopur@yahoo.com #4> BaljaK1 > XMupÞHéRB> RsuksMeBAmas> extþebaf sat; GgÁkar sm<½n skmµpabedim,igpirksfn FanClpl FACT (Fisheries Action Coalition Team) PñMeBj GgÁkar FACT )anbegáiteligenaqñam2003 edaysmacikggákarerkardæapi)al xagepñk Clpl nigbbaða brisßanenacmuvijbwgtenøsab. begáitcaepñkmyyénggákar NGO Forum eliepñkclpl TTYl)ankarKaMRTBI GgÁkarGnþr CatiepSg²dUcCa ³ Oxfam nigggákarmulnifi yutþifm brisßan. qñam2004 )anebkecjbi NGO Forum. GgÁkar FACT efivkarts UmtielIEpñkbBaðaCl pl nigrtytbinitüelikmentmrg;ekalneya)ay edaygnuvtþkargarenacmuvijbwgtenøsab nigextþ EdlmanCab;smuRT. elak m:k; sit IriT naykrbtibtþi Tel: (023) factpp@camnet.com.kh #71> pøúv 592> bwgkk;2> xnðtylekak> PñMeBj GgÁkar es,óggahar nigksikmµénshrbcacati FAO (United Nations Food & Agriculture Organiztion) PñMeBj GaNtþirbs;Pñak;garGgÁkarshRbCaCati edim,ielikkmbs;epñkcmnigahar EklMGplit plksikmµ nig efivegaycivpabrs;enatamcn btkan;etrbesir nigmankmeninesdæikic. enarbetskm<úca skmµpabrbs; GgÁkar FAO mankarrkb;rkgfnfanfmµcati nig RKb;RKg fñamslab;stvli tksikmµ. GgÁkarenHmanskmµ PaBCaBiessenAkñúgextþesomrab. Tel: (855 23) fao@un.org.kh 122

125 Web: #05> pøúv 370> bwgekgkg1 PñMeBj GgÁkar GnaKtedIm,Ikumarkm<úCa FCC (Future for Cambodian Children) extþesomrab )ancuhbba IeQµaHenARksYgmhaépÞqñaM GgÁkar FCC manekalbmnggb;rm kumargmbisil,³ nig vb,fm ehiyskmµpab rbs;ggákarmansil,³elçanes,k. elak KI emo:g naykrbtibtþi Tel: Web: R)asaT)aKg extþesomrab GgÁkar JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) PñMeBj RbtibtþikargarenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCacab;taMg BIqñaM Pñak;garrdæaPi)alCb:unmankar garelikarrkb;rkgfnfanbrisßan EdlCaeKal bmngsmxan;myy. GgÁkarenHRbtibtþiCa skl. Mr. Juro Chikararaishi, tmnagggákar JICA enakm<úca Tel: ( 023) / / Fax: (023) / jica@online.com.kh Web: # 440 A /448 Eo, mhavifirbhmunñivgs GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyy brisßan L&L (Live and Learn Environmental Education) PñMeBj )ancuhbba ICaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alkñúgRsuk enaqñam GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;ena CamYybrisßan manskmµpabelikkmbs;kar Gnuvtþ nigkaryl;dwgegaykan;rbesirdl;nirnþr PaBbrisßan nigmnuss tamry³kargb;rm nigkar BiPakSa. RksYgbrisßan )ancuhkic snüacamyy GgÁkar kargb;rmsþibikarrs;enacamyybrisßan edim,ignuvtþ yut nakarpsbvpsay niggb;rmbrisßan fñak;cati EdlCaEpñkénKMeragRKb;RKgbrisßan bwgtenøsab qñam 2005 nig skmµpab manenaextþkmbg;qñamg ebaf sat; )at;dmbg esomrab nigkmbg;fm. elak Kat b unfan m nþigb;rmbrisßan elak CMu smgun m nþipsvpsay Tel: (023) livelearn@online.com.kh Web: #364, mhavifirbhmunivgs xnðcmkarmn PñMeBj RksYg ksikmµ rukçarbm:aj; nig ensat ³ PñMeBj RksYgmannaykdæanpSBVpSayksikmµ ehiybukálikpsbvpsayk¾manenakñúgrdæ)alérb eqi nigrdæ)alclpl. Tel: (023) Fax: (023) maff@everyday.com.kh Web: # 200 mhavifineratþm xnðcmkarmn PñMeBj RksYg Gb;rM yuvcn nigkila RksYgmanmhaviTüal½yKruekaslü Edl bnþúhbnþalkruekaslüdl;nissit )anbba b; karsiksamuncab;epþimkarbgðat;bergon. kmµvifienhmanry³ebl1qñam edaydak;bba ÚlnUv cmenhdwgmuldæanepñkbrisßanetakñúgmuxvic a bergon. sa sþacarü Kg; PUmikar GnuRbFankariyal½ysikSa Tel: (023) kong_phoumicka@yahoo.com Web: mhavifirbhneratþm PñMeBj 123 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n

126 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n RksYg brisßan PñMeBj RksYgmannaykdæanGb;rM nig psbvpsayb½t manbrisßan EdlmantYnaTIParkic EklMG cmenhdwgbrisßantamry³kargb;rmkñúgrbb½n nigerkarbb½n edim,ifanafa FnFanFmµCatiRtUv )anrkb;rkg niggpirksedayrbugrby½tñ nig RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. kariyal½ybnþúh bnþal niggb;rmbrisßan RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenA qñam elak s U suvuf RbFannaykdæan elak r½tñ sit RbFanakriyal½ybNþúHbNþal nig Gb;rMbrisßan Tel: (023) Fax: (023) eetoffice@yahoo.com Web: # 48 semþcrbhsihnu Tenø)asak; cmkarmn PñMeBj RksYg FnFanTwk nig ]tuniym PñMeBj RksYgGnuvtþkarpSBVpSayenATUTaMgRbeTs Tel: (023) / mowram@cambodia.gov. com Web: # 47 mhavifirbhneratþm PñMeBj GgÁkar møb;ébtg PñMeBj CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)almYykñúgcMeNamGgÁ karmyycmnynenakm<úca manekalbmngsmxan; epþatetaeliepñkgb;rmbrisßan. GgÁkarenH )an begáiteligedayggákarerkardæapi)alrbets Gg;eKøsenAqñaM 1998 nig)ancuhbba IenAqñaM 2001 edaymanekalbmngedim,ibegáincmenh dwg nigkargpirksbrisßantamry³kargb;rm bnþúhbnþal karts Umti nigesvakmµdétetot edim,ikamrtkarerbir)as;fnfanfmµcatirbkb edaynirnþrpab nigsmpab. kargarrbs; ekmanenakñúgextþkmbg;s<w nig kmbgfm. elak va: emon naykrbtibtþi Tel: (023) mlup@online.com.kh Web: # 37eb pøúv 113 sgáat; bwgekgkg 2 xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj evtikaggákarerkardæapi)alkm<úca NGO Forum - PñMeBj ekiteligbiyut nakarcagnþrcatiedim,ibba b; karrwbguscmnyyrbetskm<úcaenaqñam bc úb,nñ GgÁkar NGO Forum epþatelibbaða CatidUcCa ekalneya)aygpivdæn_ nig kar RKb;RKgFnFanFmµCatiRbkbedaynirnþrPaB. GgÁkarenHBak;B½n eliepñkcmenhdwgsafarn³ karrbkbrbrciba wmcivit érbeqi nigkargarena tmbn;tenøessan. Rossell Perteson, tmnag enakñúgrbets elak siuv sanit, GñktMNagrg Tel: (023) mlup@online.com.kh Web: # 9-11 pøúv 476 sgáat;tyltmbug1 xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj smakm PñMnagkRgI PNKA (Phnom Neang Kangrey Association) extþkmbgqñamg smakm PNKA Bak;B½n CamYynwgKMerag shkmn_ensat nig shkmniérbeqikñúgextþ kmbg;qñamg. elak G uk sam:t - nayksmakm Tel: kangreikcg@yahoo.com # PUmiLÚTwkRtI XMukMBg;qñaMg extþkmbg;qñamg 124

127 smakm RBhµviharFm (Promvihearthor) extþebaf sat; begáiteligenarsukkenþóg extþebaf sat; naqñam smakmrbhµviharfm Bak;B½n CamYykargareRKOgcMlak; elikkmbs;karciba wm stv kardamedimeqi nig benø. benßmetaeli shkmn_érbeqi nig skmµpabksikmµ. smakmk¾mankargarkñúgvis½ysit imnuss nigcmgwegsd_ (HIV/AIDS) pgedr. elak xyn Narin - naykrbtibtþi Tel: promvihearthor@cambodiacic.org PUmiBaljwk XMupÞHRtI RsuksMeBAmas extþebaf sat; GgÁkar Room to Read GgÁkar Room to Read pþl;kargb;rmdl; kumarrkirk nigmcämnðlshkmn_ edayman kare)ahbum<esovepacapasaexµr nigtijerogxøi² CaPasaExµr nig)annamesovepasmrab;kumarbigñk e)ahbum<psaygaemrik. bnñal½ymanenati RkugPñMeBj )at;dmbg nigextþesomrab. saklvitüal½ypuminþpñmebj RUPP (Royal University of Phnom Penh) ed)a:twm:g;vitüasa sþbrisßanénsaklvitüa l½y )anpþl;kmµvifibribaøab½rtry³ebl4qñam edayepþatelikarrkb;rkgbrisßan. kmµvifi bergonmanbirepñk KW karrkb;rkgfnfan FmµCati nigkarsiksaelibrisßantirkug mankar ]btßmöedayggákar danida nig saklvitüal½y Roskli enarbets danwmak RBmTaMgviTüasßan bec kvitüagasiu (AIT) RbeTséf. naykdæan mankmµvifisiksacmnyn 33mux nig k¾)anerobcmvká bnþúhbnþalry³eblxøiducca ³ karrkb;rkg smnl;rwg nigkarefivepnkarrkb;rkgbrisßan. naykdæan)angnuvtþkmeragsiksarsavrcavmyy cmnyn rymtamgkmeragsiksa karrkb;rkgclpl enabwgtenøqµar. kbaøa va: dani nig elak esok supat Tel: / usepam@everyday.com.kh bnþb; 112 RUPP Main Building mhavifishb½n russi PñMeBj GgÁkar GPivDÆn_brisßanshKmn_CnbT RCEDO (Rural Community Environmental Development Organization)- extþbnþaymanc½y )ancuhbba IenARksYgmhaépÞenAqñaM 1998 nig RksYgGPivDÆn_CnbT nig RkumRbwkSa GPivDÆn_km<úCa (CDC) enaqñam GgÁkarenH mankmµvificikgnþúg nigmankarbak; B½n nwgkargargb;rmsuxpabpgedr. elak sm esrivdæna - naykggákar Tel: (054) / redobmc@forum.org.kh pøúv 59 supi kmbg;svay esriesap½n extþbnþaymanc½y smakmesvakmµsmn³kµanrbmedn Samanak SEA (Service Endlessness Association) extþ)at;dmbg begáiteligenavtþsegá kñúgextþ)at;dmbg qñam2003 nig)ancuhbba IenARksYgmhaépÞ qñam ekalbmngrbs;smakmkw Tb;sáat; nigkat;bnßykarbmbulbrisßan nigedim,iefivkarek lmgcmenhdwgénkarkarbarbrisßan. elak pan suhyt - naykrbtibtþi Tel: Fax: (035) phansokhoeut@yahoo.com vtþsegá PUmirtn³ extþ)at;dmbg 125 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n

128 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n GgÁkarse gáahstvérbkm<úca SCW (Save Cambodia s Wildlife) PñMeBj GgÁkar SCW ykcitþtukdak;etaelikargb;rm brisßan. GgÁkar)ancuHbBa ICaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi )alkñúgrsuk qñam 2000 ekalbmngrbs;ggákar SCW KWkarBar niggpirksstvérb nigcmrkstv érbtamry³kargb;rm. KMerag rbs;ggákar SCW RKb;dNþb;eTAelIcMeNHdwgsaFarN³dUc Ca karedahmin sit ikñúgkars;ena nigfnfan nig karrkb;rkgfnfanfmµcati. kargargnuvtþena extþkmbt ekahkug ebaf sat; sþwgertg rtn³kiri mnðlkiri nig extþ ]tþmanc½y. Tel: ( ) Fax: (855-23) wildlife@online.com.kh Web: # 272 pøúv 197 bwgrblwt xnð 7mkra PñMeBj GgÁkar sui)a: SIPAR (Soutien a l Iniative Pour l Aide a la Reconstruction) - PñMeBj GgÁkar SIPAR manbnñal½ycl½t 03 enakñúgtirkugpñmebj ehiyggákarenh)anbnþúh bnþaldl;bnñarks cab;biqñam2000. GgÁ karmankmµvifie)ahbum<capasaexµrkñúgekal bmngpþl;esovepagb;rmmankunpab nigman tméltab. esovepa mancmngecigfa { cg; dwg} Edle)aHBum<pSayCabnþbnÞab; rab;ba Úl esovepa sþibicivitenacmuvijbwgtenøsab. Tel: ( ) siparpp@online.com.kh # 9 pøúv21 Tenø)asak; xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj GgÁkar ERsExµr (Srer khmer) - PñMeBj CYypþl;cMeNHdwgdl;ksikr nigcyybrgwg smtßpabrbs;bykkat; edim,idwknam nigrkb;rkg CIvPaBrbs;xøÜntam vifiepsg² EdlksagcMeNH dwggmbitmnak;tmngrvagksikmµ brisßan sgám enacnbt. GgÁkarmankargarCitsñiTCamYy ksikr sßab½nrdæ nigggákarerkardæapi)aldét etot. b:ulú yiuc - naykggákar Tel: ( ) / ipm.cambodia@bigpond.com.kh PñMeBj GgÁkar sþisnþipabedim,ibrisßan SSP (Strey Santepheap Deiombeiy Parethan) - extþrkech begáiteligenaqñam 2000 nigcuhbba IenA RksYgmhaépÞ qñam GgÁkar SSP Gb;rM dl;rbcablrdærs;enakñúgérbsm,tan GMBI c,ab;érbeqi CaBiesssiT irbs;shkmn_ nig katbvkic rbs;sm,tannik. GgÁkarenHGnuvtþ kargarenaextþrkech mnðlkiri nigextþsþwg ERtg. G uc KwmNarI - GñksMrbsMrYl Tel: sp_org@yahoo.com GUrb ssi1 extþrkech munifikumarrbs;ggákarshrbcacati UNICEF - PñMeBj GaTiPaB énkmµvifirbs;ggákar UNICEF ena km<úca rymmansit ikumarcmebahkargb;rmedayman smpab eday begáin»kasculsalaeron nig kat;bnßybbaðakmøatkña nigbbaðaeynd½r. 126

129 GgÁkarenH mankarculrymy:agskmµ kñúgkar Gb;rM nigvifisa sþgb;rmsuxpab nigcamyykar Gb;rMbrisßan. Kerstin Karlstorm - m nþierobcmkmµvifi Tel: (023) Fax: (023) unicef_phnom Penh@unicef.org Web: #11 pøúv75 sgáat;rshck PñMeBj GgÁkar shrbcacatismrab;kargb;rm vitüasa sþ nigvb,fm UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) PñMeBj qñam1951 RbeTskm<úCa)ancUlkñúgGgÁkar UNESCO. vifisa sþrbs;tipñak;garggákar shrbcacatielikar Gb;rMbrisßan)anbBa ÚlnUv vin½ytamggs; nigrkbdnþb;elirkb;kmrit nig RKb;RbePTénkarGb;rM rymtamgkarsiksary³ eblevg. skmµpabvitüasa sþfñak;tmbn;rym TaMgbNþajkargar CIvmNÐlGasIuGaeKñy_ RtUv )ansmrbsmryltamry³ kariyal½yrbcamena TIRkug Jakartar. Tel: (855-23) / Fax: (855-23) / Web: # 38 mhavifisemþcrbhsufars PñMeBj GgÁkar RkumKaMRTPUmi VSG (Village Support Group) - extþ)at;dmbg )ancuhbba IenAqñaM1995 CaGgÁkarRKb;RKg kmµvifisuvtßipabmðúbgahar nigcmeno enaextþ)at; dmbg munnwgculetakargpivdæshkmn_enaqñam skmµpabrbs;ggákarmanducca kar pþücepþimepþatkmnitetaelikarkarbarbrisßan nig mankargnuvtþn_enaextþ)at;dmbg nigextþbnþay manc½y. rs; qulviv½n- naykrbtibtþi Tel: / vsg@online.com.kh Rkum 21 kmbg;rkbi svaye)a: extþ)at;dmbg GgÁkar diesimgnþrcati (Wetlands International) - PñMeBj kmµvifiggákardiesimgnþrcati)anrbtibtiþ enakñúgtirkugpñmebjcab;biqñam1996. skmµpab )ancab;epþimedaymancmnyybirdæapi)alkñúgkar yl;rbmcamyy GnusBaØara:msar (Ramsar Convention) nig)ankmbuggnuvtþkmerag edim,i GPivDÆn_tMbn;RKb;RKg EdlCaKMeragkargarRsb c,ab; nigekalkarn_ennamgnuvtþsmrab;]tüan Catiram. kmµvifi)anerobcmcaesovepasarebi P½NÐdIesImGasIu. elak m:m kusl - GñksMrbsMrYlkmµviFI Tel: Fax: wetlan@online.com.kh # 21 pøúv 360 bwgekgkg xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj GgÁkar smakmgpirksstvérb WCS (Wildlife Conservation Society) - PñMeBj GgÁkarGnþrCaticab;epþImkargarkñúgRbeTs km<úca qñam1999 nig)ankøaycaggákarerkardæa Pi)alkñúgRsukkñúgqñaM GgÁkar WCS manekalbmngnammknuvkargpirksenakñúglm dab;muxénkargb;rmvitüasa sþ edayghgag fa karyl;d;wgc,ab;bidmenirrbs;fmµcatikwca karrtwmrtuvrbs;sissedlbba b;fñak;vitüal½y nigtynatirbs;rbcablrdærkb;rubenakñúlt irbca Fibetyü. GgÁkarenHeFIVkarenAkñúgRbeTs bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n 127

130 bba IeQµaH nig Gas½ydæanrbs;sßab½n km<úca edayykcitþtukdak;etaelivaltmnabxag ecig nigérbeqixagekitenacmuvijbwgtenøsab. elak syn visal - m nþikmerag Tel: (023) / (023) cambodia@wcs.org Web: # 21 pøúv21 Tenø)asak; xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj GgÁkar GnþrCatisMrab;GPirkSFmµCati- IUCN (World Conservation Union) - PñMeBj GgÁkar IUCN )ancab;epþimkargarena RbeTskm<úCakñúgqñaM1992 EdleKalbMNg rbs;ggákarenhetaeli kmµvifidiesimrbkbeday nirnþrpabenaextþsþwgertg kargpirksérbekag kag CMrujesckþIsMercrbs;KN³kmµkarBiPB elaksþibitmnb; nigefivkarbinitüelitmbn;karbar eligvij niggpivdæn_esdækic sgám. elak em:a kusl GñksMrbsMrYl kabnþúhbnþal diesimcati Tel: (023) Fax: ( 023) iucncambodia@online.co.kh Web: # 21 pøúv306 sgáat;bwgekgkg xnðcmkarmn PñMeBj GgÁkar Gb;rMBiPBelak km<úca WEC (World Education Cambodia) - PñMeBj GgÁkar WEC )anpþl;karbnþúhbnþal nigkargpivdæn_fnfanmnussenarbetskm<úca cab;biqñam 1992 mk dmbugepþatetaelimnuss ebjv½y. cab;tamgbiqñam 1998 karykcitþ Tukdak;rbs;GgÁkarenHKW sßitenaelikargb;rm CamUldæan nigbnþúhbnþalrkubergon. kargar EpñkGb;rMbzmsikSarYmman bnþúhbnþalrku bergon nigerobcm kmµvifibergonenakñúgcmnaj bmnincivit. kargarrbs;ekepþatenakñúgextþ kmbg;cam extþérbevg. Mr. Richard Geeves - naykkmerag Tel: (023) / Fax: (023) worldedcam@online.com.kh Web: # 46 pøúv 294 sgáat; bwgekgkg xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj GgÁkar mylnifibipbelak smrab;gpirks FmµCati WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) - PñMeBj GgÁkar WWF )andmenirkargarenakñúg RbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM 1993 nig)anebik kariyal½yenaqñam skmµpabgpirksykcitþtukdak;etaeliiepñk 04 KWtMbn;éRBFmµCati RbB½n egkulúsiutmbn; Twksab RbB½n egkulúsiusmurt nigtmbn;eqñr nigbbykstvepsg² nigrukvvcatiedlkmbugrtuv )ancab;garmµn_cabiess. kargarrbs;ggákar efivenaextþrtn³kiri mnðlkiri kmbg;s<w sþwgertg nigextþrkech. elak esg etok - naykggákar Tel: (023) Fax:( 023) wwfcam@everyday.com.kh Web: # 46 pøúv294 sgáat; bwgekgkg xnð cmkarmn PñMeBj 128

131 23 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan photo: karen young L&L

132 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan KMeragRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab 1> esckþiepþim k> KMerag nig EpnkarskmµPaB KMeragRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenøsab mantwk R)ak;cMnYn20lan duløagaemrik RtUv)anKMaRT hirbaøvtßúrymedayfnakargpivdæn_gasiu (ADB) TIPñak;garGgÁkarshRbCati nigracrdæapi)al km<úca. enaexmifuna qñam2005 RksYgbrisßan )ancugkic snüaegayggákar Live and Learn kñúgkargnuvtþn_yut nakarpsbvpsay niggb;rm brisßanfñak;cati. GgÁkar Live and Learn KWCaGgÁkarEdlminrkR)ak;kMérmYy nigman TMnak;TMngCamYyTIRkug Melbourne, Australia edaymankariyal½yknþalena Fiji nigrbtibtþikargarenakñúgrbetsmyycmnyn ducca RbeTs)a:BUjÚhÁIna ekahsulúm:ug nig RbeTs Vanuatu RBmTaMgRbeTskm<úCa nig RbeTs Maldives. eday)angnum½tkalbiqñam 2002 KMerag TaMgmUlRtUv)anEckecjCa 03 Epñk ducca ³ EpñkBRgwgkarRKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati Epñk erobcmshkmn_ nigepñkgpirkscivcmruhenakñúg zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. yut nakarpsbvpsay niggb;rm Edlmanry³eBl 18Ex RtUv)andwknaMedayGgÁkar Live and Learn kñúgkargnuvtþepñkti1 énkmerag nigman TMnak;TMngCamYyEpñTI 3 énkmerag edayrab; photo: L&L 130

133 bba ÚlTaMgkarbegáIteGaymanynþkarénsMrb smryl nigb½t mansmrab;zbniycivmnðlbwgtenø sab Edl)anbegáIteLIgedayGgÁkaryUeNsáÚ enaqñam PaKeRcInénKMeragRKb;RKgbrisßanbwgTenø sabrtuv)anpþl;fvikakm I cmnyn 10> 9 landuløa Gaemrik BIFnaKar ADB nigmankarpþl;eday racrdæapi)alkm<úca mantwkr)ak;esµi 3>9 lan duløagaemrik esµinwg 1>6 ekad erol. GgÁkar GEF )an]btßmöhirbaøvtßuú 3>9 landuløa Gaemrik nigggákar UNDP )anpþl;fvikacmnyn duløagaemrik edim,iefivkareklmg btbbaøtþic,ab; nigrkb;rkgclpltwksab nig FnaKar ADB pþl;fvikacmnyn duløagaemrik smrab;cacmnyyelepñkbec kets. EpnkarskmµPaBrbs;KMeragepþateTAelI TidæPaBbrisßan esdækic nigsgám éntmbn; bwgtenøsab CaRbPBénmðÚbGaharenAkñúgtMbn; EdlmanlkçN³Clsa sþbiess nigk¾ttylrg karkmramkmehgc,as;las;pgedr. Epnkar skmµpabenh mantisedacmebahetasafarn³ CnTUeTA GñkeFIVkarsMerccitþ RbB½n psbvpsay RKUbeRgon nigtipñak;garracrdæapi)al eday mankarerbir)as;bnþajkargaredlmanrsab; skmµpab nig smpar³cagatipab RtUv)anpþl; edayrkubergon shkmn_ GñksarB½t man niggñkefivkarsmerccitþ. x> bbaðarbqmmuxcmebahbwgtenøsab tmbn;bwgtenøsab KWCatMbn;mYyEdlmanTMhM FMCageKbMputenAGasuIGaeKñy_. tmbn;enhman TMhM2 500 Km 2 enarduvr)amg cmenkéenacug rduvvssa bwgtenøsablatsn wgrhutdl; Km 2 eday mankmritkmbs;twkekin eligrhutdl; 10m. tmbn;érblictwkd¾fmlvwg elviy nigtmbn;érbre)ahcakenøgbgkunrbs; BBYkRtI lµún stvsøab nigbbykfnikstv epsg². edaybbyrtimanpabsmbuebbenahva )anrtrtg;dl;rbcablrdæercincag 1lannak;. FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIumankarRBYy)armµN_ edaysaretbwgtenøsabttylrgsmbafeday manrbcacnerbir)as;fnfankan;etmanbriman ercinelig. bbaðatamgenhman karefvigacivkmµ hysehtuelifnfanrti stvérb karranykdi enarduvr)amg nigkarkab;érblictwk nigkar bmpøajsarebirukçcatifmµcati KWvabMpøajCMrkstV kar)at;bg;kunpabtwk nigdi RBmTaMgmankar ekinelignuvgrtaéndil,ab;. RKYsarRbmaNBI40 eta 60 enakñúg extþcmuvijbwgtenøsab KWsßitenAeRkambnÞat;RkIRk etahbicagnum½tmandl; 80 sßitenakñúgtmbn; myycmnynk¾eday. FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu)ankt; smkal;exijfa RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInRKYsarKWBwg Bak;Rs½yTaMgRsugeTAelIplensaT. CMelaH RTBüsm,tþiekItmaneLIgCaTUeTA nigbbaðadét etotducca PaBKµansmamaRténemRKYsarEdl sþi nigbbaðacncatipaktic evotnam nigexµr GIsøam. kar)at;bg;fnfanfmµcati vak¾man kartak;tgcamyynwgbbaðabrisßanf n;f n;dl; RbeTsCitxagpgEdr. FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu)anRBmanfa { bwg Tenøsabhak;bIdUcCaRtUv)aneFIVGaCIvkmµhYs RbmaNeTAnwgkMritRbkbedaynirnþrPaB}. kalbi 20qñaM mun karrsuhrsylkñaetanwgfn FanbwgTenøsab CaBiessEpñkClpl mancat; cmnat;fñak;minesµipabkña minyutþifm nigrikral 131 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan

134 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan dalnuvgmebibukrlyy kar)at;bg;kunpab brisßan BIkareFIVGaCIvkmµedayminmannirnþrPaB nigkarekitmancmelahkan;etercinelig. FnaKarGPivDÆn_GasIu)anniyayfa karercrwl kan;etekinelig Gacmanplvi)ak EdlminGac TayTuk)anenAeBlEdlkarbMpøajRbB½n egku LÚsIuminGacRtUv)ansþareGaymandUcedImeLIg vij edaysarkarensateliskmrit nigefivegay karensatenahmankarføak;cuhpøam² karføak;cuh EbbenaH vanamegaymanplb:hbal;dl; suxmalpab nigsgámf n;f r. FnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIu)ankt;sMKal;fa RtI)anpþl;RbUetGuIneRcIn bmputsmrab;rbcablrdækm<úca RBmTaMgbEnßm R)ak;cMNUlsMrab;TijRsUv Ggár. K> yut sa sþ enaexkumö³ qñam 2005 FnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIuRbcaMenATIRkugma:nIl )angnum½tyut sa sþ nigkmµvifi smrab;gnuvtþenakñúgrbetskm<úca. enaerkamcmnyyenh RbeTskm<úCa)anerobcM TTYlR)ak;km I 104 lan duløagemrik nig RbmaN 3>5 lan duløa Gemrik CaCMnYyeTA eliepñkbec kets smrab;qñam 2005 nigqñam CMnYyenHRtUv)anEckecjCa 3Epñk {EdlmanenAkñúgkarGPivDÆsgÁm} KW ³ kmµvifi EklMGkarGb;rM kmµvifipþl;gmnacetadl;gñk Edl)at;bg;smtßPaB karrtytbinitüelikar Büa)alCMgW karpát;pág;twks at niggnam½y enatamtmbn;cnbt nig RKb;RKgFnFanFmµCati enacmuvijbwgtenøsab. enaexemsa qñam2005 FnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIu)anniyayfa yut sa sþsmrab;rkb;rkg bwgtenøsab RtUv)anerobcMeLIgsMrab;ry³eBl 02qñaM niggackamrtdl;yut sa sþrbetscab; BIqñaM2005 dl;qñam2007. FnaKarGPivDÆn_ GasIu)anniyayfa yut sa sþ {karpþl;b½t man nigkarttylb½t man} enakñúgekalkarn_ CaKnøw³ EdlCamUldæansMrab;erobcMCMnYyGaTiPaB nig CMnYyelIEpñkEpnkarcMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa smrab;ry³ebl 5qñaM eta 10qñaM erkay. X> karpþücepþimkmnitelikargb;rmbrisßan knøgmk kargb;rmbrisßanenakñúgtmbn;zbniycivmnðl bwgtenøsab RtUv)aneFIVcMeBaHshKmn_kñúgtMbn; RKU bergon nigsissenafñak;bzmsiksa. GñkEdl)anCYy]btßmÖmandUcCa GgÁkar FAO nigpñak;garminemnrdæapi)alducca GgÁkarGUsµÚs (Osmose) GgÁkarmøb;ébtg GgÁkarse gáahstv érb nigmantipñak;gardétetotman GgÁkarGnþr Cati nigsßab½nracrdæapi)almyycmnyn k¾man skmµpabkñúgkarculrymxøh² pgedr. GgÁkar UNDP )anefivkarkt;smkal;exijfa kargb;rm brisßanenatmbn;enahkw sßitenakñúgsßanpabekµgx I enaeliy. CagenHeTAeTot Gtßn½ykñúgkar Gb;rMEpñkbrisßanmanlkçN³xusKñaBIGgÁkarmYy etaggákarmyy. edaymankic shkarcamyyggákargusµús nigggákarmøb;ébtg GgÁkar FAO )ane)ahbum< esovepaennamkmµvifisiksacmnyn 100c,ab; Edlman14 Epñk. edim,iegaybykkat;gacerbi R)as;esovePAenH)an GgÁkarGUsµÚs)anbNþúH bnþalrkurbman40nak;tamry³sikçasala ry³ebl 02éf cmenkggákar møb;ébtg)an bnþúhbnþalrku 25nak; epsgetotkñúgkarerbi R)as;EpñkepSg² kñúgesovepaedim,ierobcmgnuvtþ 132

135 photo: karen young L&L kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan kmµvifibergonbenßmem:ag {køwbsala} smrab; sissbzmsiksaenacumvijracfanipñmebj. GgÁkarTaMgBIr )anpþl;fvikadl;rkubkñúgkarenßm kmµvifibrisßanrsbtamemeronsala. GgÁkar møb;ébtg )andak;bba ÚlkmµviFIpSBVpSaytam vitüúry³ebl15natisþibibbaðabrisßancapøúvkar cmnynbirdgkñúgmyys)þah_tamry³mcämnðl B½t man sþikm<úca nigmyyem:agkñúgkareqøiysmnyr tamturs½bþ RbsiT PaBénkmµviFIenHminTan;)an TTYleCaKC½ytamkarvaytMélenaHeT. enaqñam1999 GgÁkares,ógGahar nig ksikmµénggákarshrbcacati )anbegáitgkar benþttwkedlrtuv)aneksáal;fa mcämnðlgb;rm brisßan cugexñós (Gecko) enaextþesomrab. enacugqñam 2005 kñúgenahsissbzmsiksa cmnyn6rkum )antssnamcämnðltukekmyy dgkñúgmyys)aþh_ manry³ebl1em:ag tamdwg mansissrbman 5000nak; )anmktssna mcämnðledayyklmnamtamesovepabnþúh bnþal. GgÁkar FAO )anerobcmkargb;rmerka pøúvkarenakñúgshkmn_ensatpgedr. enakñúgcmenamkmnitpþücepþimdétetot nig GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alepSg² )anbnþúhbnþal dl;rbhsgç nig)anerobcmesovepabnþúhbnþal sþibibrisßanedayepþattamfm RBHBuT i. GgÁkar GPivDÆn_RKYsar km<úca(cfds) GgÁkarsIu)a: 133

136 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan (SIPAR) nigggákar Forum NGO mnþirbrisßan extþebaf sat; nig )at;dmbg )anerobcmsmpar³ Gb;rMmanTMhMtUcpgEdr EdlPaKeRcInCabda psbvpsay nigerogxøi²smrab;shkmn_ enakñúg tmbn;zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. TnÞwmnwg enahedr GgÁkar GnuvtþKMeragEkécñsMNl;rwgsMram (CSARO) enatirkugpñmebj nigggákar TIPñak;garshRbtibtþikar GgÁkarGrnþrCati Cb:un (JICA) )anbnþúhbnþalm nþirdæapi)aleli EpñkbrisßanenHpgEdr. g> karyl;dwgelibbaðabrisßanenatmbn;bwg Tenøsab enaqñam2004 karvaytmélelibbaðabrisßan enatmbn;bwgtenøsabrtuv)anefiveligtamry³ kmµvifisiksa elçan vitüú nigtamry³viedgu b TUrTsSn_. kmµvifitamgenh Tak;TgCamYykar GnuvtþEpnkarskmµPaBrbs;KMerag. RbCaBlrdæPaKeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;bwg TenøsabenH mankaryl;dwgbibbaðabrisßan b:uenþbykekbmuman\t BlGMNac rwfvikaedim,iedah RsayGIVmYyeTAelIbBaðaenHeLIy. duecñh yut nakarenh nwgcmrujkaryl;dwgbizbniycivmnðl etadl;cmenamgñkkan;gmnac GñkdwknaMsasna nigm nþirackar. etahbica karbmbultwkman\t iblerkahfñak; etaelisuxpabsarfarn³k¾eday b:uenþrbcabl rdæmantssn³epsg²kña GMBIsarsMxan;énbrisßan s at. karsmedgsil,³nwgesvgrkkarculrymbi RbCaBlrdætamry³KMeragGnuvtþn_. vifisa sþtamlkçn³rbébnietaelikargb; rmbrisßancam)ac;rtuvefvikarvaytméleligvij. smpar³ smrab;kargb;rmrtuvdak;bgðajetatam 134 skmµpab nigbrba abetakñúgkmµvifisiksa ebigacefvieta)an. kargpivdærbkbedaynirnþrpabéntmbn; bwgtenøsab RtUv)anTTYlkaryl;dwgtictYc. plrbeyacn_énkarcat;vifankar nigpaberkah fñak;edlbnþalmkbikarmin)angnuvtþkargar GIVmYyRtUv)anelIkeLIg enakñúgcmenaygñkefiv karsmerccitþ GñkdwknaMsasna nigm nþirackar. kargb;rmrbcablrdæsþibibbaðabrisßanrtuv)an efiveligy:agpuspul. RbsinebIRbCaBlrdæ mankarcab;garmµn_kan;etxøamgetabbaðabrisßan enahbykekrtuvetmangmnacbenßmedr. kariyafibetyü nignic lpab kmnt;bikar pøas;bþúr. GMeBIBukrlYy)anbgákarsµúRKsµaj dl;kic xitxmrbwgerbg edim,ittyl)annuvkarek lmgry³eblevg KWRtUvEtTTYlkarKaMRTeday qnþ³neya)ay. karttylxusrtuvelikargb;rmbrisßan RtUv)an EbgEckrvagRksYgksikmµ rukçarbma:j; nig ensat RksYgbrisßan RksYgGb;rM yuvcn nig kila. kic xitxmrbwgerbgetaelibbaðaenh RtUv )anefiveligedim,ibrgwgtmnak;tmngrvagrksygtamg enh edim,ismercegay)annuvvifisa sþegay)an kan;etrlunbenßmetot. kargb;rmbrisßan mann½yepsgkña rvagmnuss epsgkña. vaküs½bþfµi KWRtUv)anrIksuHsay nig RtUvkarkarBnül;bkRsay. vifikñúgkargb;rmkyr EtelIkeLIg GMBIsarsMxan;énkarGPivDÆ esdækic kargb;rm nig sgámsiuvil. RksYgGb;rM yuvcn nigkila enamankarsþak; esþirkñúgkarkamrtkarsiksagb;rmbrisßan luhrtaet va)anemilexijfacavifisa sþmanrbsit

137 photo: karen young L&L kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan PaBedIm,ITTYl)aneKalbMNgGaTiPaB. Epn yut nakargacdak;bba ÚlviFIsa sþgb;rm etakñúg ekaleneya)ay {sisskøwbbrisßan} nigsla kmrgrbs;rksyg. kargb;rmbrisßan KWCabriFanmYysMrab;EkTMrg; kargb;rmedlmanry³eblevg. RbFanbTEdl Tak;TgnwgkarGPivDÆRkbkedaynirnþrPaB KYr dak;bba ÚleTAkñúgkmµvtßúTak;TgCamYybBaða sgám vb,fm nigrbvtþisa sþ enakñúgsala brisßan nigmcämnðlbnþúhbnþalrkubergon. RbsinebIkarGb;rMkñúgRbB½n efvikareklmgdl;»kasesvgrkkargarenah «Bukmþay GacbBa Ún kunecarbs;xøünetakan;salaeron. yut nakar KYreRbI {salakøwbbrisßan} edim,ibegáincmnaj edaydak;bba ÚlkargarsalaCamYykarGb;rM erkarbb½n. karedlminmanlt plcak;esþgsmrab;ry³ eblxøienh efiv[karyl;dwgnuvvifirkb;rkgfn FanFmµCati minmantmélpgedr. zbniyciv mnðlrtuv)ancat;tukfamansar³smxan; ena ebledlttyl)an karpsbvpsaytaméksar nigkarpsbvpsaytamvitüú nigturtssn_ GMBIsar smxan;énbwgtenøsab. cmenhdwgbrisßanrym enamankmrittab enakñúg zbniycivmnðlbwgtenøsab. salaeronrtuv EteFIVkic shrbtibtþikarcamyyggákarepñk brisßan duecñhxmugacedirgnuvtþ nigeckrmelk cmenhdwgebbrbébnipledr. 135

138 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybris an 2> vifisa s þ nigkargnuvtþ c> vifisa sþedltulmtulay kargb;rmbrisßanrtuvetefivkarbba ak;egay )anc,as;las;bigtßn½yénbaküfa GPivDÆn_ RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. bwgtenøsabminrkan;et CazbnIyCIvmNÐlb:ueNÑaHeT Etvak¾CakMlaMg myykñúgkarcmrujdl;esdækic RbeTskm<úCa Edl mantmnak;tmngcitsñitcamyygtþsbaøancati Rbvtþisa sþ vb,fm nigsgám. yut nakarmanekalbmngcmnyn 07 nigrtuv EbgEckCa skmµpab. vanwgefivkarsegát elitynatynatirbs;sßab½nepsg² nigtmnak;tmng rvagbrisßan CIvPaBrs;enA nigsuxpab nig kmeninesdækic. vb,fm km<úca RtUvEtmankarykcitþTukdak; Canic. yut nakarrtuvetefvieligegayc,as; las; Cak;Esþg nigeckcayb½t manedaypþal; EdlTaMgGs;enaHKWRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedayl itl n; niggacefivcakmru)anerciny:agpgedr RBmTaMg RtUvbgðajBItMbn;bwgTenøsabTaMgmUl. yut nakarnwgbgðajbisarsmxan;calkçn³ Cati niggnþrcatiénbwgtenøsab. m nþirackar GñkeFVIkarsMerccitþenAfñak;mUldæan GñkdwknaM sasna nwgrtuv)anpþl;karyl;dwg GMBIkatBVkic nigkarttylxusrtuvrbs;rbetskm<úca. KMnitRbkbedaykarécñRbDit KWCakarcaM )ac;. RbsinebIkarGb;rMnaMmknUvkarpøas;bþÚr enah RbCaBlrdæRtUvEteFIVkarGegátBIbBaðaenA kñúgtmbn; EdlGacGnuvtþ)an. CMnajEbbenH tmruvegaybba ak;bgðaj BIbBaðabrisßan. q> karculrym EpnkarskmµPaBRtUv)ankMnt;tamRkumkar gar edaymancmnyntmnagcak;lak;rbs;ggákar Cati. RkumeKaledA 0 smrab;efvikarpsbvpsay Gb;rM nigsarb½t man nwgrtuvbegáiteligedim,i GPivDÆn_FnFan niggnuvtþkarbnþúhbnþal nig RtYtBinitüeTAelIRbsiT PaBényuT nakar. RkumTaMgenHnwgCYbRbCMuKñaCaRbcaM nigrtuv)an bgðajbibec ketsfµienakñúgkargb;rmbrisßan. 16

139 C> karykcitþtukdak;rbs;yut nakar yut nakarenhefvikarbgðajsmxan; cmnyn 0 cmnuc EdlkMBugEtRbQmmuxCamYyRbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgzbnIyCIvmNÐlbwgTenøsab. cmnuctamgenhman katbvkic CaGnþrCatirbs; RbeTskm<úCaelIkarGPirkSRbB½n egkulúsiu Epñk KuNPaBTwk EpñkGnam½y nigepñksuxpab. yut nakarnwgbgðajbikarbba úhbba Úl nig karefvi esckþismerccitþ RBmTaMgsar³sMxan;énéRBlic Twk nigplrbeyacn_éntmbn;karbarfmµcati pgedr. RkumkargarnwgerobcMmatikaénEpnkar skmµpab edaymanpa b;mkcamyynuvekal bmng edim,icmrujkarpøas;bþúr nigkargpivdæ RbkbedaynirnþrPaB. Q> karbinitüb½t maneligvij karrtytbinitüb½t maneligvijnwgepþateli kargarrbs;rkumekaleda. kargarenhnwgepþat elikarpþücepþimkmnitknøgmk nigfaetieyiggac ykmkerbienakñúgyut nakarya:gducemþc j> RkumeKaledA RkumeKaledArYmmansmaCikBIsßab½nrdæa Pi)alEdlBak;B½n GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al shkmn_ nigsalabnþúhbnþal. kñúgkarerob cmepnkarskmµpab nigfnfansmrab;vkábnþúh bnþal RkumkargarnwgRtUvbgðajpøÚvedayTinñ n½ybikarrtytbinitüeligvij nigr)aykarn_ BImunrbs;GgÁkar Live and Learn sþibibwg Tenøsab. d> karyl;dwgrbs;shkmn_ kareklmgkargb;rm nigelikkmbs;cmenhdwg brisßan nwgepþatetaeli karsmedgelçan vitüú nig tamry³karebikvkábnþúhbnþal smrab;gñkefiv karsmerccitþenafñak;extþ nigfñak;muldæan. kar smedgelçanrtuvetdak;bba ÚleTAkñúgkarbgðat; bergonfm RBHBuT i nigeronnitanexµr. Qut psbvpsaytamvitüúsmrab;ry³ebl 01naTI GacelIkeLIgBIkrNIsikSaRbkbedayeCaKC½y nigrtuv)anttyledayrbcablrdætammuldæan b Ca sþi. smpar³gb;rmsmrab;xmu KYrbBa ÚlkarGnuvtþCaKMrU epsg²énkargb;rmbrisßan EdlGacCYykat;bnßy PaBRkIRk. BYkeKKYrbgðajBIcMeNHdwgtamEbb RbéBNItamtMbn;nImYy² ducca³ karerbir)as; rukçcati stv di Twk nigkarensatrbkbeday nirnþrpab EdlcMeNHdwgenHGaceRbIR)as;edIm,I smpar³gb;rmkyrbgðajbibbaðasmxan;eblbc úb,nñ nigskmµpbedlgacnametarkkmeninesdækic. z> kargb;rm smpar³gb;rmpøúvkar nwgrtuvkmnt;cmebahrku bergon mcämnðlkruekaslü nigm nþiepñk Gb;rM. smpar³tamgenhnwgbgðajbicivsa sþtmbn; TenøsabEdlpSarP ab;camyypabrkirk kar RbkbrbrciBa wmcivit suxpab nigsumalpab. 17 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybris an

140 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybris an kargpivdæedaymannirnþrpabnwgrtuvbba Úlkñúg kmµvifisiksa nigsalaeronkøwbnwgrtuv)anbegáit elig. brikçagb;rmnwgrtuverobcmbegáiteligedim,i CMrujdl;karKitKUredayécñRbDit karedahrsay bbaða karculrymbisissanusiss nigedim,ibnþúh bnþalrkubergon. dmenahrsayebbgnuvtþ nwgrtuv)ancmruj. smpar³gb;rm manp ab;camyynuv ÉksarENnaMRKUBIEpñkkmµviFIsikSaTaMgR)aMeTAelI bbaðabrisßancmbg²enatmbn;bwgtenøsab nig ÉksarENnaMdl;skmµPaBrbs;sala. D> TMhMénkarpSBVpSay EpnkarskmµPaBnwgCMrujEpñkcMeNHdwg safarn³ sþibi GMBIsarsMxan;rbs;bwgTenøsab egay)an tamry³rbb½n psbvpsay nig kmµvifi bnþúhbnþalsarb½t manenasaklvitüal½ypñm ebj. Rkumkargar psbvpsaynwgerobcmelig mankartak;tgkñay:agcitcamyynwggtßbtpsbv psayrbcamrtimas. yut nakarnwgpþl;dl;gñk sarb½t man niggñkbnþúhbnþal nuvb½t mansþi bbaðaenabwgtenøsab nig»kassmrab;karrs;ena nigkargarenakñúgtmbn;enh. yut nakarnwgpsay ecjnuvb½t man erobcmsnñisit erobcmkic BiPakSa tumul nigcmrujkarecjpsayr)aykarn_sþibi bwgtenøsabegay)anrtwmrtuv tamry³gñksar B½t manenatamextþ nigenapñmebj. smpar³smrab;psbvpsay nwgrtuv)anerobcm elig edaymansmpar³smrab;bnþúhbnþalgac RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakarENnaMTUlMTUlaykñúg r)aykarn_sþibibbaðabrisßanenatmbn;bwgtenø sab. smpar³smrab;kargb;rmman viedgu nig dak;bgðajbibrisßanbwgtenøsabnwgrtuv)anerbi R)as; edim,icmrujkargarrbs;rkumkargarepsg² enakñúgcmenamrbcablrdækñúgracafanipñmebj. 1 Z> karrtytbinitü nigvaytmél dmenirkarrtytbintü nigvaytméleliepn karskmµpab RtUvEteFIVkarcab;epþImBIdMNak; kaldmbug. brimanénmefüa)ayrtuvdak; bba ÚlBIcMnYnRbCaBlrdæEdlTTYl)anRbeyaCn_ BIkarGnuvtþEpnkarskmµPaB nigcmnynfnfanrtuv )anbegáitelig etahbicamingacefivkarvas;)anbi plb:hbal;egay)ansmlµm duccakarkmnt; tmél nigkarekerbkmnitrbs;rbcablrdæ. KuNPaBviFIsa sþnwgepþatetaeliknenyü PaBbuKÁlénkarpøas;bþÚrEdlmansarsMxan;bMput GacekItman. tammefüa)ayenh Rkumkargar nwgefviegaymankarpøas;bþúr0 epþateli Epñk KuNPaBénCIvit karculrymbishkmn_ smtß PaBRkumkargar nigepñkepsg²etot. bukálik nigrkumekaledanwgttyl)ankarbnþúhbnþal etaelikarecatsyr sþab; nigkt;rta. Rkumkargar nigtmnagxmu Edl)ankMNt; nig efivkarerciseriserogsmxan;² enakñúgepñknimyy² EdlGacykeTApSBVpSay[)anTUlMTUlay.

141 N> evtikacati yut nakarnwgerobcmevtikacati. evtikaenh nwgpþl;egayrkumkargar nigggákarepsg² Edl manekalbmngculrympþl;btbiesafn_ nig BiPakSaelITisedA nigepnkarsmrab;eblgnakt smrab;kargb;rmbrisßanenarbetskm<úca. t> édkubak;b½n RbsiT PaBényuT nakar KWvaGaRs½yeTAelI PaBCaédKU bnþajkargar nigsm<½n PaB Edl )anerobcmelig duecñhkarykcitþtukdak;xøamgkw Rkumkargar. yut nakarmangtßn½ytulmtulay smrab;muldæan sßab½ncati rwgnþrcati. Rkumkar gar nigédkudétetotrtuvbinitüegay)anli tl n; edim,icmrujyut nakartamry³epnkarkmµvifi nig bnþajkargardétetot. TIPñak;garrdæaPi)al Cati nigggákarerkardæapi)altmruvegaymankar ykcitþtukdak;cabiess. édkurtuveterciserisecjbiggákargpivdæn_ nig brisßankñúgrsuk Edl)ancuHbBa IeQµaHenA RbeTskm<úCa. GgÁkarTaMgenaHnwgGnuvtþkargar tamry³rkum)anbegáiteligsmrab;psbvpsay cmenhdwg niggb;rmdl;shkmn_ nigkarpsbv psay. bukálikgnuvtþnepnkarskmµpabedirty CaGñksMrbsMrYltamry³bTBiesaFn_rbs;édKUr kñúgsmpar³ nigskmµpabdétetot enaebledl )anttylkaryl;dwgbisarsmxan;etaeligivedl kmbuggnuvtþefivenakñúgbwgtenøsab. f> TMnak;TMngsMxan; yut nakarnwgefivkartak;tgcamyyepñkepsg etoténkmeragrkb;rkgbrisßanbwgtenøsab CaBiesskmµviFIGb;rM nigcmenhdwgbrisßaneday cuhdl;muldæan. edaymankar]btßmöbiggákar UNDP nig GEF kargartmnak;tmngsßitenakñúg EpñkTI3 EdlmankmµviFICMrujelIEpñkcMeNHdwg kargpirksciv³cmruh. btdæansmpar³ nigfnfan )anerobcmtamepnkarskmµpab nwgrtuveckrm ElkCamYyKMeragRKb;RKgTaMgmUl. edim,ifana dl;rbeyacn_rymcagtib,rma karrtytbinitütamg enhrtuvmantmnak;tmngcamyyskmµpabdét etotedlcam)ac;bnþ. yut nakarenhk¾efvikarpa b;etacamyynwgkmnit pþücepþimgnþrcati CaBiesskic xitxmrbwgerbg rbs;rbetskm<úca edim,ittyl)annuvekaleda GPivDÆn_shsvtSrbs;GgÁkar UNDP. KMnit pþücepþimdak;bba ÚlkmµviFIGb;rMrbs;GgÁaryUeNsáÚ elirkb;epnkarskmµpab Edl)anGnuvtþenA kñúgrbetséfenaqñam1990 GaNtþikñúgkarGb;rM rbs;ggákarshrbcacati)anrberbogeq<aheta kan;garhvikxagt,úg qñam 2002 nig dak;bba Úl GaNtþikarGnuvtþTwksMrab;suxPaB Edl)an cab;epþimenaqñam karrmbwgtukbikarrkb;rkg bba ak;bigviedl yut nakargacefvi)an nigcmnayfnfanrbkb edayrbsit PaBeTAelIkarpþl;cMeNHdwgdl; shkmn_ kargb;rm nigkarpsbvpsayb½t man KWCakarcaM)ac;. vifisa sþmanrbsit ipabmyykw RtUvpÁt;pÁg;dl;GgÁkarmUldæan nigggákarcati nuvsmpar³ nigcmnaj. vifisa sþepsgetot KWRtUv elikkmbs;cmenhdwgetadl;gñkefivkarsmerccitþ edaygnuelametatambbaðaedlkmbugetrbqm muxenatmbn;bwgtenøsab nigplvi)akedleyig minykvamkedahrsay. kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan 139

142 kargb;rm nigpsbvpsaybrisßan 3> esckþisnñidæan niggnusasn_ tméledlcam)ac;edim,ifanaetaelifnfanfmµ Catirbs;tMbn;bwgTenøsab mingacekitmanelig edaysaretkargb;rmbrisßanmyymuxb:uenñahet. b:uenþkargb;rm KWCasrsrkNþalkñúgkarCMruj egayttyl)annuvtméltamgenah. vartuvetxit xmeliktwkcitþdl;rbcablrdærkb;rub edim,iegay mankarecocak;fa BYkKat;GacnaMeGaymankar ERbRbYlenAelIBiPBelak nigsmedaetakarbegáin smtßpabkñúgkarekerbkaryl;dwgetacakar Gnuvtþ. kargb;rmrtuveliktméléngakb,kiriya nigrebobrs;enakñúgkarfanadl;kargpivdæ nig karkitkurbignakt. kargb;rmcam)ac;rtuvbgðajbibbaðaedaycmruj egaymankarpøas;bþúr. safarncnmantynati y:agsmxan;kñúgkarrkb;rkgfnfanbwgtenøsab. edim,iegaymannirnþrpab kargpivdæesdækic KWminRtUvKitKUrBIbrisßan nigmankarttylxusrtuv cmebahsgámpgedr. b:uenþkargar mintan;rtuv)an kmnt;)anqab;rh½senaeliyet. TsSn³Evg q ayrtuvkarkartamcitþ nigvifisa sþenarkb;kmrit enakñúgsgámkm<úca. 4> Gnusasn_ yut nakarminrtwmetepþatetaelib½t man nig karpþl;sarb:uenñahet Etvak¾Cakarpøas;bþÚrnUv \riyabf niggkb,kiriyarbs;rbcablrdæpg Edr. ry³eblénkargarbipaksapþl;eyabl; RtUvEtmankarERbRbYleTAelITMhMénkargar nig karculrymbirkumkargar. naykkmeragrkb;rkg brisßanbwgtenøsabnwgrtuvcunb½t mankñúgkarerb RbYlGVImYy. photo: karen young L&L 140