EsVgrkkarBit. mcämnðléksarkm<úca. TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa matika. mþayduc³ Kwm esov. elx43 Exkkáda qñam2003

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2 TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa matika smburt³ edim,ifana[)anyutiþfm >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 EpñkÉksar sys ena ehasmmitþ QUk>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>2 kmnt;ehtuénkarrbcmusmmitþ tal;>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>7 CIvit exov b:unñari >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>8 bba IeQ~aHCnrgeRKaHEdl)ankemÞcenAmnÞIrs-21>>>>>>>>>>>10 ÉksarEx~rRkhm ³dMNwgepSg²Rsg;BIviTüúbreTs >>>>>>>>>>12 EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav karrbüy)armörbs;mþay Duc >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15 yaygn rmb kerogedim >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19 karefivekaslüvic½yetaeliq wg>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 23 mrtkerkays gáam >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>26 smnl;bdivtþn_ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>29 etikar)at;bg;civitenakñúgrbbex~rrkhmkwcabbaðakm~pl?>>33 erogr:avmnusssiusac;mnuss>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>35 Epñkc,ab; shkmn_gnþrcatigacbeb aósgmebirbl½ybucsasn_>>>>>>>>>37 evtikabipaksasafarn³ kargb;rmrbvtþisa sþrbbex~rrkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>40 dmenirkaryutiþfm CUnCnrgeRKaHénrbbEx~rRkhm >>>>>>>>>>>>>42 karyl;exijrbs;rbcacnkm<úcacmebahtulakar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>44 mþayduc³ Kwm esov EsVgrkkarBit rksasit i mcämnðléksarkm<úca GnuBaØat[e)aHBum<pSayeday RksYgBt manénracrdæapi)alkm<úca RbkaseTsrdæm nþi nigrdæm nþirksygbt man elx 0291Bm/99 cuhéf TI2 ExsIha qñam1999 TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar rubftéksar³ mcämnðléksarkm<úca cg;)ansnþipabbitr)akd >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>59 nigsarmniþr]rkidækmµrbl½ybucsasn_tylesøg esµrelxenh³ yin nan/ v:an;fan; ebadar:a/ Lúg dani/ Tum Tiva/ epg BgSr:asuI/ pan; suca/ EGm suxxim/ CYb xamli/ cn qrqigari/ vicini LaDIs GñkniBn nigrsavrcav³ li supl/ esi sayüana C nyykarnibn nayk³ san; klüan nibn naykrg³ sy bu nsu GñkbkERb³ egg kukfay nibn nayktueta³ qamg yu RkahVikkuMBüÚT½r³ suwm sup½ kþ RKb;RKgkarEckpSay³ mas b unfan

3 EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt smburt³ edim,ifana[)anyutiþfm enaebledltulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhm xitculmkdl; eyigkmbugetbicarnafaetieyigrtúvkamrtdl; dmenirkarcmnumcrmhkþitamvifinaxøh. mcämnðléksar km<úcasnüafanwgpþl;nuvbt manedlminlem ógcuncmebah GgÁCMnuMCRmHvisamBaØ ecarkmesuibgegát RBHraCGaCJa nig emfavikarbarkþ I. eyig)ancab;epþ ImGnuvtþeKalkarN_sMxan;² EdleyIg)anesñIeLIgehIy edim,ifananuvsnþisuxnigsit ikñúg karerbir)as;éksarp½sþútag. eyigkmbugetefvikarcamyy GñkCMnajkarc,ab;edIm,IeFV I[eKalkarN_TaMgenaHmanlkçN³ RtwmRtÚv mantmøapab nigmanrbsit PaBtamEtGaceFVIeTA )an. cmnuccugerkaymyyetotkweyigkmbugetbipaksacamyy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)aldéTeTotEdlBak;B½n. enakñúgkic RbCuM CamYybNþaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alTaMgenaH eyig)anrihrk RKb;meFüa)ayedIm,IkMNt;ecjnUvtYnaTId¾mansarsMxan; bmputedleyiggacerbir)as;. eyigkmbugetkitbicarnaetaelilt PaBénkarebIk kariyal½ypát;pág;tulakartucmyyedlnwgpþl;nuvcmnyykar dl;ggátulakarnigemfavikarbarkþ I. b: unµanqñammun mcämnðl Éksarkm< úca)anefv IkarviPaKy:ageRcInedayEp kelimuldæan KtiyutþiTak;Tgnwgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nigvipaketaeli P½sþútagénkarrMelaPbMBanEdlRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúgrbbExµr Rkhm. kariyal½ypág;pág;rbs;eyignwgpþl;camkáúetþsk_ dl;emfavikarbarkþiniggñkesuibgegát [TTYl)annUvFnFan smrsbedleyigman ehiycyy[gñktamgenahcuhefvikar esuibgegát vipakéksarnigefvikic karcak;esþgepsg²etot EdlTak;TgeTAnwgkarEsVgrkkarBit. RbsinebIGgÁkar shrbcacatiebiksßab½ngyükarcitkariyal½yfmrbs;xøün enatirkúgjúvy:k eyigsgçwmnigmanbmngcg;ebikkariyal½ytucmyyenatienah EdlmanbuKÁlikmYyrUbb ercinrubca TIRbwkSac,ab;rbs;eyIg nigmanbukálikexµrmyyrubb ercinrub etatamtrmúvkarcak;esþg. eyignwgpþl;dl;kariyal½y rbs;eyignuvéksarcmøgbiéksaredimedlcgrkgenatirkúg PñMeBj. karlm)akedleyigrtúvcybrbthnaeblenhkwbbaða snþisux. mcämnðléksarkm<úcakmbugetsßitkñúgkarrbúg Rby½tñcMeBaHkarKMramkMEhgEpñksnþisuxCamFüm. cab; tamgbiqñam1999 enaebledlggákarcat;tamgeyafanig neya)ayrbs;exµrrkhmrtúvdylrlm bukálikmcämnðl Éksarkm<úCa)anGnuvtþkargarrbs;xøÜnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa edaykµanbbaðagvieliy. eyigføab;)anttylkarkmramkmehg dl;gayucivit nigkarkmramkmehgdak;rkab;ebkbismnak; RbPBrbs;ExµrRkhm. m nþirdæapi)alkm<úcak¾)anr)ab; eyig[dwgcamungmbikarkmramkmehgminelcmuxc,as;las;bi smnak;gtitkmµapi)alcan;x<s;exµrrkhm. smnagl kar vayrbharedayminrbeyalmkelimcämnðléksar km<úcamktl;nwgeblenhmintan;ttylrgnuvkarxucxatb rbys F n;f ret. b:uenþeyigrbemilexijfa tulakarkat;etas emdwknamexµrrkhmedlnwgecjcarubragxagmuxenhnwgdak; Tm n;snþisuxmkelieyigmyykrmitetot. exov smpn GtIt RbFanKN³RbFanrdæExµrRkhm)anniyayCasaFarN³fa dikaecatrbkan;nwgnamdl;kar p aj;tbvij Cak;Caminxan. edim,iedahrsaybbaðakmramkmehgdl;mcämnðlnigbukálik rbs;eyig eyig)ancab;epþimrtütbinitüetaelisßanpab nigrbb½n snþisuxrbs;eyigenakñúgeblenh. eyigkmbug Etcat;viFankarTb;Tl;eTAnwgkarKMramkMEhgEpñksnþisux EdlnwgekItmankñúgry³d¾xøIxagmuxenH. qamg yu mcämnðléksarkm<úca 1

4 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar GtßbTsegçbecjBIÉksarcemøIysarPaB sysena ehasmmitþ QUk sys ena maneqµahkñúgbdivtþn_ sys sut eha QUk/ Em:n b VIII. Bukmþayrbs; QUk sßitkñúgvnñ³pabca ksikrknþalfñak;erkam manmuxrbrefviers mantilmena enatmbn;23 extþsvayerog. erkaybi)anculbermikñúg CYrbdivtþGs;ry³eBl9qñaM QUk )anttyltmengcaelxa tmbn;24 nigefviebtürhutdl;cb;s gáam. enaqñam1976 QUk RtÚvGgÁkarcab;xøÜnbBa ÚnmkXMuXaMgenAmnÞIrs-21. xagerkamenh CaesckþIsegçbRbvtþiskmµPaBrbs; QUk tamry³cemøiysarpabrbs;xøün Edl)anbnSl;Tuk enamnþirs-21 munrdærbhar enaqñam1949 QUk )anculbermikñúgclna\ssr³ eyokmijcamyynwgmitþpkiþbirnak;etot KW TMu nig kan tam ry³bgcidunmyyyeqµah li. QUk )anniyayfa xøünsµ½rk citþculclna\ssr³ edaysarekitkþietamnssxwgeqøah RbEkknwgekµgvtþbg t;)ay. QUk )anttylkarcat;tamg [efv ICaRkúmesu IbkarN_RsukrmasEhkrhUtdl;qñaM1950. BIqñaM1950dl;qñaM1954 QUk efv IeBTüenAextþkMBg;cam. ry³eblenah QUk xmeronebtü eronniyaynigsresr PasaevotNam erbahbukáliktamggs;enakñúgmnþirebtü sut swgcacncatievotnam. enakñúgqñam1952 QUk RtÚvbþÚreTARsukemmt; efvicagñkbkerbebtü nigcaes~ón [elxarsukemmt;edlcacncatievotnameqµah)at;damg. enaemmt; QUk mancmgwrkúncaj;y:agf n;esþiret)at;bg; CIvit. myyqñamerkaymkkwkñúgqñam1953 QUk RtÚvbBa Ún mkefviebtükñúgkgqøb XMuBamCIlaMg. enacugqñamdedlenah 2 QUk RtÚvbBa ÚnmkeFV IeBTüenAPUmiPaKbUBa TissénÞ. mkdl; ebtüenh QUk )anttylparkic etakab;cmáardamrsuvvij. QUk etamnssnwgevotnamxøamgnas; erbahrtúvevotnamemil gayemilefakcaerogral;éf. dl;qñam1954 QUk RtÚv bþ ÚrParkic [mkefv ICaeBTümþgeTot. enaqñam1954 GgÁkar )anrbkl; QUk [etaenaextþsvayerogtamrbmednkm<úcaevotnamcamyy y:a én sar:an; elxapumipak san edayefvicaebtü nirsanigkgkarbar. erkabienh QUk mannaticagñknamykkateta[km~api)aldwknamedl)anefiv dmeniretarbetsevotnam)anculmkkñúgrbets Rsuk Exµr vij. qñam1955 muneble)aheqñatcati QUk )ancul mktirkúgpñmebj ehiyrtúvggákarcat;[etali)avrsuvena KILÚelx6 Gs;ry³eBl3Ex edim,iciba wmeqµahmitþ ta Ekv Ehm nig mitþ ta Xut Xun. Xut Xun GtIttMNag ra sþrkúmrbcacnrbcamrsukekahc½y RsukRBHesþc extþ érbevg. enaerkaysnñ isittirkúg hswenv Xut Xun )an etaefvicaesµónxmur)asat RsukBamCr CamYyb ÚnéføEdl CaemXM u. bnþab;birdærbharpøam evotnam)ancat;tamg Xut Xun [efvicarbfanrnsirsrbcamgaekñy_tis. eblenh QUk manstigarmµn_t ÚjEt rfa ht;lm)aknigcg;cyb y:a [CYyedaHRsayrkkEnøgeFV Ikar)anFUrRsalCagmunbnþic. GgÁkar)an[ QUk etars;enacamyy Ekv suvnñ enapþhrbs; tahu I CaCageFV Ikg;enAeBTücin edim,iefvicanirsaetarbets evotnam. QUk sm ukg;bi suvnñ myyerkógedim,icihefvikar b:uenþ suvnñ min[. QUk mankargak;gn;rsbn;citþ mcämnðléksarkm<úca

5 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar y:agxøamg. dl;eble)aheqñatsklqñam1955 GgÁkar )an[ QUk etaenamnþirkaestrbcacati edim,iefv ICanIrsa namkaestetaeckenamuldæanextþsvayerog. erkaybie)ah eqñatryc bg² fñak;eli/ GñkdwknaM ekcxø ÜnGs; edaysarxµamg xagrdæapi)al ln; Nul ratt,atxøamg enasl;et QUk nigmitþbirnak;etotb: uenñah. QUk mangarmµn_etletal mindwgetana mü:agp½yxøacxµamgcab;dak;kuk mü:aggn;citþ GgÁkarminKitKUrdl;xøÜn k¾edirrsaybdarkúm RbCaCn ehiyykexslk;)anr)ak;50erol EckKñaeFVIesah uy RtLb;eTARsukvij. cab;tamgbieblenahmk QUk sermc citþrs;enacamyybukmþayenarsukkmenit. enaqñam1956 QUk )anerobkarrbbn. enakñ úgqñamcug1957 GgÁkar)anP ab;kartak;tgcamyy QUk eligvij tamry³ Ekv Gan. QUk )anefviskmµpab Cab;rhUtmk efvi[rdægmnactamdanrkcab;xøünkat;. QUk )anekcxø Ünrt;mkPñ MeBj sñak;enapþhbgenasgáat;twkl k; Rbkb rbrlk;nmbu½g. biexerkaymketaefvikmµkrtwkrkúcyieha xøar)am Gs;ry³eBlBIrEx k¾mankmnitepþ ImdwknaMkmµkrRbqaMg minefvikarhysem:agnigtamtarr)ak;kérmbenßm. efaek hagtwkrkúcxwg k¾edj QUk ecjbikargar. QUk ecjeta rkmnþirkaestrkúmrbcacnenaxagt,úgvtþlgáaedim,icybbg² TaMgGs;enAmnÞ IrkaEst. bg²k¾ttylsáal;ehiyyk QUk etatukenapþh CU ect EdlCaelxaPUmiPaKbs im[cyysg;pþh. sagsg;pþhrycral;ehiy QUk RtÚvbBa Ún[eTAenApÞHsmmitþ XøaMg enatylekak edaybüa)alerakrbbn smmitþ XøaMg nigefv Ikmµkrsg;pÞHfµ[ s an Gan edim,iciba wmcivit. erkay mketot s an Gan )anyk QUk etaefv ICaesµónenAsala km< úcburttylekak CamYy Eb:n yut CaGKÁanurkçsala. erkayebledl QUk etaefv IkarenAsalakm< úcburt TYleKak Kat;)ansegáteXIjskmµPaBTak;Tgrbs; Eb:n yut nig su Iv ehg k¾)anraykarn_cuncaghvagsalanigsmmitþ y:a Caelxasala[)anRCab edim,itamdanskmµpabgñktamgbir enh. caghvagsala)anexijskmµpabrbs; yut edir ecalsalanigykr)ak;salaedlsissbg;éføeroneta cayvayepþspþask¾sermcbbaäb; Eb:n yut ecjbisala km<úcburttylekakenacugqñam1961 ehiyerciseris suwm pwghay CMnYsvij. ry³kalenh QUk Cab;ExScat;taMgbkS edaymansmmitþ y:a Caelxa. QUk efvikar[salapg TTYleFVIskmµPaBbMpussisSeFVI)atukmµRbqaMgTUtGaemrik pg. erkabienahxitxmrkr)ak;kascyyciba wmb Ún² Edlbg² yketaepji[eronsurt CYydl;kmµkr kaestrkúmrbcacn CYypÁt;pÁg;smmitþ C½ynigkUn EdlCab;enAkñ úgmnþ IrXM uxamg. qñam1963 xµamgtamdanxøamgebk QUk sermcsm uggákarqb; efvikarenasalakm<úcburt mkefviskmµpabcasm at;vij. dl;qñam1965 QUk ecjetamuldæancnbt. GgÁkar)an RbKl;smmitþRkúmRbCaCnnigsmmitþRkúmsmaKmsnSM bunütwkl k; nigrtacu nigrkúmkmbg;epkmbg;esam edim,i[ QUk RKb;RKgdwknaMbMpussmµPaB. ry³kalenh QUk ena erkamkardwknampþal;bismmitþ vn vn evt TTYlbnÞúkCa RbFanesdækic rdæ. qñam1965 bks)an[ QUk etaenacnbt RsukRBHesþcedIm,Ibgáb;xøÜneFVIskmµPaBkñúgenATIenaH. erkayrdærbhar erkayrdærbharpøam QUk )anttylkarennam[edir exasnaenarsukrmasehk tmbn;23 )anry³15éf etibggákarrbkl;ggápabmyykggnuesnatuc mangavuf RKb;éd [mkenamuldæanrsukrbhesþcvij edim,icat;tamgrdæ GMNacenAkñúgRsuk5KW Bamr BamCr RBHesþc RtEbk nig Rsuk)aPñM. TnÞwmnwgenH syn k¾)anrymcamyyt½bevotnam vayrbhartitamgxµamgenagñkelog RtEbk Bamr nigkmbg;swg. GgÁkarPUmiPaK203 bub a )anrbkl;parkic [ QUk ercis eriskmµapi)al cat;tamgkn³tmbn;25cabenþahgasnñ srmab;etarbtibtþikarrymcamyyevotnamenaextþknþal. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 3

6 eblenah QUk )anerciserismitþ sux b utcmerin Caelxamitþ hyt es CaGnu mitþ suk CaRbFaneyaFa. RkúmTahan evotnamedlman elg )av nig hayév Caem )ancab; mitþ suvnñ EdlecjBIRkúg dak;kñúgmnþirxmuxamg b:uenþkn³ PUmiPaK203 )anbba a[edahelgvij. erkaybikaredah Elg mitþ suvnñ )anmkcyb QUk enapumigmbiletal XMu érbttwg Rsukemsag edim,irbcmukn³tmbn;25benþah Gasnñ. KN³tMbn;RtLb;eTAvij)anry³eBlBIrEx k¾man TMnas;rhUtdl;)aj;smøab;Kña. bu t cmerin rymcamyy yyn )an)aj;smøab; sm,tþ i nigrkcab; suvnñ. suvnñ )anekc xøünetaextþtaekv. enakñúgtmbn;25manpabrcbukrcbl; erbahtmnas;rvagevotnamnigexµrmanspabkan;etxøamgelig. GgÁkar)anseRmcRbKl;tMbn;25[PUmiPaKBiessRKb;RKg pþal;vij etibspabkarn_erbrtlb;cas b;s at;vij. EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar enakñúgcemøiysarpabbba ak;fa QUk )anefvicivtssn_ cmnynbirelikkñúgkaredahrsaybaküecatrbkan;rbs;mhacn TaMgkñúgTaMgeRkAbkSEdlvaytémøfa elxatmbn;24 Ca esþcrtaj; ehiykic kartamggs;edl QUk )anefvikwkµan GgÁkarbkSfñak;elINamYykþab;)aneT. QUk k¾minedlefvi tamkarennamrbs;fñak;elietotpg. QUk RtÚvGgÁkar)an esñi[raykarn_lm it TaMgkarRbRBwtþCak;Esþg TaMgCMhr sitgarmµn_ neya)aycat;tamg tamgbiedimrhutmk. QUk )anbkrsaycaeliktimyyedayerobrab;gmbicmnucl nig cmnucxvhxatrbs;xøüncaepñk² mantamgxagcmhrstigarmµn_ CMhrneya)aycat;taMg tamgbiedimrhutmkdl;qñam1976. QUk )ansarpabgmbiexscat;tamgk,t;kñ úgpumipaknirti PUmiPaK san nig]tþr rymtamgerobrab;gmbiskmµpabtak;tgcamyy yyn GMBIEpnkarenAkgBl170 Tak;TgCamYy can; crki 4 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

7 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar kñúgkarttylesckþiraykarn_ karennamcmrujkargnuvtþn_ EpnkarenAkgBl170 raykarn_bnþetaevotnam TTYl mtiennambibksblkrevotnammkvijnigskmµpabtak;tg CamYyeQµaHmYycMnYneTot ducca sux b utcmerin/ supan eha li v:ay/ sucati/ hayeg l/ Ekv Ehm/ Ekv suvnñ/ Xut Xun/ li Epn/ Em:n san eha y:a nig skmµpabtak;tg CamYyevotNampg. GMBIEpnkarsmøab;emdwknaMbkSkumµúynisþkm<úCa erkayrdærbhar éf TI18 ExmIna qñam1970 sux b utcmerin )anrt;etarsukemsag tmbn;20camyymnussdét etotmanmaneqµah Kwm hug/ ép/ GUn/ suwm/ saepon/ Qwm van;sat. GñkTaMgGs;enHenAeFV Ikarkñ úgrsukemsag minemn enacamyy QUk et. ry³kalsáal;kñakalenahkwebl QUk rt;bixagt,úgfñl;etaenarsukemsag ekcecjbikarrat t,atrbs;tahanfivki. enabak;knþalqñam1974 enamnþirrbs;xøünenapumi érbrbg; sgáat;s< W Rsuk)aPñ M QUk )anttylsmburtmyyc,ab; BI ]tþmesniy_ edog EDl Ca]tþmesnIy_eyaFPUmiPaK BiessPñ MeBjrbs; ln; Nul tamry³ sn fn KN³km~kar BaNiC kmµpumipakbuba Tis RbcaMenAdIRkhm. xøwmsarena kñ úgsmburtkwsm u[ QUk ryméd vayyyneyokmij eyoknam xagecig[gs;bitwkdinigqanetarmedahkm< úcaerkam. RbmaN Cadb;éf erkaybittyl)ansmburtenh QUk )aneligetacyb esapwm enamnþ IresnaFikarPUmiPaKedIm,IqøgEpnkarvayTItaMg salarsukbamcr nig GugkU ehiyr)ab; Pwm BIerOgsMbuRt. bnþab;bi Pwm GansMbuRtenaHrYcehIy Pwm )anbba ak;r)ab; QUk fa enhehiyxµamgefv Isnþ ism< ½n RtÚvRbúgRby½tñyuT Cn nigkmµapi)aledlclnatahanxµamgrby½tñvagustaj )an. kartak;tgraykarn_bi crki mkkan; QUk GMBIEpnkar vaybkskumµúynisþkm<úcaenakñúgrkúgpñmebjcaelikti1ena kñúgqñam1975 KWeRkayeBlEdl crki etattylepnkarbi QUk. EpnkarenaHminseRmceT edaymulehtukñúgebl bunüxybbksmaneqkeqrm:t;ct; min[ykgavufrkb;funcul nigedaymulehtuepsgetotduccakmøamgrbs;crki enafµiebk enaxøacjejitjejimmindac;xat nig minsáal;muxemdwknam bksc,as;las;. QUk )anennamcavifankarfµidl; crki [ RtÚveRtómkmøaMg[)aneRcIndak;[RKb;pøÚvedayeRbIrUbPaB yamkambiess enamuxrbüjedlxøünttylxusrtúvtampøúvfm smxan;² BiesspøÚvvimanÉkraCü. RkúmTaMgenHRtÚvbBa a[ ÉkraCm as;kar CYbeBlNa)aj;eBlenaH min)ac;bba a. efviy:agenhmanrbsit PaBCag. erobcmkmøamgkgbiess myyvresnatucy:agtic ehiybgðat;k,ün)aj;kamepøig[rtg; BIcm ay edim,iertomlkçn³sm,tþisrmab;vaybukena eblnacakmnt; nigeblmanbifibunüfm² duccabunü ÉkraCünigbuNüxYbbkSenAtampøÚv. RtÚvxitxMksagkmøaMg enatamggápabdétetot[)ancabenþir²edim,ibegvgdanmux RBÜjsMxan;rbs;xøÜn. enaex10 qñam1975 erkayttylepnkarehiy crki )anetaraykarn_[ QUk mþgetot GMBIbBaðaCYb karlm)akercin edayggákar)andkkmøamgkgbl170 ecjbipñmebjgs;caercin. GavuFGgÁPaBk¾GgÁkardkmYy cmnyntukkñúgxøamg. karerobcmkmøamgkgbiess CYbkarlM)ak edaysarerciserismnussesµahrtg;min)anercin. karksagkmøamgggápabdétk¾min)an BIeRBaHGgÁPaB TaMgenaHEtgEtTMnas;Kña duccakgxag]tþr nirti kg12 nig kg11.l. eblenhebivaybukdenþimykexasnakark¾ CakarRbfuyRbfan erbahkmøamgmanetcag50nak;b: uenñah. QUk )ancat;vifankarennamfµicmebah crki srmab;exmkra qñam1976 eday[erobcmcat;tamgkgesuibkarn_ tamdan GgÁkar[Cab;TaMgmnÞIreFVIkarnigkEnøgrs;enA[R)akd. RtÚv Etdac;xaterobcMkmøaMgbgáb;enAtamGgÁPaBdéT[)anedIm,I mcämnðléksarkm<úca 5

8 begvgdantisskmµpabrbs;xøün. RtÚvrkmnusSEdlFøab; sáal;min)ac;cmnamelxlanet erbahlankmnt;min)an. RtÚvxitxMksagkgBiessteTAeTot kmugalgs;sgçwmehiy erbir)as;vaedim,ilt;dmbenþ Ir²KW[vaeFV I[clacllYc)aj; e)ahrtg;enhrtg;enah tammuxrbüjggápabdétedim,i[ ekcab;garmµn_dl;ggápabepsgetoterkabikg170lycdut pþhbmpøajxøamg.l. erkaybi)anttylesckþiraykarn_bi crki kñúgqñam 1975 erkaybunüékracrbehlmyys)aþh_ QUk )anetacyb éb m:ab; EdlCaKN³Tak;Tgrbs;evotNam extþdugfab edim,iraykarn_bispabkarn_edlmin)an sermckñ úgkasbunüékracüknøgmk. éb m:ab; )an[mti cat;vifankarcabnþbnþab; rhutticugbmput eday[eyabl;fa minh ansermcbbaðafm²et KWRKan;EtCaGñknaMBaküCUn GgÁkarExµrEtb:ueNÑaH. éb m:ab; )anniyayfa GgÁkarxag eliexµrnigevotnam sermcy:agem:c cametgnuvtþduc Gs;mitþEdr EtsMumitþkMuePøc ebiminrsyl m as;karbenþir² [Etmanes,óg kmuedkcamekcg ehiycambrmherkaymin RsYleT RtÚvsV½yRbvtþixøHeTA. evotnamminecalet enaetcamcyyduckalqñam1970g Ícwg. QUk sresrsmburtmyyc,ab;edayelk edayman raykarn_bispabkarn_cak;esþgcun Ekv mas RCab nig edahrsaysßankarn_ edim,ismnumbrvayedaygavuf. enaéf TI31 ExsIha qñam1976 QUk RtÚvGgÁkar cab;xøün ehiyrtúv)ansyrcemøiyedayeqµah b:un enamnþir s-21 cmnyn32elik KWcab;BIéf TI1 ExkBaØa qñam1976 rhutdl;éf TI13 Extula qñam1976. enakñúgcemøiy sarpabrbs; QUk EdlmancMnYn570TMB½r manspab duccamintan;cb;rsylbyl b:uenþrtúv)anbba Ún[ Duc RtÜt Binitü bnþab;mkbba ÚneTAGgÁkarelI. cmnarxøh²kñúgcmenam cmnarcaercinrbs; Duc )ansresrfa cemøiyenhman EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar lkçn³caekal xvhxatrtg;mintan;l itmintan;cak;esþg / Duc / raykarn_c,ab;edim TaMgGs; CUnbg62. sumcunbgpþal;cabt man. Duc/ RBwk )anraykarn_cun bg62myyc,ab;)antamgraykarn_gmbivifankarcmebahmux / Duc. sermcmintan;raykarn_cabenþah Gasnñ erbahvaechkugekvetarkbggksr P. Duc/ c,ab;edim)anculsmnm uerog. bgquk CaTIrB k/ EdlehAfaRsLHtamsMNUmBr eyig KWniyayGMBImnusS NaCamYybg etagsresretgmbimnussenahcamyybg. GñkdéTeTotGacmaneQµaHEdrEtmaneQµaHkñ úgzan³ekcamnuss RtwmRtÚv ]TahrN_dUcbgFøab;niyayfa bg nig bgy:a ekcxøacbgtmub. GñkdéTeTotEdlRtÚvEtmaneQµaH eday cam)ac;kwnirsacaevotnamkþi CaExµrkþI. erkay²etaetot k¾eyigefvikarcamyykñagmbimnussdétetottamekalkarn_ enh. efvikary:agenhetibehafarslh. edayrb k / Duc. )anttyl/ Em:n. esi sayüana erogr:avbitedim,irbvtþisa sþ mcämnðléksarkm<úcasgçwmfa RbCaCnkm<úCa RKb;rUbEdlFøab;qøgkat;rbbEx~rRkhm)annigkMBugsresr GtßbT b esovepagmbierogr:avbitpþal;xø Ün ehiynwgepj Imk mcämnðléksarkm< úca tamgasydæanxagerkam³ RbGb;sMbuRtelx 1110 PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa TUrs½BÞelx³ TUrsarelx³ dccam@online.com.kh Home page: 6 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

9 u EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar smmitþ tal; 1 spabkarn_xµamgkñúgggápab mintan;manbbaðaebøk et. EtenAGñkelOgeRtIyxaglic éf 12-9 manmnuss mñak;mkegitegimlycggár)anmyyét bgb Úncab;XMuXaMg. yb;ercavasmubt;ecig eblbenþir vart;elattmlak;twk emkug. bgb Ún)aj;smøab;\t)ansYrcemIøyGIeT. 2 cugex 7-9 yut CneQµaH b in eson )anrt;eta RsukkeRB aóc BYnsMgMpÞHnarImñak;EdlbIþRtÚvGgÁkarcab;. \LÚvykBImUldæanvijehIy. 3 eqµah CMu kmµapi)algnuesnafm ecjesri edir\t c,ab;rhutrsukbamcrgs;ry³3-4éf. eqµahenhfaføab; Tak;TgCamYycRkI. mtibg89³ smucrmabspabkarn_tmbn;24 edim,ismmitþm as;kar RKb;RKgkgBl290. erkayeyigcab;crki vaeqøiydak; BYktMbn;24mYycMnYnEdlTak;TgevotNam-sUevot edim,i vaybdivtþeyigéf enH. \LÚv QUk elxa tmbn;nigbksbykrtúveyigcab; vasarpabehiy RtwmRtÚv duc GacRkI eqøiyemn. KYrBinitükgBl290 ExSsÞ wgsø ÚtnigExS24. eqµah RtÚvykKW³ 1 CMu can; 2 exov m:a 3 CMu nig 4 ys; y:n bgrbs; ys; supun ecarlyceka. RbCM ubnþ³ bg81 ebikkarrbcm BinitüeQµaHRtÚvykBIkgBl290³ BYkExStMbn;24 nigexsbykcrki. GgÁRbCMusMuÉksaryl;RsbykeQµaH4xagelIrbs; kgbl290. smmitþ Duc manmti³ erkayrbcmu smmitþ sux nig tat kgbl170 )an ÉkPaBKña RtÚvesIñykeQµaH29nak;eTotKW 1 hyg eb:gelg vayggá úlielx 2 fac; s an P½sþ úpa kmnt;ehtuénkarrbcmusmmitþtal; kgbl290nigkgbl170 3 efag saép 4 su sun 5 xwm y:an; 6 gyn TUc 7 ena pun 8 ecov say 9 eyak samg 10 EGm sut 11 hyt smegl 12 Eb:n ebj 13 erkón 14 G ug sun 15 sux éx 16 Ekn g:un 17 Tit samit 18 saem:t 19 Kg; eson 20 Ek egon 21 Lúg saer:t 22 Ekv sux 23 can; GYn 24 kg saer:t 25 ti supat 26 sux eba 27 siun sug 28 Bt; suxn nig 29 R)ak; pliø. eqµahesñienh KWs-21nigkgBl170 RbCMuKña sermcerkabi11nak;edlrbcmusermcbiéf QrelIehtuplbBa ak;rbs;s-21 nigkgbl exijskmµpabcak;esþgcabnþbnþab; RBmTaMgQrelI ekalkarn_ggákarkmnt; BYkExSRsLayGacRkIRtÚvyk GgÁRbCMuyl;RsbseRmcykeQµaHTaMg29nak;enHeTot. 2 sermcyknari2nak;etot KWRbBn nigkµüyrbs; GacRkI. vifidmenirkar³ 1 RtÚveFIVtamBiesaFrbs;eyIgEdl)anFøab;yk BYkenHCabnþbnÞab;eFI Vem:ckM u[ggákarrcülrcbl; kþab;ggápab [Cab;kñúgédnigrkSakarsm at;[)anl. Cak;EsþgBieRKaH BiPakSaviFIdMeNIrkarCamYys-21 edim,iyknigcat;tamg RKb;RKgGgÁPaBkñúgeBldkBYkvaecj. 2 kgblrtúvmanmnusskñúgéd kþab;xøamg kþab;gavuf [Cab; Rby½tñxµaMgdeNIþmykGavuFBIeyIg)an. vificak;esþg³ 1 xagkgbl290³ RtÚvs-21 nigkgblshkar Kña cab;ykbikenøgdak;lanetmþg. 2 xagkgbl170³ RtÚvs-21nigkgBlBieRKaH Kña ykvifankarl itcak;esþgedim,iykbyktamg40nak;. ÉnarI2nak;caMKitbnþKña. RbCMucb;em:ag22nig15naTI. ÉksarN mcämnðléksarkm<úca 7

10 I EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar CIvit exov b:unñari exov b: unñari )anttylmrnpabenaéf GgÁarTI1 Exkkáda qñam2003 edaycmgwcas;crakñ úggayu83qñam. exov b: unñari )ansáal;nigtak;tg b:ul Bt kñúgsm½yrbcmuepsg²kñúg mcädæanma:ksuisniym ehiy)anerobkarcamyy b:ul Bt enaqñam1956. exov b: unñari )anttylkareftambirkúmrküsar egog sari tamgbiqñam1979mkemø :H. RkúmRKÜsarrbs; egog sari mankargak;gn;citþya:gxøamgcmebah b: ul Bt Edle)aH bg;ecal exov b:unñari ecalerkaybikat;mancmgw ehiyeta erobkarcamyy siþfiµetot. exov b:unñari ekitenaextþ)at;dmbgedlmanbukca ecarkm. exov b: unñari manb ÚnRsImñak;eQ~aH egog FIriT man zan³cardæm nþittylbnþúkrksygsgámkic nigsuxapi)alrbs; km<úcarbcafibetyü nigrtúvcarbbn rbs; egog sari. 8 exov b: unñari 1973 enaexkkáda qñam1961 exov b: unñari )anbegá ItGgÁkar sþikumµúynisþsm at; ehiy)anefviskmµpaby:agskm~ edaylyclak;. qñam1966 exov b: unñari )anlhbg;kargar Casa sþacarünigpþhsem,geposxøünculérbedim,irymcmenk kñ úgkargarbdivtþn_camyy b: ul Bt. etahbienakñ úgérbk¾eday exov b:unñari enaetbnþsresrgtßbtexasnagustaj RbCaCn ehiy)anpsbvpsayedaylyclak;enatamcnbt nana. eragbum<myycmnynrtúv)anbegiátenaknþalérberca kñúgextþtaekvnigextþkmbt ehiyrtúv)anpøas;bþúrtitamgca jwkjab;edim,iekcevhbikartamdanbigacjafr. kmµapi)al ExµrRkhmmñak;eQµaH Gwum enn eha li )an[dwgfaqñam exov b: unñari )anefivskmµpabya:gxøamgkñ úgkar culrymclnats Ukñ úgérbcamyyfñak;dwknamkmbulnigculrymesþir EtRKb;GgÁsikçasalarbs;kmµaPi)alExµrRkhmEdlmkBI RKb;tMbn;nigPUmiPaK. enaqñam1971 exov b:unñari )anttylbnþúkparkic myy epsgetot KWRbFannarInigkumarRbcaMkarenAPUmiPaK]tþr. kñúgcmenamenahmankn³narierkambgáab;rbs; exov b:unñari CaeRcInnak;dUcCa elg swumhak; eha si CaRbBn rbs; TIv Gul eha ebj RKb;RKgmnIÞrkumar qñam1975 erkayrmedah elg sw umhak; køaycarbfanmni Þr17emsa sbvéf ebtürussú b:uenþrtúvggákarcab;mkdak;kuktylesøgenaqñam1976. va:lan eha say nig eha yat CaRbBn rbs; h U nwm mantynaticagnurbfankumar. TUc CaRbBn tuc epon Ca smacikmniþrkumar. mitþ KI RbBn rbs; h U yn; CasmaCik mniþr. mcämnðléksarkm<úca

11 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar exov b:unñari )anbegiánclnaya:gxøamg kñúgkargus TajnigRbmUlnarIenAtamtMbn;nana)any:ageRcInedIm,IcUl rymkñúgbdivtþn_. kñúgenahpumipaknirtikwcapumipakmyyqan mux EdlmannarIcUlrYmkñúgclnabdivtþn_ya:gkuHkr. kñúgqñam 1973 exov b:unñari )ankøaycaelxabksrbcamenaextþ kmbg;fm. enaqñam1976 exov b:unñari RtÚv)anEttaMgCaRbFan smakm sþikm<úcarbcafibetyü b:uenþkat;hak;duccaelg bgðajxøüncasafarn³camyyfñak;dwknamkmbul²détetot ehiybmuexijmanskmµpabgvikyr[kt;smáal;ducca egog FiriT b ÚnRsIrbs;Kat;eLIy. TaMgskmµPaBnigkargar rbs;kat;hak;duccasß itkñ úgspablak;elomnigbmbitecal. manmtisafarncnsniñdæanfa exov b:unñari maneraksrés RbsaT ehiykøayxøünetacnbikar. dmnwgenhhak;biducca RsbnwgRBwtiþkarN_mYyEdlekItmanenAcugqñaM1976 KW sm<½n siþsgámniymevotnam)angeba IjsmaKm siþ km<úcarbcafibetyüetaefvitssnkic enarbetsevotnam. siþexµr5nak;rtúv)ancat;tamg[etaefv ITsSnkic enasafarn rdæsgámniymevotnam cab;biéf TI28 ExsIha dl;éf TI 04 ExkBaØa qñam1976 b:uenþk~anvtþman exov b:unañari Edl CaRbFansmaKmeLIy. pþúyetavijebrcamanvtþman swum elghak; eha si RbFanmnIÞreBTü17 emsa CaGñk dwknamkn³rbtipucmnysvij. kar)at;xøünrbs; exov b:unñari efiv[ekitmankar sgs½ycaercin ehiymantssn³xus²kña. sum,iet exov smpn EdlCaGtItsmmitþrYmkargar k¾)anniyayedrfa Kat;min)aneXIj exov b:unñari Gs;ry³eBlCag20qñaMmk ehiy. enaeblmyyenah erkaybirbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü dylrlm exov b:unñari )anetabüa)alcmgwsésrbsatena RbeTscin b:uenþr)aykarn_ecjmkfa CMgWrbs;Kat; mingacbüa)al)an. exov b:unñari k¾vilrtlb;mkrbets km<úcavij. enacenøahqñam mankarsgs½y myy)anelcb fa exov b:unñari RtÚv)anb:ugb:geFVIXateday dak;fñambmbul ehiybba ÚneTAse gáahbnþan;enamniþrebtükñúg RbeTséf. dmnwgedlgaccat;tukca)ankarkwesckiþ Rbkasrbs; egog sari enaebledlkat;cuhculcamyy racrdæapi)al exov b:unñari enars;enaeliyet ehiykøay CaCnviklcritnigBikarGgÁúyelIreTHrujeRkamkarbI)ac;BI RkúmRKÜsarrbs;xøÜnKat;. b: ul Bt nig exov b: unñari K~ankUneT ehiy)anelglh KñaenAqñaM1982. enaqñam1982 b:ul Bt )anerobkarmþgetot. ena eblmangayu68qñam b:ul Bt )anerobkarcaelikti3 CamYy siþmñak;etoteqµah nags EdlmanGayu40qñaM begiát)ankunrsimñak;. exov b:unñari Edl)ants Urs;CamYynwgCMgWsrés RbsaTrbs;Kat;Gs;ry³eBlCagBIrTsvtSr_ nigedaysar PaBcas;CranigCMgWmharIkT nþangs;ry³eblyurnas;mk ehiyenah )anttylmrnpabenarkúgéb:lin PaKBay½Büén RbeTskm<úCa. BIFIbUCasBrbs; exov b:unñari )anrbrbwtþetaenarbwk éf RBhs,t TI3 Exkkáda qñam2003 kñúgvtþekagkag knþaltirkúgéb:linedaymanmnussrbman500nak;cul rymedlmanrbhsgç kgkmøamgrbdab;gavufgtitemdwknam Ex~rRkhm kñúgenahman egogsari EdlRtÚvCab Únéfø/ nyn Ca nig exov smpn RbCaCnnigsisSsala. PaKeRcIn RbCaCnEdlcUlrYmenaH KWCaGñkrs;enAéb:lin. enakñúg BiFIbUCasBenHEdr exov FIriT )aneligganvieyakkfa bba ak;birbvtiþts Urbs;bgRsIxøÜn. EGm suxxim mcämnðléksarkm<úca 9

12 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar bb aieq~ahcnrgerkahedl)ankemþcenamnþirs-21 KukTYlEsøg erobcmnigcgrkgeday³ yin nan tbielxmun l>r eq~ah tynati kenøgyk éf cul éf kemþc 766 su m qn emrkúm kgbl170?? nyn Kn eha saeron yut Cn kgbl170?? Kg; Gan kgry kgblbub a?? GU c can;ful GnuesnatUc kgbl164?? su suxum GnuRkúm kgbl164?? ywm QWn yut Cn yandæany-1?? CU Qun yut Cn s21-x?? hu n KIm GnuRkúm s21-x?? syn xn kgry s21-x?? bug sun kgvresnatuc s21-x?? ebc saj; kgry s21-x?? Em:n h ag Gnukgha s21-x?? fav eson eha m:g kgvresnatuc kgbl502?? RsI eb:g bba akarkgry s21-x?? can; sar:at EpñksYr s21-x?? esg Cati sñgkarkgvresnafm kgbl170?? sy supan bba akarkgbl170 kgbl170?? bu n sani RbFancmáarenAsU PUmiPaKbUB a?? ng sav:an emrkúm TUrBum< Qn Qin eha ern sñgkgha TUrBum< epg y:an Gnukgha TUrBum< ENm eqon emrkúm kgbl sy syn GnuRkúm kgbl RBMú dug yut Cn kgbl ck; hun RbFankgha kgbl esa XWn eha savuf ebtükgry kgbl ):al; smbur ):al; smbur Gnukgha Gnukgha kgbl170 kgbl mcämnðléksarkm<úca

13 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar 793 su éfv:a embyk kgbl yu CuneGg RbFankgry kgbl Guwm sar:n yut Cn kgbl QMu eqon GnuRkúm kgbl gyn QagKwm emrkúmcyscul kgbl Ej:m smbur embyk kgbl Cab LaMg yut CndMEdk kgbl qug eqg eha eqn kgry kgbl esa lag Cagkat;sk; s21-x suk Gan yut Cn kgbl yug em:a kgry kgbl li hu y yut Cn260 kgbl qay ecg mnþir270 kgbl sm emon yut Cn s21-x ebog cn eha fa kgha s21-x Bt Ka yut Cn s21-x esok saeron yut Cn s21-x Cwm econ yut Cn s21-x eja laggun RsI RbFanEpñk eragcrkt li ey:t RsI RbBn m:at; eragcrkt Gu k sat RsI RbBn samg emog eragcrkt )an yn RsI Blkmµ rdækrtwk etb sygbupa RsI GKÁelxargFnaKar PUmitaLI rs; run RbCaCn tmbn; Et lagesg eha TIlun CagmU:tU CitvtþPMñ gyn ersg kmµkrlk;mu:tu CitvtþPMñ s BuF eha suvnñ kunsiss svayerog LaM sit RsI RbCaCn kmbg;s<w Qun byy eha criya RbCaCn ebaficintug huin ehon eb:gwm tmbn; Ca yun s½kiþ1 tmbn; nu lun Gat;sadg; tmbn; Fuc supi s½kiþ2m:arin eragcrkemsami júwk siuev:ghyr eha ev:gehog s½kiþ2 tmbn; enamant mcämnðléksarkm<úca 11

14 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar ÉksarEx~rRkhm dmnwgepsg²rsg;bivitüúbretséf GaTitüTI24 FñÚ1978 k km< úca vitüúeb:kamgpsayéf TI2FñÚ m:17³30nati smmitþ egog sari TTYlTIPñak;garsarBt mansiunhva manrbsasn_ fa³ qñam1978 CaqñaMelatepøaHénkargarrbeTskm<úCa RbCaFibetyü. kñúgmyyqñamknøgetakñúgkarts URbqaMgQøan BaneRkamkarKaMRTrbs;sUevot km<úca)anttylsmancitþ nigkarkamrtbirbetsnigrbcacnsklelakkan;etercin elig² sum,irbetsxøhbimunkµansmancitþcmebahkm<úca \LÚvk¾Rbkan;Gab,kiriyamansmancitþdl;km<úCaEdr enhca C½yCmñHFMbMputénkic karbretskm<úca. kñúgqñamenhkm<úca )anbrgikkartak;tgcamyybnþarbetsenagasiugaekñy_ EfmeTot. kartak;tgkm<úcacamyysm<½n bretsgasiu GaeKñy_kan;Etl eligehiy. kartak;tgkm<úcacamyypuma en):al; bg;køaeds k¾)anriklutlas;edr. km<úca)an BRgIkkarTak;TgCamYyGWru:b CaBiessCamYyRbeTsGWru:b xagecig. eyig )anbrgwgbrgikefmetot mhamitþpab sut samkiápabcamyyrbetscin. smmitþ]bnaykm niþ)anbitirikraycmebahkartak; TgpøÚvTUtrvagcinnigGaemrik. smmitþmanrbsasn_fa³ eyig )anbrgikkartak;tgcamyykuer: km<úcanigkuer:)an ekarbkñanigkamrtkñaetavijetamk. qñamenhmanrbtipuénrbetscaercin \ssrcnénmcä dæansarbt manbretscaercin RBmTaMgGñkykBt man GaemrikaMg)anmkPñMeBjkm<úCabMeBjTsSnkic. ektamg LayemIleXIjsPaBkarN_enATIenHEdlRbCaCnkm<úCa RbqaMgQøanBanrbs;yYny:agbþÚrpþac;RbeTsCatimanPaB suxsanþ karksag)andmenirkarcarbrkti. smmitþevkejkfa kartak;tak;tgkm<úcacamyy GgÁkarshRbCaCati)anrIklUtlas; edim,ibrgikkartak; TgCamYyGgÁkarshRbCaCatiEfmeTot eyig GeBa Ij elak v:an;ehm mkbmebjtssnkic enakm<úcarbcafibetyü ṡmmitþ]bnayk egog sari manrbsasn_fa kñúg qñam1979 km<úcanigbrgikkartak;tgnwgbegiánkaretamkrk KñaCamitþPaBCamYybNþaRbeTselakEfmeTot. sni sbaøayynevotnammanfatubitcasni sbaøa eyafa manekalbmngvattinwgkan;kab;km<úcanwggasiu GaeKñy_CaeRKaHfñak;FMmhimacMeBaHkm<úCanigGasIuGaeKñy_ TaMgmUl. eyigrtúvetrymsamkiákñaeligrbqamgttl;nigkmnit elapln;gnutþrpabniyménsuevotevotnam. GMBIneya)aybreTskm<úCaeKarBeKalkarN_5-x rymrs;enaedaysniþpab. km<úcacasmacikskmµénclnaminculbkssm<½n. km<úcakamrtkarts Urbs;RbCaCnRKb;RbeTsEdlRbqaMg crkbtiþniym GaNaniKmniymfIµcas; vattiniym. km<úca CaRbeTsÉkraCü manburnpabedndirbs;rbetsxøün. km<úcabrgikkartak;tgmitþpabnigbegáinsamkáipab ehiy KaMRTKñaeTAvijeTAmkCamYybkSm:akSelnInniymBitR)akd elisklelak elimuldæangnþrcatiniymvnñ³gfn. sarbt manrbcacnénrbetscin c,ab;ecjéf TI 23FñÚenH )ancuhpsaygtßbtrbs;rkúmgñkykbt manén TIPñak;garBt mansuinhva erkamcmngecigfa >>>ERkksmrPUmibUBa Edlkm<úCaRbqaMgTb;Tl;nwgGMeBIQøanBanrbs; yyn. kalbiéf 20FñÚ RkúmGñkykBt manéntipñak;garsar 12 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

15 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar Bt mansuinhva EdlkMBugbMeBjTsSnkic enakm<úca )aneta TsSnatMbn;ERkk. enhcatmbn;myyedletgmankarrbyut ekþaénsmrpumibuba tamgbiyynqøanbankm<úcabiexfñú1977 mk. smmitþbba akarsmrpumibuba EdlkMdrRkúmGñkyk Bt manetatssna)anbt manfa b:unµanéf knøgetaenh tmbn; ERkkmanPaBs b;s at;bgáür EtenAtMbn;mYyeToténPUmiPaK buba KWtMbn;sVayerog kgt½bbdivtþkm<úcakmbugrbyut y:ag twgetgcamyynwgbykqøanban. eyig)anqøgkat;tenøemkgábikmbg;cam bgðüsdmenir etadl;smrpumimux. tampøúv)anexijrbcacnkm<úcagg; GacnwgFwgvaysRmukbgábegáInpl]sSahkmµnigksikmµ y:agmanhx ab;x Ün. smacikshkrn_ksikmµrab;muwnrab; Ban;nak; kmbugrcútkat;rbmultukdak;plrsuvy:agmmajwk. rethekacacyr²kmbugrbmuldwkcba ÚnRsUveTAdak; Tuk. manersmyycmnynek)ansþúgsmnabexovrsgat;ryc ral;ehiy. smmitþgñkbba akarsrmpumimux)aneføgfa eyig )ancrmabmhacntamvitüúehiyfa RtÚvxMRbmUlRcÚtkat; Tukdak;plRsUv[rYcral;kñúg4-5éf enh RtÚvdkemeronenA ry³ebldedlenh enaqñametamij kmu[yynvamkqk;bøn;rsuv eyigetot. kmµapi)alnigmhacnenatmbn;enhenacamc,as; las;gmbiyynecarbøn; EdlcUlmkbøn;ykRsUvy:ageRcIn kñúgebledlvaculmkqøanbankm<úcakalbidmnac;qñameta mij. smmitþelxabkstmbn;t,úgxµmúénpumipakbuba )anman Rbsasn_fa cugqñametamijnigedimqñamenh RsukBIréntMbn; RtÚvkgT½ByYnQøanBan BYkvabøn;ykRsUvGs;Cag2muWn etan. ERkkXøatBIkMBg;camEtRbmaN60KILÚEm:Rt b:uenñah. rfynþebiktampøúvelx7etmyyem:agknøh k¾gac etadl;. tampøúveyig)anqøgkat;psarsyg. smmitþkm<úca EdlkMdreyIg CRmabeyIg fa eblqøanbaneliktimyy yyn)anculcitdl;psarsyg. kenøgenah eyig exijpþal; EPñk pþhsem,gedlrtúvkgt½byynbmpøaj eyig efvidmenir kat;psarerkketadl;kn³bba akarmyyenacitsmrpumimux. enacmuvijkn³bba akarenh sut EtCaTItaMgkgT½Bkm<úCakñúg enahrymtamgtitamgkamepøigfmnigtitamgkamepøig)ajynþehahpg. vitüútak;tgkñ úgkn³bba akarbeba jsñ Úrjab;renß In TTYldMNwg EdlpSaymkBIsmrPUmimux. kenøgenhzitkñúgry³)aj;én kamepøigfmrbs;yyn. eyig )andwgbikenøgenahfa GMeBIQøanBanfµIelIk enhénkgt½byynmantmbn;xøhculerca6-7km kñúgedndi km<úca. kgt½bkm<úca)anvaybenþjbykvaecjvijruj fyerkay 1-4Km. ehtuenhenatmbn;xøh kgt½byyn QøanBancUldIkm<úCa)anEt2-3Kmb:ueNÑaH enatmbn;xøh BYkvaRtÚvvaybeNþjecjTaMgRsugehIy. emmt;edlxøatbierkket6k>m sbvéf enhrtúvkgt½b yynt nþankan;kab; emmt;catmbn;edlekehafatmbn;epøsnþ Úc. edaymkbikn³bba akarenhenacitsmrpumimuxebk eday smmitþgñkbba akarsmrpumibuba GeBa IjGñkykBt maneta efvikarrbcmusnþnaenakn³bba akarmyyepsgetot EdlenA q aybismrpumimuxbnþic EtKN³bBa akarenahk¾enakñúgry³ )aj;énkamepø IgFMrbs;yYnEdr. enaxagerkaykn³bba akar enhmindl;100m kalbib:unµanéf mun cab;rtúvkamepøigyyn )aj;pþk;. \LÚveXIjEtcmáareckEdlRtÚvbMpøajexÞcxÞ IGs;. enakñúgkn³bba akarenah eyig snþnacamyysmmitþgñk bba akarfñak;kgblmyycmnyn bnþasmmitþ)aneføgfa sbvéf enhkgt½bkm<úcavaytb;tl;nwgbykyynqøanbantamvifiduc teta³ KW[kgT½BenAtictYcvaysÞak;enABImux rycb½t vabierkay nigbicmehog. sbvéf kgt½byynminh anvaylukedaykgt½b efµ IreCIgepþspþaseT EtvaeRbIkaMePø IgFM)aj;pþk;b [ynþehah mktmøak;rkab;ebk kgt½bkm<úca)aj;føak;ynþehahyyn20 erkógehiy-enatmbn;erkkføak;>>>erkóg enatmbn;svayerog 8eRKÓg. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 13

16 kñúgs gáamrmedahcati5qñam kgt½bkm<úcamanbiesafn_ )aj;føak;ynþehahrkb;fun ehtuenhminxøacbykqøanbanvaerbi ynþehahet. ynþehahyynk¾)antmøak;rkab;ebketaelipumi Kr CitsmrPUmimuxEdr. 4-5éf munbykva)antmøak;elipumi myyenasvayerog bnþal[mhacnsøab;nigrbys. bnþasmmitþmanrbsasn_fa kgt½byynføab;erbi RKab;Ebk]sµ½nBulenAtMbn;ERkkEdr. RKab;EbkEpSgBul enhmü:ag)aj;edaykamepøigfm mü:ag)aj;edayerkóg)aj; EpSgBul b:uenþrkab;ebkepsgbulenh k¾mingaccyyyit eyagbykqøanbanedr kgt½bkm<úcamanvifinwgbykvaehiy. bnþasmmitþevkejkfa kmøamgrs;kmøamgt½byyn)an RtÚvxUcxateRcInenAtMbn;ERkktaMgBIcUlqñaMenHerogmk kgt½b yyn)anrtúvkemþccag1000k,al. ]TahrN_cab;BI 11kBaØa kgt½byynvayrbhareday[ynþehahrympsmnig kamepøigevg. qøgkarrbyut 2éf knøh kgt½byynrtúvsøab; Cag100k,al. smmitþgñkbba akartamgenhbba ak;fa \LÚvenHkgT½B km<úcamansµartirbyut Gg;GacekøóvkøaNas; enasmrpumi pøúvelx7 kgt½bkm<úcartamrtnig)ansakl,gmkehiy. kgt½bkm<úcamancmenoy:agmamkñúgkarkemþcvkávaylukrduv R)aMgrbs;kgT½ByYn benþjbykqøanban[gs;bidikm<úca EdlvaenAT nþankan;kab;enaeliy. bnþab;bitssnasmrpumitmbn;erkk GñkykBt man ena)anetatssnacmáarekas UFMBIrenA Cub nig BamCaMg. cmáarekas UTaMgBIrenHFøab;CaCRmkénkgT½ByYnkalBImun. RbCaCnkm< úcaenatienahpþl;es,ógnigpþhsem,g[kgt½byyn ehiyena)ancyy]btßmöbykvaercinvis½yetotpg b: uenþsbvéf enhrdækaryynyketassgkun. varbhary:agrbehin ekagkacedayrtg;rtayfm b:unb:grt)ak;elbkm<úca. eblsnþnacamyygñkykbt man kmµkrcmáarekas UTaMgBIr enh)ansemþgkmhwgy:agxøamgcmebahgmebiqøanbangktþbaø Úrbs; yyn. 14 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar x yyn vitüúgu sþali m:>9> PasaGg;eKøs yyn)anniyayfa vakmbugrbqmmuxnwgspabkarn_ esdækic d¾f n;f redayerkahfmµcatifm nigkareqøahrbekk CamYycinnigkm<úCa. enaeblganesckþiraykarn_rbs;rdæapi)alenamux spayyn ]bnaykrdæm nþiyyn elfaj;gi )anniyayfa EpnkarN_esÞIrEtTaMgGs;Gt;)anseRmc. BIelIenHeTot yynrtúvpþac;ykepakrtbümyycmnynrbs;xøünetaerbir)as; srmab;tahanenasmrpumipg ehiysrmab;erobcm[ercin CagmunkñúgkarvivaTCamYycinnigkm<úCa. edaycybrbthnwg TwkCMnn; plrsuv)anticcagkermagcmnyn3lanetan. elfaj;gi )anniyayetotfa pþhcit500>000xñg RtÚv exþcxþi ehiyrtúvkarcmnayercincabnþan;edim,isg;eligvij CaTUeTA. Bnül;BaküEx~rRkhm yut sa sþ b rn³sa sþ³ k,üneronxagcm,amgk,ün RbyuT epsg². citþsa sþ b citþvitüa³ citþvic ak,üneronxagpøúvcitþemil citþ. neya)ay³ ])aycaerkógdwknam. esovepakmnt;ehtu bu n efon GnuFnTIRkúg³ CakmøaMgsm<½n mitþcitsiñt rbs;kmµkrksikr. sm< ½n yuvkk³ sm<½n yuvcnkumµúynisþkm<úca. esovepakmnt;ehtu 069 sarvnþ³ KWGIVmYyEdlmanRbeyaCn_sMxan;FMdMuEdlRtÚv erbir)as;kitkurcacam)ac;rkb;eblevla. esovpakmnt;ehtugu Iv mcämnðléksarkm<úca

17 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav karrbüy)armörbs;mþay Duc nigvis½yc,ab;enakm<úca enaéf TI6 Exmifuna racrdæapi)alkm<úca nigtirbwksa c,ab;rbs;ggákarshrbcacati)ancuhhtßelxaelikic RBmeRBóg edim,ibegiáttulakarexµrrkhm erkaybimankar crcags;ry³eblcaercinqñammk. cugecatmyyrubedlnwg RtÚvelcmuxenAkñúgtulakarenHKW kamg hiác egov eqµah bdivtþn_ Duc EdlCaGtItRbFanKukTYlEsøgd¾l,IGesacrbs; ExµrRkhm. P½sþútagrUbv½nþnigÉksarCaeRcInP ab; Duc eta nwgkarefivtarunkmµnigbt]rkidækmµrbqamgmnusscati ehiy karsarpabrbs; Duc kñúgqñam1999 enacmebahmuxgñk sarbt man ent fay½r k¾)anbgðajgmbikarpsarp ab;y:ag duecñhedr. erkaymk Duc )andksmþirbs;xøünvijeday niyayfa Kat;BMu)ansmøab;nrNamñak;eLIy ehiykat; RKan;EtCakmµaPi)altUctacrbs;ExµrRkhmmñak;b:ueNÑaH EdlKµanGMNacRKb;RKan; edim,ibbaäb;nuvgmebiexarexa Edldak;bBa aedayemdwknambks)anet. etahcay:agna k¾eday enaebledltulakarexµrrkhmcab;dmenirkar Duc R)akdCanwgRtÚvnaMeLIgtulakarBIbT]Rkidækmµd¾F n;f r. enakñúgbtsmöasn_camyymþayrbs; Duc eq~ahkwm esov nigb ÚnRsIrbs; Duc eqµah Kwm ehov KµannrNamñak; GacnwksµanesaHeLIyfa GñkTaMgBIrmanBaJatibegIátmñak; EdlRtÚvecaTRbkan;famankarTTYlxusRtÚvBIbT]Rkidækmµd¾ exarexarbs;kuktylesøg ehiy)anbba ÚnCnrgeRKaHrab;Ban; nak;etakan;valbixatecigék. Duc ekitenakñ úgqñam1942 enakñúgrküsarmyyedlmansmacik7nak; ehiykat;ca kunc,gnigcakunrbúsetmyykt;rbs;rküsar. Duc man kmenitenakñúgpumimyytamdgswþgesþag RsukesÞag extþ kmbg;fm. mþay Duc niyaytamgjjwmfa Duc CaekµgsuPaB nigechekarbcas;tmu. vaminedlerismðúbet si k¾hubedrebl mkbieron minecht ÚjEt rmyym:at;eliy. vaeronbuekech CYyeFI VkargarpÞH ehiyrslaj;bgb Ún. vaminsuvmat;k b:unµanet culcitþsþúcrtienatamdgswþg. Kwm ehov bnþfa Kat;eronBUEkNas; CaBiessEpñkKNitviTüa. Duc bnþkarsiksaenatirymextþkmbg;fm ehiyerkay mkenaextþesomrab. edaysareronbuek enagmlúgqñam 1961 Duc )ankøayetacarkúbergónknitvitüa. Duc mk elgpþhcajwkjab;kñúggmlúgeblmunrdærbharrbs;esna Rbmux ln; Nul enaexmina qñam1970 b:uenþmþaynigb ÚnRsI rbs; Duc )an[dwgfakñ úgeblmkelgpþh Duc min Edlniyay R)ab;BYkKat;GMBIerOgneya)ayeLIy ehiykat;enaetca kunnigbgrbúsedlsupab ekarbcas;tmu nigrslaj;bgb Ún dedl ėnakñúggmlúgs gáamsiuvilbiqñam Duc min)anmkpþhvijet b:uenþ)anrtlb;mkrsukcajwkjab; erkayéf EdlExµrRkhmkan;kab;RbeTskm<úCaTaMgRsugenA Exemsa qñam1975. GñkmIg Kwm ehov niyayfa eyig mindwg Duc efivgiveliyenakñúgsm½yexµrrkhm. Kat;min EdlniyayGMBIkargarrbs;Kat;R)ab;esaH ehiyemileta Kat;k¾minmanGIVEbøkBImunEdr. Kat;esøókBak;semøókbMBak; GavexµAexaexµAnigmanRkmamYydUckmµaPi)alepSgeTot Edr. erkaykarvaylukrbs;kgt½bevotnamenaqñam 1979 Duc )an)at;xøünsacafiµehiy Gs;ry³kalCitBIr TsvtSr_RKÜsarrbs; Duc minedl)ancybmux Duc Tal;Et esah. mþay Duc ebalfa Kitfavasøab;)at;eTAehIy. ebl )anexijvavij sb,aycitþrkgiverbóbpwþmbmu)an eliy. swgetminecoesahfavaenars;dl;sbvéf. munqñam1995 Duc )anrs;enakñúgspabetaky:akenakñúg tmbn;exµrrkhmkan;kab;pakbay½büénrbetskm<úca. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 15

18 bniþcmþg² Duc )angaketarbtibtþitamknøgrkisþsasna. enakñúgqñam1995 erkaybiebledlrbbn rbs;xøünrtúvlyc efv IXat Duc )anculsasnarkisþ. Duc )anerbeqµaheta Ca tabin ehiy)ancab;epiþmedirpsbvpsayfm RBHeys Ukñúg eblbermikargarcabukálikebtücmnyymnussfm enakñúgcmrm CnePosxøÜn. erkaymk Duc )anmkelgrsukkmenitnig mþaycajwkjy. enaqñam1999 racrdæapi)alkm<úca)an RsavRCavrkeXIjlMenAdæanrbs; Duc ehiykardylrlmrbs; ExµrRkhm)anCYy[karcab;xøÜn Duc kan;etgayrsül. EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav TahanrdæaPi)al)ancab;xø Ün Duc enaéf TI10 Ex]sPa qñam 1999 rycbba Úntam]T möakcrk ykmkxmuxamgenakñúgkuk rbs;tulakareyafaenatirkúgpñmebj. m niþtulakar)an ecatrbkan; Duc BIbT]RkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_nigGMeBIk,t; Cati ehiyetgtamgemfavimñak;eqµah ka savuf CaemFavI karbarkiþrbs; Duc. mþaynigb Únrbs; Duc )anttyldmnwgbikarcab;xøün Duc tamry³gñkpumimñak;edl)anttyldmnwgtamry³rbb½n psbvpsaybt man. Kwm ehov )anniyayfa eyigman b ÚnRsIDuc³ Kwm ehov 16 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

19 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav karrn t;citþy:agxøamgbnþab;bi)anttyldmnwgbikarcab;xø ÜnKat;. Kwm esov gk;k,alehiyniyayfa kun )anmkelgpþh CaeRcInelIkkñ úgcenøahqñam1996eta1999 b:uenþvaminedl niyaygmbierogexµrrkhmr)ab; esah. mindwgfava)an efivgivetenasm½yexµrrkhm. eblmkelgpþhvarkan;et syrsuxtukçbgb Únb:ueNÑaH. P½yNas; enaebledlb fa vartúvekcab;xøün. sgwçmfaekminrbharcivitvaet. enatirkúgpñmebj ka savuf )antamtar[mantulakar myy[)anqab;. Kat;)anEføgfa Duc cg;niyaybkgarkat emdwknamcan;x<s;exµrrkhmedl Duc ecatrbkan;fa )anbba a Kat;[Gnuvtþkarkab;smøab;. c,ab;km<úcagnubaøat[mankar XMuXaMgmunkarkat;eTasry³eBl6Ex. etahcay:agenh k¾eday enaexsiha qñam1999 spacatikm<úca )angnum½t c,ab;myyedlgnubaøat[mankarxmuxøünmunkarcmnumcrmhkþi rhutdl;eta3qñam srmab;cncab;ecatbibt]rkidækmµrbl½y BUCsasn_]Rkidækmµs gáamnig]rkidækmµrbqamgmnusscati. GñkKaMRTGgÁkarsiT mnussnigggákarshrbcacati)anrihkn; c,ab;enhfacakarrmelapetaelisiti rbs;cncab;ecat. b: uenþ mþayduc³ Kwm esov Duc mcämnðléksarkm<úca 17

20 c,ab;enhenaetrtúvekyketagnuvtþdedl. enaex]spa qñam 2002 enaebledlkarxat;xøünrbs; Duc ry³ebl3qñam RtÚv)anbBa b; ecarkmesiubgegát gin smgan )anecat Rbkan;Kat;BIbT]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCatiEdlnaM[mankar XMuxøÜnDucry³eBl3qñaMeTot. elak ka savuf )anniyayfa Duc minsuvniyay erobrab;gmbilkçxnðenakñúgkukeliy. enacugqñam2001 ebtükgt½bmñak;eqµah TUt Nar:a )anbgðaj[dwgfa Duc kmbug EtmanCMgWEPñknigRtecok b: uenþelak gin smgan erkaymk raykarn_fa Duc mansuxpabrwgmamcagmuneblbba Únmk kan;mniþrxmuxamgetaetot. mþaynigb Únrbs; Duc )anttyl dmnwgtictycbmputgmbikarecatrbkan;etaeli Duc. BYkKat; minsuvyl;dwggmbic,ab;catiniggnþrcatinigneya)ayd¾ sµúksµajedlnwgsermcecakvasnarbs;duceliyerkagmbi karrbüy)armöetaeli Duc enakñúgkuk nigkarkat;etas Duc. eknwgykkat;etasmøab;b Gt;? Kwm esov )ansyrnammþg ehiymþgetot edaymindwgc,as;gmbitnðkm~ Edl Duc RtÚv TTYl. GñkmIg Kwm ehov syrfa etikat;manemfavicyy karbarb Gt;? GñkTaMgBIrecHEtRBÜy)armÖedaysarmin dwggmbic,ab;bak;b½n etanwgerogkiþrbs; Duc. enacugqñam1999 Kwm ehov )anefivdmeniretatirkúg Pñ MeBj kñ úgekalbmngetacyb Duc enakñ úgbn nakar. Kat; niyayfa cmnaygs;ry³eblbiyb; biéf TMraMdwg GMBITIkEnøgEdleKykKat;eTAXMu. camenaerkakukgs;ry³ eblcaercinem:agrg;cam[ekgnubaøat[ cul. [EteXIj GñkeFIVkarenATIenaHedIrecjmk R)ab;eKfa Cab Únrbs; Duc b:uenþkµannrnamñak;gnubaøat[ CYbKat;esaH. m niþkuk )anttylykbegvcrbs;kat;eta[ Duc b: uenþmin)anbnül;kat; GMBImUlehtuEdlKat;minGaccUlCYbeT. qñamenhmcämnðléksarkm<úca)anefivsmenirmyy edim,ismucybsmöascamyy Duc b:uenþrtúvbdiesf. Duc nwgrtúvnamxø ÜneTAkan;tulakarExµrRkhm ehiyman 18 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav P½sþútagCaeRcInbgðajBIkarCab;Bak;B½n rbs; Duc etanwggmebi exarexaf n;f r ehiyenaerkamc,ab;edlbak;b½n CnEdl pþl;bba afñak;kmbulmingacmankarkarbarkiþet. EteTaHCa y:agenhk¾edaykarcab;xmuedlmanlkçn³cmhrbs; Duc KWBMumanPaByutiþFm enakñúgc,ab;eliy. tulakarexµrrkhm KYrRtÚvbegIáteLIgedIm,IyutiþFm minemnkarsgswkenahet. ekalkarn_cm,gmyyényutiþfm KWsiTi TTYlkarcat;Tukfa KµankMhus drabnatulakarmintan;kat;etascasßabr. ena kñúgkuktylesøg nigkenøgepsgetot ExµrRkhmmin)aneKarB tamekalkarn_enhet ehiyniyayfa s Ucab;RcLM10 nak; kmu[elgxµamgrclmmñak;. C½yCmñHeTAelIekrdMENl d¾rn t;enhmann½yfa CakarbM)at;ecalnUvPaBGyutiþFm kñúg Rkbx½NÐc,ab;eTaHCaP½sþútagRbqaMgnwgCnCab;ecaTman elislb;k¾eday. racrdæapi)al RtÚvFana[eXIjfaTegIVrbs;xøÜneTAelI CnCab;XMueTaHCaCnenaH Cab;ecaTBIbTelIµsF n;f ry:agna k¾edayrsbtambtdæanyutiþfm GnþrCati. siti myycmnyn duccasiti TTYlkarBiPakSaTTYlkarEfTaMsuxPaB nigbriepak RKb;RKan; ebitamkarsegátrtúv)anbmebj. cmenké cmnucepsgetotvijtamtar[mankareklm. ry³ebl énkarcab;xmurbs; Duc KWyUrhYseBkeTAehIy. tulakar ExµrRkhmnwgRtÚvbegIáteLIgkñúgeBlqab;²xagmuxenH b:uenþ ebimankarbnüaebltetaetotyutiþfm TamTar[rdæaPi)al pþl;nuvkarbicarna[)anrtwmrtúvcmebahkaredahelg Duc. elisbienhkarxmuxøünmyyedlyutiþfm CakarXMuxøÜnEdlpþl; dl; Duc nuvsiti smucyb. karpþl;siti dl;smacikrküsarrbs; Duc CakareKarB siti mnusscamuldæannigsiti rbs;cncab;ecat. kargnubaøat [mankarrtütbinitümniþrxmuxamg nigsyrsuxtukç Duc enakñúgkuk BIsMNak;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alCakarbgðajGMBIkarrIklUt las;nuvvis½yc,ab;rbs;km<úca. cn qrqigari nig egg kukfay mcämnðléksarkm<úca

21 I EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav yaygnrmb kerogedim elakyay GU Gn Gayu69 qñam Ca sþiemm:aymankun5nak;. bþ rbs;yay)ansøab;tamgbi31qñammun mkemø :H. bc úb,nñyayrs;enacamyy kun²nigeca² enapumiebafitenø XMu GU Gn ekahfmk RsukekaHFM extþknþal. yaygn ekitqñamkur RtÚvnwgqñaM1934 enapumiebafitenø KWPUmiEdlyaykMBugrs;enAnaeBlbc úb,nñ. Bukrbs; yayeqµah GU mþayeqµah hgs EdlCaGñkERscmáar sut saf. yaygn niyayfa Buk cmtynas; Kat;fa luyk¾enanwgcmáar mask¾enanwgcmáar R)ak;k¾enAnwgcmáar Kat;minEdlCYjminEdllk;GIeT. yaymanbgb ÚnRsI 3nak; Rbúsmñak;. yaycakunc,g. enaeblyayman Gayu10qñaM mþayrbs;yay)ansøab;edaycmgwgasnñerak ehiyb ÚnTI4rbs;yayEdleTIbEtmanGayu3Exk¾søab; Edr. yay)an[dwgfa kalbicmnan;yayenaekµg CMgW GasnñeraKsmøab;mnusSeRcInNas; erbahkµanmnþirebtüena tamrsukxmuducbc úb,nñenhet manetenapmñebj ehiy mefüa)ayefvidmenirkwecvtukb ef~irecig duecñhgñkcmgwgasnñ erakmin)anttylkarse gáahtan;eblevlaeliy. erkayebledlmþayrbs;yaysøab;rbman10 qñam Bukrbs;yayk¾erobkarRbBn erkayetoteqµah efa nig)ankunrbúsmñak;etot. mþayerkayrbs;yayrslaj; GaNitbgb ÚnTaMgbInak;rbs;yaydUcCakUnbegáItrbs; Kat;. Kat;ciBa wmbi)ac;bgb Únrbs;yayy:agl nigerobcm [mankurskrrkb;²kña. bc úb,nñ mþayerkayrbs;yay enars;enaeliy. Kat;manGayu86qñaM. cmenkbukrbs; yaysøab;kalbi5qñammun kñúgcnµayu90qñam. kalbiyayenaekµg CIvitrbs;yayeBareBjeTA edayesckiþsuxnas; rs;enasm,úrsb,ayminedlxvhxat es,óggahareliy. Bukrbs;yaymandIERscmáarFM TUlay damebat RsUv fñamck; senþk l etatamrduvkal GaRs½ylkçN³GMeNayplénsßanPaBdInigFatuGakas. epakplksikmµedlttyl)anlµmrkb;rkan;srmab;hub ebjmyyqñamminedlxvhxat eblxøhefmtamgsl;dur)angmbil Rbhuk p k sár nigerkóg]bepakbriepakepsg²etotpg. yay)anniyayfa kalkat;enaekµgminedlbi)ak rt;ekcbis gáamet. kalenahrbetskm<úcaenaerkam GaNaniKmniymrbs;)araMgnigCbu :n. CYnkalkgT½B\sSr³ )anefvidmenirqøgkat;pumiedrbu:enþminedlefvitukçetasrbcacn eliy. kgt½b\ssr³tamggs;enahmansemøókbmbak;bn exµaedirkat;pumiedayes óms at;nigrh½srhyn minedlsñak; enakñúgpumi ehiyk¾minedlsumrsuvggár man;ta b mðúbgahar BIGñkPUmiEdr. yaymin)anetaeronsurtet edaysarkalbicmnan; yayenatucmintan;mansalaeron manetvtþgarambu:enñah EdlmantYnaTIbNþúHbNþalekµgRbús cmenkekµgrsimin RtÚv)anGnuBaØat[eTAeroneLIy. erkayebledlyay mankun2nak; yay)anetaerongkçrkmµedr bu:enþyay niyayfa eronminechet kuncab;nwgédrej:réj:birbi yur² etakunympg kunqwpg ElgeroneTA ElgecHeTA. Bukmþayrbs;yay)anerobcMTukdak;[yayman bþienagayu20qñam. bþirbs;yayeqµah Rs n CaGñkERs cmáar. edaymanclnaetaranykdifµienaextþérbevg Buk rbs;yayk¾)anetarandifµienapumiekahrka XMuekaHrka Rsuk BamCr extþérbevg enacitrbmednevotnam ehiyyay mcämnðléksarkm<úca 19

22 nigsvamik¾eritilmenaetars;enatienahbnþab;bimankunmyy. Gñk TaMgBIr)ankab;Kas;randIfµInigTijdIBIGñkEdleTArs;enAmun² pg )andifmtulaysrmab;damrsuvnigdmnamcmáarepsg²etot )anepakplhurehorhubmings;. bþirbbn rbs;yay snsmr)ak;sg;)anpþhek,ógbirxñgfmlvwgelviynigmandibrmúg TuksRmab;CaekrEckkUnRKb;²Kña. bnþab;birdærbharrbs; ln; Nul enaexmina qñam 1970 kgt½becigtwknigecigekakrbs;evotnam)anelig mkrbetskm<úca bnþal[rbcacnmankarpitp½yk¾rt; R)aseLIgmkEb:kxagelIénRbeTs. RkúmRKÜsarrbs; yayedleblenahetibetmankun4nak; )ancihkg;bir erkógrt;mkrsukekahfmvij edaygt;)anykgvitamggs; tamxøün. yaynigbþie)ahbg; pþhsem,g ekarkbi TUkreTH dierscmáar nigepakpldmnamrkb;rbept. yay)an niyaytamggs;smenicfa enhducbakücas;fa ExµreyIgrYc xøün exagav)anyyn rycxøüntet. ebledlyayrtlb;eta enapumiebafitenørbmanbirs)þah_ ynþehahkarcab;epþim Tmøak;RKab;EbkelItMbn;mYycMnYnEdlsgS½yfamanevotkug edimetñatemø :ahehiycugertg RtÚv)aneRbICMnYssøwketñat kñúgkarrbk;pþh. CYnkal Rkúmrbs;yayeTACCuH cmebigyksrésevg²mk RkgCakNþb. RbEhlenAqñaM1975 GgÁkar)antRmÚv[kUnRbús c,grbs;yayetaefivkgelakyay GU Gn CamYyecA EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav lak;xøün. enaqñam1971 ebledlkunti6rbs;yayetibnwg mangayu7ex bþirbs;yay)ansøab;edaysarrtúvrkab; epøagmkbim:arin kñúgxn³ebledlkat;kmbugetefvidmenir tampø Úv. cab;biqñam1972 ExµrRkhm)anRKb;RKgRsukekaH FMesÞIrEtTaMgmUl. epakpledlrbcacnplit)anrtúv RbmUlykmkdak;rYmTaMgGs; rycetibecketavijtamcmnyn mnussenakñúgrküsar. erkayéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975 RbCaCnTaMgGs; enakñ úgpumiebafitenørtúvexµrrkhmcemøósetak msmn ehiy ykrbcacnbitikenøgepsg²mk[rs;enakñúgpumiebafitenø nig)anyktienahefvicamnþirsnþisuxnigkenøgsmøab;mnuss. yayniyayfa mulehtuedlexµrrkhmykrbcacnbipumi ebafitenøeta[rs;enaek,rrbmednevotnam edaysarexµr Rkhmcat;TukGñkTaMgGs;CaGñkeBjsiT i. yaybba ak; benßmfa BYk enhsut EteBjsiT iehiy ebjnwggt;)ay ebjnwghubrkab;ebat ebjnwgrt;ekcrkab;epøag. enak msmn ExµrRkhm)ancat;taMgyay[eFVIkar enakñúgrkúm sþimanépþebah nig sþicas;²namkñaedirrcút cugertgykmkrkgefv IkNþb srmab;rbk;pþh. edaysar enatmbn;k msmnminsm,úr 20 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

23 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav T½B. yayniyayfa eblekehakunetaefvikgt½b ekeha etarbcmu. RbCMuéf hñwg eyigkµantv:a)anmyym:at;et ekfaebi eyigcg;k¾enaeteta eyigmincg;k¾enaeteta. ekniyayet bu:nñwg Es keligekehaeta. kunrbs;yayculrymkñúgcyrkgt½b)at;dmnwgrhutdl; rbbexµrrkhmdylrlmetibexijrtlb;mkvijcamyynwg semøókbmbak;rehkréy:. cmenkkunepsg²etotculggápab kgcl½ttameptnigv½y sum,ietkunebaedlmangayucit 10qñaMk¾RtÚvcUlkgkumarEdr. RbEhlenAqñaM1976 yayekitbuskµanmuxy:agfm enanwgecigxageqvg rhutrtúvetasrmakbüa)alenamnþir ebtürsuk. kmµapi)alebtütamtarkat;ecigrbs;yay bu:enþyaybdiesfdac;ghgáar. yayniyayfa ebikat; etars; ehiyminkat;søab; suxcitþsøab; EtRtg;[ kat;ecig minkat;et. bnþab;bibüa)algs;ry³ebl5ex CMgWrbs; yayk¾)anfurrsal. yayk¾sumecjbimnþirebtümkena shkrn_vij bu:enþmingacedirq aynigefvikargarf n;²)an etoteliy. RbFanshkrN_k¾cat;taMgyay[eFVIkargar xagbkebat kac;ebat nigcyycitbenøenaeragcugepa. yayefv IkargarenHrhUtdl;éf EdlrbbExµrRkhmdYlrlM. yaygn )an[dwgetotfa enak msmn qñamxøh RbCaCnCYbRbTHeRKaHTuriÖkSedaysarstVkNþúrkat;bMpøaj RsUv. edaysaretmanknþúrercinebk GgÁkar)andak; krmit[rbcacnvayknþúr[)anmñak;myykñúgmyyéf benßm BIelIkargarRbcaMéf ebigñknavaymin)anknþúrmyyet nwgmin)anttylrbbgahareliy. qñamxøhetot TwkTenøeLIgFM bmpøajrsuvnigdmnamrkb;rbeptrkb;tikenøgrtúvtwklicgs;. GgÁkarbBa a[erierag)aybir-bibba ÚlKñaEtmYy ehiy elikdicatmnb;tb;karbartwkkum[licerag)ay. cugepartúv GMuTUkyk)ayEck[RbCaCnNaEdlminGacmkhUb)ay enaeragcugepa)an. qñamnaxvhxates,óg RbCaCnRtÚvhUb )aylayebat )aylayecktmu laydmlúg b CYnkal hubebatsut Etmþg. yaygn niyayfa enak msmn sm,úrecknigdmlúgeqi. eckepøfm²eføas² dmlúgeqiman emimfm²nigevg² ykmkhan;lay)ay b Rc)ac;eFVICa emsatuksrmab;efv InMbBa úk. yay)an[dwgfa enashkrn_ rbs;yay GgÁkarminsUvmankartwgEtgGMBIkarhUbcukeT etahcamin)an)aysut k¾eday k¾bu:enþrbcacn)anhub Eq t²rkb;kña ehiyk¾føab;)anhubnmbba úkb beg mmþgmáal Edr. eblxøhrbcacngacsumrkab;ebatykmklighub)an etotpg. erkagmbiefivkargarcaercinem:agkñúgmyyéf RbCaCn RtÚvcUlrYmRbCMueTot. enakñúgggárbcmurbcacndwgetggáúy sþab;bu:enñah cmenkgñkedleligmaneyabl;kwrbfan shkrn_nigrbfanpumi. RbFanshkrN_KWCaGgÁkar ebirbfanshkrn_r)ab;[etaefvikarenatina RbCaCnRtÚv EteFVItam ebiminduecñahetnwgrtúvsøab;. yayniyayfa Gt;manniyayerOgeyIgmineTAeT ekr)ab;eyig[efvigi eyigrtúveteta ebiminetaekykeyigsmøab;ecal. RbEhlenAqñaM1978 mankarrbyut KñarvagkgT½B ExµrRkhmnigkgT½BevotNam. eblenahkgt½btamgsgxag erbikamepiøgfm)aj;epøagdak;kñaetavijetamkefvi[rbcacn PitP½yrt;cUlBYnkñ úgelndæanesi Þrral;éf CYnkaldac;)ay dac;twk TRmaMEts b;etibh anecjmkrbkbkargarducfmµta vij. karpitp½ymankan;etxøamgetotenacugqñam1978. eblenahtamgm:arin TaMgynþehaHTmøak;RKab;Ebk nigkgt½b ecigekakrbs;evotnam)anvaysrmúkrbm²kñaefvi[ RbCaCnPitP½ytkáma. TaMgExµrRkhm TaMgRbCaCnnaMKña rt;eligmktmbn;eli²edim,iekcbikgt½bevotnam. bnþab;birbbexµrrkhmdylrlmenaexmkra qñam1979 RbCaCn)aneFVIdMeNIrRtLb;mkPUmikMeNItvij. mkdl; PUmidMbUg yaygn )anexijrenþasaksbrymcaercinedl RtÚvExµrRkhmsmøab;mnusSehIykb;minCitelck,alCgÁg; nigecigecjmkerka nigexijsñamqamenatikenøgsmøab; mcämnðléksarkm<úca 21

24 mintan;rlub)at;gs;enaeliy. eblenahetibyay niggñkpumitamggs;dwgfa ExµrRkhm)anykPUmieBaFi TenøeFVICakEnøgsmøab;mnusS. erkaymkrdægmnac muldæannigrbcacn)anrymshkarkñaksagectiy myy ehiykas;q wgsaksbedlenakñúgrenþayk mktmál;enakñúgectiyenah. enaebledletibnwg mkdl;pumikmenitfµ I² CIvPaBRKÜsarrbs;yay Gn niggñkpumitamggs;enamankarxvhxat bu:enþ)anxitxmefvi ERscmáarelIdIEdlrdæGMNacmUldæan)anEck[. bc úb,nñenhenapumiebafitenø RbCaCnmanCIvPaB smrmüpakercinmanpþhek,ógfm² bu :EnþqñaMxøHePaKpl Edl)anmkminRKb;hUbry³eBlmYyqñaMeT eday sartwktenølicbmpøajpldmnamgs;. RbCaCnxøHeTA RbkbrbrCakmµkrsIuQñÜlenATIRkúgxøH etotlk;b bba amdierscmáarykedimtunetarbkbrbrlk;dur epsg². yaygn )anerbóbefobcivpabnaebl bc úb,nñetanwgrbbexµrrkhmfa \LÚvmindUcrbb bu :l Bt et. \LÚvenHeyIghUbesrI cg;hubgiersc nwgeyig eyigcg;sac; manluytijsac;rcúkk¾)an Tijsac;eKak¾)an TijRtIk¾)an eyigcg;hubnmgik¾ erscnwgcitþeyig ebikalenahek[eyighub. eyig enaerkamrdægmnacek KµansiT itv:anwgekesahehiy. yayføab;)anniyayerogr:avenakñúgrbb ExµrRkhmR)ab;ecA²Edr bu:enþeca²rbs;yaymin ecoeliy. yayniyayfa eca² vaekitmkexij Etsm,Úrsb,ayvaGt;eCOeT. pþamkunpþamecatukgt; [rbbhñwgrtlb;mkvijet elakegiyganiteca erkay²nas;. cmnas;enh vahyseblehiy manetkunecacmnan;erkay²xmeronsurt[echdwg elig kum[ekcihcan;duccmnan; etot. san; klüan EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav esckþicundmnwgrbs;smakmgñknibn Ex~r smakmgñknibn ExµrsUmCRmabdl;RbCaCnkm<úCaRKb;rUbfa smakm)anerobcm evtikaefrksarbvtþisa sþrbbkm<úcarbca- Fibetyü erkamkic shkarcamyymcämnðléksarkm<úca. evtikaenhmanekalbmngsmxan;²ducca rymcacmenkefrksarbvtþisa sþtuksrmab;kunecacmnan; erkay[)andwgnigsiksaeronsurt. CaviFImYyedIm,IrMgab;GarmµN_edayykehtukarN_ esckþi Tukç karxwgkumkyn mktmál;caéksarrbvtþisa sþedim,ibermidl;kar RsavRCavteTAGnaKt. karcgcamkwcasnþivifimyykñúgkartb;sáat;min[gmebirbl½y BUCsasn_ekIteLIgCafµImþgeTotenAkñúgsgÁmmnusS. CYydl;karEsVgrkyutþiFm CUndl;RbCaCnkm<úCaEdl)an søab;)at;bg;civitenakñúgrbbexµrrkhm nigcyyelikkm<s;kar ekarbsit imnussenakm<úca. smakmgñknibn ExµrsUmGMBavnavdl;RbCaCnkm<úCacUlrYm sresrgtßbttamglaygmbi 1 erogr:avpþal;xøün 2 RBwtþikarN_ EdlelakGñkFøab;)anCYbRbTHenAkñúgrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü nig 3 pþl;dmenahrsaycmebahbbaðarbvtþisa sþenh. RbFanbT xagelienhtrmúv[elakgñksresrebbrbvtþ isa sþcab;bi10tmb½r eligeta. smakmgñknibn ExµrnigmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCanwgman kitþiysedaycuhpsaysñaédrbs;elakgñkenaelitmb½rtssnavdþi EsVgrkkarBit RBmTaMgpþl;fvikadl;m as;gtßbtedlnwgrtúv sresrefmetotedim,ie)ahbum<caesovepa. karculrymrbs;elak GñkKWCakarrYmcMENkelIksÞÜytémøénkarsresrnigcMeNHdwg. sumepj IGtßbTrbs;elakGñkmksmaKmGñkniBn ExµrTIsñak;kar³ vtþbtumvti PñMeBj b Tak;TgtamTUrs½BÞelx nig cab;biéf TI20 Ex]sPa rhutdl;éf TI31 Extula qñam2003. yu bu RbFansmaKmGñkniBn Ex~r 22 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

25 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav karefviekaslüvic½yetaeliq wgnigllad_k,alcnrgerkah enakñúgsm½yexµrrkhm mcämnðléksarkm<úca )anerobcmgñkcmnajxagefiv ekaslüvic½yetaeliq wgsaksberkay]btþvehtucmnynbi rubmkbirbetskanada[mkbinitüq wgsaksbedltmál; kñúgbucniydæanmyycmnynenakñ úgrbetskm< úca. RkúmCMnaj )ansiksarsavrcavenaextþ-rkúgcmnyn5kwextþkmbg;s<w extþ kmbg;cam extþknþal extþtaekvnigtirkúgpñ MeBj. enaex siha qñam2003 xagmuxenhrkúmcmnajefviekaslüvic½yq wg erkayebl]btþvehtu nwgcuhsiksarsavrcavbenßmetot etaelititamgsmøab;myycmnynnigcikrenþatambec kets edaypþal;etaelititamgnaedlbmutan;ttylrgnuvkarcik kkaybieblmunmk. RkúmGñkCMnajEdl)anmkeFVIkar enakñúgrbetskm<úca KWmkBI kariyal½ybinitüsaksb erkayebl]btþvehtu Edlmansñak;karenATIRkúgtUr:untU RbeTskaNadanigCaGñkEdlmanbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;kñúg kargarrbmtamgføab;)ancmnayeblefvikarenarbetstim½r xagekitcaercinexmkehiypg. evc bnðit ém:exil b:uelenn nigbnðit xafi háús<ieyi CaGñkEdlmanCMnaj c,as;las;nigføab;manbtbiesafn_kñúgkaresuibgegátgmbi bt]rkidækmµrbqamgmnusscati)anefvidmenirmkrbetskm<úca edim,ibmebjkargar[mcämnðléksarkm< úcaedlcasßab½n RsavRCavÉkraCü kñúgekalbmngrbemrbmulnuv P½sþútagbEnßmBIelIP½sþútagEdlmanRsab;kñúgkarnaM xø ÜnemdwknaMExµrRkhmeTAsalakþ I edim,ikat;esckþ IGMBI etaskmhusedl)anrbrbwtþknøgmkkñúgkarrkb;rkg GMNacrbs;xøÜnBIéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975 dl; éf TI6 Exmkra qñam1979 nigedim,iesvgrkmulehtu BitR)akdénkarsøab;mnusSGs;Cag1lan7Esn nak;. CaeRcInqñaMknøgmkenHkarsøab;rbs;CnrgeRKaH hak;kµanrmbwgbigñkedlenars;fanwgmankaresvgrk PaByutþ ifm myyeliy etahbicamankarxitxmrbwgerbg rbs;rdæapi)alénrbbsafarnrdærbcamanitkm<úca kñ úgkarbegá Ittulakarkñ úgrsukmyynigesñ I[bNþaextþ- RkúgTUTaMgRbeTseFVIjtþiKaMRTnigesckþIEføgkarN_ BITukçesakEdlbuKÁlmñak;²)anTTYlkalBIsßitenA erkamrbbexµrrkhmya:gnak¾eday. f~i²enh PaBGs;sgÇwmenHRtÚv)anCMnYsvijedaykarbegáIt tulakargnþrcatimyyedim,ikat;esckþietaelietas kmhusrbs;emdwknamexµrrkhm. enaéf TI6 Exmifuna mcämnðléksarkm<úca 23

26 qñam2003 BiFIcuHhtßelxaelIkic RBmeRBógrvagraCrdæa- Pi)alkm<úCanigGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTak;TgeTAnwgkarkat; esckþienaerkamc,ab;km<úcanuv]rkidækmµedl)anrbrbwtþena kñúgry³eblkm<úcarbcafibetyü )anr)arb eligenasal snñisitctumux. kalbiqñam2002knøgeta RkúmeFVIekaslüvic½yq wg saksbcnrgerkahsm½yexµrrkhm )anbmebjkargar rbs;xøünenabucniydæancmnynbirkw vtþgmebpñm sßitenapumi GMEBPñM XMusVayRkva:n; Rsukc,armn extþkmbg;s<w nigek,r ecigpñmgdærss sßitenakñúgpumipñm XMupSarEdk RsukBjaB extþknþal. enaéf TI14 Exmifuna qñam2003enh Rkúm kargar)ancab;epþimefvikarenatitamgdedlkalbiqñamknøgeta nigenakenøgepsgetotcaercinkenøg. ebskkmµénkargar efviekaslüvic½yq wgsaksbcnrgerkahsm½yexµrrkhm manry³ebl10éf dmbug BIéf TI14 dl;éf TI24 Ex mifuna kñúgenahextþ-rkúgcmnyn5)ankøaycaekaledaén karsermccitþrbs;rkúmkargar. eyagtamlt pledl TTYl)anBIkarsikSaeTAelIq wgsaksbenaextþ-rkúgedl )angfib,ayxageli nigeyagtamr)aykarn_edl)an mkbikarrsavrcavrbs;mcämnðléksarkm<úcaelititamg Rbl½yBUCsasn_enATUTaMgRbeTskm<úCa )anbba ak;[exij GMBIkarsmøab;rgÁalrbs;ExµrRkhmtamry³énkareFVITaruN kmµedlmanlkçn³carbbn ½nigmanEbbEpnRsedog²KñaBI extþmyyetaextþmyy. enaextþkmbg;s<wnigextþknþaltam ry³karbinitüya:gykcitþtukdak;etaelillad_k,alnigq wg dgxøünrbs;saksb bgðajfa CnrgeRKaH)anTTYlrgnUv karkab;ekgecignwgkambit kab;k,alnwgkambitb BUefA nigttyl rgkar)aj;nwgkamepø Ig. enaextþtaekvnigextþkmbg;cam kar Binitü)anbBa ak;fa CnrgeRKaHRtÚvsmøab;RsedogKñanwgkar smøab;enaextþknþalnigkmbg;s<wedr. ]TahrN_ enanwg bucniydæanvtþsupi ehakekah sß itenakñ úgrsuk)ati extþtaekv manllad_k,alcaercinedlrtúv)aneriykmkdak;termób 24 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav enaeb:kxagerkabucniydæan edim,iertómbinitübirkúmefvi ekaslüvic½yq wg. CalT pl llad_k,alxøh)anttylrg kar)aj;nwgrkab;kamepøig erbahexijmansøaksñamtmøúh llad_k,al xøhetotttylrgnwgkarb:htgáicnwgvtßúepsg² sñampugenanwgllad_k,aleb:kxagerkay nigxøhetot TTYlrgkarkab;nwgkaMbitb BUefA sñamkambit)ankat;pþac; EpñkxøHénllad_k,al. kñúgcmenamenah GñkCMnajxag ekaslüvic½y)angfib,aygmbirbeptmnussedl)an smøab;edayexµrrkhmfa mantamgrsi Rbús cas; nigekµg. enavtþsán;nigvtþnkrkñúgextþkmbg;cam Edlmankardak; tmál;gdæ ifatucmnynercinenah k¾rtúv)anrkúmefv Iekaslüvic½y q wgcuhetabinitüedr b:uenþry³eblénkarbinitümin)anyur eliy edaysaretbucniydæantamgbirbmumankarefrksa RtwmRtÚv. q wgesþirettamggs;rtúvbukpuy nig)ak;ca kmnat;². manq wgetmyycmnyntucb:uenñahedlgacbinitü )an. enaextþkmbg;camdedlenh karefvidmenirtampøúvtwk eq<ahetakan;titamgsmøab; RTaBIr nig ekahpl )anefvielig kñúgekalbmngcikrenþaedlbmutan;)ankas;. b:uenþrkúm kargarrtúvrtlb;mkerkayvij edaysarenþatamggs; RtÚv)anKas; nigxøhetot)ak;rsutculetakñúgtenøemkgá. enab:unµanéf cugerkaymunnwgbba b;gantþikargar efviekaslüvic½yq wgenaexmifuna Rkúmkargar)anGnuvtþ kic karbinitüya:gykcitþtukdak;etaeliq wgnigllad¾k,al cmnynbirtuedldak;tmál;enakñ úgbnþb;myyénsarmnþ IrTYlEsøg. ral;karbinitüetaeliq wgb llad_k,alnimyy² cam)ac;rkúm kargarrtúvkarbipaksakña ftrub nigbinitübic½ybmputeta elisøaksñamedl)anbnsl;bikarefvitarunkmµrbs;exµr Rkhm duccasñamkab;nwgkambitb sñam)aj;nwgrkab;kamepøig CaedIm. erkaykarefviekaslüvic½yenasarmnþ Ir]Rkidækmµ Rbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg GtItmnÞIrs-21 Rkúm kargar)anrsavrcavrkexijnuvpabrsedogkñaénkarefvi TaruNkmµrbs;ExµrRkhmeTAnwgextþTaMg4 Edl)anRsavRCav mcämnðléksarkm<úca

27 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav knøgmk. karcg;dwgkan;etxøamgnigkaresvgyl;kan;et c,as;efmetotgmbirbbexµrrkhm )ancmruj[rkúmkargar ekaslüvic½yq wgnigmcämnðléksarkm<úca kan;etxit culetarkdmenahrsayd¾rbébmyysrmab;cnrgerkah TUTaMgRbeTs. enahkw kartamtaryutþifm EdlCakarrMBwg d¾yurgegvgmkehiy BIsac;jatibgb Únrbs;CnrgeRKaH Edl)an)at;bg;CIvit. erkabienh kargarefviekaslüvic½y etaeliq wgnigllad_k,alcnrgerkahenarbhracanacrk km<úca )ankøayetacarbfanbtmyyya:gsmxan;srmab;kar siksaesvgyl;tamgepñksarbt man Gñkc,ab; GñkeTscrN_ nigbnþanissittamglay CaBiessnisSitEdlsikSaelImux vic aebtünignrvitüa. manllad_k,alcmnyn15edl)anesñismuykmk BIbNþabUCnIydæanmYycMnYnkñúgextþ-RkúgxagelI mktmál; TukenAkñúgsarmnÞIrRkidækmµRbl½yBUCsasn_TYlEsøg edim,i rksatukcap½sþútagmyykñúgcmenamp½sþútagnanaedlman Rsab;. mcämnðléksarkm<úcamankermagdak;bgðaj dl;epjóvcatiniggnþrcati nuvllad_k,aledl)anbinitüryc CamYynwgkarGFib,ayya:glm itbiehtukarn_edl)an ekitmanknøgmk. enaexsiha qñam2003 xagmuxenh mcämnðl Éksarkm<úCanwgcUlrYmya:gskmµCafIµmþgeTot CamYyRkúm GñkCMnajxagekaslüvic½yq wg edim,iefvidmeniretaextþmyy cmnynedlnwgsermcnaeblbnþab;. dmenirkarkargarelik erkayenh nwgepþatsmxan;etaelikarcikrenþasaksbedl BMuTan;mankarCIkKas; erbahbec ketsénkarefviekaslü vic½yetaeliq wgsaksb RtÚvRbRBwtþeTAtamlkçN³edImén ragkaysaksbbnþab;bi)ancyb]btþvehtu. epg BgSra:sIu evc bnðit ém:exil b:uelenn kmbugbinitüllad_k,al saksb enavtþsuti Exmifuna qñam2003. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 25

28 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav mrtkerkays gáam rbbkm<úcarbfibetyü)anbnsl;tuknuvkarqwcab; CaeRcIndl; siþkm<úca. etahbicabc úb,nñ sit imnuss)anebik TUlay[mnusSGacniyaykarBitk¾eday RbéBNIEx~renA Etman\Ti BlxøaMgEdlminGaceFVI[ siþniyaygmbierogra:v Bitrbs;xøÜnR)ab;GñkdéT. siþcaercinban;nak;)an)at;bg; CIvitedaykareFVIBlikmµedIm,IbuBVehtubdivtþn_nigmYycMnYn etotrtúvsmøab;nigbgçm[efviblkmµcatm n;. siþxøhrtúvsøab; edaysargt;gaharnig si þxøhetotrtúvsøab;edaykarrmelap. si þedl)anrs;ranmancivitbirbbenhmyypakfm)ankøayca siþemm:ayttylbnþúkd¾f n;kñúgkarciba wmbi)ac;kun². siþmyycmnynttylkarqwcab;f n;f rhysrbman. karqwcab;edlminh anbgðajebbenhgacefiv[ siþcybrbth vibtiþpøúvcitþf n;f r. fivd,itetrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü)an knøgputgs;caercinqñamehiyk¾eday k¾ siþkm<úcaenaetmin GacBüa)alCMgWpøÚvcitþBIrbbGtItkal)anRCHRsLHenA eliy. erogra:vqwcab;tamgenhcamrtkmyyedlexµrrkhm )anbnsl;tukrhutmkdl;sgámbc úb,nñ. erkayqñam1979 siþkm<úcaesiþret80pakry )ankøayca siþemm:aynigmankatbvkic cib awmkun². smrit yi enaxm uecigekib RsukkNþalsÞ wg )anniyay fakat;køayca siþemma:yenaqñam1976 enaebledlexµr Rkhmcab;bIþrbs;Kat;ykeTAsmøab;enAxageRkayPUmi edaydwgfabiþrbs;kat;cagtitebtüénrbb ln; Nul. yi niyayfa kalbism½yedimkat;min)anculeronducekµg² détetoteliy Kat;)anerobkarCamYyRKÚeBTümñak;enA ebledlkat;mangayu16qñam. erkayqñam1979 Kat; 26 )annamkuntamg6nak;rtlb;mkrsukkmenitvijedim,iefviers ciba wmcivitenakñúgrkúmsamkái. karefviersebbrkúmsamkiá efvi[civpabrbs;kat;mankarxvhxat. Kat;minsUv)anKitKUr BIkareronsURtrbs;kUn²eT. müa:gedayxø ÜnKat;minecHGkSr Rsab;pg mü:agetotedaysaretcivpabya:b;yw un Kat;)an sermccitþ[kunrsibirnak;qb;eron cmenkékunrbús² vijkan;etmin)anculsalaetaetot erbahetrtúvrt;ekcbi kmennkgt½b. yi mankarbi)akcitþxøamgnas; NamYybBaða CIvPaB NamYybBaðakUnEdlRtÚvrt;eKcBIkEnøgmYyeTA kenøgmyy myyetotbbaðacmgwrbcamkay. yi niyayfa bc úb,nñkat;mancivpabfurrsalcagmunbnþic b:uenþkat;ena Etmanvib,disarI BIeRBaHkUn²rbs;Kat;TaMgGs;eronBMu)an ercarch)anrtwmetemilgksrexµrryc ehiymankunxøhesbkb; CamYymitþPkiþminl edirpwkrsaersklúla. yi t ÚjEt rfa kalbisgámcas;kat;minedlsáal;gviedllm)akniggt;xøan eliy. RbsinebIbIþrbs;Kat;enArs;ranmanCIvitvij kun² rbs;kat;minevtnaducsbvéf enhet.. Gag rs;enakñúgcmrm siþþemma:yenavtþpñún XMufIµ Rsuk knþalsþwg extþknþal RtÚvGgÁkarcab;smøab;TaMgyb; knþalgrfartedayecatbibtxussilfm CamYyburs muldæanmñak;. ép Er:n enaxmuføk Rsuks ag RtÚvGgÁkarbgçM[ erobkarcamyybursmñak;gayurbehl50qñam bnþab;biggákar cab;biþrbs;kat;yketasmøab;. ép Er:n )anbdiesf smenirbs;ggákar. Kat;k¾RtÚvEx~rRkhmcab;GUs ehiy cgédetaxagerkayxñg. bnþab;mk GgÁkar)anykKat; mcämnðléksarkm<úca

29 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav LÚ suim etadak;kukenapmñkunexøgedim,isyrcemiøynigbgçm[efvikarq ay BIkUntUc²rbs;Kat;. LÚ sium bc úb,nñenapumirbfatu XMuERBksIþ RsukekaHFM extþknþal niyayfa Kat;RtÚvGgÁkarExµrRkhmbgçM[cUl efviyut narienasmrpumimux etahbicamþayrbs;kat;nigkat;ym GgVrya:gNak¾GgÁkarminGnueRKaHEdr. erkaybic½ycmñh 17emsa LÚ sium RtÚvGgÁkarbBa ÚnmkKukéRBsCamYynarI CaeRcInnak;eTot. Kat;nig siþenakukérbs)anexijlan rbs;ggákarmkdwknaricaercinnak;yketasmøab;. ry³ eblbi3b 4éf Kat;RtÚveFVIRbvtiþrUbGMBICMhrstiGarmµN_ rbs;kat;cunggákarmþg. siþcaercinedlenakñúgkgcamyy LÚ sium RtÚvGgÁkarcab;smøab;. LÚ sium RtÚvRbFankgnarI eqµah tamg ey:g bgçm[efviekagusngá½l. kñúgmyyyb;kat; niggñketasdétetotsrmak)anet2b 3em:agb:ueNÑaH. qñam1978 LÚ si um RtÚvGgÁkartamcab;ykeTAsmøab; erbah EtbdiesFminRBmkarerobkar. éf 7mkra qñam1979)an mkdl; Kat;k¾rYcxø ÜnBIkarsmøab;. b: uenþbgb Únsac;jatirbs; Kat;Cag10nak;RtÚv)at;bgCIvitenAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm. LÚ sium niyayfa Kat;cg;bMePøcerOgra:vTaMgGs; EdlekIteLIgcMeBaHrUbKat;xøaMgNas; b:uenþvaenaetsißtena kñúggarmµn_kat;canic. tamkarvipakrbs;evc bnð iténkm~vifi suxpabpøúvcitþshkmn_ EdlFøab;)anBüa)aleraKrbs; LÚ suim )an[dwgfa LÚ sium mancmgwpøúvcitþedaysaretkar P½yrn t;birbbgtitkal ehiykat;rtúvetttylkarbüa)al BIGñkCMnajxagEpñkcitþsa sþy:agykcitþtukdak;bmput. run enarsukrtamkk; RtÚvkgsniþsuxKukRkaMgtacan; eqµah Duc cab;rmelap. run K~anPaBlT PaBttaMgnwgGMeBI exarexaenh)aneliy. bc úb,nñ run enaetnwkexij nigmin GacbMePøcnUvrUbPaBéRBépSenH erbah]rkidæcnedlrbrbwtþ GMeBIeXareXAmkelIKat;. supab CabuKÁlikraCkarmñak; bermikarenarksyg exasnakarbt manvb,fm )anniyayfa bgrsirbs;kat; eqµah vycni nignari19nak;etot enaxmurkla RsukkMBg; esom extþkmbg;cam RtÚvGgÁkarbgç M[erobkarCamYyeyaFa Bikar. edaysarkarbdiesfminrbmerobkar vycni nignari TaMg19nak; RtÚvGgÁkarcab;ykeTAdak;KukCamYyKña. erkay eblecjbikuk vycni )anefv IGtþXatedayelbRKab;Esøg. cmenkénaritamg19nak;rtúvggákarcab;yketarmelapnig smøab;ya:gérbéps. nyn fuk enaextþesomrab )anbdiesfminrbm erobkarcamyyyut CnBikar k¾rtúvggákarcab;dak;kuknigefvi TaruNkmµya:gF n;f redr. b un h ag enapumidmriqøg Rsuks ag extþknþal )an niyayfa ExµrRkhmxøÜnÉgminEdlRbtibtiþtamneya)ay rbs;xøüneliy. enayb;myykgt½bexµrrkhmcaercinnak; )anedirbasebjpumi cab;nariekµg²yketarmelap. b:ul esb )an[dwgfa yut Cnsm½yExµrRkhmman sit ikñúgkarerciserisrknarinas at²edim,ierobkar. esb )anbenßmfa duccarubkat;caedim )ancmnayeblmyy s)aþh_edim,iedirerisrbbn kñúgextþkmbg;qñamg. TRmaMrk)an RbBn mñak; Kat;)anedIrrknarIRKb;mnIÞrTaMgGs;. esb )an [dwgetotfa sum,ietyut CnBikark¾GgÁkardwkTaMgLan²eTA cmáarrkúc extþkmbg;s<w edim,i[etaerisrbbn Edr. nariedl yut CnBikareRCIserIsenaH sut EtnarIeTIbeBjv½y. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 27

30 Cl; su In Cl; si un niyayfa qñam1978 GgÁkar)anbgç MnarIeBTü 6mkra RkúgPMñeBj cmnyn25nak; [erobkarcamyycnbikar édbikarecignigbikarepñkenasmlút extþ)at;dmbg. su In pþal; k¾rtúvbgçm[culrymkñúgkarerobkarenhedr. Kat;minh an CMTas;nwgbMNgrbs;GgÁkareLIy erbahxøacggákarsmøab; ecal. enakñúgesovepa GñkeTasExµrRkhm EdlCasña RBHhsþrbs;semþc RBHneratþm sihnu/ exov smpn )an bba ak;ya:gc,as;fa GgÁkarminbgçM[narIerobkarCamYyyuT CnBikareT KWyuvnarITaMgenaHman sµartiesñhacatix<g;x<s; BYkeK)anyl;RBmKitKUrBIsuxumalPaBvIrbursTaMgLay Edls Usøab;xø ÜnedIm,IRbeTsCati. tamkasiksarsavrcav )anbba ak;fa smi þrbs; exov smpn KWminEmnCakarBiteLIy. KµannarIekµg²Namñak;eBjcitþnwgbIþBikarenaHeT. nari yl; RBmerobkarCamYyCnBikarTaMgbgçMcitþ erbahxøacggákar cab;yketasmøab;. pat; smurt niyayfa v½ykumarcav½yedlrtúvkar siksa b: uenþkat;eronsurtbm u)anercarchet Kat;eron)anRtwm Etfñak;TI10b:ueNÑaH. bc úb,nñkat;minechgannigsresr et. enaebledlkat;mangayu12qñam Kat;RtÚvGgÁkarcuc eqµah[culkgkumar. enakñúgkgkumar Kat;TTYlrgnUvkar efv I)abya:gxøaMgBIsMNak;RbFankgkumar edaybgç M[eFV IBlkmµ 28 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav CaTm n; ehiyrtúvrbfankgbgçm[egibenaem:ag3yb;edim,i ertómefviblkmµ. em:ag11knøhrbwk etibkumar)anqb; srmakhub)ay ehiyem:ag1resolcab;epiþmefviblkmµ rhutdl;em:ag6l ac. Kat;nigekµgrab;Ban;nak;eTotRtÚv GgÁkarbBa Ún[mkenAmnI Þrk5nigTIRkúgPM ñebj. bc úb,nñ pat; smurt sñak;gars½yenakñúgxþmtucmyyedlsg;elidigñkcit xag Kµanbgb Únsac;jatiCaTIBMnak;eT CIvPaBsißtenAkñúg spabrketaky:ak rkrbwkxvhl ac. Kat;KµansmtßPaBnwg rkkargaredim,iciba wmciviteliy. mrtkedlkat;ttyl)anbi rbbexµrrkhm KW)anRtwmEtQWcab;edaysarkarniras RBat;R)asbgb Ún nigmanerakrbcamkayb:uenñah. gin han GtItnarIeBTüRsukRtaMkk; )anculbermi bdivtþn_edim,its UrMedaHCati rmedahvnñ³tamgbiqñam1971. han xkcitþya:gxøamgcmebahcivitbdivtþn_rbs;kat;. Kat; minnwksµanfatibmputkat;)anttyllt plcagñketasenakuk RkaMgtacan;eLIy. han niyaytamgkmhwgfa ebitamcitþ xwgcg;etsgqam b:uenþkitsbvrkb;etax il erbahgñknaefvi l CYbl efvigarkk;cybgarkk; GñkNasagGITTYlplhñwg tamplkmµerbgvasna. sbvéf han rs;enacamyykunrsi²kñ úgpþhtucmyysg; putbidisßitenaek,rvalers. biþedlggákarerobkar[)an ElglHCamYymIgehIyerobkarRbBn myyetot. kun² rbs;kat;)anqb;bikarsiksamkcyyefviersedim,iciba wm CIvit. GMeBIhigSa karrmelapbmbanpøúvkaypúøvcitþ karkab; smøab;nigkarkmukyn enaetmandk;cab;kñúggarmµn_ siþexµr CaeRcInrhUtdl;bc úb,nñ. bc úb,nñ siþcnrgerkahenaetsgçwmnigrg;camcanic kñúg karkat;emdwknamexµrrkhm edim,ipþl;pabyutiþfm cmebahxøün. RbsinebI]RkidæCn)anrYcputBIkardak;eTasenaH sþiedlca CnrgeRKaHKWBitCamins b;citþeliy. EGm suxxim mcämnðléksarkm<úca

31 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav smnl;bdivtþn_ RsukekaHFMCaRsukmYysßitenAtambeNþaydg Tenø)asak;enAkñúgextþkNaþl manrbmrbtl;myyepñkcab; nwgrbetsevotnam. bnþab;biéf TI18 ExmIna qñam1970 esþiretrkb;pumitamggs;enakñúgrsukekahfm )anføak;enaerkam karrkb;rkgrbs;exµrrkhm EdlkalenaHmaneQµaHfa Exµr rmedah. PUmieBaF rama CaPUmimYysßitenAkñúgXuMERBksþIRsuk ekahfm. RkúmRsavRCavrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa)an etacybcamyy ma:k Tk rymnigkunrsibinak;nigkunrbusmñak;. RbBn rbs;kat;etibetnwgsøab;kalbiqñammun edaysarcmgw mhariksyt. sbvéf Tk rs;enaedaybwgep kelidiers EdlmanTMhMtUc minsmamartnwgcmnynsmacikrküsarkat; eliy. Kat;niyayfa Kat;)anmkrs;enATIenHeRkayeBl EdlKat;erobkar nigedaysartienhcapþhkmenitrbs; RbBn Kat;. bnþab;birbbn rbs;kat;søab;eta Kat;manKMnitnaM kun²etars;épumikmenitrbs;kat;vij erbahenatienhkat;min suvmanjatibwgbak; ehiyk¾kµandisrmab;efvipþhedr. ena ÉRsukkMeNIt Kat;mandImYykEnøgtUc b:uenþkat;mintan;man luyrkb;rkan;edim,iefvipþhenaeliyet. ma:k Tk ekitenakñ úgqñamcut RtÚvnwgqñaM1960 enakñ úgpumi ERBktaemm XuMERBksþI RsukekaHFM extþknþal cm ay RbmaNEtbIbYnKILÚEm:Rtbu:eNÑaHBIpÞHrbs;Kat;bc úb,nñ. Bukrbs;Kat;eQµaH nu ma:k mþayeqµah Rsut G ut søab; tamgbiqñam1972. ebitaméksarrbvtþirubrbs; m:ak Tk EdleFVIeLIgenAkñúgrbb bu:l Bt )ansresfa Kat;)ancUl efvibdivtþenaéf 13 Ex1 qñam1973 GñknaMcUleQµaH exon. kalenah RsukekaHFMRtÚv)anbþÚreTACaRsuk18 ehiyextþknþalk¾rtúvex~rrkhmerbetacatmbn;25vij. tamsmiþrbs; m:ak Tk )anr)ab;fa Kat;ecjeTAeFVIbdivtþ dmbugenaexkkáda qñam1972 eblenah Kat;eTIbEtman Gayu16-17b: uenñah. karculbermibdivtþn_enhedaysar EtRbFanPUmieQµaH LWm exasnafa [culetaefvit½b edim,i rmedahcatiecjbibyk ln; Nul. Kat;)anbBa ak;fa kal hñwggt;mannrnabgçmet KWeTAedaysµ½RKcitþ. TaMg TaMgeK cg;)ansemþcmkvij. enakñúgpumierbktaemm manet m:ak Tk mñak;kt; EdlcUlbeRmIbdivtþn_. eblenahmþaybukrbs;kat;min )anhamxat;kat;et EfmTaMgeBjcitþ[Kat;eTAeTotpg. ma:k Tk culetamundmbug KWeFVICayuT CnenAkñúgGgÁPaBT½B RsukekaHFM erkamkardwknamrbs; takat manzan³carbfan kgt½brsuk. GgÁPaBenHmanTItaMgenAPUmix<b XuMsMeBABUn RsukekaHFM cmnuh[tmbn;25. enatienah Kat;mantYnaTI yamkarbarxøacerkgmancncatievotnameligmkrt;bn TMnij. enakñúgggápab)anmyyqñam Kat;k¾mkelgpÞH. eblmkdl;pþhkat;ebrcamincg;rtlb;etavij Kat;fa x il etavij cg;enaefviers kalhñwgenakñúgpumiekerobcmrkúmtuc efviers. enakñúgexkkáda qñam1973 ma:k Tk )anculetakñúg CYrbdivtþn_mþgeTotxN³EdlynþehaHrbs;Gaemrik nig kg T½BevotNamxagt,Úg)anTmøak;RKab;eb52y:agxøaMg enakñúg RsukekaHFM. ma:k Tk )anniyayfa kñúgtwkdirsukekahfm enh mans gáamtamgbiqñam1970em:øh. s gáam)anefiv[ eqhpþhsem,gcaercinxñg ehiytahanfivkicullukluykñúg mcämnðléksarkm<úca 29

32 PUmicab;man;cab;Tarbs;GñkRsuktamEtGMeBIcitþ. skmµpab TaMgenH)anCMruj[Kat;seRmccitþcUlbeRmIGgÁPaBT½BPUmi PaKnirtI edim,irbmulpþúmkmøamgvaycamyykgt½bgaemrik nig ln; Nul [kan;etxøamgelig. m:ak Tk enakñúgvresnatuc 117 Edlman h un CaRbFankñ úgvresnafm127 erkam kardwknamrbs; Qun nigkñúgkgbl12cmnuh[pumipak Biess EdlsßitenAeRkamkarbBa arbs; tanat nig BIn. mundmbug Kat;eRtomenAPUmiERBktaeGm rycecjbienaheta ertómenapumire)ahggáaj; PUmiERBkR)a PUmicMBuHEk k nig PUmiekaHRkbI. GgÁPaB)anerobcM[mankarhVwkhVWnEpñk neya)aynigyut sa sþrbyut Edlbgðat;beRgóneday LÚj nig qan. EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav ma:k Tk )anniyaybnþfa GgÁPaBrbs;Kat;TTYl)an C½yCmñHCaeRcInkEnøg duccaenasmrpumikl;ttwg PUmicMBuH Ek kcaedim. enakñúgqñam1974 T½Bxag ln; Nul )anvay bkmkvij bu:enþenakñúgqñamdedlenah kgt½bexµrrkhm)an vaybkvijrhutdl;denþimkan;kab;)antirkúgpñmebj Etmþg. kñúggmlúgeblvayenasmrpumiekahrkbi vtþekah RkbIsBVéf GgÁPaBrbs; m:ak Tk RtÚv)anbBa Úl kñúgkg142vij sßitkñúgcmnuhvresnafm127 nigenakñúg kgblelx12dedl. eblvaycultirkúgpñmebjnaqñam 1975 Kat;sßitenAmuxRBÜjeRtIyxagekItTenø)asak; etatampumiekahrkbi PUmicMBuHEk k vaybukeligetac,ar GMeBA. m:ak Tk 30 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

33 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav pþhrbs; m:ak Tk erkayqñam1975 kgvresnatucel117)anttyl bba a[etakarbarrbmrbtl;km<úca-evotnam Rtg;extþ svayerognigextþétnij. cmenk ma:k Tk enakñ úgvresnatuc elx142)anttylkarcat;tamg[etaefvierscikrblay enaérbserkamcmnuhmnþirs-21. enatienahkat;)ancyb CamYyGñkmkBIPUmikMeNItrbs;Kat;mYycMnYn EdlGñkTaMg Gs;enaH)anecjBIPUmieTAcUlkñúgCYrbdivtþn_ duccamitþnari étrki mitþnari ersg CaedIm edaygñktamgenahrtúv)anecat famanrbvtþirubmins ats M nigføab;rt;mkpþh. Kat;nigmitþrYm RkúmTaMgGs;RtÚv)anbgçM[eFVIkarya:gTm n; TaMgyb;TaMgéf nighub)aylayebatrkhm. Kat;niyayfa xmecjbi pþhlhbg;bukmþaymkefvibdivtþn_edim,icati EtEbrCaTTYl lt plebbenhetavij. erkabiem:agefvikar GgÁkartRmÚv [Kat;cUlrYmRbCuMTietonKñaBIkareFVIkargarnigstiGarmµN_ EfmeTot. mnþirérbsmaneqµahfa mnþirs-24 sßitenaerkam karrkb;rkgrbs; h uy ehiyk¾casaxarbs;mnþirs-21 Edr. kalenah m:ak Tk mintan;sáal;kuktylesøget Kat; sáal;etmnþirs-21 etibeterkayqñam1979 etibkat;b fakuktylesøg. enakñúgqñam1978 Kat;RtÚv)anbBa Ún[mk enamnþirebtürkúgtaexµaefvicagñkensat eblenahkat;man karp½yxøacy:agxøamg erbahkat;kitfa [EtbBa ÚnecjBImnÞIr KWBitCaRtÚvykeTAsmøab;ecalehIy. bu:enþsmnagl Kat; minrtúv)anyketasmøab;eliy. enamnþirebtürkúgtaexµa cmnuh[mnþirs-21edr m:ak Tk )anexijexµrrkhm yksaksbetadutenakenøggkarebtüqµbsbvéf. ebldut mþg²manrhutetabirbilanéenah. exµactamgenahykmkbi PñMeBjedaylayCamYyeQIeRKÓgpÞH ehiylantamgenah mcämnðléksarkm<úca 31

34 ú sut EtbiTCitTaMgGs;. ebldutmþg²exµrrkhmbitcracr mingnubaøatþ[gñknaculetatampøúvenahet. m:ak Tk Kitfa GñkTaMgenaH PaKeRcInCakgT½B nigcagñketasedldwkmkbi KukTYlEsøg. Kat;)anedIreTAemIlkEnøgdutenaHPøam bnþab; BIyuT CnExµrRkhmecjeTA)at;. erkabikargarensatena eblyb; GgÁkar[Kat;eTAsøfñaMGMBUlnigfñaMRKab;. enaexmkra qñam1979 m:ak Tk )anrt;etacamyy eb:g ersg rymcamyymitþpki þepsgetot. Kat;)anCYb Duc enapumibwgetñatcitgmlamg ehiy)anrymdmenircamyykña. Duc bba a[yut Cnek~g²CIkelNdæan. m:ak Tk rg Ufa RKan;EtRKab;epøag namkñacikrtg;es[ekenoyht; Gt; gguycg;gab; PøWkm<s;²NaNI RKan;EtGgÁúyk¾)at;Edr RKab;epøagRKan;EtpÞúHecjBIkaNugmk ekdwgføak;enakenøg Na)at;eTAehIy. eblenah Tuy )anb k¾etaraykarn_ [ Duc. Duc/ h nig can; brmug)aj; m:ak Tk smøab;ecal b:uenþminh an edaysar m:ak Tk KMrame)akRKab;Ebk[ søab;tamggs;kña. Rkúmrbs; m:ak Tk k¾edirebkkñabirkúm rbs; Duc. erkaymk m:ak Tk B fa h nigrbbn RtÚvRkúm ExµrRkhmsmøab;ecaledayGarknwgFagetñat. erkaymketot m:ak Tk )ancybcamyy tam:uk ehiy)anbnþdmenirhutdl;rbmednéf edayedirtamgyb;tamg éf qøgkat;pñmcaercin nigkµangaharbriepakrkb;rkan;. edaysarkarexasnarbs;exµrrkhmenakñ úgérb nigkarp½y xøacevotnambimunmkpg ma:k Tk minh anrtlb;mkrsuk kmenitvijet. mkdl;qñam1980 etibkat;h ancuhbielipñm rymcamyymitþpkiþcag20nak;etot. Kat;cuHmkeFVIERs vssamyyqñametot enamþ MPUmiGMBil. edaysarkarefv IERsmin )anpl Kat;k¾naMKañrt;eTACMrMCnePosxøÜnenARBMEdnkm<úCaéf. ma:k Tk )anrtlb;mkdl;pþhvijenakñ úgqñam1981 ehiy)ancybcumetbuknigbgrsimñak;bu:enñah cmenkbg 32 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav Kat;mñak;eTot)at;xøÜntaMgBICMnan; bu:l Bt. Kat;RBmTaMg RKÜsarrbs;mankareRtkGrNas;bnÞab;BI)anEbkKñaGs; ry³eblcaercinqñammk. Kat;)anerobkarenAkñúgqñaM1981 nigmankunbynnak;. bc úb,nñkat;cabursebahm:ay rs;ena CamYykUnTaMgbYn. kargarrbcaméf rbs;kat;kwefviers Kat; ElgKitKUrxVl;xVayGIBIerOgsgÁmeTotehIy. Kat;Eq tcitþ ya:gxøamgetaeligviedlkat;)anlhbg;knøgmk edim,irbets Cati. Kat;rs;enAkñúgCIvPaBya:glM)ak ehiysum,ietdi srmab;lmenadæanmyykenøgedlkat;rs;enasbvéf k¾cadi rbs;sac;jatixagrbbn Kat;Edr. Kat;mindwgfaGnaKt Kat;nigkUnrbs;Kat;eTAéf muxetacaya:gnaet. kunrbs; Kat;min)aneroneRCARCH ehiykat;vijk¾mingackøayetagvi epsgetoterkabiksikredr. Kat;niyayfa kal enatuc min)aneronsurt[ercarchet erbahrvl;etrt;ekcbis gáam ehiyerkaymk k¾culetabermibdivtþn_etot. enhehiycasmnl;bigtitkal Edl)anbnSl;Tuk dl;rbcacnkm<úcasbvéf. etigvietaedlcadmenahrsay kñúgcmenattamgenh? etibbðatamgenhgacedahrsaytam vifinaxøh? etirbcacnrtúvbnþcacmnab;x~amgénpabrkirk enhtetaetotb myyy:agna? pan; suca Bnül;BaküEx~rRkhm Cnkumµ úynisþ³ KWCaGñkGg;Gackøahan BuHBarnUvral; ]bskárkb;ebby:agemahmut h anefivblikmµrkb;ebb y:agmankarlhbg;syntybukálgatµaxøün rhutdl;civitxøün etotk¾\trujra. rubpabkwcamnussduckña Etxøwmsarvij x<s;]tþúgá]tþmnas;. dkrsg;biesovepakmnt;ehtu181 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

35 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav exov ey:n etikar)at;bg;civitenakñúgrbbexµrrkhm KWCabBaðakmµplb? qñam1977 KWCaqñaMGaRkk; bmputsrmab;elakyay exov ey:n. kunrbusrsicmnynbinak; nigecarbúsmñak;rbs;elak yayrtúv)anexµrrkhmsmøab; nig)at;dmnwgrhutmkdl; bc úb,nñ. elakyay exov ey:n mangayu78qñam rs;ena PUmisVayRseNaH1 XMurkaGar Rsukkgmas extþkmbg; cam. elakyayey:n mankuntamggs;bynnak; RsIbInak; Rbusmñak;. sbvéf elakyay ey:n rs;enacamyykunrsi c,g Edl)anrYcputBIkarykeTAsmøab;rbs;ExµrRkhm. elakyay ey:n )anrmb keligvijfa enagmlúgqñam1972 kunrbúsrbs;kat;eqµah suk nin )anecjetaefvibdivtþtam mitþpkþiedlrs;enakñúgpumisvayrsenahcamyykña. suk yim EdlCakUnRsITI3 )anecjetaefvibdivtþn_enagmlúg qñam1973 tamry³smmitþ hg;. cmenk kunrsieba eqµah suk suiywm culbdivtþn_tamry³bgrbúseqµah nin enatirkúgpñmebj kñúgqñam1976 ḃnþab;biéf 17emsa qñam 1975 )anrbmanbiex nin )anmkykmþayb ÚnRsI eqµah suiywm kµüyrbúseqµah Ej:m tul nigb ÚnRsICIdUnmYyBIrnak; etoteqµah ehon nig pun ena ÉRsukkMeNIteTArs;enAPñMeBj suk nin EdredIm,IeronsURtcUleFVInarIeBTü. enapñmebj elakyay ey:n KWCaGñkdaM)aysRmab;kUn². enakñúgqñam1977 edaysarelakyaymintmøab; rs;enatirkúg nigedaynwkrb kdl;kunrsic,g eqµah eyon xøamgebk elakyayk¾)an[kuneqµah nin CUnKat;mkRsuk kmenitvij. elakyay)anefvidmenirtamkanutrhut dl;em:ag11yb; etibmkdl;pumisvayrsenah. bnþab;bielakyay RtLb;mkdl;RsukkMeNIt)an RbmaNBIrEx elakyay)anttyldmnwgfa nin RtÚvGgÁkar ExµrRkhmcab;ykeTAdak;Kuknigsmøab;ecal. elakyay mangarmµn_kþúkkþüly:agxøamg b:uenþenakal³ets³enah KµanGVI GacCYyKat;)aneRkAGMBIxitxMeFVIkargar[)antamEpnkar rbs;ggákareliy BIeRBaHebImindUecñaHeTGgÁkarExµrRkhm nwgrsavrcavyketasmøab;bnþ²etot. erkayéf 7 mkraqñam1979 elakyay ey:n )anrkeharatssn_taygmbiecakvasnakunnigecarbs; Kat;. RKÚTay)anR)ab;fa kñúgcmenamkuntamgbinak;enah manet suk suiywm mñak;kt;edlenars;ranmancivit. cmenk suk nin/ suk yim nigecamñak;eqµah tul RtÚv søab;)at;bg;civitenakñúgrbbexµrrkhmgs;etaehiy. erogral;ebledletavtþmþg² elakyayetget]tþis kusldl;kunnigeca edim,i[)anetakan;suktipb. elak yay ey:n )anniyayfa vabi)aknwgerobrab;gmbitmhmén esckþ InwkrB k nigkaresaksþay Bn;eBkNas; ehiyk¾kµangvimk sgcivitkunrbs; TaMgenaH)an Edr ċmebahkunrsimñak;eqµah suk suiywm EdlRKÚTayfa suk suiywm enars;enah rhutmkdl;sbvéf mcämnðléksarkm<úca 33

36 k¾elakyay ey:n minedl)andwgdmnwgedr. ebitaméksarrbvtþirubgñketascab;xmuxamgenatylesøg s-21 suk nin eha pan; eptrbús Gayu24qñaM cul bdivtþn_enaqñam1972 enasmrpumip av. munéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975 nin mantynaticanirsakgbl310 PUmiPaK]tþr Edlmansmmitþ egon Caelxa nigsmmitþ evog CaGnuelxa. nin RtÚv)anGgÁkarExµrRkhmcab;xøÜnenAéf TI19 ExkumÖ³ qñam1977 enamnþirkgbl310. suk yim Gayu20qñaMCa yut narienamnþirebtü98. suk yim RtÚv)anGgÁkarExµrRkhm cab;enamnþirebtü98kñúgqñam enakñúgrbvtþirubsegçbedl suk yim bnsl;birbbexµrrkhm suk ywm Gayu15qñaM CayuT narieronebtüepñkbiesafenamnþ IreBTü98 kgbl310 culbdivtþn_enaéf TI04 ExmifunaqñaM1976 tamry³bgrbuseqµah pan;. Ej:m tul Gayu7qñaM Cakumarrs;enACamYykUn² kmµapi)alcan;x<s;rbs;kgbl310. tul culbdivtþn_ tamry³ nin enaerkayéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975. muwg ehon RtÚvCab ÚnCIdUnmYyRsIrbs; nin )ancul bdivtþn_tamry³ nin. ehon RtÚv)an nin yketapñmebj CamYyb Ún²nigkµ ÜyEdr. ehon )anniyayfa suk yim RtÚv ExµrRkhmykeTAsmøab;edayecaTfaxussIlFm. bnþab; BI suk yim RtÚvExµrRkhmcab; muwg ehon/ suk ywm nig Ej:m tul RtÚv)anbBa ÚnecjBImnÞIr ebtürbhektumala[etadamdmnam enamþmútylekak. bnþab;bisñak; Ej:m tn 34 enatylekak)anry³eblbiex ywm nig tul RtÚv)anGgÁkar EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav ExµrRkhmehAeLIgLanecjBIksidæaneTAeTot. ehon min )anttyldmnwgbi ywm nig tul eliy. Ej:m tn Gayu62qñaM RtÚvCaBukrbs; tul )an niyayfa enacugqñam1979 Kat;)aneTAcUlemIlsarmnÞIr TYlEsøgEdlCaGtItmnÞIrs-21 edim,iesuibbidmnwgb Únnig kunedl)anebkkñayurmkehiy. Kat;FMukøinGaesacsak sbgñketasnig]bkrn_efvitarunkmµedlesssl;ena TIenaH. ry³eblbirem:agbnþab;biedirtssnatambnþb;nimyy² enakñ úgbrievnenahkat;)anexijrubftrbs; nin cmnynbisnø wk BüÜrEk,r²KñaenACBa amgbnþb;myy. rubftti1 esøókexaevg Bak;GavédxøI ftmyycmhredayédtamgbirrtúvcgsøab esk. rubftti2 ftbak;knþalxøünenaepñkxagerkamman sresrfa etask,t;smuhpab nigrubftti3 esøókexaxøi ehiyédtamgbirrtúvcgsøabesk. CamYyKñaenaHKat;)an exijrubft egon elxapumipak]tþr RbBn rbs; egon nig kunbinak;kñúgenahrsimñak;. Kat;yl;famkBImankarcab;xøÜn egon etibnam[mankarcab; nin. kñúgxn³eblenah Rbsin ebikat;)anexijexµrrkhmkat;nwgsmøab;vijpøam k¾b:uenþ srmab;kal³ets³bc úb,nñenhkat;kitfavifienhminl eliy RtÚvEteFVItampøÚvc,ab;vij. ry³ebl26qñam)anknøgputetaehiy b:uenþ elak yay ey:n enaetmingacbmepøc)annuvkarnwkrb kdl;kun nigecaeliy. bc úb,nñ elakyay ey:n CaBuT sasnik myyrub elakyaykitfa karsøab;rbs;kun²nigecarbs; Kat;Cakmµpl. elakyaymanrbsasn_fa enhcapl kmµkunrbs; EdlRtÚvsøab;TaMgenAekµg ebiexµrrkhmmin ykkun etasmøab; RbEhlCarhUtmkdl;eBlenH )an rs;enacybcmukñaetaehiy. etikar)at;bg;kunecatamg4nak; rbs;elakyay ey:n kñúgrbbexµrrkhm vacabbaðakmµpl ducelakyay ey:n )ankitb y:agna? Lúg dani mcämnðléksarkm<úca

37 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav GtßbTBImitþGñkGan³ erogr:avmnusssiusac;mnuss erogravmnusssuisac;mnuss)anekiteligenasm½y ExµrRkhm kñ úgshkrn_pumigur XuMekaHCuM RsuksMeBAmas bc úb,nñrsuk)akan extþebafisat;. edim,i[)andwgerog ehtud¾kyr[rbwrbüc P½yrn t; tk;søút nigcagmebid¾érbéps EdlbgáeLIgedaykgeLIgetñatmYyRkúmEdldac;citþsuI sac;kunekµgedim,iefvicagaharbm)at;karerskxøan. karbit énerogtamgenhrbiymitþgñkgantssnavdþiesvgrkkarbitnwg )anrcabducteta tamry³mig bu pl )an[dwgfaenakñúgshkrn_ rbs;kat;mankgeligetñatsuisac;kunekµgtuc². bu pl )anghgagfakat;)anexijpþal;epñk enaebledlbykrkúm eligetñatmyyrkúm)ansg;eragmyy zitkñúgpumigur Ek,rmat; bwgmyy edim,ieligetñatefvitwknigrbmultwketñatedlbykek efvi)antamgb:unµan ykmkcak;dak;xþhetñatrmgas;yksáretñat erogral;éf. cmenkkunek~gechet)at;xø ÜnCabnþbnÞab;. bu pl k¾ducrbcacntamggs;kñúgshkrn_pumigur mankar egogq l;fa erogral;éf BYkekµg²EtgEt)at;xøÜneday mindwgmulehtugvieliy. Bukmþaydwgfa)at;kUnecAEdr k¾b:uenþmindwgetarkenatina erbahfarbbenah RbCaBlrdæ mingacmansit iedirehiesri)anet. bu pl )anniyayfa mindwgcaécdnügvi Rsab;éf myyenahkat;etacmáaredim,i ersactwkbenø Rsab;Et)anRbTHeXIjBYkRkúmeLIgetñat kmbugetlagebahevonkunekµg. Kat;lb² n²km)magrsuv TuMx<s;² minh an[bykenahexijkat;et Kat;k¾lbrt;eTAray karn_cunrbfanshkrn_gmbikrnirkúmeligetñatsuisac; kunekµg. enaeblsyr bu pl faehtugvibykenahcab;ekµg)an edaykµannrnadwg? bu pl niyaybnþr)ab;fa BYkekµg tuc²vaxøangaharnas; BYkvasÁm²Es,kdNþb;qw g erbahethubbbrrav. edaysaresckiþerskxøanxøamgebk etibbykekµg²tamgenahnamkñaetalit sáredlenaesssl; bnþicbnþüccab;ena)atxþhetñat Caerogral;²éf erkayebl EdlRkúmeLIgetñat)anrMgas;rYcnigdYssárecjGs;. ena kenøgrmgas;sáretñat erkabibykeligetñatnigkmµapi)al ExµrRkhm KµannrNamñak;GacecjcUleLIy. eyig)ansyrkat;etotfa etibykedlsiusac;kunek~g enahmanetasgv IeT? bu pl niyayfa BYkGñksuIsac;kUnekµg TaMgGs; RtÚv)anBYksnþisuxvtþekaHCuMykeTAsmøab;enAekaH eqikwmtamggs; erkaybi)anbinitüenaeragrmgas;sáretñat exijfamanlak;k,alkunekµgcaercintukedayrckkñúg)av enaeliefñieragrmgas;sáretñatenah. b U pl )anerobrab;bikarsøab;rbs;kunkat;tamg6 nak;fa kñúgry³ebletcag2ex KW2éf 3éf søab;myy søab; bnþbnþab; ehiykat;)anykkunkat;etakb;edaypþal;éd Kµan nrnacyykat;et. karsøab;rbs;kunkat;enahmulehtukµan GaharbriePaKRKb;RKan;. mulehtumü:agetot b U pl )an erobrab;fa bnþakunkat;tamg6nak;enah mangayumintan; ebjkmøamgblkm~enaeliyet b:uenþggákar[xvalekaca erogral;éf. kun²kat;etgetetahubbbrravenaerag)ay edaysarcivcatigahartictycebk kunkat;exsaykmøamg k¾ cab;epþimmancmgwehimebah rakrusy:agxøamg mingacedireta hubbbrenaerag)ay)an. duecñhehiy Kat;eTAsMuGgárBI RbFanerag)ay. RbFanerag)ay)an[GgárKat;mYy søabrba)aysrmab;kunqwmñak;²niggmbilcmnyn10rkab;. Kat;)anykGgáreTAcm in[kunhub. edaygaharticehiy kunmancmgwf n;f r nigk~anfñamsgáúvbüa)al etibkun²kat;søab; mcämnðléksarkm<úca 35

38 bnþbnþab;duecñh. b U pl niyaytamggyledimknigmantwkepñk hursrsak;pgfa TukçpÞÜn²KñaCab; edaynwkganitgasurkun ebk eblenahkat;lb;sticg;qáütmþg². enashkrn_pumi GUr k¾duccaenatamshkrn_enapumiek,r²enahedr Ex~r Rkhm)anpþl;rbbGgár10kMb:ug srmab;dambbrmyyxþh etñat. bbredldambuhryc BYkkmµaPi)alerag)ay)an dystwkbbrecjmþg ryccak;twkfµicul rycmkyktwkbbr EdldYsTukelIkTI1enaHmkkUrvwkbBa ÚlKña efiv[twkbbrmin Gacq in)anl et. bnþab;mk ykbbrenahmkeck[ RbCaCnmñak;²BIrEvksmør. erkaybihubbbrenahryc RbCaCnTaMgcas;TaMgekµg ehimebahrakrus QWsøab;Caerog ral;éf nigmyycmnynetot)ansøab;enamnþiirebtü. bu pl )anbba ak;r)ab;fa eblkat;srmakbüa)alenamnþirebtüvtþ ekahcumsm½yenah Kat;)aneXIjGñkCMgWPaKeRcInKWkUnekµg tuc² ehiysøab;ercinnas; saksbrbmule)ahdak;eli rethduce)ahknþab;rsuv ehiysaksb)anbirreth Ex~r RkhmykeTAkb;mþg. bu pl )anniyayetotfa enakñúgxumekahcum man shkrn_caercin duccashkrn_pumigur shkrn_pumipþh RBIg shkrn_pumignøg;smbyr shkrn_pumisþúkcum shkrn_ PUmisVay ehiyenakñúgshkrn_nimyy²kat;)andwgfa man RbCaCnRbEhlBI300eTA400RKÜsar. luhdl;edimqñam 1979 RbeTsRtÚv)anrMedaH KWenAéf TI7 Exmkra qñam 1979 RbCaCnEdlrs;enAtambNþashkrN_TaMgGs; Kat;)aneXIjenAesssl;rYcBIsøab;RbEhl400RKÜsar b:uenñah erkabienahcnrgerkahedlcarbcacnrbehlbi 700eTA800RKÜsar)ansøab;edaykarsmøab; CMgW nig Gt;Gahar. eyig)ansyrkat;fa etirbcacncas;rs;ena TIenaHkñúgsm½yExµrRkhm nigrbcacn 17emsa xuskñay:agna? bu pl R)ab;eyIgfa enatmbn; enahkwduckñatamggs; minfacas;fµiet. karhubcukhubbbr ravduckña efvikargarduckña. 36 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtiþsa sþnigkarrsavrcav RbCaCnenAPUmiGUr )an[dwgfa shkrn_pumigur k¾ducca shkrn_tamggs;enakñ úgxu MekaHCu M RsuksMeBAmas bc úb,nñ CaRsuk)akan extþebafisat;edr. mulehtunam[mnuss søab;y:agercinbi700eta800rküsar KWmkBIKµanfñaMsgáÚv Büa)alnigkarbg t;gahar nigmyycmnynetotrtúvbyksnþisux KukvtþekaHCMucab;mkdak;KukeFVITaruNkm~ nigsmøab;ecal edaysaretninñakarneya)aynigxusqágbnþicbnþüc. vifi smøab;mü:agetot edaybykkmµapi)alxum-pumi nig RbFan shkrn_edlcagñkgnuvtþpþal;cak;esþgkw Ggár10kMb:ug srmab;mnussbi300eta400nak;kñúgmyyxþhetñat enakñúg shkrn_nimyy². duecñhehiyetibefiv[bykkgeligetñat RTaMnwgkarGt;XøanBMu)an k¾dac;citþsmøab;ek~gsuisac;efivca Gahary:agéRBépSbMputdUecñH. ry³ebl3qñam 8Ex 20éf erkamkarrkb;rkgrbs; emdwknamkm<úcarbcafibetyü GMeBI]RkidækmµnigviFIsmøab; nigkarefvitarunkm~rkb;ebbrkb;y:ag )anefiv[rbcacn søab;gs;cagbirlannak;. GñkenArYcBIsøab;rgTukçevTnay:ag F n;f r. TegVICak;EsþgTaMgGs;enaHBYkemdwknaMExµrRkhm smlµm[tulakarkat;kiþrkyutþifm CUnCnrgeRKaHEdl )ansøab;edim,i[vibaøankçn GñkTaMgenaH)ans b;citþ. BYk emdwknamexµrrkhmrtúvetttylxusrtúvnuvral;tegvirbs;xøün mingacekcevh)aneliy. Tum Tiva esckþicundmnwg mcämnðléksarkm< úca)anbegá Itkm~viFIGanGtßbT TsSnavdþ IEsVgrkkarBitEdlcak;pSayerogral;éf BuFnig RBhs,t evlaem:ag3³30-3³45nati tamry³vitüú 102 MHz rbs;mnðlbt man sþikm<úca. patrcnaniglisupl mcämnðléksarkm<úca

39 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; etishkmn_gnþrcatigacbeba ósgmebirbl½ybucsasn_ enakñúgsafarnrdærbcafibetyükugeháa)anedrb et? karvaytémørbs;eyigtamkaryl;dwgrbs; eyig KWvaGacCaGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_. enhkwcasmiþ rbs;elak kala EDl b:ug RBHraCGaCJaGmtulakar ]Rkidækm~s gáamrbs;ggákarshrbcacatisrmab;yueháa søavinigr:van;da enaéf TI13 Ex]sPa qñam2003 Tak;Tinnwg karekitelignuvgmebihigsacugerkaybg s;enasafarnrdæ RbCaFibetyükugehÁa. smiþrbs;rbhracgacja EDl b:ug elcecjenaebl EdldMeNIrkarEsVgrksnþiPaBEdlgaynwgeRbHRsaMenA eliy enakñúgrbetskugeháartúv)ankmramkmehgedaykar smøab;rgáal EdltamesckþIraykarN_fa)anekIteLIgenA b UnIj:a rdæfaniénextþgi utturi enapakbuba énrbetskugeháa. tmbn; GuItTUrI KWCakEnøgEdlmankarRbyuT Kñay:agsahav bmputenagmlúgebls gáamedl)annigkmbugqabeqhena RbeTskugehÁakñúgry³eBl5qñaMcugeRkayenH. CaEpñk myyéndmenirkaresvgrksnþipab kgt½bgu hág;da Edl)an kan;kab;tmbn;enh )andkfybib UnIj:aenAéf TI7 Ex]sPa. b:uenþkardkfyrbs;kgt½btamgenh)annamdl;karb:htgáickña sacafµirvagkgcivblénrkúmcatibn nanaedlmancemøah CaBiess elndu nig ehm:a. GñkRsukGñkPUmirab;Ban;nak;)ancakecjBIb UnIj:a ehiyebieyagtamebskkmµrbs;ggákarshrbcacati RbcaMenAkugehÁa)an[dwgfa y:agehacnas;manrbcacn 280nak; RtÚv)ansmøab;cab;taMgBIéf TI4 Ex]sPa kñ úgenah mantamg sþinigkumar. mansaksbmyycmnynrtúvkat;k,al ecal ehiysaksbepsgetotrtúvekrugykeføim ebhdug nigsyt. saksinana)anerobrab;gmbikarsøab; nigkarefvi kayviklkmµedlekiteligenaebledlgñkrbyut CaRkúm kulsm<½n smøab;cnsuivilnigyut CnrYc ehiyehkyk ebhdugykmksuitamgekþa²etmþg. nissitebtümñak;eqµah GaKV Itet KIesmbU Gayu28qñaM )anniyayr)ab;sarbt man GasUsuIeGtFIteRbsfa eblexijsaksbmnussedl KµaneføImnigKµanebHdUgy:agdUecñHemIleTAKYr[RBWEmnETn CaBiesseBlGñkeXIjmnusSsuIsac;mnusSdUcKñay:ag enh. ebskkmµggákarshrbcacatienakugeháaniyayfa xøünnwgcuhefvikaresuibgegátbtecatrbkan;gmbikrnimnusssui sac;mnusskñaégenh. b:uenþniyayfa enhminemncaelik TImYyeTEdlmankarecaTRbkan;EbbenHenAtMbn; GuITUrI. enaéf TI15 Exmkra GñkesuIbGegátrbs;GgÁkarsh- RbCaCati)anbBa ak;fa Rkúm]TÞam)anRbRBwtþbTelµIssuI sac;mnuss rmelap efvitarunkmµ nigmnussxat. elak Es CIGU evor:a dwemlú ]tþmsñgkarshrbcacatittylbnþúk sit imnusselikeligenakñúgesckþieføgkarn_rbs;elak na éf TI8 Exemsa knøgetafa carirbrbwtþgmebiexarexatamg enhnwgrtúv)antamdanesuibgegát nigmankatbvkic eligmk bmpøwcmebahtegvirbs;xøün. BYkeKGacnwgkøayCamuxsBaØaEdl RtÚvkat;eTaseTAtulakarRBhµTNÐGnþrCati. safarnrdæ RbCaFibetyükugehÁaKWCaPaKIhtßelxIéntulakarRBhµTNÐ GnþrCati ducenhtulakarmanyutþafikaretaeli]rkidækmµ s gáam]rkidækmµrbqamgmnusscati nig GMeBIRbl½yBUC sasn_enaelitwkdirbs;xøün. kargmbavnav[mancmnat;vifankar hsg;-m:ari há ÚehNU RbmuxRbtibtþ ikarefrksasnþ ipab mcämnðléksarkm<úca 37

40 rbs;ggákarshrbcacati R)ab;[dwgCamunfa ebikµancmnat; vifankarpøam²et nwgman føúkqam minxaneliyenakñúg extþguitturi énsafarnrdærbcafibetyükugeháa Edlbgá eligedaycncatipakercin elndu nigcncatipakticehma:. CnCati elndu PaKeRcInCaksikr cmenkécncati PaKtic ehm:a tamrbébnierogmkrbkbrbrcagñkciba wm ekarkbi. CnCatiTaMgBIrenHmanCemøaHnwgKñaGs;eRcIn stvtsr_mkehiyetaelibbaðarstab;er:d¾sm,úrebb érb eqienaextþguitturinigdimancivcati. karrbkytrbecgkñakan; EtmanlkçN³GaRkk;eTA²enAeBlEdls gáampþúheligena qñam1998 enaebledlrbetsr:van;da niggu hág;daculluk luyqøanbanrbetskugeháaedim,itmøak;rbfanafibti LÚr:g; kab ILa. RbeTsr:Van;da niggu hág;da RBÜtKñaeFVIs gáamcamyy kugeháa b:uenþenacugbba b;ebrcakamrtrkúm]tþamedlcaku RbECgKña. enaebledlkgt½bgu hág;dadkecjbikugeháa enaéf TI7 Ex]sPa eksgs½yfa kgt½bgu hág;da )aneck GavuFeTA[kgCIvBl ehm:a EdlkMBugEterobcMxøÜnkan;kab; tmbn;b UnIj:aenAeBlkgT½BGU hág;dacmnyn6ban;nak;)ancak ecjbitmbn;enh EdlRbkarenHekItecjCaGMeBIeXareXA myyqutelig. eyagtamkarsiksaedlecjpsayedaykn³ kmµafikarse gáahgnþrcatienakñúgexkumö³ y:agehacnas; manrbcacncmnyn3lan3esnnak;)ansøab;)at;bg;civit edaysars gáamenarbetskugeháacab;tamgbiexkumö³ qñam 1998 CaeBlEdls gáampþúheligrhutdl;exvicäika qñam karsþabsþg;mtienhrtúv)anbba b;enaqñam2002. elak hsk r:ab; RbFanKN³kmµaFikarCYys gáahgnþrcati )anniyayfa enhkwcamhnþrayepñkmnussfm EdlKYr [ex<imnigkyr[rn t;. cmnynmnusssøab;enakñúgs gáamgus bnøayenaguir:ak; nigcmnynmnusssøab;enakñúgs gáamtamgb:unµan EdlekIteLIgfµI²enHenAtMbn;)al;kg; k¾mingacykmk erbóbpþwm)anpg. b:uenþvibtþienhminsuvmankarykcitþtuk 38 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; dak;bismnak;gñkpþl;cmnyygnþrcati nigrbb½n psbvpsay Bt manb:unµaneliy. kalbis)þah_mun GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCa Cati kuhv I GaNan; )ansresrlixitetakan;smacikrkúm RbwkSasnþisuxTaMg15 sum[bicarnakñúgkarbba ÚnkgT½BmYk exovetapakbuba énrbetskugeháa. RbeTs)araMg)anbgðaj sbaøafaxø ÜnerobcMCaeRscedIm,IbBa ÚnkgkmøaMgEfrkSasnþ ipab mkkan;safarnrdærbcafibetyükugeháa RbsinebIman GaNtþic,as;las; nigmankarculrymshkarbibnþardæa- Pi)alnana. elak hvg;sv½r riv:assu GñknaMBaküRksYg karbrets)aramg )anmanrbsasn_fa )aramgmanqnþ³cg; culrymbrgwgsißrpabdl;tmbn; GuItTUrI ehiy\lúvenheyig kmbugetsiksaesvgrkvifinanakñúgkarculrymenakñúgkgkmøamg GnþrCati. crkpbgg;ekøs)anrbkasfa xøünk¾kmbugetkit BicarNaeTAelIsMeNIrbs;elak kuhv I GaNan; Edlcg;)an kgkmøamgefrksasnþipabcmnyn1ban;nak;edim,ibba ÚneTAextþ GuItTUrI. eldi Gam:Us elxafµirbs;pñak;gargpivdæn_gnþrcati )anniyayetakan;kmµvifi GahareBlRBwkeRkamtMNk; sensim énturtssn_b Ib IsuIfa crkpbgg;ekøsmangatipab c,as;las;ehiy ebalkwrtúvefvikargmbikaredahrsay CemøaHenATVIbGa hvik CaBiessenAsaFarNrdæRbCaFibetyükugehÁa Etmþg>>>. eyagtamsmiþrbs;m nþimñak;enakariyal½yttyl bnþúkbbaða]rkidæs gáaménrksygkarbretsgaemrikshrdæ GaemrikminTan;beBa jeyabl;gvienaeliyet Tak;Tgnwgkar bba ÚnkgT½Bmkkan;RbeTskugehÁa b:uenþkmbugetbinitüeli bbaðaenheligvij. shrdægaemrik)anpþl;fvikacmnyn2 Esn5muWnduløareTA[KN³kmµaFikarsnþiPavkmµEdlcab; bdisn ieligenaexemsa. KN³kmµaFikarenHmantYnaTI begáitnuvgacjafrrdæ)alfñak;muldæanfµimyyenaextþguitturi nigbegá Itrcnasm< ½n myyedlgacttylyk)an edim,iefrksa mcämnðléksarkm<úca

41 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; c,ab;nigsnþab;fñab;safarn³kñúgekalbmngfana[man kardkkgt½brbs;gu hág;da[gs;bitwkdikugeháa. karr)ab;[dwgmunnuvgmebirbl½ybucsasn_ GgÁkarshRbCaCatimankgT½BRbmaN7rynak; enatmbn;enah b:uenþxøünkµantamggantþinigsmöaredim,ibbaäb; karrbyut KñaenaHeLIy. m nþiggákarshrbcacati)an R)ab;CamunfanwgmanmhnþrayEpñkmnusSFm RbsinebI shkmn_gnþrcatiminbbaäb;karrbyut KñaenHeT. eyagtam TUrTsSn_b Ib IsuI)an[dwgfa m nþimyycmnyn)anniyayfa mnussxatfµi²enh nigpabtantwgenakñúgtmbn; manlkçn³ Rbhak;RbEhlKñaeTAnwgkarcab;epþImRbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½y BUCsasn_enARbeTsr:Van;daenAqñaM1994. Es CIGU evor:a dwemlú ]tþmsñgkarggákarsh RbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúkEpñksiT imnuss )anniyayfa etahbica spabkarn_mansßirpabenakñúgb:unµanéf knøgetaenhcab; BIeBlEdlRkúmmanCemøaHcUlmkcrcanwgKñak¾eday k¾ek mingacbeba ós)annuvgmebirmelapsit imnuss nig RbEhlCa CemøaHRbl½yBUCsasn_)aneT luhrtanaetmansmtßpab efvi[xøacrgatamry³karbegáitnuvrdæapi)alknþalmyy etibtb;tl;)an. RbsinebIGMeBIeXareXAenAkñúgRbeTskugehÁakøay etacagmebirbl½ybucsasn_ c,ab;mnussfm GnþrCatitRmÚv [mantyggágnþrcatimktb;sáat;kum[mangmebiexarexabnþeta etot nigkat;esckþ I]Rkidækmµs gáamenakñ úgtmbn;. GnusBaØa qñam1948sþibikartab;sáat;nigpþnþaetas]rkidækmµrbl½y BUCsasn_ [niymn½yénbakügmebirbl½ybucsasn_ etahbicarbrbwtþenakñúgeblmans gáam b snþipabk¾eday fa GMeBINamYykñúgcMeNamGMeBIerobrab;xageRkamenH EdlRbRBwtþeLIgedaymanectnakemÞcTaMgRsug b eday Epñk nuvrkúmcati CatiBn ú BUCsasn_ b sasnanamyy ducca³ mnussxatetaelismacikénrkúm karefvi[rbys y:agf n;f rdl;rubragkay b dl;stibbaøasmacikénrkúm karefviedayectna[rkumenhttylrgnuvsßanpabrs;ena EdlnaMdl;karbMpøicbMpøajRkúmTaMgRsug b edayepñk/ kar dak;nuvvifankarnanaedlmanbmngraramgmin[mankarpþl; kmenittark karbba ÚnkumaredaybgçMBIRkúmmYyeTARkúmmYy epsgetot. GnusBaØaRbl½yBUCsasn_dak;kMhitdl;rdæCaPaKI kñúgkartb;sáat;nigpþnþaetas karrbrbwtiþgmebirbl½ybuc sasn_. PaKIénGnusBaØaGacdak;BakübNþwgeTAkan; tulakargnþrcatiecatrbkan;fardæcapakimyyetotmankar TTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_. krnitimyy EdlmanlkçN³EbbenHRtÚv)anbþwgRbqaMgnwgyUehÁasøavI edaybuesñó-hwsuieháavinna enaqñam1993 ehiyerogkþi enhkmbugetdmenirkarmintan;cb;enaeliy. etahbicasn isbaøamankatbvkic cab;bgçmetaelietrdæ EdlCaPaKIcuHsn isbaøatamgenhk¾eday b:uenþenakñúgkarpþl; CaRbwkSaeyabl;enAqñaM1951 exijfatulakargnþrcati kt;smáal;exijfaekalkarn_nanaedlsgát;f n;etaeli GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_KWCaEpñkmYyénc,ab;Tmøab;GnþrCati EdlPaKITaMgGs;RtÚvEtmankatBVkic cab;bgçm[gnuvtþtam. vicini LaDIs kmµvifi]rkidæs gáam BaküesøakEx~rRkhm ebþcjagnuvtþmak adwknamnigefi VkargartamEpnkar nigtam kmµvific,as;las; m:t;ct;dac;xat. km at;rebobrbbdwknamnigefi Vkargarraymay ryikryak ):atna)atni RbfuyRbfan KµansµartITTYlxusRtÚv dac;xat. ebþcjats UemaHmut efi VbdivtþstiGarmµN_tameKalCMhr vnñ³gfnenakñ úgbks dac;xatnigcab;canic. dkrsg;biesovepatg;bdivtþelx7-kkáda 1976 mcämnðléksarkm<úca 39

42 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ kargb;rmrbvtþisa sþrbbexµrrkhm yuvcnexµrbc úb,nñetgetelcmuxenatamrbb½n psbv psaybt manedaysarcab;bak;b½n kñúgbt]rkidækmµniggmebi higsaepsg² manduccakarqk;bøn; GMeBImnusSXat karsiu pwkbalagavaes karrmelap rymtamgkarrmelapcarkúm b buk karvayrbharkñatamciebai mfñl; nigcak;esþgkarefiv kub,kmµenatirkúgpñmebjnaéf TI29 mkra qñam2003 knøg etafi µ²enh. bbaøacnxøh)ansi þbenþasetaelikgvhkarykcitþ Tukdak;rbs;rdæaPi)alnigeTAelIRbB½n Gb;rM. GñkxøHfakm<úCa BM uman)ansiksasi ucermacmebahbbaðapø Úvcitþrbs;yuvCnExµr. bniðt nu lkiçna naykmhavitüal½ymnusssa sþ énsklvitüal½ykm<úca )anniyayfa km<úcaminkyrepþat GarmµN_EteTAelIGtItkalenaHeT b:uenþkarbmepøcgtitkal TaMgRsugCakarminTTYlxusRtÚv. Kat;)anTamTar[man karrsavrcavtamebbbiesafniymetaeli\ti Blénsm½y ExµrRkhmmkelIyuvCnExµrsm½ybc úb,nñ munkarbegiát ekalneya)ayfiµedim,iedahrsaybbaða. yl;rsbtameyablrbs; bniðt nu lkiçna b:uenþ sumbenßmfa karrsavrcavtamebbbiesafniymet myymuxminrkb;rkan;et. mancmenoy:agmutmamfaexµr RkhmKWCabuBVehtuénPaBGviC mantamglayedlekitman enakñúgrbetskm<úcanaeblbc úb,nñ. dmenahrsayetanwg bbaðaedlrbetskm<úcakmbugcybrbth KWkarbBa b;casßabr nuvbbaðaexµrrkhmtamry³karkat;etasgtitemdwkexµr RkhmenAkñúgtulakaryutiþFm myy nigsmxan;bmputkwkarpþl; nuvkargb;rmrbvtþisa sþsm½yexµrrkhmdl;sissanusiss nigrbcacntueta. enakñúgsm½yexµrrkhm yuvcn GayuBI10eTA17 qñam RtÚv)anelIktemáIgy:agx<g;x<s; facassrrtúgén 40 bdivtþn_. yuvcntamgenhrtúvemdwknamexµrrkhmcat;tukfaca GnaKtnigkMmøaMgCMrujBIeRkayeCaKC½yrbs;bdivtþn_. edaymancmenoduecñhehiy etibemdwknamexµrrkhm)anetg tamgyuvcn[bermikargarenarkb;epñktamggs;enakñúgrbets edaymanmuxtmengcakmµapi)al nirsa GñksYrcemIøy nig efivtarunkmµenakñúgmniþrsniþsux Kuk nig ebcäxat.l. edim,i[yuvcntamgenhbmebjkargarrbs;xøünedayebjcitþ nigttyl)antinñplx<s; GgÁkar)aneRbIR)as;RKb;meFüa- )aytamggs;edim,ibmbak;bmb:nyuvcn[s b;exi <msrtúvbdivtþn_ [echsmøab; nig[ercisykgmebihigsacaepñkmyyéncivit RbcaMéf rbs;bykek. pþúyetavij yuvcnepsgetotedl RKan;EtCayuvCnsamBaØFmµta )anrs;enakñúgbipbmyy EdleBareBjeTAedayPaBhigSa ehiyrtúvttylrgnuvvibtiþ pøúvcitþy:agf n;f r. sbvéf enh yuvcntamgenh rymtamgyuvcnedlcagtit kmµapi)alexµrrkhmnigyuvcnedlcarbcacnkwcagana- Büa)alrbs;yuvCnkm<úCanasm½ybc úb,nñedlcab;bak;b½n etanwgbt]rkidækmµpakercinedlekitmaneligenakñúgsgám. cab;biqñam1979dl;edimtsvtsr_qñam1990 s gáam si uvild¾exarexa nigvinasskmµ)anekiteligrvagexµrrkhm nigrdæapi)alsafarnrdærbcamanitkm<úca. s gáamenh )anbnsl;tuknuvrkab;minrab;lanrkab;enatutamgrbetsedl kmbugetbnþefivtukçbukemñjdl;rbcacnsøútrtg;bc úb,nñehiy efiv[dierscmáarmyypakfmmingacyketaerbir)as;)an. )ancab;kmenitenaqñam1980 enakñúgpumikmbg;kiþ extþesomrab. etahcaexµrrkhmrtúv)anpþülrlmetaehiy k¾eday k¾exµrrkhmenaetefiv[ RKÜsar nigrbcacnkñúg PUmi mankarp½yxøaccanic tamry³karvayrbharmkeli mcämnðléksarkm<úca

43 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ PUmizanCaRbcaM. enaebledl)anttyldmnwgbigacjafr extþfamanspabkarminl mþayrbs; EtgEtdas;etOn [hub)aybik,alrblb;. ExµrRkhm)anvayRbharPUmiCajwkjab; b:uenþca ercinelik ExµrRkhmmin)ancUldl;kNþalPUmieT. CYn kal enaeblkmbugetmankarvayrbhar GñkPUmi)anvay canqñamgnig]bkrn_epsgetot edim,ibnwøsmelgrbkas Gasnñ edaysgwçmfagacbnøacexµrrkhm[dkfyeta vij. syrmþay faenahcasmelggivb rmbgebjpumiduecñh. Kat;niyayfa RbCaCnkMBugeFIVCasBaØabBa ak;[pumieyig ertomxøüncaerscedim,ivayttl;camyyexµrrkhm. enakñúgry³eblénkarvayrbhar GñkPUmiEdlrs; enaek,r²pþhrbs; EtgEtBYnsm MenAEk,rKña. burscmnas;² xøhgacr)ab;eyigfarkab;nacarkab;epøagecj ehiy RKab;NaCaRKab;epøagcUl. cmenké sþicmnas;²)an bn;rsn;dl;rbhbut Cam as;[cyykarbarcivitrbs;bykeyigbi RKab;kaMePIøg nigkarrkexijrbs;exµrrkhm edaysgçwmfa ExµrRkhmnwgdkfyeTAvijy:agqab;rh½s. etahcamankarvayrbharcajwkjab;k¾eday k¾ minedl)anexijkgt½bexµrrkhmmñak;esaheliy. Gñk PUmi)anR)ab; fa ExµrRkhmesøóksemøókbMBak;BN exµa. smiþenhkwgayrsylnwgesvgyl;nas; BIeRBaHfa Exµr RkhmenAeBlenHCanimitþrUbénkarP½yxøac CabisacEdl vhykefiømrbs;kumar siusac;mnusscagahar nigmanepñk BN Rkhm. CYnkalExµrRkhmbgáb;RKab;mInenAelIdgpøÚvedIm,I bmpøajrfynþ ehiyrbcacncaercinrtúvttylrgkarqk;bøn; enaeblkmbugefivdmenir. eblxøh B fabykexµrrkhm)an vaylukculdl;knþalpumicitxag EdlRbCaCnRtÚvTTYl rgkarqk;bøn;ykrtbüsm,tiþ rmelap nigkarefivtarunkmµeli ragkay. edaysaresckiþp½yxøac)anefiv[bukmþay )an sermccitþeritilmenaetatirymextþesomrab enagmlúgqñam 1989 kñúgekalbmngesvgrktilmenamyyedlkan;et mansuvtißpabrs;ena etahbicabukmþay BMudwg)anfaRtÚv ciba wmcivittamvifinak¾eday. erogr:avxagelienhkwcagivedlblrdækm<úcagayu Rbhak;RbEhl )ansþab;b kalbienaekµg. CakarBit Nas; GñkxøH)anTTYlrgnUvkareFIVTukçbukemñjelIsBI eta etot ducca GñkxøHmansmaCikRKÜsarmYycMnYn)at;bg;CIvit enakñúgeblvayrbyut Kña. enasalaeron eyigrtúv bergón[echs b; bn b:ul Bt/ egog sari nig exov smpn ehiy[dwgkuncmebahkgt½bevotnam. CYnkal mcämnðléksarkm<úcattylsmburtbi sissvitüal½ykñúgekalbmngektrmúvfa cmnynrbcacn Edl)ansøab;enAkñúgsm½yExµrRkhm KW3lannak; minemn RbEhlCa1/7lannak; EdlmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa tyelx1/7lan CatYelxEdlRtÚvTTYlsÁal;CaGnþrCati nig manp½sþútagbba ak;c,as;las; niggñkrsavrcavca ercinnak;)ansniñdæanenahet. ehtugiv? BIeRBaHfaenHCa cmnucmyyedl)anbba ak;enakñúgesovepabum<kñúgkmµvifi siksamun². km<úcartúvetcgcamrbvtþisa sþexµrrkhm BiPakSa Kña ehiyvipak[)anditdl;gmbirbvtþisa sþenh. eyigrtúv Etpþl;nUvkarGb;rMtamEbbviTüasa sþgmbiepñkenhénrbvtiþ sa sþkm<úcadl;kunexµrcmnan;erkay. egg kukfay Bnül;BaküEx~rRkhm GarmµN_³ KWCaEmkFagrbs;citþEdlnwkeXIjGIVmYy rubikiþ GrUbIkIþ. Blkr³ GñkeFIVkaredaykmøaMgejIsQam manet)at édtet. dkrsg;biesovepakmnt; Gu Iv mcämnðléksarkm<úca 41

44 I EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ dmenirkaryutþifm CUnCnrgeRKaHénrbbEx~rRkhm BiFIcuHhtßelxaelIkic RBmeRBógrvagrdæaPi)alkm< úca nigggákarshrbcacatitak;tgnwgkarkat;esckþienaerkam c,ab;km< úcanuv]rkidækmµedl)anrbrbwtþenakñ úgry³eblkm< úca RbCaFibetyüRtÚv)anR)arB eligenasalsnñisitctumux kalbiéf TI6 Exmifuna qñam2003. BiFIenH)anRbRBwtþeTA erkamgfibtipabék]tþm sux Gan etsrdæm nþ I rdæm nþ ITTYl bnþúktisþikarkn³rdæm nþi nigcarbfanrkúmkargarsrmab; shrbtibtþ ikarcamyygñkcmnajc,ab;bretsnigerobcmdmenir karcmnm ucrmhkþ IemdwknaMExµrRkhm nigelak ehn kuerl GKÁelxaFikarrgGgÁkarshRbCaCatiEpñkkic karc,ab; TIRbwkSa c,ab;énggákarshrbcacati. CnrgeRKaHénrbbExµrRkhmenAtamCnbTdac; RsyalÉeNHvij min)andwgtal;etesahgmbierogenh. myycmnynetotmintamg)andwgfanwgmantulakarkat;etas emdwknamexµrrkhmpg. dmnwgd¾mansarsmxan;ebbenh EdlTak;TgeTAnwgdMeNIrkarkat;eTasemdwknaMExµrRkhmnwg min)anrcütrcabdl;cnrgerkaheliy drabnakaryk citþtukdak;etaelibbaðaenhenaetmintan;rtúv)anefvib efvielig kñúgrtg;rtaytucnigmincab;lab;. mcämnðléksarkm< úca manrkúmrsavrcavcuhetaefv kargarrbs;xøünenakñúgextþcmnyn4kñúgrbetskm<úca elikmµvifi CMruj[mankarTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaH]RkidækmµEdlRbRBwtþ eligedayrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü. CamFümkñúgmYyéf CnrgeRKaHénrbbExµrRkhmcMnYn16nak; RtÚv)anRkúm RsavRCavCYbnigeFVIsmÖasTak;TineTAnwgCIvitrgeRKaHmü:ag edaymansac;sarlahitsøab;)at;bg;civitbnþab;bi)ancul bermirbbpþac;karexµrrkhm nigmü:agetotedayføab;)an qøgkat;karlm)akpþal;xøünenakñúgrbbenah. mancmnynpaktic Nas;EdlRkúmkargar)anCYbsmÖasCamYyBuk-mþay 42 EdlmankUnsøab;)at;bg;enAkñúgrbbExµrRkhm edaysar Etv½ycas;CraeBkminGacerobrab;TukçlM)akrbs;Kat;)an nigedaysarkarsøab;)at;bg;civitcabnþbnþab;munnwgyutþifm myyrtúv)anpþl;cunkat;. elakta kul Gayu80qñaM EdlGgÁúyenAelIy:mux xþmd¾rexkrxaknigrbbn CraedkenAnwgkenÞledIrminrYc KµanGIV CakþIsgÇwmTal;EtesaH. elakta kul mankunr)amnak; culbermirbbexµrrkhm. kunrbs;kat;tamg5nak; xøhsøab; nigxøhetot)at;dmnwgsunüqwgrhutmkdl;eblenh. elakta kul minmanesssl;kunnamñak;rs;enacamyy Kat;eT manetgñkpumib:uenñahedlcyycaggár mðúb nig ehn kuerl mcämnðléksarkm<úca

45 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ CYyErkTwkdak;Bag[Kat;RKan;)anCRmHkay. elisbienh etaetot elakta kul mintan;ttyl)annuvyutþifm srmab; kar)at;bg;kuntamg5nak;rbs;kat;enaeliy. GtItyuT CnnigkmµaPi)ald¾eRcInsn wksn ab;edl esµahsµr½knwgrbbexµrrkhmtamgbitsvtsr_qñam1970 RtÚv )ansmøab;edaysaretp½yxøacfamin)ankan;gmnacyur GEgVgrbs;GtItemdwknaMExµrRkhmEdlkMBugrs;ranmanCIvi ty:agmanesripabenaeliykñúgtwkdikm<úca. GtItyuT Cn nigkmµapi)alexµrrkhmcaercinepsgetotkmbugsßitkñúgkar )at;xø ÜnenAeLIy EdlkaleNaHKWemdwknaMExµrRkhmenaHÉg EdlCaGñkerobcMeKalneya)ayeXasna[GtItyuT Cn nigkmµapi)altamgenahculbermirbbpgxøün. ry³ebl24qñamnig6ex ehiyebikitmkdl;exkkáda qñam2003 EdlyutþiFm myyrtúvrmbwgfanwg)anttyltam Ék]tþm sux Gan ry³karbegáittulakarbiessmyyedim,ikat;etasemdwknam ExµrRkhmEdleRkamkardwknaMrbs;em²TaMgenHenAGMLúgqñaM 1975dl;1979 )anefvi[rbcacnkm<úcasøab;)at;bg; CIvitGs;rab;lannak;. kargusbnøaytetamuxetotkñúgkar pþl;yutþifm CUndl;CnrgeRKaHénrbbExµrRkhmminEmnCa dmenahrsayl eliy. pþúyetavij bbaðalm)aksµúksµajr)akdcanwgekit mankan;etercin. karedlkµancnsgs½y emdwknamcan;x<s; ExµrRkhm srmab;[tulakarecatrbkan;nigkat;etasca bbaðacm,gmyy. cmenkékarmin)anpþl;yutþifm [)antan; degðimcnrgerkahedaypþal;enakñúgrbbexµrrkhmk¾cabbaða cm,gmyyetotedr. enakñúgkascuhhtßelxaelikic RBm erbóg Ék]tþm sux Gan )anganbt]etþsnamcunepjóv CaeRcInrUbrYmmanÉkGKÁraCTUt rdætut bretsrbcamena RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa edaymankarsnüamyyfa kñúgnam racrdæapi)alkm<úcapg sumsnüaenacmebahmuxrblwgrbs; GñkEdl)an)at;bg;CIviteTAcMeBaHmuxbgb Únsac;jatinig mitþpkþirbs;gñktamgenahnigcmebahmuxrbcacntamggs;edl )anttylrgtukçevtnaenakñ úgry³ebl3qñam 8Ex nig20éf fa nwgbnþkarxitxmrbwgerbgrbs;eyigrhutsermc)ankarkat; etastampøúvc,ab;>>>nuvbt]rkidæedl)anrbrbwtþenakñúgry³ kalkm<úcarbcafibetyü. elak ehn kuerl k¾)angansunþrkfarbs;elak EdlcugeRkaymanxøwmsarfa RbCaCnkm<úCa)anrg;caMCa yurmkehiy cg;exijkarkat;etasemdwknamcan;x<s;én km<úcarbcafibetyünigcntamglayedlttylxusrtúvx<s; bmputcmebahgmebiexarexakñúgkmlúgeblenahkñúgrbvtþisa sþ Catirbs;xøÜn. karrg;camrbs;bykekmintan;dl;tibba b;ena eliyet b:uenþsgçwmfa vak¾nwgcitdl;tibba b;pgedr. elakta kul sumepjiecakvasnaenheliracrdæa- Pi)alkm<úCanigGgÁkarshRbCaCatiCaelIkcugeRkay. v:an;fan; ebadar:a mcämnðléksarkm<úca 43

46 I i EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ karyl;exijrbs;rbcacnkm<úcacmebahtulakarexµrrkhm esckþ Iepþ Im RbCaCnCaeRcInhak;dUcCamindwgc,as; ehiyesþiret mindwg GMBIPaBeXareXAenARbeTskm<úCaRbRBwtþeLIgenAkñúg GMLúgqñaM cab;tamgbis gáamelakelik TIBIrmk BiPBelakenHeXIjmanekIteLIgnUvGMeBIeXareXA nig]rkidækmµrbqamgmnusscaticaercinkrni Rbkbeday esaknadkmµ kñ úgenahmanrbetskm< úcamyyedredl)anttyl rgnuvgmebienh. manesaknadkm~rbhak;rbehlkñaekitelig háaetm:ala éhti esr:aelgun r:van;da GtItyUehÁasøavInig RbeTsdéTeTot. ]RkidækmµRbqaMgmnusSCatinig/b ]Rkidækmµ Rbl½yBUCsasn_ KWCakarbMpøicbMpøajmnusSCatikñúgRTg; RTayFM rhutdl;rab;ryrab;ban; b mandl;rab;lan b )anefv [mankarqwcab;enakñúgrdæerog²xøünetotpg. b:uenþkrni km<úca RBwtþikarN_enHGUsbnøayrhUtCitbYnqñaM ehiycmnyn mnusssøab;)at;bg;civitnigkarqwcab;)anefvi[krnienh køaycarbwtþikarn_myykñúgcmenamrbwtþikarn_d¾garkk;bmput enakñúgstvtsr_ti20 bnþab;bibyknahsiúniymrbs;guietør nigkarsmøab;d¾qáütlilarbs;bykh UTUmkelIRkúmTutsuIsenA RbeTsr: Van;da. Rbvtþ ivitu edvid eqndl½r )aneharbwtþ ikarn_ enhfa Ca bdivtþn_sen asen A nig manlkçn³exarexa nigvwkvrbmputenakñ úgrbvtþ ibdivtþn_nastvtsr_enh. ehtuduc enhehiy)ancakrnikm<úcartúvesvgyl;[)anebjelj srmab;kt;rtatukcarbvtþisa sþnigtb;sáat;min[manesak nadkmµebbenhekiteligsacafµ I. edaysarmanesaknadkmµ TaMgenHekIteLIg karvivdæn_rbs;c,ab;gnþrcati nigkarerbi tulakar]rkidækmµs gáamk¾mankarlutlas;edr. etahbica tulakar]rkidækmµs gáamcaepñkmyyrbs;neya)aygnþrcati TUeTAeTAehIykIþ k¾tulakartamgenahrbmcamyynwgtulakar GnþrCatinana GacenAEteKcat;TukfasßitenAkñúgdMNak;kal dmbugénkarvivdæn_. tulakartamgenhminekiteligjwkjab;et b:uenþenaeblekiteligvak¾minttyl)anecakc½yetrhutenah Edr. rdæapi)alkm<úcanigggákarshrbcacatigaccrca bbaðabegáittulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhmcab;tamgbi qñam1997mkemø:h. ebjgmlúgeblcrcaenh PaKITaMgBIr sut Et)ancUlrYmeFVI[dMeNIrkarenHRbkbedayPaBFuj RTan;nigRbkbedaykarriHKn;y:ageRcIn. karcrca)ancyb vibtþienaebledlggákarshrbcacatidkfyqb;crca TaMgRsug. etibetf~i²enhb:uenñahedlmhasnñi)atggákar shrbcacati)angnum½teliesckþisermccitþrbagcmruj[ GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCati kuhv I GaNan; bnþkar crcaeligvij. etahbicaesckþ IseRmcenHminEmnCaGaNtþ pø Úvkar b: uenþvabgðajfagantþ inwgmkdl;kñ úgeblqab;²enh. GtßbTenHmaneKalbMNgBIry:ag. TImYypþl;nUvRBwtþ ikarn_ Cu MvijCaRTwsþ IsRmab;smø wgemiletaelibbaðaexµrrkhm ehiy TIBIrKWpþl;nUvkaryl;eXIjrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCapÞal;eTAelI tulakarenh. karesvgyl;calkçn³rtwsþ IeTAelIRBwtþ ikarn_ CuMvijnwgdkRsg;ecjBIsñaédniBn rbs; cunafan háari)as; enakñúgesoveparbs;elakmancmngecigfa Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals nigyk mkbirtwsþineya)aygnþrcaticamuldæanmyycmnynetot. EdlmUlehtufaRbCaCnkm< úcapakercincg;)antulakarkat; etasemdwknamex~rrkhm. RbkarEdlKat;cg;)antulakarenH KWmanmUlehtusMxan;BIry:ag TImYyKat;cg;dwgkarBit nigtibir cg;)anyutþifm. CamYynwgRbFanbTenHEdr TsSn³KMnit km< úcaetaelirdæapi)alrbs;xø ÜnnigRbB½n c,ab;rbs;rbetskm< úca k¾nwgrtúvelikmkbinitübipaksa. etahbicavacakarbi)akkñ úg karniyaygmbitssn³kmnitrbs;rbcacnkm< úcaedaysarpab 44 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

47 M EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ sµ úksµajrbs;bbaðaenhy:agnak¾eday k¾gtßbtenhnwgpþl; nuvkarqøúhbba amgmyyepñketaeliehtupld¾mantm n;myycmnyn faehtugvi)ancarbcacnkm<úcacg;)antulakarnigttylsáal; famanmnþilsgs½ymyycmnynetaelirdæapi)alnigrbb½n c,ab; rbs;rbetsxøün. RTwsþIneya)aysþIGMBItulakar]Rkidækmµs gáam karbipaksaelibbaðabegá IttulakarExµrRkhm RtÚvdak; enakñúgrbfanbtcartwsþikwcakarsmxan;. tamvifienhehiy EdleFVI[karBiPakSaenHGacemIleXIjkñúgRTg;RTayFM ehiykargnuvtþn_d¾tulmtulayenakñúgkarbegáitb minbegáit tulakarenhrtúv)anyl;exij. enaebledlbbaðanana minkyrrtúvykmkvipakrtwmettamry³rbtikmµb GBÖnþrjaN b:uenñahet b:uenþmanmuldæanmyycmnynfartúvetbinitüemil etaelibbaðatulakarenhedr. KWedayQrelImUldæanenH ehiyedlbbaðaexµrrkhmrtúv)anelikykmkbipaksamun bg s;enakñ úgesovepanibn eday cunafan háari )as;. )as; bgðajfa TsSnvis½yesrIniympþl;nUvehtupltkábMputnig plrbeyacn_xøamgcagehtupltssnvis½yr)akdniymkñúg kar[mantulakar]rkidækm~s gáam. TsSnvis½yR)akd niymmincg;[mantulakar]rkidækm~s gáamet. TImYy³ karesvgyl;gmbirtwsþir)akdniymxøünég min KYrEsVgrkedIm,Iyl;[kan;Etc,as;GMBITLðIkrN_nanaEdl ecjmkbirtwwsþir)akdniymenhet. RTwsþIR)akdniymcab; kmenitmundmbugbg s;enarbetsrkicsm½yburan qñam munRKisþskraC ehiyrtwsþ IenHGacrkeXIj enakñúgsñaédnibn rbs; Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Beitz nigtssnvituelakfatuepsg²etot. RTwsþ IR)akdniym QrelImUldæanKMnitEdlyl;eXIjfa qakgnþrcatiman lkçn³ganafibetyünigsßitenakñúgspabfmµcati. spab GanaFibetyümann½yfa enakñúgqakgnþrcatikµanzananu RkmeT ehiyspabenhsresirkmnitedlyl;exijfaqak GnþrCatiKWsßitenAkñúgsPaBFmµCatiEdlkñúgenaHrdænImYy² efv IkaredIm,IEtplRbeyaCn_rbs;xø Ünb: uenñah BIeRBaHfasUm,I EtCYyrdæmYyepSgeTotk¾GacnaM[Føak;xøÜnÉgenATIbBa b;. enakñúgrtwsþir)akdniymmankenøgtucnas; b k¾minmanpg srmab;fmµcriya. tamtssn³ebbr)akdniymenhexijfa mantlð IkrN_ BIrsMxan;²RbqaMgnwgtulakar]Rkidækm~s gáam EdlTLð IkrN_ TaMgBIrenHKWkarBüayamkat;bnßyb lubbm)at;rbtikmµcmebah karerobcm[mantulakar]rkidækm~s gáam. TLðIkrN_TImYy KWfakic xitxmrbwgerbgtamgenhgacbgácas gáamelig. enakñ úg krnienh Baküfa s gáam nwgrtúverbir)as;cg;smedaeta eligv IEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñ úgrbbexµrrkhm. etahbicamin mans gáamb s gáamsuivilkþi vabi)aknwgrkbakümyyedl BiBN na[)anrtwmrtúvnuvgviedl)anekiteligenakñúgrbets km<úca. enakñúgkrniexµrrkhm KWvamanry³eBl23qñaMeTA ehiycab;tamgbiexµrrkhmgs;gmnacducenhtulakar]rkid ækm~s gáammingacbgás gáam)anet BIeRBaHExµrRkhmGs; GMNacCayUrNas;mkehIy. etahcatlðikrn_enhgacekit eligbnþicerkaybimans gáamk¾eday k¾enakñúgkrniexµr Rkhm TLð IkrN_enHminekIteLIgeTsBVéf. GñkR)akdniym GacTajehtuplfa ExµrRkhmminGacvilRtLb;mkkan; GMNac)aneT b:uenþkarghgagenhbi)akrkgvimkcg úlbgðaj ehiyk¾bi)aknwgrihkn;edr. minrtwmet b: ul Bt )ansøab;eta b:uenñahet b:uenþsßanpabcak;esþgrbs;exµrrkhmk¾bi)aknwg vaytémø. ducenhmann½yfa etahbicaexµrrkhm)andylrlm etaehiykþ I k¾gacenamanrkúmepsgetotedlerobcmeligedim,i kan;gmnac b: uenþrbsinebiminrbmulpþ úkñaetgñktamgenahmingac bgás gáam)anet b: uenþgacbgácarbwtþ ikarn_dac;edayelk. TLð IkrN_TIBIrmanlkçN³RtwmRtÚvKYrsmEdlGHGag fa tulakar]rkidæs gáamgacefvi[gsißrpabdl;kic xitxm RbwgERbgeRkayeBls gáamkñúgkarksagnuvsnþipabmyy Cab;lab;. semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn énracrdæapi)al km< úca)antajehtuplfa RbeTskm< úcagacføak;culetakñ úg mcämnðléksarkm<úca 45

48 I s gáamsu IvilRbsinebIemdwknaMExµrRkhmmYycMnYnEdlTTYl )ankarelikelgetasrycehiyenahrtúvnamykmkkat;etas. etahbicaexµrrkhmrtúv)anpþülrmlmbigmnacenaqñam1979 etaehiykþi b:uenþkalenahexµrrkhmenaetcarkúm]tþamehiy )ankan;kab;tmbn;myycmnynénrbetskm<úca CaBiessenACit RBMEdnéf. cab;tamgbiqñam1997mkexijfa ExµrRkhm)an dylrlmgs;etaehiy b:uenþvtþmanénggákarcat;tamgmyycmnyn GackøayCabBaða. elak fum:as; ham:ab Wk tmnagbiess rbs;gkáelxafikarggákarshrbcacatittylbnþ úksit imnuss enakm< úcakalbiqñam1999 )anmanrbsasn_fa karrbüy )armörbs;rdæapi)aledlfa karcab;xøünnigkarkat;etas emdwknamexµrrkhm RbEhlCaGacbgá[mankarrMeCIbrMCYl enahkyretkitkuredayykcitþtukdak; ebietahcavamanlkçn³ pþúyetanwgkarfanacapøúvkarfaexµrrkhmrtúv)anpþülrmlmca pø ÚvkarehIykþ I. srubmk kar[ehtupledlfakarcmnu MCRmH kþigacefvi[mangsißrpabdl;snþipabenah k¾enaetgacelik elig)andedl b:uenþvabi)aknwgefvi[tlðikrn_enhmantm n; BIeRBaH TaMgGs;KñadwgB fa ebietahcamanvtþmanénggákarcat; tamgrbs;exµrrkhm KWmantictYcNas;. mantlð IkrN_tamRTwsþIesrIniymcMnYnR)aMKaMRT[man tulakar]rkidækm~s gáam. karerbibakü esri enakñúgkrni enhcg;smedaetatssn³kmnitedlminemncatssn³kmnitrbs; GñkR)akdniym. TsSn³enHrYmmanFmµcriyarbs;RTwsþIviTU GMBIrdæ elakfatuvitu nigrtwsþ Irbs; cn r:ls_. ekalkarn_én RTwsþ ITaMgenHmanenAkñ úgsmenrrbs; ém:exil v:lhs½r ecier:mi ebnfam BuknigkUnRtkUl mils_/ cn r:ls_ Edlniyay xagedim RBmTaMgGñkniBn dét²etot. Fmµcriyarbs;RTwsþ IviTU GMBIrdænigrbs;elakFatuviTUelakFatu GacehA)anfaCaRTwsþ esriniymedayehtufartwsþitamgenhmansarsmxan;cmebah CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCn. cmebahfmµcriyarbs;rtwsþ IviTU GMBIrdæKWfa manparkic ercincagkñúgkaremilkarxusrtúvcn TaMgLayenAkñ úgrdæmyy. cmebahelakfatuvituvij manparkic 46 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ myykñúgkaremilkarxusrtúvrbcacatitamggs;edayminkit GMBIlkçxNÐrbs;rdæeLIy. RTwsþIviTUekItecjGMBIRbéBNI TaMgBIrRbEhlCaGacKaMRTdl;tulakarExµrRkhm BIeRBaH edim,ittyl)annuvkarbnül;[kan;etc,as;benßmetot tulakar enhgaccyybegáit)ancabriyakasrs;enakan;etrbesir srmab;rbcacn EdlkñúgbriyakasenaH RbCaCnTTYl)an nuvsnþipab ehiyenakñúggnaktetotesat GMeBIeXareXA TaMgenaHminGacekIteLIgsaCafµI)aneLIy. tamvifienh CIvPaBrs;enAnigsuxmalPaBrbs;RbCaCnRtÚv)anFana myykrmitetot. RTwsþIrbs; cn r:ls_ RtÚv)anbegá IteLIg enaebledl erkamr)amggvic a rdænanasermcgmbifaeti qakgnþrcatikyretdmenirkaretaedaykµankardwgb cmebahsßan PaBrbs;xø ÜnÉgb y:agducemþc. ]TahrN_enHbgðajfa rdæ PaKeRcInEdlRbkan;lT iesriniymnigkan;lt iedlminsuv twgnigminsuvfur GacKaMRTtulakarRbsinebIrdæenaHman RbCaCnTTYlrgnUvkarsmøab;rgÁal. b:uenþrbetsedl RbEhlCaminKaMRTtulakar KWCaRbeTsEdlenAeRkAc,ab; nigcab;manpar³kñúgkarttylxusrtúv. TLðIkrN_esrIniymTaMgR)aMEdlKaMRTtulakar]Rkidæ s gáam niyaygmbikarksagsnþipabmyyedlrwgmam. k¾ duccasmpakir)akdniymedr mantlðikrn_myycmnynmin GnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIExµrRkhmeT. TLð IkrN_esrIniymTImYy EdlKaMRTdl;tulakar]Rkidækm~s gáam KWKMnitEdlyl;eXIj faefivy:agduecñh emdwknamedlkmramkmehgnwgrtúve)as sm at. RbkarenHminGnuvtþeRcIneT cmebahkrnicak;esþg enarbetskm< úca enaxn³edlgñktamgenahedlnwgrtúvnammk kat;etasminsßitkñúgtynaticaemdwknamrbetsbc úb,nñeliy. etahbiminemncaemdwknampøúvkark¾eday GñkTaMgenaHGacCa emdwknamggákarexµrrkhmerkapøúvkar. Gacniyay)anfa tamry³kare)assm atemdwknamexµrrkhm ral;ggákar cat;tamgrbs;exµrrkhmbc úb,nñrbehlcanwgrtúvefvi[cuh exsay. mcämnðléksarkm<úca

49 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ TLð IkrN_TIBIrKWfa tulakar]rkidæs gáamefvi[]rkidæcn s gáamragcal. niyaycatueta karkat;etasemdwknamexµr RkhmnwgeFVI[buKÁlepSgeTotElgh anculrymrbrbwtþbt ]RkidæRsedogKñaenHenAéf xagmux. knøgmkføab;mankrni EdlbuKÁlmYycMnYnpøas;bþÚrTegVIrbs;xøÜnedaysarkarKMram kmehgfanwgrtúvkat;etas b:uenþmindwgfaexµrrkhm)anttyl \T iblenhedrb k¾y:agnaenaheliy. k¾b:uenþ Fmµcriya rbs;rtwsþivitugmbirdæ b GñkKitBIplvi)akelakFatu nwgtaj ehtuplfa RbsinebIerobcMtulakarkat;eTasemdwknaMExµr Rkhm nigkarbarbimñak;etamñak;kum[ttylerkahfñak;enaéf GnaKtenaH ykl KYrEteFVIdUcenH. niyayrym kartaj ehtuplebbenhtak;tgetanwg\t iblnaeblgnaktedlfa tulakarexµrrkhmnwgecjcarubragelig. TLð IkrN_TIbIEdlKaMRTtulakarkat;eTasemdwknaMExµr RkhmKWfa tulakarcyysþarnitism,tadl;rdætamglayedl RbRBwtþGMeBIGV I²eRscEtTMenIgcitþrbs;xø Ün. mü:agetotsrmab; krniexµrrkhm TLð IkrN_enHnwgRtÚvEktRmÚv. erkabirdæedl efvigvitamtmenigcitþ karerobcmtulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµr RkhmGacCYysþareLIgvijnUvbkSExµrRkhmpÞal; RbsinebI manbksenasl;rhutdl;sbvéf. Tak;TgnwgcMNucenHKWfa rbbexµrrkhm)andylrlmtamgbiyuryarnas;mkehiy ena ebledlkarcrcagmbikarbegá Ittulakarcab;epþ Im. RbsinebI tulakarrtúv)anykmkkitkurtamgbidmbugéd emø :HsmTLð IkrN_ enhnwggnuvtþcmebahbbaðaexµrrkhm)any:agsmrsb. TLðIkrN_TIbYnnigTIR)aMRbEhlCaTLðIkrN_EdlxøaMg bmputsrmab;eblbc úb,nñ KaMRTdl;tulakarkat;eTasemdwk namexµrrkhm. TLð IkrN_TIbYnKWfatamry³karbegáIttulakar kat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhm kmhusnwgrtúv)andak;etaeli bukálnanaminemncncatipakticeliy. kñ úgkrniexµrrkhm kmhusnwgrtúvbegvrbiexµrrkhmtamggs;mkdak;eli emdwknam Can;x<s;ExµrRkhmnigkmµaPi)alfñak;eRkamEdlmankarBak; B½n edaypþal;etanwggmebiexarexaf n;f rbmput. Cakar smxan;kwrtúveck[dac;bikñarvaggñktamggs;edl)anculrym niggñkedlttylxusrtúvcmebahkarekiteligéngmebiexarexa enah. enakñúgcyrexµrrkhmmanemdwknammyycmnynedlbba Ún btbba aetagacjafrfñak;erkambmput[gnuvtþnigsmøab;. esþ IrEtKµanmnÞ ilsgs½yetfa emdwknamexµrrkhmdwgy:agc,as; GMBIplvi)akecjBIbTbBa arbs;xøünniggviedlkmbugetekit elig. RbsinebIKµanemdwknaMsMxan;²eT k¾kµangmebikyr[ex<im regimducenhedr. edaysaretvacapabyutþifm kñúgkardak; kmhusetaeliemdwknamcan;x<s;exµrrkhm etibtlð IkrN_enH GnuvtþcMeBaHkrNIExµrRkhmy:agRbesIr. TLð IkrN_TIR)aMKWfa tulakar]rkidæs gáamlatrtdag nuvkarbiténgmebiexarexaenakñúgebls gáam. GñkRbkan; RTwsþIesrIniymTajehtuplfa karbdiesffaminmangmebi exarexakwcaepñkmyyéngmebiexarexapþal;etmþg. kar bgðajbikarbitminrtwmetcatlð IkrN_tamEbbRTwsþIniymeT b:uenþkwcakarbgðajmyyedlekiteligedaygmnacgbönþrjan EdlbBaðaenHnwgelIkmkBiPakSaTak;TgnwgKMnit km<úca. elak qamg yu Casßabnik nigcanaykmcämnðl Éksarkm< úca )anniyaycm²elibbaðaenh. enakñ úgkic smöasn_ myycamyy PItF½r Ly mkbisßaniy_vitüúnigturtssn_ eg>b I>suI elak qamg yu manrbsasn_fa minemncakarpþnþaetaset b:uenþcabbaðabgðajgmbikarbiténkarcak;rkwhsrmab;nitirdæ. vacaerogsrmab;gñkrs;ranmancivitkñúgkarvinicä½y edim,i Kat;GaceFVIdMeNIreTAmux Gt;neTas bmepøcnuvgv IEdl)an ekiteligknøgmk. cmebahelak qamg yu karbgðajnuvkarbit KWmansarsMxan;CagkarpþnÞaeTascarIRbRBwtþbTelI µsetaetot. enakñ úgr)aykarn_segçbkargarsresredayelak PItF½r ehdd½r GñkRsavRCavCan;x<s;GMBIbBaðakm<úCa nigerbntitm½r GñkCMnajkarc,ab;EdlsresrGtßbTmancMNgeCIgfa bukálr)ambirrubrbqmmuxnwgkarkat;etas³ karttylxus RtÚvcMeBaH]RkidækmµRbRBwtþeLIgedayExµrRkhm sresrfa kariyal½yrsavrcav]rkidækmµs gáamnigkarrymkñasrmab; mcämnðléksarkm<úca 47

50 yutþifm GnþrCatisgÇwmfanwgcUlrYmkñúgkic xitxmrbwgerbg rbs;rbcacnkm<úcakñúgkarfana[)annuvvifankarmyycmnyn edim,irkyutþifm cmebahgviedlrbcacn)anttylrg k¾ducca culrymdl;karbegáitnuvéksarrbvtþisa sþrbkbeday surkwtpab. sarsmxan;énkarlatrtdagkarbit qøúhbba amg [exijtamry³snþúhnigel,ónénkarbegáitr)aykarn_ enh. kmµvifisiksaenhcab;epþimecjbikmnitfa Kµantulakar k¾kµankarttylxusrtúvkñúgkarpþl;éksarc,ab;gmbikarsmøab; rgáalenakm<úcaedr ehiyfatamry³karpþl;nuvp½sþútag EbbenH nwgcyykat;esckþiemdwknamexµrrkhm. karrsav RCavcab;epþ ImeFV IeLIgenAqñaM1998 myyqñamerkaybikic crca sþigmbikarbegáittulakarexµrrkhm)ancab;epþim ehiykar rkexijéksarrtúv)ane)ahbum<psayy:agqab;rh½skñúg ry³eblbiqñamerkaymk. r)aykarn_enhpþl;nuvp½sþútag c,as;las;bgðajgmbikarculrymrbs;emdwknamexµrrkhmena kñ úgkarsmøab;rbcacnkm< úca. r)aykarn_minrtwmetbegá It krnirbqamgnwgemdwknamexµrrkhmet b:uenþedaysaréksar mintan;bkerbnige)ahbum<psayenahk¾rymcmenky:agercin dl;karyl;dwggmbirbbexµrrkhmedr. karrsavrcavnig e)ahbum<psayedaypabrh½sebbenhbgðajfabt manenh BitCamansarsMxan;sRmab;tulakarnigsRmab;karBitxøÜn ÉgEtmþg. ducenh TLðIkrN_esrIniymkñúgkarlatRtdag karbit)ancab;epþimbeba j[exijxøünégenakñúgkrniexµr Rkhm ṡrubmkvij vahak;duccafa edim,i[tlðikrn_ebb esriniymrbqamgnwgkarerobcmtulakarkat;etasemdwknam ExµrRkhm RtÚvEtmankarRsavRCavc,as;las;bEnßmeTot GMBIGgÁkarcat;taMgrbs;ExµrRkhmbc úb,nñrbsinebiman. pþúymkvij TLðIkrN_EbbesrIniym)ancab;epþImbgðajxøÜn ÉgrYcehIy ehiyhak;duccamanlt PaBpþl;nUvTLðIkrN_l bmput nigmanrbeyacn_bmputsrmab;rbcacnkm<úca nigbipb elaktamgmul. kñ úgvifienhvahak;duccafa TLð IkrN_EbbesrI 48 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ niymmanlkçn³rwgmamcagtlð IkrN_EbbR)akdniym Edl GaRs½yelIsßanPaBtamsmµtikmµmYycMnYn. TsSn³km< úca karbit yutþ ifm semþcnaykrdæm ni þ hu n Esn RbB½n c,ab;km< úca KWedaysarmUlehtuCak;EsþgEbbenHehIy )anca eyigkyrykkmnitrbs;km<úcamkkitbicarnaenaeblbipaksa bbaðatulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhm. ducedl RbCaCnkm<úCaesÞIrEtTaMgGs;Edlrs;enAsBVéf Føab;qøg kat; b k¾rküsarrbs;kat;føab;cybrbthesaknadkmµrbs;exµr Rkhmy:agdUecñHEdr KWGñkTaMgenHehIyEdlrs;enATaMg kmst;krmnigmangarmµn_epsg²bienhedlbnþalmkbi karrmelapbmban nigkarsøab;)at;bg;civitekiteligenakñ úgrbb ExµrRkhm. RbCaCnkm<úCaminRtwmEt)ans URTaMTb;GarmµN_ esakserggb: uenñahet EtEfmTaMgRtÚvrs;enAedayRbQm muxnwgkarlm)akepñkesdækic neya)ay nigsgámetotpg EdlTaMgGs;enHsuT EtbnSl;TukedayrbbExµrRkhm. CIvit rbs;rbcacnkm<úcasbvéf KWCalT pledaypþal;ecjbi rbbexµrrkhm. etahbicaeyiggacniyay)anfarbcacn km<úcakamrttulakarexµrrkhmk¾bitemn b:uenþehtuplkamrt tulakarenhmanlkçn³sµúksµajnas;. vamanlkçn³ sµ úksµajminrtwmetcamyytssn³neya)ayb: uenñahet b: uenþ Tak;TgnwgGarmµN_dk;Cab;kñúgcitþ TsSn³Ebbvb,Fm nig sasnaefmetotpg. ehtupltak;tgnwggarmµn_ Tak;Tg nwgvb,fm nigsasna BitCaBi)akyl;[)anc,as;Nas;. Gacyl;)anTal;EtGan[)aneRcIn Tak;TgnwgcitþviTüa sti- GarmµN_sgÁmkm<úCa RBHBuT sasna nigebigacetarycrkisþ sasna. CaTUeTA RbCaCnkm<úCak¾mansavtarCatiepSg² BIKña ehiyekitkñ úgcmnan;epsg²bikña. EpñkmYyénGtßbTenH nwgepþatsmxan;etaelivifibiry:agedlswgetniyayfacaehtu plsrmab;erobcm[mantulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhm BIeRBaHvaCaehtuplKµankarRbTajRbTg;nigmanlkçN³ mcämnðléksarkm<úca

51 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ duc²kñaedlrbcacnkm< úcapakercin)anelikelig. ehtupl TaMgBIrenHKWkarBitnigyutþ ifm. ehtuplbiry:agenhk¾tak;tg etanwgbbaðafaetirbcacnkm< úcayl;exijy:agducemþccmebah sucritpabrbs;semþcnaykrdæm nþ I h un Esn nigrdæapi)al rbs;xø Ün RBmTaMgRbB½n c,ab;km<úca. RbFanbTenHk¾nwgRtÚv elikmkbipaksapgedr. CakarKYr[esaksþay manet TsSn³rbs;RbCaCnkm<úCaenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCab:ueNÑaHEdl )anelikmkbipaksaeblenh. k karbit karesvgrkkarbitmansarsmxan;enakñúgkrmitmyy EdlGMeBIeXareXAenAkñ úgrbbexµrrkhmgacrtúv)ancgrkg CaÉksar[)aneBjeljCapøÚvkar CYykat;bnßykarQW cab;dl;gñkedlrs;ranmancivitcakputbirbbenahnigcug erkaykwcyypþl;nuverogr:avebjeljcagcié nþy_myy srmab;yuvv½ycmnan;erkayesvgyl;. elak qamg yu naykmcämnðléksarkm<úcakwcacncatiexµrmyyrub kñúgcmenamcncatiexµrdétetotedlh anniyaycm² Tak;Tg nwgbbaðaexµrrkhm. savtarcatirbs;elakefvi[elakman lkçn³sm,tþirkb;rkan;srmab;[elakniyayerogenh. erkaybimkrs;enashrdægaemrikrbmancitbirtsvtsr_ elak)anrtlb;mkrbetskm<úcavij cab;epþimcgrkg ÉksarEdlGacrk)anTak;TgnwgrbbExµrRkhm. mcämnðl Éksarkm<úCaTTYlxusRtÚvxagRbEmRbmUlÉksarEfrkSa nigpsbvpsayéksartak;tgnwgmnþirtylesøgrbs;exµrrkhm ÉksarExµrRkhmTUeTA nigrsavrcavtyelxgñkedl)an søab;enakñúgrbbexµrrkhm EdlkMBugEtdMeNIrkarminTan;cb; enaeliy. Tak;TgnwgkarEsVgrkkarBit elak qamg yu man Rbsasn_enAkñúgkic smöasn_camyy PItF½r Ly fa vamin EmnCaerOgpþnÞaeTaseT b: uenþvacaeroglatrtdagnuvkarbit. Cakarc,as;Nas;fa KMnitenHKYrEtykmkKitKUrBicarNa. tulakarenanurimb Wk )anlatrtdagnuvéksarrbs;bks NahSúIrbs;GaløWm:g; cmenktulakarkat;etasexµrrkhm k¾nwglatrtdagnuvéksarrbs;exµrrkhmedr. tulakar enhminemnniyaygmbikarkmukynsgswkrbs;gñkrs;ranman CIvitcakputBIrbbExµrRkhmeT b:uenþtulakarenhnwgcyypþl; nuvcemøiyetanwgsmnyrd¾smxan;. RbCaCnkm<úCanigRbCaCn TUeTARKan;Etcg;dwgfaetImanGV IxøHekIteLIgkalBIsm½yenaH. erogr:avedlgñksl;bisøab;)annitaneligtak;tgnwg sm½yexµrrkhm KWmanlkçN³kmSt;Rbhak;RbEhlKña. vacaerogr:avqwcab; b:uenþqwcab;eliragkayenahvaman krmitticet. pþúymkvij erogr:avqwcab;xøamgkwenartg;fa )at;bg;rküsar nigkarnwkmémexijsmacikrküsarrtúvnam yketasmøab;ecalenacmebahmuxxøüny:agc,as;rkelt. esaknadkmµenh)annigkmbugtamlgrbcacnkm<úcags; CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy. témøcivitmnussmingackat;éfø)an eliy. RbCaCnRbmaN1muWn2Ban;nak;RtÚv)ancab;mkeFVI TaruNkmµenATIRkúgPñ MeBj. Cu M mu I Gayu69qñaM CaCagCYsCul rfynþ RtÚvcab;mkdak;enATYlEsøgGs;ry³eBl6Ex. erkaybib dmnwgfaggákarshrbcacatiqb;crcagmbierog begáittulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhmkalbicugexkumö³ knøgeta CMgWsRmanþminlk;)anmkyayIelIrUbKat;saCafµ I. enakñúggtßbtmyycuhpsayenakñúgkaestv:asuinetanb:usþ CuM mu I niyayfa subingarkk;)anmkyayicivit etotehiy. manettulakaretedlgacbenþjexµacbisacecjbigarmµn_ rbs;kat; b:uenþrbsinebikµanyutþifm mnussduccarub enh nwgttylrgtarunkmµcaerogral;éf. GñkEdlsl;BIsøab; enakñúgrbbexµrrkhm mancmgwepñkragkaynigsµartimkdl; sbvéf. CMgWenHkan;EterIxøaMgeLIgenAeBlGñkRbRBwtþGMeBI GaRkk;mkelIGñkEdlenArs;TaMgenaH minrtúvdak;[ttyl xusrtúvcmebahtegvirbs;xøüntampøúvc,ab;. kan;etqwcab;cag enhetaetotenah KWKat;rs;enACamYyGñkEdlmancMENkTTYl xusrtúvenakñ úgrbbexµrrkhm ehiykat;mingacefvigvigñktamg enah)an. ducmnussmñak;)anniyayfa smøab;mnussmyy muwnnak;gayrsylnwgrycxøüncagsmøab;mnussetmñak;eta mcämnðléksarkm<úca 49

52 M ú M ú etot. krnienhhak;biduccakrnirbs;exµrrkhmduecñh Edr. KµanGñkNaGacerobrab;[Gs;nUvPaBGyutþiFm Edl ekiteligcmebahrbcacnkm< úcaet. cmebahrbcacnkm<úcarab; lannak;enakñ úgnigerkarbetskm< úca vahak;duccafarbcacn TaMgenaHsmEtTTYl)any:agehacNas;nUvkareqøIytb myycmnynbicntamglayedlmankarttylxusrtúvx<s;bmput. TidæPaBmYyeTotkñúgkarEsVgrkkarBitEdlGacman lkçn³bi)aksrmab;[gñkbs imrbetsyl;kwfa karesvg rkkarbitminrtwmetsrmab;cnrgerkahedl)anryccakput BIrbbExµrRkhmb:ueNÑaHeT b:uenþkarbitsrmab;gñkedl)an søab;)at;bg;civitedr. enakñ úgrbetskm< úca vissmkalmyy Edlcat;TukfaCavisSmkalsMxan;CagbuNücUlqñaMRbéBNI CatieTotenaHKWbuNüP úbinð. enakñ úgbifibunüp úbinð RbCaCn km< úcaykmð ÚbcMNIeTARbeKnRBHsgÇenAvtþnige)aH)aybiNÐ enarbhviharedim,i]tþ iskusldl;jatisnþanedl)anlacak elaketa. enatamekhdæanrbs;gñkkan;rbhbut sasna eyigminrtwmetexijfub eton Twk nigmð ÚbGaharenAranGñkta b:uenñahet b:uenþefmtamgexijrubftbak;knþalxøünrbs;gñk EdlTTYlGnic kmµetotpg. TegVIenHKWCakarbgðajnUvkar ykcitþtukdak;etaeligñkedlttylmrnpab. BuT sasnik km<úcaminepøcsmacikrküsaredlttylmrnpabet pþúy etavijeknwkkitesþireterogral;éf. enaéf cgkmhwg 20 ]spa RbCaCnkm< úca)anrbmulpþ MKñaenATUTaMgRbeTskm< úca edim,irmb kdl;vibaøankçn GñkEdl)ansøab;)at;bg;CIvitenA kñúgrbbexµrrkhm. ekalbmngsmxan;éntivacgkmhwgenh KWeFVIeLIgsRmab;rMB kmþgehiymþgetot [kat;etasemdwknam ExµrRkhmEdlTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHbTRbl½yBUCsasn_nig ]TÞisbYgsYgbBa Únkusldl;GñkEdllacakelakeTA. manrbcacncaercin)angeba IjeTAeCIgÉkEdlCaval BiXatl,ICageKenAkm<úCa. qñamcugerkayenhmanrbcacn RbmaNbIBan;nak; )anmanvtþmanenavalbixatedlman cm ayrbehl15kilúem:rtpakxagt,úgracfanipñmebj. 50 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ enatienhmansþ ÚbsamBaØmYyEdlmanBN RbepHeFV IGMBIsu Im:g;t_ dak;kba k;b½t CuMvij pþúketaedayllad_k,alnigsemøók bmbak;rbs;saksbrbman9ban; EdlRtÚv)anrkeXIj enaek,r²brievnvtþecigék. vtþenhminsuvx<s;b:unµanetebi erbóbefobetanwggkarnanaenakñúgtirkúg. sþúbecigékman km<s;bircan; RKbdNþb;enAelIvalesµAelITITYlCRmal. sþúbecigék nigrenþasaksbedlkas;rycehiy CamYynwg edimeqimyyedimmandmedkekaledlniyaygmbierogr:av EdlExµrRkhmykekµgeTAe)akk,alkemÞcmuneBle)aH culetakñúgrenþasaksbrymenah KWCakarrMB ktucmyyén RBwtþikarN_KYr[RBWRBÜcEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgTItaMgenH. TItaMgvalBiXateCIgÉkemIlBIcm aymanlkçn³duckñaeta nwgtitamgs b;es ómnanaenakñúgrbetskm<úcaedr. enagmlúg BiFIbuNüP MbiNÐ Ék]tþm Ca supar:a GtIt GPi)alraCFanI PñMeBjEdl)an)at;bg;jatisnþanGs;27nak;rYmTaMgmþay begáitpg )anqrniyayenavalbixatenhfa KµanGV IKYr[ sgs½yetfa emdwknamexµrrkhmrtúvetnamykmkkat;etas cmebahmuxc,ab; ebiminduecñhetvibaøankçn rbs;cnrgerkahnwg minetakan;suktipbeliy. KMnitrbs;RbCaCnkm<úCakñúgkar kat;etasgtitemdwknamexµrrkhmminrtwmetkat;bnßykar QWcab;rbs;RbCaCnpÞal;b:ueNÑaHeT Etkat;bnßykarQW cab;rbs;jatisnþanrbs;xø ÜnEdl)ansøab;)at;bg;CIviteTot pg. tamkaryl;exijepsg²etotexijfa vahak;ducca fakarqwcab;rbs;jatisnþanedl)ansøab;)at;bg;civit smxan;cagkarqwcab;rbs;xøünetaetot BIeRBaHfaKWGñkEdl søab;)at;bg;civittamgenahehiyedl)an)at;bg;ercincag ek nig)annamcakputbibipbenh. smxan;edrenahbierbahfa CnrgeRKaHEdlsøab;)at;bg;CIviteTAehIyenaHElgman smelgetotehiy ebalkwvagars½yetenaeligñkedlena rs;ranmancivitetb:uenñahedlcyyrkkarbitnigyutþifm dl; xøün. karesvgrkkarbitminrtwmetnamykcnedlmankar TTYlxusRtÚvmkpþnÞaeTasb: uenñahet EteFV I[R)akdfaerOgr:av mcämnðléksarkm<úca

53 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ rbs;gñkedl)ansøab;)at;bg;civitbitcartúv)anelikmk niyayr)ab;etagñkepsgetot[dwgnuvgviedlekiteligcmebah Kat;. b: ehg )annamkunrbús[culrymenaéf bunüenahedr edim,ibgðaj[kunrbúsrbs;kat;dwgnuvkarqwcab;edlkat; )anttylrgkalbicmnan;mun ehiy[kun)anexijcak;esþg ducedlkat;)anniyayr)ab;kunknøgmkgmbibbaðaexµrrkhm Edl)ansmøab;bgRbúsrbs;Kat;. KIm b unfm kmµkarini efvikarenatirkúgpñmebjcmruj[ rdæapi)alesvgrkyutþifm srmab;rbcacnrab;lannak;edlttylrgerkah eday sñaédexµrrkhm. b unfm kmbugniyaygmbigñkedlcakputbi rbbexµrrkhmniggñkedlmanetllad_k,altermóbena kñúgvtþedlenaetexagavray):ayenatammat;renþatuc² nigenatambenþaypøúvlmenatitamgvalbixat. mantulakar rkyutþ ifm [minemnsrmab;etrbeyacn_rbs;gñkrs;ranman CIvitBIrbbExµrRkhmEtb:ueNÑaHeT. karesvgrkkarbitminrtwmetnammknuvsnþipabsrmab; CnrgeRKaHénrbbExµrRkhmb:ueNÑaHeT b:uenþpþl;nuvkaryl; dwgdl;yuvv½ycmnan;erkay[dwgnuvgviedl)anekitelig. elak qamg yu manrbsasn_enakñúg Times Educational Supplement fa minsuvmangñkecobierogenhet. kumarakumari CaeRcInmineCOnUvGVIEdl)anekIteLIgknøgmkeT. kumara kumaritamgenahminecofakunh ansmøab;bukmþayxøünégenah et. kumarimyyrubedlmincg;beba jeq~ah )anniyayena kasr)arb BiFITivacgkMhwgenAeCIgÉkfa minsuvdwg erogexµrrkhmb:unµanet b:uenþ dwggtßn½yrbl½ybucsasn_ enhedaysar eronenasala. CnNak¾eday[EtTTYlxus RtÚvBIbTRbl½yBUCsasn_ RtÚvEtnaMmkkat;eTas edim,ikum [GMeBIenHekIteLIgCafµIeTot. tamsmþirbs;kumarirubenh bgðajfa GVIEdl)anekIteLIgRtÚvEteFVI[saFarNCndwgB ehiysarsmxan;énkardwgenhminemnedim,irtwmetdwgb:uenñah et EtedIm,IFanafaRbvtþ isa sþenhnwgminvilfyerkaymþg etoteliy. ECkXI n½rdam mkbivitüú National Public Radio niyaygmbiehtuplnigkþ IsgÇwmmYycMnYnEdlelIkeLIgeday enli eb:ly mkbirkúmkargarsit imnusslikadufa >>>karbit Tak;Tgnwgsm½yExµrRkhmminRtÚv)anbeRgónenAtamsala eronet ehiyniyayetotfatulakarnwggaccgrkgca ÉksarGMeBIeXareXAedIm,IkuM[ePøc. edaysarrbbexµr RkhmminEmnCaRbFanbTsikSasu ICeRmAenAtamsalaeron b RbEhlmanbeRgónEdr EtmankRmitticbMputenaHtulakar kat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhmkwcavifimyysrmab;psbvpsay Bt man CaBiesssRmab;yuvv½yCMnan;eRkay. karesvg rkkarbitminemnsrmab;etcnrgerkahedlenars;nigsøab; b:uenñahet b:uenþsrmab;gñkedlgacminføab;)andwgerogr:av EdlGñkcas;TuMkñúgRKÜsarminEdlniyayR)ab;eTotpg. erogr:avtamgenhkwsrmab;kunrbs;kumarakumarisbvéf nigtkun tecaetarhut. mü:agvijetotvifienhmanlkçn³duckñaeta nwgrebobedlrbcacnkm<úcaesvgrkkarbitsrmab;gñkedl )ansøab;)at;bg;civitpg. CaviFIEsVgrkkarBitsRmab;Gñk EdlminTan;ekIt ehiykaresvgrkkarbitminemnsrmab;et RkúmNamYyeLIy b:uenþsrmab;rbcacnkm<úcatuetaedl)an TTYlnigRtÚvTTYl\T iblbirbbexµrrkhmenaéf GnaKt. enli eb:ly niyaybnþab;mketotfa KitfavaCakarsMxan; cmebaheyigrkb;kñaedim,idwggmbirbvtþ isa sþrbs;eyig etahca Rbvtþisa sþenahl kþigarkk;kþi. eyigcam)ac;rtúvdwgfaeyig CanrNa. GñkRsIcg;niyayfa RbCaCnkm<úCaenAEt BüayamEsVgyl;GtþsBaØaNrbs;xøÜn Rbvtþirbs;xøÜn nig Rbvtþisa sþrbs;rbetsxøün. karesvgrkkaryl;dwgebb enhkwminmanetmyycmnan;et. pþúyetavij karesvgrkenh nwgbnþetaéf muxd¾yurgegvgnigercincmnan;etot. mantulakar edim,ilatrtdagkarbitnwgefvi[karrsavrcavkan;etqab; rh½snigkan;etgayrsyl. b: ehg k¾niyayenativacg kmhwgtak;tgnwgkunrbúsrbs;kat;fa eblenh cg;[kun exijedaypþal;epñknuvkarqwcab;edlmnusscmnan;eyig )anqøgkat;. menaseba tnaenhehiyedldk;cab;kñúgcitþ mcämnðléksarkm<úca 51

54 GñkrYcputBIrbbExµrRkhmRKb;²rUb. ehtuplkñúgkaresvgrkkarbittamggs;enherbób duccakarpshrbysgñkedlryccakputbirbbexµrrkhm karnam mknuvpabs b;garmµn_rbs;gñkedl)at;bg;civiteta nig karpþl;éksarsrmab;kunecacmnan;erkay TaMgGs;enH)an BUnpþúMKñaenAkñúgKMnitsamBaØmYybBa ak;fa GMeBIeXareXATaMg enhminkyrbmepøcecaleliy. ECkXI n½rdam niyayfa tulakarnwgrtúv)ancgrkgcaéksaredim,ikum[epøc. enakñúgkarrsavrcavcaercinbbaðaedlelikeligduc²kñatak; TgnwgRbCaCnkm<úCaKWfa ekcg;[rbcacndwggmbirbvtþisa sþrbs;xøün. RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIncg;EckrMElknUv GVI²Edl)anekIteLIgcMeBaHxøÜn edim,irksatukcaéksar Rbvtþisa sþ. karttylrgnuvkarrmelapbmbanrycehiy k¾bmepøcecal karedlmanmnusssøab;cagmyylannak; rycehiybmepøcgñkedlsøab;)at;bg;civittamgenah nigkmnit yl;exijfa yuvv½ycmnan;erkaybummangviedlrtúvbmepøc enahkwcakarkitd¾kyr[p½yxøacnigesaksþay. edaysar Rbvtþisa sþrtúvetrk[exij cgrkgtuk nigrksatukedim,i Tb;sáat;kuM[ekIteLIgsaCafµI ducenhvasuikñaxøamgnas;camyy nwgkrnikm<úca. sbvéf enh Rbvtþisa sþexµrrkhmkmbuget RtÚv)anEsVgrkehIy. x yutþ ifm yuvsiss Kab viburt Gayu17qñaM )anniyayena kñúgtivacgkmhwgenaeblggáúycitmþaybegáitmangayu54 qñam eqµah b: ehg enacitrenþasaksbrymfa xwgnas; enaebl)anexijeblenh. etiyutþifm enaénaeta?. enhkwcasmnyredlmanrbcacnkm<úcacaercinrub)anecat elig. KMniténBaküyutþiFm KWfaGñkEdlTTYlxusRtÚv KYrEt namykmkkat;etascmebahmuxc,ab;. KWKMnityutþ ifm enhehiy EdlnwgRtÚvelIkmkniyayenAkñúgGtßbTenHBIeRBaHfa enhkwcagviedleketgetniyay enaebledlekniyaygmbi yutþifm. k¾b:uenþedaysaretkarbermi[yutþifm GaRs½y 52 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ etaelirbb½n c,ab;edltulakarzitkñúgkarrbtibtþitssn³ rbs;rbcacnkm< úcacmebahrdæapi)alrbs;xø ÜnÉgenaHKWsemþc naykrdæm niþ hu n Esn nigrbb½n c,ab;km<úcanwgrtúvelik mkbipaksaedr. enakñúgkrniexµrrkhmkarttylxusrtúvtamg enahkwcakarttylxusrtúvcmebahkarsøab;rbs;rbcacnkm<úca cmnyn1lan7esnnak;kñúgry³kalcag3qñam. karbegáit elignuvtulakarkwedim,iesvgrkkarbitnigdak;[ttylxusrtúv cmebahkarsmøab;rgáal. edaysaretekalbmngénkar kat;etastamglaykwkaresvgrkkarbit nigdak;etasgñk EdlRbRBwtþxus duecñhekalbmngrbs;tulakarkat;etas ExµrRkhmnigmUlehtuEdlRbCaCnkm< úcakamrt[mantulakar k¾duckña. kargak;gn;citþmyyrbs;rbcacnkm<úca KWyutþiFm duccartúv)anb kmbugefvieligenakñúgrbetsepsg²edl)an CYbRbTHerOgRbl½yBUCsasn_ duccaenarv :an;da esr:aelgun niggtityueháasøavi b:uenþtulakarenah)anmancit25qñameta ehiycab;bigmebiexarexarbs;exµrrkhm)anekitelig. ECkXI Cut énvitüúcatisafarn³ niyayeligvijgmbikmnit rbs;elak ela m:ugéh GtIt nayksßab½nexµredim,i RbCaFibetyü ela niyayfa Kat;minyl;ehtuGVI)anCa cg;[manyutþifm edim,ikat;etascmebahpabexarexaena bu senonigrv:an;da b:uenþebrcamingac[km<úcamanyutþifm eta vij. elak qamg yu sresrfa enaesr:aelgun GgÁkar shrbcacatikmbugetcyydl;karsßabnatulakarbiess nigsum,ietenaeblrkadgtitedimkmeniténrbbrbl½ybuc sasn_rbetssw ubd¾fm )ansermcniretsgñkedlttylxus RtÚvcMeBaHbT]Rkidæd¾yg;XñgEdl)anRbRBwtþenAkñúgTsvtSr_ qñam1990>>>tamgbir)ancab;ecatbibtca]rkidæcns gáam. niyaybiepjóvmñak;etotenakñúgkmµvifivitüú ECkXI n½rdam niyaybnþfa RKÚbeRgón sak; smb Un yl;rsb. Kat; )ancmnayebl4qñam CIkERBkTaMgLayenAkñúgsm½yExµr Rkhm ehiymþayrbs;kat;nigbgb ÚnBIrnak;RtÚvemdwknaM mcämnðléksarkm<úca

55 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ ExµrRkhmsmøab; ehiyerkaymketot sak; niyayfa RbCaCnenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCaRtÚvkaryutþiFm xøamgnas;. karkitrbs;elak sak; smb Un bgðajnuvpablm)akevtnad¾ GyutþiFm EdlKat;xMGt;Fµt; nigr)ab;bikarsøab;rbs;rküsar Kat;edaysarEtExµrRkhm. vabgðajfa Kat;k¾dUcCa RbCaCnkm<úCadéTeTot)anqøgkat;y:aglM)akb:unNa b:uenþ KµanGVIRtÚv)aneFVIedIm,Idak;eTasGñkEdlRbRBwtþenaHenA eliy. Kat;)anbBa ak;fa RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgGs;mantRmÚv karyutþifm enh. karcg;)anyutþ ifm enhrtúvefv IeLIg[mankarKabsgát; EfmeTot edaysareteblevlaknøgetatamgbipabexarexa énrbbexµrrkhm)anekitelig. ECkXI n½rdam én NPR niyaybiepjóvmñak;edl)anniyaytamry³gñkbkerbmñak; fa v:an; Nat )anniyayfa Kat;rg;caMyutþiFm Gs;Cag 23qñaMehIy ehiyetibetmanemdwknamexµrrkhmcab;xm uxamg EtBIrnak;b:ueNÑaH. esckþidkrsg;bibtsmöasn_rbs;vitüú nigturtssn_eg>b I>suI CamYyelak qamg yu manrbsasn_fa \LÚvenHKWCaeBlEdlkm<úCabgðajkarykcitþTukdak;rbs; xø ÜncMeBaHkarnaMykExµrRkhmeTAkat;eTasehIy. Cit25qñaM etaehiy KYrEtlµmdl;eBlbBa b;erogr:avkat;etasgñkedl TTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHGVIEdl)anekIteLIg. etahbicayutþifm cam)ac;srmab;rbcacnkm<úcak¾eday k¾vartúvkarsþg;dargnþrcatiedr. duccatlðikrn_ebbesri niymfa tulakarbmp½y]rkidæcns gáamepsgetot ebledl mantulakarkat;kþimyybgðajetacmebahbipbelaktamgmul fa]rkidæcnmingacrycxøünbigmebiexarexarbs;ekebbenh )aneliy. pþúyetavij rdæapi)alkm<úcartúvmankatbvkic cmebahrbcacnrbs;xøün nigshkmn_gnþrcatiedim,ieqø Iytb nwgkarcg;)antulakargnþrcatimyy. elak qamg yu manrbsasn_fa KWc,as;eTAehIyEdlfaExµrRkhmk¾ rmelapc,ab;gnþrcatiedr duecñhvacakatbvkic cmebahshkmn_ GnþrCatiEdlrdæaPi)alenaHRtÚvEtTTYlxusRtÚv. b:uenþ RbCaCnkm<úCak¾)andwgEdrfa shkmn_gnþrcatigacedir tynatikan;etfmcagenhetaetot KWkarEsVgrkyutþiFm. ena kñúggtßbtmyyrbs;kaestv:asuigetanb:usþi_ elak qamg yu manrbsasn_fa [emex~rrkhmtamggs;enhekcputbikar vinicä½yrkan;etcakarbicarnad¾kyr[qwcab;myyb:uenñah. eti[xatkrsmøab;mnussercinfñak;enhrycxøüny:agem:cnwg ekit? etirdæapi)alrbs;eyigbenþay[erogenhekitelig em:cnwg)an? etibipbelakbenþay[vaekitedayrebob Na?. TsSn³rbs;RbCaCnkm<úCacMeBaHtulakarkat;kþI myyminrtwmetrihkn;rdæapi)alpþal;rbs;xøünetb:uenñahet ena manshkmn_gnþrcatiefmetot. etahbicamankaresñismu[esvgrkyutþifm tamry³ tulakark¾eday k¾va)anbba ak;[exijy:agc,as;etaehiy fa RbCaCnkm<úCasMu[tulakarkat;kþIedayRtwmRtÚvnig yutþ ifm. enakñ úgbtsmöasn_camyyvitüú NPR elak ela m: ugéh niyayfa Kµankarkat;kþIRbesIrCagmankarkat;kþIminRtwm RtÚv. eticmnucsmxan;énkarkat;kþikwrbsinebivaminnammk nuvyutþifm BitR)akdeTenaH?. elak sm rgsúi emdwknam pþal;énknbksrbqamgnwgsemþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn EdlRKb;RKgKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa niyaygmbikardkxøün ecjbikarbipaksakarkat;kþirbs;ggákarshrbcacatikal BIExkumÖ³knøgeTAfa GgÁkarshRbCaCatieFVIRtÚvEdldkxøÜn ecjbikarkat;kþimintmngenh Edlsemþcnaykrdæm nþi hu n Esn cg;[man. etahbicamanmnussmyycmnynghgagfaman karkat;etasxøhl CagKµank¾eday k¾enamangñkepsgetot RbEkky:agxøaMgfa eksuxcitþ[kµangviesahcacag[man elçankat;kþi. enhedaysaretkartamtarrbs;rdæapi)al km<úcasþigmbisþg;daréntulakarkat;etasexµrrkhmmin)an [tulakarenahefvitamkrmitsþg;dartulakargnþrcati PaB yutþifm nignitivific,ab;rtwmrtúv. bbaðasþibipabyutþifm nig RtwmRtÚvcugeRkayenHnaMmknUvkarykcitþTukdak;GMBIsemþc naykrdæm niþ hu n Esn nigrdæapi)alkm<úca RBmTaMgRbB½n mcämnðléksarkm<úca 53

56 c,ab;rbs;km<úca. K semþcnaykrdæm ni þ hu n Esn karecocak;rbs;rbcacnkm<úcacmebahsemþcnayk rdæm niþ hu n Esn nigrdæapi)alrbs;bykekgacrtúv)an cat;tuknigkusbba ak;fa CaCMenOmYyEdleBareBjeday karsgs½y. cab;tamgbikarbipaksagmbitulakarkat;etas ExµrRkhm)ancab;epþImmk semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn énknbksrbcacnkm<úca kmbugetnammuxkarcrcacamyy GgÁkarshRbCaCatiedIm,IsMuCMnYykñ úgkarbegá Ittulakarkat; etasgtitemdwknamexµrrkhmenakñúgqñam1997. b:uenþ TaMgRbCaCnkm<úCanigshKmn_GnþrCati)anyl;GMBIPaB sþak;esþir nigkarbgðajmtipþúykña Edlsemþcnaykrdæm nþi mancmebahtulakaredlmankñúgeblevgedlrtúvrbmerbóg eliepñkmyycmnynénkarkat;kþi nigkarbgðaj[exijnuvpab xuskñanigvatb,divatrbs;kat;. karbibn naxøh²cabnþbnþab; rbs;semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn nigrdæapi)alkm<úca RtÚv)anriHKn;edayRbCaCnkm<úCa b:uenþmanrbcacnkm<úca myycmnynmancm l;enakñúgcitþetbnþicbnþüc. elak sm rgsúi KWCasMeLgd¾xøaMgmYykñúgcMeNam smelgd¾b ²Tak;TgeTAnwgtulakarkat;eTasExµrRkhmehIy minxøacnwgniyayedaycmhgmbitssn³rbs;kat;cmebahsemþc naykrdæm niþ hu n Esn nigracrdæapi)alkm<úcaeliy. etahbicakat;emdwknaménknbksrbqamgk¾eday TsSn³ rbs;kat;rtúv)anrymcmenkbirbcacnkm< úcacaercinetotnig )anniyayedayminlak;elom. elak sm rgsú I )anniyay fa drabnasemþc hu n Esn/ RbFanrdæsPa semþc Ca su Im niggñkdwknamtmnagknbksrbcacnkm< úcaenamangmnac eyig mingacsgçwmfanwgmankarkat;etasrbkbeday yutþifm cmebahemdwknamexµrrkhmedlkyr[ecocak;)an eliy. elak ela m: ugéh mantssn³rbhak;rbehlkñaenh EdrenAeBlEdlKat;niyayfa semþc hu n Esn mincg;)an tulakarbitr)akdet. Kat;RKan;EtKaMRTtulakarenaHedIm,I 54 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ plrbeyacn_xagneya)aypþal;xøünetb:uenñah. man smnyrfmµtamyycmebahsemþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn nig ectnabitrbs;kat;sþ IBItulakarkat;eTasExµrRkhm. elak sak; smb Un niyayenakñ úgvitüúnpr fa cmebah karkat;etas bt]rkidækwcaerogsmxan;myyedlcam)ac;rtúvmanminfabykek manectnab KµanenaHeT b: uenþminemnenaebledlvagars½y eliknbksrkb;rkgeliy. GñkdwgehIyfa rdæapi)alrbs; eyigduccaekµgmñak;. karedlduccaekµgmñak;kwvaminkyr[ Tukcitþb rmbwgtukfanwgefvigvi²edaym:t;ct;etedaysaretekµg mñak;gacrbrbwtþetatamtmenigcitþedlmanrkb;ebl. GtßbT myyrbs;kaestv:asuigetanb:usþ sresrfa m nþiggákar shrbcacatigñkdwknamrbqamgrbs;km<úcaniggñk]btßmöepñk sit imnuss)anecatbbaðacmebahkarsnüa[mantulakaryutþ ifm myyrbs;semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn. erogenhbgðaj farbcacncaercinmkbirkúmepsg²kñamankmnitsgs½yduc KñacMeBaHsemþc hu n Esn. GtßbTmYyeTotenAkñ úgkaest júvy:kefmsresrfa semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn Edl niyaysmþicugerkayrbs;kat;enatienh )anesvgrkneya- )ayénpabmincak;lak;faetikat;cg;[mankarkat;etasb et. enakñ úggtßbtrbs; Gu infw erbs manesckþidkrsg; myyedlganedaypþal;bisemþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn fa minxvl;faggákarshrbcacaticulrymkñ úgtulakarkat;etas b k¾gt;et ehiyfa CnbreTsminKYrRKb;RKgtulakarkat; etasexµrrkhmeliy. CamYyesckþ IdkRsg;enH semþc naykrdæm ni þ hu n Esn minxvl;gmbikarculrymrbs;ggákar shrbcacatiet. enaebledlggákarshrbcacatisgçwm nwgefvitulakarkat;etasmyy[manpabyutþifm nigrtwmrtúv Rsbc,ab;enaH karniyay\txvl;xvayenhkmbugetmansnþúh KYr[PJak;ep IlnigFøak;témø. TaMgenHRKan;EtCaesckþIEføg xøh²enakñúgsarbt mancaercinedlbgðajbikarminebjcitþ CamYynwgsemþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn EdllabBN rubpabrbs;kat;tamgmul[manmnþilsgs½y. mcämnðléksarkm<úca

57 þ EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ cmenkmyyénp½sþútagedlbgðajfaectnarbs; semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn xusebøkkñabibmngedl Kat;bgðajcMeBaHsarBt man GacrkeXIjenAkñúgkarsnÞna myyrvagkat;nignaykrdæm nþiéf QYn likép enakñúgqñam enakñ úgkarsnþnaenah Kat;niyayGMBIGtItemdwknaM ExµrCan;x<s;bIrUb edayniyayfa RbsinebI tam:uk/ nyn Ca nig exov smpn )at;xøünvacakarl. shrdægaemrikrtúvkar BYkeK b: uenþ mangarmµn_fa emdwknamtamgenahnwgmincuhcaj; cmebahsßanpabnamyyeliy. RbsinebIBYkeKGacrkkEnøg RCkNamYyEdlKµanGñkNarkeXIjvaBitCadMeNaHRsay d¾l bmput. enakñúgkarniyayebbenh semþckt;smáal;fa GtItemdwknaMCan;x<s;TaMgbIrUbenHnwgminGs;sgÇwmcMeBaHxøÜn eket ehiybenþay[bykekmankenøgrckbynepsgetot edim,iecosbikarefviduecñh. etahbicavaminr)akdc,as;fa semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn kmbugetesñi[rbetséflak; BYkEx~rRkhm CYyBYkEx~rRkhm[eKcxøÜneTARbeTscinb smøab;bykex~rrkhmy:agnak¾eday vabgðaj[exijfa semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn minykcitþtukdak;cmebahkar kat;etasesaheliy. KYrEtkt;smÁal;fa CnTaMgbIrUbenH KWCaEpñkrbs;bkçCn7nak;sRmab;karkat;eTasEdl esþehvn ehdw )anbba ÚlenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs;Kat; ehiyedl RbEhlCaCnTaMgbIrUbenHRtÚvnaMmkkat;eTas RbsinebI tulakar)anekitelig. esckþ IEføgrbs;semþcnaykrdæm ni hu n Esn enhpþúytamgrsugetanwggviedlkat;)anr)ab; sarbt man ehiyedlfartúvetkat;etasnignamgñkrbrbwtþ btelµismkkan;tulakarkat;kþi. semþcnaykrdæm ni þ hu n Esn )antajplrbeyacn_ BIkarKaMRT[mantulakar b:uenþk¾mankarxøacjejitxøh² Edr. elak ela m:ugéh niyayfa Kat;KaMRTtulakar edim,iplrbeyacn_neya)ayetb:uenñah. RbeyaCn_xag neya)ayenhkwcarbeyacn_tamgkñúgrsukniggnþrcati. KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaGHGagfa karttylxusrtúvmyycmnyn cmebahkarsmu[kgt½bevotnamcyybenþjexµrrkhmedl CakareqøIytbmYypþl;[BYkeKmaneQµaHl. etahbicaman Cab;Tak;TinnwghaynP½yEdlnwgRtÚvBiPakSaeBleRkayk¾ eday k¾karcmruj[mantulakarmyygacefvi)anduckñaedr. enaebledlrbcacnkm<úcaesþirettamggs;cg;)antulakar kar]btßmöcasafarn³rbs;knbksrbcacnkm<úcacmebah CMnYytulakarenAEtbnþKaMRTBIRbCaCnkm< úcamyycmnynetot. GtßbTmYyrbs; GuinFWeRbs swvis sresrfa karculrym rbs;ggákarshrbcacatienakñúgkarkat;etasexµrrkhm>>> nwgcyycmruj[semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn kan;etman smgagelismrpumineya)aysmxan;myy Edltulakaresu Ib GegátbT]Rkidærbs;ExµrRkhmEdl)anRbRBwtþGMLúgeBl kan;kab;gmnac. vak¾nwgmkdl;édedrsrmab;kare)aheqñat CaTUeTAenAqñaM2003. s unén pas uk CaGñkRsavRCav enabnþajgas anena)agkkedim,irbcafibetyü niyayfa nitüanukulpabrbs;semþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn KWCavtßú myyedlsemþc kmbugetxmbüayamy:agxøamgedim,i[)an sermc. semþcnaykrdæm ni þ hu n Esn minemnxmrbwgerbg edim,ittylnuvnitüanukulpabenakñ úgrbetsrbs;kat;etb: uenñah et. s unén pas uk k¾niyayedrfa Kat;kMBugEtBüayam Eklm rubragrbs;kat;edim,i[mankarttylsáal;cagnþrcati. KWkarTTYlsÁal;enHehIyEdlmansarsMxan;bMputsRmab; km<úca. RbeTskm<úCaKWCaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRbeTs RkIRkbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak ehiykmbugetrbwgerbgegib ecjbirbvtþisa sþéns gáamd¾yur[køaycarbetsman RbCaFibetyü. tulakarrbeptenhbgðajbipbelak[ exijfa RbeTskm<úCakMBugBüayam[xøÜnÉgRbesIreLIg. karkamrt[mantulakarminrtwmetefvi[rbetskm<úcaman lkçn³l RbesIreT vaefmtamgmankartamtarbirbets elakxaglic[mantulakar. mantmnas;smxan;²birsþ IGMBItulakarEdlsemþcnayk rdæm niþ hu n Esn nigrdæapi)alkm<úca mankarminebjcitþ³ mcämnðléksarkm<úca 55

58 myykwsemþcnaykrdæm niþ hu n Esn pþal; nigsmacikepsg etotrbs;rdæapi)al nwgrtúvefvi[gam:as;cmebahbt manedl bgðajgmbikarcab;tak;tgrbs;xøüncamyyexµrrkhm nigtibir KWRbeTscinnwgElgmanmitþPaB RbsinebItulakarRtÚv)an begáitehiy)andwgfarbetscinmantynatismxan;enakñúgecak C½yrbs;ExµrRkhm. enaeblcab;epþiménrbbexµrrkhm semþcnayk rdæm niþ hu n Esn KWCaembBa akareyafafñak;tabmñak; b: uenþ erkaymk)anrt;etarbetsevotnamenakñúgqñam1977. sarbt manküúdusresrtamsmþ Irbs;elak sm rgsú I fa Kat; niyayfa embba akarexµrrkhmfñak;knþalcaercinedl RbRBwtþGMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_valBiXat efvikarenakñúgrdæa- Pi)alrbs;semþcnaykrdæm nþ I hu n Esn. GtßbTrbs; sarbt manr:yt½r sresrfa semþcnaykrdæm ni þ hu n Esn KWCardæm nþimñak;kñúgcmenamrdæm nþimyycmnynrbs;rdæapi)al EdlmansavtaCaExµrRkhm. sßitenakñúgvifiecatrbkan; F n;f rmyyetotenah GtßbTmYyrbs; esa qayna m½rnig b:usþ sresrfa tamkarcak;esþg Gñkneya)ayRKb;rUb enakñúgrbetskm<úcasut EtFøab;cUlrYmnigcgsm<½n mitþcamyy T½BéRBExµrRkhm. esckþieføgtamggs;enhbgðajfanayk rdæm nþinigm nþiepsgetotmanerogcab;bak;b½n pþal;xøünrbsin ebitulakarekitelig. enakñúggtßbtrbs;sarbt man GuInFW erbs swvis sresrfa dmenirkarkat;etasrbs;tulakargacefvi[ QWcab;dl;Rsemalrbs;BYkeK ehiykan;etsmxan;cagenh etaetotkwp½bvvasnaneya)ayenakñúgrbetsrbs;bykek. etahbicakargarrbs;bykekmincab;bak;b½n TaMgRsugdUc)an niyayfa KµanP½sþútagbBa ak;fabykekcab;tak;tgnwgexµr- Rkhmk¾eday k¾pabgam:asnwgrtúvbgðajenakñ úgsarbt man dedlcadedl. karkmramkmehgbirbetscink¾caehtuplmyyetotedl efvi[semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn mankarsþak;esþirmin 56 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ cg;culrymkarcrca[tan;eblevla. etahbicamankardwgb suhsayfacinmankarcmbak;cmbincamyyexµrrkhmk¾eday b:uenþcinmincg;[mankardwgb tetaetot b mincg;[mankarrk exijkarcmbak;cmbinfµi²etot GMBIkarCab;Tak;Tgrbs;xøÜn CamYynwgExµrRkhmEdr. Tak;TineTAnwgtYnaTIrbs;cin elak sm rgsú I niyayfa eyigrtúvkarvtþmanrbs;shrdægaemrik edim,iefvi[mantulüpabgmnaccamyycinedlxmcmrujy:ag xøamgkøa. kardkrsg;smþimyyetotbielak sm rgsúi bba ak; fa cinedlcaecahvaynayrbs;semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn Føab;)anbBa ak;c,as;fa eknwgkamrttulakarenhrbsin ebikarcmbak;vak;vinrbs;cincamyygmebiexarexarbrbwtþelig edayexµrrkhmminsßitenaerkamkarbinitübic½ybismnak; GnþrCatieTenaH. Cakarc,as;Nas;fa karminebjcitþrbs; cin KWCaGVIEdlrdæaPi)alkm<úCamincg;RbQmmuxCamYy. tynatirbs;cinenakñúgkarbipaksaenhkwmansarsmxan;nas; edaysarcinkwcasmacikmyykñúgcmenamsmacikgcié nþy_ énrkúmrbwksasnþ isuxggákarshrbcacati. cingacerbisit CMTas;cMeBaHral;GaNtþ iedlesñ IeLIgkñ úgkarbegá ItnUvtulakar ]Rkidækmµs gáam b:uenþgantþienhk¾gacgnum½tedaymha snñi)atggákarshrbcacatiedr. X RbB½n c,ab;km< úca enaebledlrdæapi)alkm<úca)anttuc[mantulakar enakm<úca ehiymanecarkmkm<úcacagfibtiedlmancmnyn ercincagecarkmgnþrcatiedlnam[man GMNacelIslb; enakñúúgdmenirkarcmnumcrmhkþienah mankarepþatsmxan;etaeli GFibetyüPaBrbs;RbB½n c,ab;km< úca. GV IEdlRbtükSenaH KWfa RbB½n c,ab;km<úcamanlkçn³bukrlyy. bbaðaenhtamg RbCaCnkm<úCaTaMgshKmn_GnþrCatik¾)andwgB Edr. enakñúgkic smöasn_myyenakñúgvitüú NPR elak ela m:ugéh niyayfa ebskmµrbs;ggákarshrbcacati Gs; elakdwget GñksegátkarN_breTsnigGñksegátkarN_Exµr sut Etyl;RsbKñafaRbB½n tulakarrbs;eyigminsuvman mcämnðléksarkm<úca

59 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ smtßpabet. tulakareyigminmanlkçn³ékracü. ecarkmminmanékracü. ducenhetiefviy:agducemþcnwgman karcrmhkþ IRbkbedayPaByutþ ifm?. elak sux smegon emfavimyyrubnigcagñksrmbsrmülenakñúgkn³kmµafikar RbRBwtþikmµsiT imnusskm<úcaniyayfa RbB½n yutþifm RBhµTNÐrbs;eyIgminGaceFV IkarekIteT. ecarkmgacttyl \T iblbirdæapi)al. manecarkmmyycmnynmantmnak;tmng CamYyKNbkSRKb;RKgGMNac. srmg;smþitamgbirenh bgðajgmbikgvhékracpabrbs;tulakarnigecarkmkm<úca. enhkwcakarrbüy)armöy:agxøamgrbsinebirdæapi)alkm<úca RKb;RKgy:agelIslb;eTAelIdMeNIrkartulakarTaMgmUl. vatmngcafaecarkmrbs;km< úcagacnwgefv Itamsm<aFepSg². elak fum:as ham:aeb Ik GtIttMNagBiessrbs; GKÁelxaFikarGgÁkarshRbCaCatiTTYlbnÞúksiT imnussena km< úca )ansresrenakñúgqñam1999fa tulakarmanfnfan minrkb;rkan;ehiysß itenaerkamsm<afneya)aynigeyafa. manesckþiraykarn_mkfa PaKeRcInénbTelµIsKWRbRBwtþ eligedaygñkgnuvtþc,ab;xøünégpþal;>>>sum,ietkarsmøab; elak hu sux enakñ úgbrievnrksygmhaépþk¾)anbba ak;rsab;. etahbicar)aykarn_enhsresreligenakñúgqñam1999k¾ eday b:uenþk¾enamansm<affµi²caercinmkbirbetsgñkpþl; CMnYydl;km<úCakñúgeKalbMNg[km<úCaeFVIkMENTRmg;RbB½n c,ab;enakm< úca. karyl;rcabgmbibbaðaenakñ úgrbb½n tulakar km<úcanigkgkmøamgnkr)alrbmtamggñkesuibgegát vabi)ak efvi[mankarecocak;fa RbeTskm<úCaEdlmankarTTYl xusrtúvtabebbenhnwgpþl;nuvkarcmnumcrmhkþirbkbedaypab RtwmRtÚvnigyutþiFm enakñúgtulakar]rkidækmµs gáam. ebi gakrtlb;etaniyaygmbikardkrsg;smþirbs;semþcnayk rdæm nþ I h un Esn EdlminxVl;faGgÁkarshRbCaCaticUlrYm b k¾gt;enah va)anbgðajfakµanbbaðagvieliycmebahrbcacn km<úca CaBiessrdæaPi)alrbs;semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn nwgmansit iercinenakñúgdmenirkarcmnumcrmhkþienh. KMnit EdlfardæaPi)alnigRbB½n tulakarkm<úcabukrlyymkefvi GFibtIenAkñúgtulakar]Rkidækmµs gáamedim,iesvgrkkarbit nigyutþ ifm KWCaPaBGviC manmyykñ úgcmenampabgvic mandét etotbak;b½n nwgtulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhm. esckþ Isnñ idæan karbipaksagmbitulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµrrkhmkw CaerOgKYr[enOyNaynigRsgakcitþenAeBlEdldwgfa man]bskácaercincmbukedlrtúvrbqmmux. RTwsþ Ineya)ay bgðajfa tulakarkwcapøúvsrmab;cmnat;kard¾rtwmrtúvedl RtÚvedIr ehiyfa manehtuplercincagminbegáittulakar b:uenþmanbbaðaneya)aycak;esþgcaercinenaeblrbtibtþi. TsSn³rbs;km<úCaeTAelIbBaðatulakarenH etahbicamintan; mankarvaytémø[)anm:t;ct;k¾eday k¾vabgðajcatuetagmbi karkamrt[mantulakarekitelig. ehtuplbiry:agedl RbCaCnkm<úCaKaMRTtulakarKWTImYyedIm,IEsVgrkkarBit TIBIr edim,iyutþ ifm. b: uenþedim,iesvgrkkarbitnigyutþ ifm tulakar KYrEteqøIytbeTAnwgbTdæanyutþiFm GnþrCati PaBRtwmRtÚv nigdmenirkaretatamnitivifirtwmrtúv. enakñúgknøgvifieq<ah etarkpabsurkwtenh mankarrihkn;y:agxøamgnigmanlkçn³ raramgbg ak;semþcnaykrdæm nþi hu n Esn nigrbb½n tulakar km<úca ehiyenatienhehiyedl]bskátamglayraramgdl; karbegáittulakarrtúv)anelikelig. enakñúgcmenambbaðatamgenh eyigminrtúvbmepøcnuv sßanpabcrcagmbikarbegáittulakarkat;etasemdwknamexµr RkhmeLIy. \T iblénrbwtþikarn_éf TI11kBaØa kalbiqñam 2001 enashrdægaemrik)annigkmbugefvi[b:hbal;dl; GarmµN_saFarNmti cmenkéshrdægaemriknigggákar shrbcacatiepþatsmxan;etaelikarrbyut RbqaMgnwgePrvkmµ. etahbicaggákarshrbcacatirbkasfµi²enhfa karcrca GMBIbBaðatulakarnwgcab;epþImsaCafµI erkaybikargak;xan Gs;ry³eBl9ExknøgmkehIy faetimankartamgcitþdl; RtwmkRmitNacMeBaHkarbegáIttulakarExµrRkhmenAminTan; mcämnðléksarkm<úca 57

60 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ dwgenaeliyet. bbaðaedlekiteligerkamkardwknamrbs; xøhgatipabrbs;gnþrcatierbixuskenøg b:uenþenaetsgçwmfa semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un Esn k¾hak;duccaenaetbnþeta ral;kic RbwgERbgTaMgGs;nwgseRmc)aneCaKC½yCaminxan. muxetotedaysarnaeblfµi²enh semþcnaykrdæm nþi h un cmnucsmxan;bmputedlelakelikeligkwfaeblevlacitdl; Esn )anrbkasfa semþcnwgenabnþkan;gmnackñúggmlúg TIbBa b;ehiy enaebledlrbcacnnamkñaekcevhecjbibbaða ebl10qñamtetamuxetot. vahak;duccafabbaðaduckñamyy ExµrRkhmnigGVIEdlRtÚveFVI. edaysargtßbtenhrkan;et cmnynénkarcrcaenhnwgenaetbnþekitmantetaetot etahbica cab;epþimsmøwgemiletaelitssn³rbs;rbcacnkm<úcasgçwm vaminbi)akedahrsayk¾eday. yl;fa elak qamg yu fanwgmanerogcaercinetotedlrtúvelikykmksiksasui BitCaeFVImUln½y)any:agl edayelak)ansresrfa CeRmAbEnßm. edaysarrbcacnkm<úca)anttylrgnuvkar 23qñaMeRkayBIkardYlrlMénrbbExµrRkhm CnrgeRKaHbnþ QWcab;xøaMgKWKYrEtykTsSn³nigGarmµN_rbs;Kat;mkKitKUr rg;camyutþifm nigkarbit xn³edlemdwknaménrbbexµrrkhm BicarNa[)aneRcInbMput. b: uenþedaysareteblevlaech echetbnþrs;enaedaymanesripabebjeljenacmebahmux EtexIceTA²TaMgminTan;kat;eTasemdwknaMExµrRkhmpgenaH CnrgeRKaH. enaebledlcnrgerkahcaercinrs;enakñúg kþisgçwmcg;)ankarbitnigyutþifm hak;duccarsbab;rseban PaBRkIRk)anRBwkxVHl ac GtItemdwknaMExµrRkhmdUcCa nigesahkerkah. etahbicamansgçwmfa karyl;dwggmbi egog sari nig egog FIriT CaedImeFVIdMeNIreTABinitüBüa)al eblevlaenatictycnwgcmruj[mankarcrcacabnþan;k¾eday CMgWenARbeTséfedaycMNayR)ak;y:ageRcIn. kalbib: unµan GMNacKWenAEtsßitenAkñúgédrdæaPi)alkm<úCanigshKmn_ Exmun BiPBelak)angakkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIyutþiFm GnþrCatikñ úgkarbmebjkic karenh. b: uenþedaysarbbaðagfib srmab; b In Ladin nigkunecarbs; b In Ladin. Cakarc,as; etyüpabrbs;rdæapi)alkm<úcaenaetcacm l;enaeliy Nas;fa KYrEtmankarRbwgERbg[Gs;lT PaBedIm,Icab;xøÜn vahak;duccamankarrbüy)armönigkarcmgklklwyfa ]RkidæCnTaMgenaHnignaMxøÜnBYkeKmkkat;eTaseTAtamc,ab;. kþisgçwmbitr)akdsßitenaelikmøamgnigkarts Urbs;RbeTs b:uenþtnþwmeblenhedr KYr[Gn;citþedaysarEtshKmn_ nanaerkabikm<úca. CYb xamli GnþrCati\LÚvenHbgðajnUvkarcab;GarmµN_tictYccMeBaH yutþifm enakm<úcanigmnusscatitamgmul. namemdwknamexµr dmnwgesvgrkrküsar Rkhmmkkat;eTasCakargayRsYlnigRtÚvcMNayEtmYy Epñkénkic xitxmrbwgerbgducedlekykcitþtukdak;etaelibyk )ateqµah b: ul Ék sbvéf rs;ena Gal;ekdaCakareRsc. GVIEdlRtÚvkar KWqnÞ³neya)ay shrdægaemrik. kalbiedimmunepos rvagshkmn_gnþrcatinigkm<úca. karrbsbvkñaenh)anxit xøünrs;enarsukekahfm extþknþal. CitrkKñaehIyb:uEnþ þeblenhvahak;duccakmbugetfmfysnþ úh sumrbkasrkb ÚnRsIbegáItBIr etavij. RbkarenHminKYr[ekItmaneLIy. nak;³ 1 b:ul Kim egg eha ekov nig elak qamg yu elikeliggmbipabminesµikñarvagcn RKÜsar 2 b:ul KimGan nigrküsar. cmebahelakgñkna rgerkahedlenars;ranmancivitcamyynwggtitemdwknamexµr sáal; sumemtþapþl;dmnwgmkeqµahgñkrsi suxum elx RkhmEdl)ansmøab;RKÜsarrbs;xøÜn nignam[xøünføak;cul TUrs½BÞédRsukExµr³ sumgrkun. kñúgrenþamrn³. elak qamg yu k¾bgðajetotfa manebl 58 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

61 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar cg;)ansnþipabbitr)akd ekitenaqñam1981 KW BIrqñaMeRkaykardYlrlMénrbb ExµrRkhm. BukmþaynigCIdUn rbs; Føab;niyayfa smnag l Nas;EdlekIteRkayrbb valbixat min)ancybrbthnwg karlm)akevtnaduccarubkat;. kalenah etibetmangayurbman5b 6qñaMb:ueNÑaH min Tan;yl;GMBIGVIEdlBukmþaynigCIdUnrbs; niyayet. Bukmþayrbs; Føab;niyayR)ab; RtÜs²GMBIrbbExµrRkhm fa ExµrRkhmcab;epþImRKb;RKgRbeTsBIéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975 bnþab;mk)ancemøósrbcablrdæexµrtamggs; cakecjbilmenadæanpumi Rsuk etaticnbtq ay² ehiybgçm [efvikarf n;²ducstv nig[briepakgaharminrkb;rkan;. RbCaBlrdæExµrTaMgGs;RtÚvRBat;R)asbgb Ún kuneca Buk mþay yayta bþirbbn kñúggmlúgeblcemøós minetb:uenñah ExµrRkhm)aneRbIGMeBIeXareXA kab;smøab; )aj;rbhar edaykµanrtarbninigkµanerismux. RbCaCnRtÚvbiTsiT i esripabrkb;ebby:ag vtþgaram RBHvihar nigtiskáar³ epsg²etotrtúvbmpøaj. GMLúgeBlenaHCary³eBlEdl RbeTskm<úCaFøak;eTAkñúgBiPBGn kar. cab;biéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975 dl;éf TI6 Exmkra qñam1979 ExµrRkhm)ansmøab;RbCaCnkm<úCaGs;rab; lannak; kñúgenahmanciduncitaxagbuk CItaxag mþay rymtamgg BU mig nigbgb ÚnCIdUnmYyrbs; srub8nak; )ansøab;)at;bg;civitenakñúgrbbexµrrkhmenhduckña. ena ebl )ansþab;b karniyayrtüs²gmbierogr:avtamggs;enh min)ancab;garmµn_xøamgb: un~aneliy RKan;EtKitfavadUcCa ExSPaBynþmYyEdlRtÚvniBn eligedim,igb;rmek~gb:uenñah erbahrubpabéngmebisahavérbépsrculhysehtuedlekit manenakñúglmnwkkitrbs; cmebahmnussduckña Edlrs;enA sm½yenah KWs~anmindl;nigminKYr[eCOTal;EtesaH. edaycak;esþg tamry³karerobrab;rbs;bukmþay rbs; jaticitxag nigkareronsurtenasalaefiv[ ecocak;fa BitCamanrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_enHR)akdEmn. kñúgqakcivitrbs; Føab;CYbRbTHGnusSavrIy_KYr[tk; søútcaercin EdlbgáeLIgedaykgT½BExµrRkhmess sl;. enagmlúgedimtsvtsr_qñam1980 etahbicarbbexµr Rkhm)andYlrlMeTAk¾BitEmn k¾rbcacnkm<úcatutamgrbets enaetmin)ans b;citþgs;kþirbüy)armöcmebahkarvilrtlb; énrbbenhmyyrypakryedr erbahmanexµrrkhmedl enaesssl;)anrt;etalak;xøünenakñúgérbcmuvijracfani PñMeBjnigenAtamtMbn;nana cambgáclaclrkb;ebledl kashuc[. ebledl cab;epþimdwgkþi KWGMLúgqñaM RkúmRKÜsarrbs; nigrbcacnenakñúgxmurcamgcmerh tam benþaypøúvcatielx5 RtÚvrMxan[dac;dMeNkCaerOy² edaysaretkarrt;bynbirkab;epøagrbs;tahanexµrrkhm. enacamsñúrsn wkrferkahrbs;kgt½bevotnamedlebik lan;regáidikñúgrbtibtþikartb;tl;camyykgt½bexµrrkhm. Tm n;kg;rferkah)anefvi[rtúdfñl;cati. esþireterogral; yb;etgetmankar)aj;epøagdak;kñaetavijetamkrvagtahan ExµrRkhmesssl; Edllak;xøÜnenAeRtIyxagekItTenø CamYyTahanrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlQreCIgenAeRtIyxag mcämnðléksarkm<úca 59

62 lictenø. ral;eblmankarrbyut Kña RbCaCnenAkñúgPUmi RtÚveRkakBIdMeNkTaMgP½ysøn;esøa namkunecart;etabynkñúg elndæan. GñkPUmirbs; RKb;²Kña erobcmg Iv:an;dak;kñúg kabub sak;kadu nigcgcabegvcryccaersc ertómxøünedim,i rt;ekc. enakñ úgry³eblenah GñkenAkñ úgpumirbs; nigpumicit xagéetot sut EtmankarRBÜy)armÖdUcKñaTaMgGs; KWxøac ekitmans gáamcafµimþgetot xøac)at;rküsar bgb Ún kuneca sac;jati ]TahrN_dUcCamþayrbs; Kat;EtgEterob GahareBll ac[rküsar júammuneblrblb;canic nig eton nigb Ún²júaM[elOn² BIeRBaHKat;xøacmankarRbyuT KñaenAeBlyb;. PitP½yxøaMgNas;eBlB sñúrrkab;kamepøigmþg². Ca erogral;éf mincg;[bukmþay ecjetaefvikarb Rbkb 60 RkúmRKÜsar esi sayüana kñ úgqñam1986 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar rbrrkttyltangvieliy erbah xøacmankarrbyut KñacMeBl EdlKat;minenApÞH. yb;xøh minh anekget xøacerkgman karrbyut KñaehIy rt;etabynmintan;. enacamfayb;myyenah ebledl kmbugetekglg; lk;tamgdk;cab;nuvkþi)armöbil ac Rsab;EtB sñúrpþúhkðamg² efvi [ PJak;Rkjag tk;søútesþir)at;degðim. mþay mñimñadas; bgb Ún [erkakelig ehiyrt;etabynkñúgelndæanerkam pþh. luhrbwkelig )andwgfa RKab;epøagrbs;kgT½BExµr Rkhm)anFøak;Ek,rRBHvihar\søammYy sßitkñúgpumikilú Em:Rtelx7 Cab;pøÚvCatielx5. s gáamsuivilruamér: EdlbgáedaykgT½BExµrRkhm esssl;bnþal[manplvi)akcaercintak;tgetanwg CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnrhUtdl;naM[b:HBal;dl;RbeTs CatiTaMgmUl. RbCaCnminsUvh anecjbilmenadæansiss etasalaeronminetogtat; karrbkbrbrrkttyltanmin Cab;lab; RbeTssßitkñúgPaBGsnþisux KµansißrPaBsgÁm mnusssßitkñúgkarp½yxøac GñkvinieyaKenAeRkARbeTsmin culmkdak;tun KµanGñkeTscr bnþal[esdækic Føak;cuH RbeTsCatiminrIkceRmInlUtlas;eTAmux. CaBlrdækm<úCa ekitenakñúgrbetskm<úca rs;ena kñúgrbetsenhtamgbitucrhutdl;fm. elakrkúgñkrkú)an bergón [RsLaj;Catisasn_ RsLaj;RbéBNIvb,Fm RbCaCnExµr nigrs;enakñúgsgámexµredlmantémøbmput. ekarbnigrslaj;rbetscatirbs;. etasalaeron etaefvikar rs;edayrikraycamyyrkúmrküsarrbs; nigmanesripabcarbcablrdækm<úcamñak;. RKan;Et R)afñacg;)ansnþiPaBmYyBitR)akdminEmnCasnþiPaB myylaylmedayki þrbüy)armönigpabp½yxøaceliy ehiy smu[rbcacnkm<úcatamggs;mankaseronsurt man cmenhdwg ecosputbis gáam nigmansnþipabebjelj RKb;eBlevlaCaerogrhUt. esi sayüana mcämnðléksarkm<úca

63 etigñknacagñkrbl½ybucsasn_? sumekarbcunelaknayk qamg yu naykmcämnðlrsavrcavéksarkm<úca elakrbfancatirslaj;rab;ganbi edayesµah )at)anttyltssnavdþiesvgrkkarbitgmbielaknayktam smenirbs; ehtuenh mancitþertkgrrkgvierbóbesµibmu)aneliy eday cg;)antssnavdþienhykmkeckcunbgb Ún RbCaBlrdæEdlenAkñúgPUmiXMu )angan edim,iesvgyl;fatubitrbbbykexµrrkhm b:ul Bt/ egog sari/ exov smpn. faetigñknacagñkrbl½ybucsasn_? ehiyrbl½ybucsasn_edim,igvi? edim,itwkdi b Catisasn_. mü:agetot cg;[bykkumar nissit bbaøavnþ CMnan;eRkay EsVgyl;c,as;GMBIrbbkumµúynisþniglT irbcafibetyü etixuskñay:agna edim,ikmu[rbbb lt ikumµúynisþenhekiteligmþgetot. eqøótkñúgkasbunüculqñamfµienh sumekarbcunbr sum[elaknayk RBmTaMgbuKÁlikmCÄmNÐlRsavRCav EsVgrkkarBitkm<úCa sum[elakmansuxpabl kmøamgmammyn )ancmnyyxøamgkøa bnþkargarduckþir)afñacaerogrhuteta. efvienapumiggárnab XMuRtaMkk; RsukRtaMkk; taekv. KYrBMuKYrsUmGP½yeTas. éf 12 emsa 2003/ qay RCún

64 edim,i]btßmökare)ahbum<nigeckcayeday\tkitéfødl;mnþirrsuknigxmuenatutamgrbhracanacrkkm<úca TsSnavdþIcMnYn1000c,ab;Caerogral;elxnwgdak;lk;EtenAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjb:ueNÑaH myyc,ab;kñúgtémø 7000erol mcämnðléksarkm<úcagmbavnavdl;rdæapi)al mulnifinana nigsafarncnrkb;rub sumcyy]btßmökare)ahbum<psaytssnavdþienhetatamlt PaBEdlGaceFVI)an. Bt man benßmcmebahkare)ahbum<psaytssnavdþiesvgrkkarbit sumemtþatak;tgmkkan;naykmcämnðléksarkm<úcatamturs½bþelx sumgrkun The Documentation Center of Cambodia would like to appeal to governments, foundations and individuals for support of the publication of Searching for the Truth!. For contribution, please contact (855) or By Thank you. A magazine of the Documentation Center of Cambodia: Searching for the truth. Number 43, July Funded by Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Canada and USA.