karbit EsVgrk Gnøg;Evg³ RsemalénsasnaenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarEsVgrksnþiPaB sil,³k¾ca]bkrn_srmab;karbüa)al nigefvi[cashes,iy TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa

Átírás

1 TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa karbit EsVgrk w w Gnøg;Evg³ RsemalénsasnaenAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarEsVgrksnþiPaB sil,³k¾ca]bkrn_srmab;karbüa)al nigefvi[cashes,iy EckCUneday\tKitéfødl;mnÞIrRsuknigXuMTUTaMgRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa

2 TsSnavdþIénmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa matika u Gnøg;Evg³ RsemalénsasnaenAkñúgdMeNIrkar >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 EpñkÉksar u egog v:an;ertóg BleTapáaymYyGnuesnaFMelx15 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>6 EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav u evtikafñak;eronsþibisarsmxan;énkarsiksarbvtþisa sþ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9 u vkábnþúhbnþalsþibikarcgrkg RsavRCav Rbvtþisa sþ>>>>>>>>>>>>>>12 u GtItkgT½BeCIgTwkExμrRkhm)anrMB kbibtbiesaf>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15 u CIvitts UCamYyExμrRkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>18 u BIemdwknaMEdlRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXA mkcaemdwknamedl >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>20 u CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evgmun nigerkay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>22 u karebgeckrbbgaharkñúgrbbexμrrkhm>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>24 u minh anenapþhnaebléf >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>26 u btbiesafdmbugrbs; enakñúgtwkdi tmbn;rbvtþisa sþgnøg;evg >>>>>>>>>28 u Guin ln manetasrbharcivitedaysaredklk;rcúl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>31 Epñkc,ab; u GMNHGMNagemFavIkarBarkþIrbs; nyn Ca kñúgkarbitbba b;>>>>>>>33 evtikabipaksasafarn³ u sil,³k¾ca]bkrn_srmab;karbüa)al nigefvi[cashes,iy>>>42 TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar u 7 mkra 1979 dl; 7 mkra 2018 >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>46 u RBlwgmasmþay >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>52 u dmnwgesvgrkmþaymigedl)at;xøün >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>60 EsVgrkkarBit Gwum Ecm enar)asatrbhvihar rksasit i mcämnðléksarkm<úca GnuBaØat[e)aHBum<pSayeday RksYgB½t manénrbhracanacrkkm<úca RbkaseTsrdæm nþinigrdæm nþirksygb½t man elx0291bm/99 cuhéf TI2ExsIhaqñaM1999 rubftéksar³mcämnðléksarkm<úca nigsarmniþr]rkidækmμrbl½ybucsasn_tylesøg esμrelxenh ³ li suxxag/ min sanas;/ esam lap/ eqg hak;/ QYn sufar/ EGm NaXIm/ Lúg dani/ r: Unit GarI/ s sarin/ G ug vnña/ eheln Rtan GñkniBn nigrsavrcav ³ eqg ev:g/ hu funa/ dar:ardæ emtþa GñkbkERb ³ yu vlkçn_ nibn nayktueta ³ qamg yu CMnYykarniBn nayk ³ esam b unfn/ Lúg dani RkahV ikku MBüÚT½r ³ esam b unfn RKb;RKgkarEckpSay ³ sn l½kç dccam@online.com.kh, Homepage: khmerrougehistory.org

3 EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt Gnøg;Evg³ Rsemalénsasna enakñúgdmenirkarénkaresvgrksnþipab sumeckrmelkmtirbs; GMBIkarEbreTAkan;RKisþ sasnarbs;elakrsi Guwm Ecm k¾duccatynatirbs;rkisþ sasnakñúgdmenirkaresvgrksnþipabrbs;rbetskm<úcana eblbc úb,nñ. sasnamantynatiy:agsmxan;kñúgdmenirkaresvg rksnþipabenarsúkgnøg;evg EdlCalMenAsßanrbs;GtIt kmμapi)alexμrrkhmcaercin. srmab;rbcacnkm<úcamyy cmnynfm sasnapþl;nuvsnþipabpøúvcitþdl;bukálnimyy² tam ry³karcyy[shes,iyrbyspøúvcitþrbs;bukál karcyy[ bukálelikelgetas[bc amitþ nigefvikarpshpsacamyygtit kal. RBHBuT sasnanikayefrvatkwcasasnaedlnammux kñ úgrbetskm< úca. b: uenþsrmab;bukálmyycmnyn RBHBuT sasna nikayefrvatmingacpþl;snþipabpøúvcitþrkb;rkan;eliy. duecñhehiy etibbukáltamgenhetgetesvgrkrbpbdétedim,i TTYl)annUvsnþ ipabpø ÚvcitþdUcCaRKisþsasna.RbCaCnkm< úca CaeRcIn)anEbreTAkan;RKisþsasna. kñúgenahrymmanbukál Edlmanekrþ eqμahgarkk;ducca kamg ehákg av eha Duc GtIt RbFanmnÞIrsnþisuxs-21 nig Guwm Ecm CaGtItKN³Rsuk RBHenRtRBH kñúgrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü k¾duccacnsgs½y Gwum Ecm GuCFUbenAR)asaTRBHvihar mcämnðléksarkm<úca 1

4 I enakñ úgkrni004enaggácmnu MCRmHvisamBaØkñ úgtulakarkm< úca. edaysargnøg;evgcagtittmbn;kan;kab;rbs;clnaexμrrk hm RbCaCnRsukGnøg;EvgCaeRcIn)anCYbRbTHnwg]bsKÁ kñúgkaresvgrksnþipabpøúvcitþcab;tamgbi)anefvismahrnkmμ culmkkñúgracrdæapi)alkm<úcary³ebl20qñamknøgmk. RbmaNCa10qñaMmunsmahrNkmμenAGnøg;Evg)anCYbRbTH nuvkarpøas;bþúry:agsmxan;myykwkarrcabculmkvijénrbhbut sasna. karpøas;bþúrenhmanpabpþúyrslhgmbiekalneya )ayrbs;exμrrkhm kñúgrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü Edl)anhamXat;karRbtibtþisasna nig)an cat;tukemdwknamsasnacaekaledaénkare)assm atdmbug enaebledlrbbexμrrkhmcab;epþim. clnaexμrrkhmedl maneqμahpøúvkarfa rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü )anercótcul etakñúgstigarmμn_ nigvibaøanrbs;rbcacnkm<úcaedim,iesuib GegátGMBIsasna nigcmeno CaBiessRBHBuT sasna. rbbkm< úcarbcafibetyümanekalbmngbmebksasna ecjbi {zansyk } bdivtþn_rbs;xøün. rbbenh)anhamxat; y:agtwgetgetaelikarrbnib½tn_sasnarbtikiriyatamg Lay. ExμrRkhm)anbgçM[RBHsgÇTaMgLayswk RBmTaMg ERbkøayvtþGaramnana etacamnþirxumxamg nigkenøgefvitarun kmμ kñ úgectnarbmafemilgayetaelicmenosasnarbs;rbca Cn. kñúgrdæfmμnubaørbs;km<úcarbcafibetyürtg;cmbuk15 GMBIsiT ixagcmenonigsasnartg;marta20)anecgfa{rbca Cnkm<úCaRKb;rUb mansit iecocmeno b sasnanak¾)an ehiy k¾mansit iminmancmenogvi b k¾minecosasnanak¾)an. min GnuBaØat[mansasnaRbtikiriyaEdlbMpøicbMpøajkm<úCaRbCa Fibetyü nigrbcacndac;xat}. evorelgkarpþl;niymn½yc,as;las;srmab;bakü {sasnarbtþikiriya} kmμapi)alrbs;bks nigrdæapi)alén rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyüetgeterbir)as;niymn½yedlxøün yl;fa RtwmRtÚvCMnYs. etahbicay:agenhkþ I PaBbraC½yrbs; EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt km<úcarbcafibetyükñúgkarlubbm)at;sasna )anbgðaj fa sasna)ancak;b sy:agercaenakñúgsgámkm<úca. kar RbNib½tn_ sasnamingac)at;bg;edaysaretkarhamxat; rbs;rdæapi)aledlkmbugetkan;gmnac)aneliy. ExμrRkhmminRtwmEt)antaMgcitþkñúgkarhamXat; sasnaeliykñ úgrbbrbs;xø Ün ExμrRkhmEfmTaMg)anBüayam CIkrMelIgb skl;rbs;rbhbut sasna RBmTaMgsasnaGu Isøam nigrkisþsasna etot.edayehtufarbbkumμúynisþcat;tuk sasnacakarkabsgát;ebbcrkbtþ imyyrbept GtItsmaCik ExμrRkhmmYycMnYn)anCYbRbTHnwgPaBlM)akkñúgkarRbkan; x ab;rbhbut sasnaeligvij. duecñhehiy GtItsmaCikExμr RkhmTaMgenaH)ancab;epþImEsVgrksasnaepSgCaTIBwg. ebietahbicaexμrrkhm)ankabsgát;rkisþsasnaedrk¾ eday b: uenþsasnaenhmansasnik nigviharcmnyntic duecñhehiy ExμrRkhmmin)ankMNt;eKaledAelIRKisþsasnadUcEdlxøÜn )anefvicmebahrbhbut sasnaeliy. CagenHeTot GtItkmμa Pi)alExμrRkhmGacmanGarmμN_l cmebahrkisþsasnaca CagRBHBuT sasna edaysarrbhbut sasnabergónbukál TaMgLayGMBI{karRbRBwtþl TTYl)anpll karrbrbwtþgarkk; TTYl)anplGaRkk;}. srmab;bukálduc Duc KuNsm,tþirbs; RKisþsasnaKWCakarbeRgónfa bukálnimyy²gacttylesckþ se gáah)anedaykarsu Mkþ IelIkElgeTascMeBaHGMeBI)abEdl xø Ün)anRbRBwtþ.viFIenH)anpþl;Capø ÚvsRmab;rt;eKcBIkarbeRgón BIvalvdþsgSarénRBHBuT sasna. enaebledlsasnanamyynammuxekkñúgsgámmyy kumarenakñ úgsgámenahetgetrbnib½tn_sasnaenhtamgbiebl cab;kmenit. etahcay:agnakþi minemnbukálrkb;rubrbkan; x ab;dedlgs;myyciviteliy. bukálmyycmnynerciseris sasnaedayep kelipabgayrsül nigkarcg;)ansnþipab pøúvcitþ ėlakrsi Guwm Ecm ekitenakñúgsgámedlrbkan;rbh BuT sasna b:uenþeyagetatamr)aykarn_rbs;sarb½t man 2 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

5 EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt elakrsi Guwm Ecm)anEbrmkkan;RKisþsasnavijenAéf TI6 Exvicäika qñam2017. munnwgebretakan;rkisþsasnaelakrsi Guwm Ecm )an pþ Ücepþ Imsagsg;kudikñ úgvtþmyyenapumigurgerg kñ úgqñam2002. vtþenah)anpþl;»kas[rbcacnmuldæanefvikarekarbdl;dun tarbs;xøün edaykarykcgðan;etarbeknrbhsgç niggucfub edim,i]tþiskusldl;gñkcatirslaj;. karpøas;bþúrsasnaduckrnirbs;elakrsi Guwm Ecm elikcasmnyry:agkyr[rbüy)armögmbitynatirbs;rbhbut sasna kñúgkarcyydl;bukáledlrtúvkarcmnyypøúvgarmμn_pøúvcitþ nig pø Úvkay.]TahrN_ kunrbúsrbs;elakrsi Gu wm Ecm)anFøak; xøünqwcatm n; ehiysrmakbüa)alenamnþirebtümyykñúgextþ )at;dmbg. mingaccyykunkat;erkabisßab½nrkisþsasnamyy Edl)anpþl;R)ak;sRmab;éføesvakmμBüa)alkUnrbs;Kat; eliy. etimansßab½nedlgaccyygñkedlmancmgwf n;f redr b et?etikyretmansßab½nrbeptenhedrb et?etimanvifiedim,i begáitsßab½nrbeptenhedrb et? TaMgenHKWCasMNYrd¾sMxan; EdlRtÚvkarkarRtÜtBinitüeLIgvij. RbFanbTenH hak;biducca)anefvi[mankarbicarna enakñúgvis½yrbhbut sasnagmbiedlrbhsgç nigrbb½n BuT sasna)anefvi niggviedlrtúvefvi b KYrEteFVI. eyagetatam rdæfmμnubaørbs;rbetskm<úca RBHBuT sasnacasasnarbs; rdæ. b:uenþrbcablrdætamglaymansit ikñúgkarrbkan;cmeno rbs;xøün ³{esrIPaBkñúgkareKarB nigrbnib½tn_cmeno sasna rbs;bukálrtúv)anfanaedayrdæ kñúglkçxnðedlesripab enahminb:hbal;dl;cmenosasnarbs;bukáldét b snþisux safarn³}. CakarBitNas; RBHBuT sasnamantynatiy:agsmxan; kñúgkarcyygñkrs;ranmancivitbirbbexμrrkhmmyycmnynfm TTYlykGtItkal. etahcay:agenhkþi karbinitüeligvijkyr EteFVIeLIgcMeBaHtYnaTId¾manRbsiT PaBrbs;RBHBuT sasna enh. eyagetatamrbvtþisa sþ RBHBuT sasna)anbnþúh[ mansnþipab nigsnþisuxenakñúgrbetskm<úcatamry³kar RbNib½tn_tamEbbGhigSa. kñúgeblfμi²enh karkekitelig vijénrbhbut sasnaenarsúkgnøg;evg)anbgðajbipabcam )ac;énkarpshpsarbcacngnøg;evgcamyynwgrbcacndétena kñúgrbetskm<úcaeligvij TaMgkñúgEpñkneya)aysgÁm nig EpñkGtþsBaØaNsasna. rhutmkdl;bc úb,nñenh RKisþsasna)anTak;Taj RbCaCnCaeRcInTaMgenATIRbCuMCn nigenatmbn;cnbt. ena ebledl saksyrelakrsi Guwm Ecm kñúgeblfμi²enhgmbi RBHBuT sasna nigrkisþsasna elakrsi)anerobrab;y:ag muwgm:at;fa {myycivit efvigvik¾ediretpøúvknþal. \LÚv eco TaMgBIrsasna}. elakrsik¾)anniyaybenßmfa xøüncg;eron surtbenßmgmbisasnatamgbir. elakrsi Guwm Ecm)ansgát; F n;fa {sasnatamgbirminmanxuskñaet b:uenþsasnarkisþ ebik cmhcag}. naeblsbvéf elakrsi)anqb;gucfub EteTaH bicay:agenhkþi k¾elakrsienaetbnþetavtþgaramdedl. ducsmþirbs;elakrsi Guwm Ecm RKisþsasnaGacCa RbPBénkarBüa)al erbahfasasnaenhmanpabebikcmh CagsasnadéT. RKisþsasnaGnuBaØat[buKÁlTTYlkMhus cmebahgmebigarkk;rbs;xøün ehiycalt plttyl)ankarelik ElgeTas. bukálmyycmnynepsgetot GacemIleXIjRKisþsasna CaviFIsa sþkñúgkarrs;enarbcaméf tamry³cmnyypøúvcitþ nig pøúvvibaøanedlsasnaenhpþl;[. minrtwmetb:uenñah enakñúg krnibnþan;duccmgwkunrbúsrbs;elakrsi Guwm Ecm sßab½n RKisþsasna)anpþl;CMnYyTan;eBlevla. etisßab½ndétena ÉNakñúgeBlenaH? eyigkyretbicarnafa etielakrsi Guwm Ecm EbreTArkRKisþsasnaedaysarCMenOrbs;elakRsI cmebahrbh b edim,ieqøiytbnwgtrmúvkarsgám. li suxxag mcämnðléksarkm<úca 3

6 EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt kariyal½yb½t mansafarn³ {kariyal½yb½t mansafarn³} rbs;mcämnðléksarkm< úca)anebikbermicunnissit GñkRsavRCav bukálikrackar nigggákarerkardæapi)al nigbukáltamglayedlmancmnab;garmμn_cg;yl;dwggmbirbvtþisa sþrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü nigrbwtþikarn_vivdærbs;ggácmnmucrmhvisambaøkñúgtulakarkm<úca b salakþiexμrrkhm. mcämnðléksarkm<úcacakenøgrbmulpþmú nigcgrkgéksargmbirbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü)anercinbmput. Éksar enamcämnðléksarkm<úcamanr)amrbept. RbePTÉksarTImYyKWÉksarCaRkdassnøwkEdlmancMnYnCitmYylanTMB½r. RbePTÉksarTIBIrKWCabTsmÖasn_EdlbuKÁlikmCÄmNÐlÉksarkm< úcacuhetaefv IsmÖasn_CamYyCnrgeRKaH niggtitkmμapi)al ExμrRkhm. RbePTÉksarTIbIKWCarUbftTak;TgeTAnwgsm½yExμrRkhm. RbePTÉksarTIbYnKWCaÉksarTak;TgeTAnwgkareFVI EpnTIreNþAsaksB nigtitamgsmøab;rbs;exμrrkhm nigéksarrbepttir)amkwcaexspabynþéksaredl)anpliteligkñúg rbbexμrrkhm nigsm½yerkaymketot. tamry³kariyal½yb½t mansafarn³ safarncngacgannwgrsavrcavéksartamgenh)an. ÉksarxøHeTotrYm man Rbvtþ irubkmμapi)alexμrrkhm cemø IysarPaB kmnt;ehturbs;bks TUrelxeqø IyqøgB½t manedl)anmkbikarsmöasn_ CamYyGtItkmμaPi)alExμrRkhm nigtinñn½yknßnietþsbgðajbirenþasaksb TItaMgKuk nigbucniydæanrbl½ybucsasn_. kariyal½yb½t mansafarn³mantitamgenagkarelx66 mhavifirbhsihnu xagekitvimanékracü. kariyal½y rbs;eyigebikcunsafarncnbiéf c½nþdl;éf surk eblrbwkbiem:ag8 dl;em:ag12 nigeblresolbiem:ag2dl;em:ag5. RbsinebIGs;elakGñkmancm l; b cg;erobcmrbwtþ ikarn_carkúmnamyy sumtak;tgbukálikrbs;eyig Gn vnñar:a tamry³ TUrs½BÞelx b GIuEm:l truthvannara@dccam.org. 4 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

7 EsVgrkkarBit-sMbuRt kalvipakbba amgexspabynþ Éksarrbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa erogral;éf surkevlaem:ag10³00rbwk TItaMg ³ GKar H énvitüasßancatigb;rm mhavifirbhsihnu PñMeBj srmab;b½t manbenßmsumtak;tg³s ag cinþa TUrsBÞelx ³ GuIEm:l ³ truthchenda.s@dccam.org mcämnðléksarkm<úca 5

8 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar egog v:an;ertóg BleTapáaymYyGnuesnaFMelx15 vresnafmelx29 kgbl307 eyafpumipakti5 cab;xøünéf TI19 tula qñam1978 enartn³kiri dkrsg;ecjbiéksarcemøiysarpab D7172 egog v:an;ertóg eptrbús Gayu21qñaM ekitenapumicin dav XuMmIf RsukPUmI extþgab íj evotnamknþal CaBleTa páaymyy yut Cnrbs;GnuesnatUcelx1 GnuesnaFMCag elx15 vresnafmelx29 kgblelx307 eyafpumi PaKTI5 RtÚv)aneyaFaExμrRkhmcab;xøÜnenAéf TI19 tula qñam 1978 enasmrpumigury:adav pøúvelx19 extþrtn³kiri RbeTskm<úCa. ÉksarcemøIysarPaBrbs; v:an;ertóg )an efv Icb;enAéf TI9 ExFñ Ú qñam1978 eday v:an;ertóg)anerobrab; [dwgbidmeniredlxøün)anculqøanbankm<úcaducxagerkam cab;tamgbiqñam1964mk PUmirbs; v:an;ertóg sßitena erkamkarrkb;rkgrbs;eyokkugpg nigfivkipg Eteyokkug kþab;jwkjab;cagfivki. eyokkugminechdwknamrbcacnefvi GIeT KWKitEtBIpwkRsa nigkab;smøab;rbcacn. ebltahan FIvKIcuHmkmþg² eyokkug)anrt;yketrs;xøünég edaymin h anecjmuxttamgcamyyfivkimþgnaeliy. Ex]sPa qñam1975 bksevotnam )ankþab;evot Namxagt,Úg. erkayebl)ankþab;evotnamxagt,úgpøam k¾lk;epkamr:aj;[suevotpøamedr edaymank)a:l;cm,amg suevotctenaepkamr:aj;caercin nig)andwkkamrcüc kamepøigfm rferkahmkcaercin. BUrbs; v:an;ertóg eqμah g:u v:an;tuk Ca GñkensaTenAkaMr:aj; )anniyayfa RbCaCnenAkaMr:aj; )an ecrbksevotnam facaecarlk;ékracücati lk;rbets Cati[sUevot. eblmun )aramgcihcan;. bnþab;bi)aramgecj crkbtþigaemrikcul RbCaCnrgTukç\tElðRtÚvcab;dak;Kuk Rcv:ak; nigsmøab;ecal. bc úb,nñ suevotculmkcmnyscrk BtþiGaemrik RbCaCnnwgRtÚvkab;smøab;. ExmIna qñam1976 enaextþgab íjtamgmul RbCaCn RbqaMgnwgbkSevotNamxøaMgNas; ehiy)an)acxitþbnñ BaseBj. xitbnñ)ansresrfa{bksevotnamrtúvqb; TarBn dar RtÚvedaHRsayCIvPaB[RbCaCnPøam ehiyrtúv Qb;cab;yuvCn[eFVICaTahanQøanBankm<úCaCabnÞan;}. xitþbnñenah)ansresretotfa {bdiesfbksevot Nam xjúmkba Hdac;éførbs;sUevot}. G mñak;enaérbnkr)anniyayfa enamat;rcúk RkmYns LúgGan RBHRtBaMg Rtayij étnij manclnav:ahav kav day katulik nigclnakm< úcaerkamts UxøaMgkøaNas;. clna enh manmuldñanenaérb ehiy)ancab;gavufvaybksevot Namral;éf. clnakm<úcaerkamxøamgcagek. clnaenh rmedah)anxu MCaeRcInenAGany:ag RkmYns RBHRtBaMg Bllav nigeragdmri. TahanyYnElgh anegitk,aletamuldæanrmedah enahehiy. enapakknþalevotnam RbCaCnCnCatiPaKticman )aha/ r:aed/ kaeha/ car:ay/ Bñg/ halu/ kaél )anerkak QreLIgkþab;GavuFts UvaybkSevotNamCabnþbnÞab;. enaextþdalak;/ knþúm/ epøku/ dalat;/ kvagdwk clna)ay:ar:kka )anvaytahanevotnam)anxøamgkøa. CnCatiPaKticeFVI 6 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

9 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar )atukmμ kub,kmμdenþimgavuf)ancabnþbnþab;. sbvéf enh CnCatiPaKtic)ankøayeTACam as;érbpñ MenAevotNamkNþal etaehiy. Exmkra-]sPa qñam1977 RbCaCnenAextþcab;epþIm efvi)atukmμtamtar)aysui nigrbqamgbksevotnam ehiy )ansþak;vaykmμapi)alcab;mindac;. karts Ukan;EtrIkFM elig² efvi[bksevotnamenaextþefoefon vilk,úgrtlb; Fatu. cmenkrbfanxummifeqμah tu huglúg nigqøb20nak; )anecjcab;yuvcnkñúgpumi[efvicatahan. bnþab;mk RbCa Cn)aneFVI)atukmμ nigerskfa bksevotnamrtúvqb;cab; TahanykeTAQøanBankm<úCa RtÚvRbKl;kUnecAmk[RbCa Cnvij. Rkúm)atukr)anedjkab;QøbXuM. RkúmQøbmYy cmnynnigemxumrtúvrt;ekcxøün.cmenkrbcacneblmkdl;pumi vij k¾)annamkñamyycmnynfmrt;culkñúgérb edim,ibnþefvikarts U tetaetot. bnþab;mk enapumi v:an;ertóg rs;enaekitmankar Gt;Xøan RbCaCnsuIEtdMLÚg RtkYnes a lðúges a nigsøwkeqi érb søab;cabnþbnþab;. RbCaCnxøH)ankøayeTACaecarlYc ecarbøn; xøh)ankøayetacagñksumtan rketknþbv½nðesþirmin )an.rbcacn)anecrbksevotnamfabksevotnams IeK enah vakμansmtßpabedahrsaycivpabrbcacnet. bks evotnamkmbuget»nk,allk;ékracücati lk;rbetscati [suevot. myyéf ²KitEtBIcab;yuvCnEdlmanGayucab;BI 15qñaMeLIgeTA bgçm[efvicatahanqøanbankm<úca. éf TI25 Ex]sPa qñam1978 tu huglúg )anekaheha «Bukmþayrbs; v:an;ertóg [etacybenasalaxum. tu huglúg )ankmramkmehg[gñktamgbirrbkl; v:an;ertóg eta[rdæ ebimin duecñhet nwgrtúvcab;dak;kukgs;myybuc. «Bukmþay v:an;ertóg )antbvijfa {eyigmin[kuneyigetaefvitahanqøanbanek et. QøanBanKWcaj;eK vas úyeqμah vagaesacekrþ Nas;. etibykégefv IGIeyIg.eyIgmin[kUneyIgeTABYkÉgdac;xat}. eblenah tu huglúg )an[qøbetacab; v:an;ertóg etasala XuM ehiy)anyk«bukmþay v:an;ertóg etadak;kukenakenøg myyehiy)anykv:an;ertógetadak;enakenøgmyyepsgetot CamYynwgyuvCncMnYn20nak;.bnÞab;mk)anbBa Únv:an;eRTÓg nigyuvcntamggs;etarsúkpumirycehiyetarsúkpufaj;etot. éf TI10ExmifunaqñaM1978hugLúg)anbBa ÚnyuvCn TaMgGs;eTAsalabec ketseyafadwklib. v:an;ertóg ena kñúggnuesnatucelx1 GnuesnaFMelx4. salaenhena erkambba arbs;vresnafmelx29 ehiyvresnafmelx 29 )anculqøanbankm<úcacmnynbielikrycmkehiy. kar culqøanbankñúgmyyelik² TahanRtÚvRKab;gab;BI nak;. enavresnafmenh mankmμapi)almyycmnyncagñk elμaps gáam ehiyk¾manmyycmnynetots b;s gáamqøanban rbs;bksevotnamedr edayxøhrt;etapþh GñkxøH)aj;édeCIg xøünég[rbys edim,iekc[putbikarculmkqøanbankm<úca. enasaladwklwbenh kmμapi)aledlcarkúbgðat;xøh )anbegðib[dwgfa enaeliqakgnþrcati neya)ayqøanban km<úcarbs;bksevotnam RtÚvbraC½yy:agGam:as;Nas;. ÉkñúgRbeTsbraC½yxageyaFak¾kan;EtF n;f rxøamgnas; etot. enarduvr)amgqñam enh bksevotnam manepnkarvaykm<úcaedayrtg;rtayfm. eyignwgerbigvi² TaMgGs;EdleyIgman duccarkab;edlmanepsgbul Edl GaceFVI[eyIgykC½yCmñHelIkm<úCa)an. B duecñh v:an;ertóg nigkuntahan)anecatsyrkñafa eti)antahanmkbina? ebi sbvéf enh yuvcnevotnamrt;culérb ehiyrbdab;eday GavuFvaybkSevotNamy:agxøaMgkøa. eti)anr)ak;exbina mk[tahan ebisuevotvacmbak;eksibban;landuløar ehiy Gt;)aydUcEtevotNamEdrenaH. etieyigmaneragcrkefvi kamepøig ynþehah rferkah k)a:l;cm,amget? etisuevotva GacCYyeyIg)aneRcInteTAmuxeTot)aneT? suevotbitca rt;ecalbksevotnam duccrkbtþ igaemrikrt;ecalbykgafivki Edr. etievotnammanduccrkbtþ igaemrikehiyb ena. cemø Iy EtmYym:at; KWmanEtmYyPaKrymin)anpg. kuntahantamg Gs;)ankMNt;c,as;fa ebibksevotnamh anlenarduvr)amg mcämnðléksarkm<úca 7

10 enh vamuxcaexøac vamuxetexþcxþi vamuxetgt;diena erbahrbca CnRKb;CnCatienAevotNam)aneRkakeLIgts UnwgbkSevot NamRKb;TisTI duccaclna)ay:ar:aka clnasasna Exμr km<úcaerkam skmμpabbksse gáahcatirbs; egog PavKI Ca edim. enarsúkdwklibenh kgt½bcncatipaktic vayrbhar etaelitahanevotnamcab;mindac;. RbFanXuM RbFanRsuk kmμapi)alrdægmnac nigeyafamñak;² sut EtEPñkR)ak;kak;. BYkvaP½yxøacNas; etanamknamansut EtkgkarBarBImux BIeRkay.kalv:an;eRTÓghat;enADwkLibvresnaFMelx29 )anecjetakm at;kgt½bcncatiedl)ankþab;kmnat;pø ÚvDwkLib )anemfyt Cajwkjab;. kñúgeblratt,atmþg² Tahanvr esnafmenhrtúvrkab;gab;y:agticnas;k¾20-30nak;edr. ExsIha qñam1988 vresniypáaymyy hub bba akar vresnafmelx29 )anniyayfa TwkdIbkSevotNamFMNas; KW\NÐÚcin niggasuigaekñy_. CaCMhandMbUg bksevotnam RtÚvvayykkm<úCa[)ansin erbahkm<úcasm,úrrsúvggár nig sm,tþifmμcati. km<úcacaknøwhsrmab;qøanbanrbetsdét etotenagasuigaekñy_. Rbsinykkm<úCa)anehIy RbeTs GasuIGaeKñy_ÉeTotnwgFøak;kñúgédevotNamy:agRsÜl.enA rduvr)amgqñam enh kñúgkarvaylukykkm<úca bksevotnamnwgerbiynþehah rferkah k)a:l;cm,amg kam epøigfm RKab;rMesv RBmTaMgRKab;EpSgBulpg. CamYyKñaenH kmμapi)alsuevotcaercinedlenakñúgkgt½bevotnam nwgculbba aynþehah rferkah k)a:l;cm,amg kamepøigfm nigkg efμ IreCIgpÞal;enAsmrPUmikm< úca. sbvéf enh eyafpumipakti5 mansuevot100nak;caerscetaehiy enadanam. éf TI5 ExkBaØa qñam1978 GnuesnaFMrbs; v:an;ertóg )anttylkuntahanfμietotcmnyn10nak;edletibetcab;)anm kbiextþgab íj. kuntahanfμi)anniyayfa PUmiRsúkextþ gab íj nigextþdétetot RtÚvTwkeLIglicGs;ehIy RTBü sm,tþirtúvvinashinehacgs;kμansl;. RbCaCnGt;)ay niglg;twksøab;gs;rab;ryrab;ban;nak; ehiyefmtamgtahan EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkÉksar evotnam)anlyc qk; bøn; BImuxBIeRkayKμansl;GVIeT.\LÚv bksevotnamkmbugetcat;tamg pam v:an;dug [edirsumtan sklelak edayelikbaküesøakfa RbCaCnevotNamrg erkahedaytwkcmnn;xøamgnas;. luhdl;)ancmnyybnþicbnþüc mk BYkenH)anykCMnYyTaMgenHdak;TukenAkñúgXøaMgeyaFa srmab;efvicaes,ógqøanbankm<úcags;. CamYyenH bks evotnam )anetae)akr)as;ykkunrbcacnmkefvitahan QøanBankm<úCaeTot eday)ansnüafa nwgpþl;cmnyydl; «Bukmþay EttamkarBitBYkenHmin)anpþl;[GVIesaH. éf 10ExkBaØaqñaM1978v:an;eRTÓg)anecjBIsala ehiy)anenakñ úggnuesnafmcagelx15 vresnafmelx29. vresnafmelx29 )anetae)aht½benapñmm:agy:ag epøku. kun TahannaMKñart;KμanelaHéf NaeT. xøhrt;etapþh xøhrt;culérb rymts URbqaMgnwgbkSevotNamCamYy«Bukmþayrbs;xøÜn. enapñmm:agy:ag vresniypáaymyy hub RsvuwgRsaKμandac; ehiy)anrkerogcamyykuntahan vaydmkuntahanesþirral; éf. luhdl;éf TI15 Extula qñam1978 hub )anbba a[vr esnafmelx29 culvaylukkm< úcaenagury:adav extþrtn³kiri munekkwvaytampøúvcatielx19. dl;éf TI19 Extula qñam 1978 vresnafmelx29 )anvayculdl;gury:adav. RKan;EteGItk,almkPøam k¾rtúvkgt½bkm<úcarbcafibetyü B½T vaykemþctamgrsugetmþg. eqg ev:g GanTsSnavdþItameKhTMB½r TsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBitRtÚv)anpSBVpSaytameKhTMB½r rbs;mcämnðléksarkm<úca. GñkGanGacrk)antam³ Searching.htm nig truthcambodia.com. B½t manbenßm sumtak;tg esam b unfn TUrs½BÞelx b sumgrkun! 8 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

11 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav evtikafñak;eronsþibisarsmxan;énkarsiksarbvtþisa sþ km<úcarbcafibetyü enavitüal½y\ nþetvi RbeTskm<úCaqøgkat;s gáamercinqñam CaBiessrbb ExμrRkhm EdlRbRBwtþGMeBIGmnusSFm bgçmrbcacn[efvikar ducstvfatu pþl;rbb[minrkb;rkan; eblqwkμanfñamsgáúvbüa )al nig)ansmøab;rbcacnsøútrtg;gs;cagbirlannak;. enhkwcarbt;rbvtþisa sþd¾curct;myyedlrbcacnkm<úca)an qøgkat;biqñam nig)ancgcamrhutmkdl;sbv éf. edim,ibeba óserogr:avedl)anekiteligtamgenh etib enarbwkéf TI6 ExkumÖ³ qñam2018 mcämnðléksarkm<úca shkarcamyyrksyggb;rmyuvcnnigkila)anerobcmevtikafñak; eronfμimyyetotenavitüal½y\ nþetvi sþibisarsmxan;énkar siksarbvtþisa sþkm<úcarbcafibetyü edaymansissa nusisscmnyn200nak; )anculrym. karerobcmbegáit[man evtikafñak;eronenhelig KWmaneKalbMNgsMxan; edim,ibegáin cmenhdwgrbvtþisa sþ karcyycmruj[mankarcgcam karkar BarkuM[GMeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_ekIteLIgmþgeTot nigbnþúh[ mankarkitrtihrihbicarnaetaelirbvtþisa sþdl;ekμg²cmnan; erkay EdlCaTMBaMgsñgb ssi Edl)aneFVIbTbgðajeday elak epg BgSr:asuI naykénkmμvifikargb;rmgmebirbl½ybuc sasn_enakm<úca. edimeliy vitüal½y\ nþetvirtúv)anksageligena qñam1963 enakñúgsm½ysgámra sþniymedldwknameday semþcrbh neratþm sihnu ehiy)ansem<afebik[sisscul elak epg BgSr:asIu RbFanKeRmagGb;rMBIeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa efvibtbgðajsþibisarsmxan;énkarsiksarbvtþisa sþkm<úcarbcafib etyübiqñam dl;sissanusissenavitüal½y\ nþetvi. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 9

12 i eroncapøúvkaredaymanvtþmand¾x<g;x<s;rbs;rbhkrunarbh )atsemþcrbh neratþm sihnu pþal;rbhggá. bnþab;bimanrbwtþ karn_rdærbharqñam1970 vitüal½y\ nþetvi RtÚv)anbþÚr eqμahetacavitüal½ytylekakvij. bnþab;biexμrrkhmelig kan;kab;gmnacenaqñam1975 RbCaCnenATIRkúgPñMeBjTaMg Gs; RtÚv)anExμrRkhmCemøós[ecjBIpÞHsEm,gedaybgçM etaefv IERscmáardUcRbCaCnenAtMbn;epSg²eTotEdr. cmenk vitüal½yenh RtÚv)anExμrRkhmykeFVICaXøaMgsRmab;pÞúk GavuFyuT PNÐRKb;RbePT. luhdl;erkayeblexμrrkhm dylrlmeta vitüal½yenh RtÚv)anykeFVICasalabec kets hirbaøvtßúeyafa énrbbsafarnrdærbcamanitkm<úca rhut dl;qñam1989 etibrbkl;[mkrksyggb;rm yuvcn nigkila vij. bnþab;mk RksYgGb;rM yuvcn nigkila k¾)anbþúreqμah vitüal½yenh mkcavitüal½y\ nþetvivij edaybc úb,nñ vitüa l½y\ nþetvimansissanusisskmbugeron RbmaNCag2400 nak; riérkúbergónmancmnyn139nak; EdlkñúgenaHmanGñk EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav RKÚcMnYn99nak;. vitüal½y\ nþetvi mantitamgsßitenacenøah pøúvelx317 nigpøúvelx592 kñúg sgáat;bwgkk2 xnðtyl ekak racfanipñmebj enaeliépþdisrub cmnyn2>4303em:rt RkLa. munnwgmanevtikafñak;eronsþibi sarsmxan;énkarsiksa Rbvtþi sa sþkm<úcarbcafibetyü mcämnðléksarkm<úca )anshkarcamyyrksyggb;rm yuvcn nigkila )andak;tamg Bakü esøakenavitüal½y\ nþetvi tamgbiqñam2010 Edl niyay BIrbbExμrRkhm. bnþab;bicb;evtikafñak;eron elakrkú nak; sut a nayk vitüal½y\ nþetvi )anbgðajnuvcmnab;garmμn_fa Baküesøak EdlsresrenAelIehaCagénGKarsikSaEdlniyayBI rbbexμrrkhm KWniyayBIkarpSHpSa Gb;rMkUnecA[ecHGt;»n niggfüars½ykña. BImunelakRKÚKitfa mansisstictyc Nas;EdlGanehIy)anyl;BIGtßn½y erbahbaküesøakman n½yerca. duecñh edim,i[sissgayyl;cmebahgtßn½yrbs; BaküesøakenH Tal;EteyIgeFVICaevTikafñak;erondUcéf enh. sissvitüal½y\ nþetvi eligsresrerogr:avbirbbexμrrkhmedlxøün)andwg bgðajetadl;mitþpkþiedl)anculrymenakñúgevtikafñak;eronsþibisar smxan;énkarsiksarbvtþisa sþkm<úcarbcafibetyü BIqñaM mcämnðléksarkm<úca

13 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav evtikaenhmansarsmxan;xøamgnas;edlgacbnül;baküesøak TaMgGs;enH[sisSGacyl;)an tamry³karefvibtbgðaj enakñúgevtikafñak;eron. elakrkú)anbnþfa ekμg\lúvekitmin Tan;rbbExμrRkhmeT ehiyekμgpakercinminsuvecofaman rbbexμrrkhmedlmankarkab;smøab;mnusset luhdl;rkúm kargarrbs;mcämnðléksarkm<úcamkefvibtbgðaj man bgðajcarubft nigéksar etibcmruj[ekμgmancmenokan;et xøamgeligfabitcamanrbbexμrrkhmemn ehiyekμgnwgman CMenOkan;EtxøaMgeLIg²BIRbvtþisa sþkm<úcarbcafibetyü. elakrkú)anbnþetotfa enaeblrblg RbsinebImanecjCa vibaøasatak;tgrbbexμrrkhm enahrwtetefvi[sissmankar cab;garmμn_kan;etxøamgeligefmetot. GñkRKÚeQμaH suin sudani CaRKÚbeRgónEpñkRbvtþiviTüa )an[dwgfa karbergónmuxvic arbvtþivitüa BImunsala)an[ eblbirem:agkñúgmyys)aþh_ b:uenþdl;eblbc úb,nñ sala[et myyem:agkñúgmyys)aþh_ ehtuenhgñkrkúminmaneblrkb; RKan;kñúgkareFVIbTbgðaj k¾duccabipaksabierogr:avenakñúgem eron[)ansuicermaenakñúgfñak;. GñkRKÚ)anbnþfa sissna eblbc úb,nñenh mankaryl;dwgbirbvtþisa sþkm<úcarbca FibetyüeRcInCagmun erbahkalbibergóndmbug ebledl GñkRKÚbeRgónsisSGMBIRbvtþisaRsþkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü sisshak;biduccarsbicrsbil ehiy)ankitfa karbergón enhmanlkçn³putkuhk. bc úb,nñ eblgñkrkúbergón KWman sissculeronebj²fñak;. GñkRKÚ)anbnþfa enakñúgfñak;eron GñkRKÚEtgmanCasMNYrsYreTAkan;sisSCanic ehtuenhehiy )ancasissmankarcab;garmμn_kñúgkarsiksabirbvtþisa sþ km<úcarbcafibetyü. cmebahvifisa sþkñúgkarbergónsiss GñkRKÚ)anR)ab;[dwgeTotfa GñkRKÚmanÉksarCaemeron EdlGñkRKÚ)ansegçbecjBIesovePARbvtþisa sþkm<úca RbCaFibetyü nigrubft edim,ibgðajetakan;siss rympsmnwg mankarcak;psaybirkb;sßaniy_turtssn_kñúgrsúkbirbbenh etibsissmankarecocak;fa BitCamanrbbRbl½yBUC sasn_enakm<úcabinemn. Qwm suvnñ CasisSeronenAfñak;TI12D1 )an[dwg fa xøünføab;)andwgb BIerOgr:avEdl)anekIteLIgenAkñúgrbb ExμrRkhm Etminc,as;las;eT ehiykardwgb enh KW)andwgtamry³«BukmþayniyayR)ab; nigdwgtamry³bnþaj sgámehvsb uk. rbbexμrrkhmcarbbmyyedlrbl½y BUCsasn_CatiÉg KμankareyaKyl; nigerbigmnacpþac; kar. suvnñ yl;exijfa karbegáit[mancaevtikaebbenh KWmansarsMxan;Nas; b:uenþ KYrmaneBlevla[)anEvgCag enhrwtetrbesir. erkayeblsuvnñ )anculrymsiksakñúg evtikaenh b Únmankaryl;dwgBIRbvtþisa sþexμrrkhm)an ercincagmun CaBiesseKalkarcMnYnR)aMbIcMNucrbs;Exμr Rkhm duccakarlubbm)at;psar karlubbm)at;rubiybnñ kar CemøósRbCaCnedaybgçM karpswkrbhsgç karsmøab;m nþi rackarkñúgrbb ln; nl; karbegáitshkrn_fñak;x<s; kar benþjcncatievotnamecjbirbets nigkarbba ÚnkgT½B etarbmedn.suvnñ)anbnþfakat;cg;[mancaevtikarebbenh etot nigmaneblevlaercincagenh edim,i[kat; nigsissa nusissepsgetot )anttylkaryl;dwgbirbvtþisa sþexμr Rkhm[)ankan;EteRcIn. eb:g r:uhsa CasisSeronenAfñak;TI12 D1 )anr)ab;[ dwgfa Kat;)andwgBIRbvtþisa sþexμrrkhmtamry³«bukmþay nigciduncitaniyayr)ab;. r:uhsa )anbnþfa rbbexμrrkhm CarbbmYyEdlRbl½yBUCsasn_ pþac;kar ehiykμankar eyakyl;dl;gñknaeliy. edim,ikarbarkum[rbbrbl½y BUCsasn_ExμrRkhmenH vilrtlb;mkvij Tal;EtRbCaCn RtÚvrYmsamKÁIKñaCaFøúgmYy minrtúverbigmebihigsa KWRtÚvyk cmenhdwgedleyig)aneronsurtmkbipaksakña. r:uhsa )an benßmfa cmebahevtikafñak;eronedl)anerobcmenarbwkenh BitCaeFVI[Kat;TTYlkaryl;dwgBIRbvtþisa sþexμrrkhm ercincagkalbiebledlkat;mintan;)anculrymkñúgevtikafñak; eronenh. eqg ev:g mcämnðléksarkm<úca 11

14 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav vkábnþúhbnþalsþibi karcgrkg RsavRCav Rbvtþisa sþpumi srmab;rkúbergónmuxvic arbvtþivitüa niggksrsa sþexμrenavicirtsalsil,³ shsm½yvitüasßansøwkrwk narbwkéf TI21 ExkumÖ³ qñam2018 KeRmagGb;rMBIGMeBI Rbl½yBUCsasn_rbs;mCÄmNÐlÉksarkm<úCa shkar CamYyRksYgGb;rM yuvcn nigkila )anerobcmvkábnþ úhbnþal sþibi {karcgrkg RsavRCav Rbvtþisa sþpumi} srmab;rkú bergónmuxvic arbvtþivitüa niggksrsa sþexμr nwgrbrbwtþeta ry³ebl biéf cab;biéf TI21-23 ExkumÖ³ qñam2018 enavicirtsalsil,³shsm½yvitüasßansøwkrwt Edlman TItaMgsßitenAkñúgviTüasßanCatiGb;rM. enakñúgkmμvifienhedr mcämnðléksarkm<úca )angeba IjelakRKÚ-GñkRKÚEdl bergónmuxvic arbvtþ ivitüa niggksrsa sþexμrmkbiextþknþal extþtaekv extþ)at;dmbg extþkmbg;cam extþt,úgxμúm extþsvay erog nigextþkmbg;qñamgcmnynémönak; rymcamyybukálikmcämnðl Éksarkm<úCaRbmaNCagsamsibnak;cUlrYm. karbegáit[manvkábnþúhbnþalenhelig kñúgekal bmng 1 begáitcakn³kmμkaresvgrkkarbit nigkapshpsa elak epg BgSr:asIu RbFanKeRmagGb;rMBIeBIRbl½yBUCsasn_enAkm<úCa )aneligbgðajbivifisa sþsresr nigrbmulb½t manedim,isresr Rbvtþisa sþpumietadl;elakrkúgñkrkú nigsikçakamedlmkculrym. 12 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

15 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav myyenakm<úca 2 bgðajbiynþkaryutþifm GnþrkalepSg²eTot 3 begáitkarcgcamecjbimuldæan 4 bnþúhbnþalrkúbergónfñak;muldæan[køayca {GñkRbvtþisa sþpumitamry³karbnþúhbnþal} nigbnþcul rymkñúgkargb;rm edaypþl;»kas[rkúbergóntamggs;sresr RbvtþisaRsþecjBIshKmn_rbs;xøÜn nig 5 BRgwgsmtßPaBRKÚbeRgóntammUldæan[køay etacarkúedlechcmnajrsavrcav EdlnwgGacmanlT PaB kñúgkarepþrcmenhdwgenhetakan;sissrbs;xøün bnþetot. mnussmñak; manrbvtþisa sþmyy ehiyrbvtþisa sþ enh enamintan;)ankt;rtarkb;rcúgercayenaeliyet. eti manerogr:avgvixøhekiteligenakñúgmuldæan? ehiymanmnuss b: unμannak;)andwgb BIerOgr:avTaMgenaH? enhkwcamulehtucm,g EdlvKÁbNþúHbNþalRtÚvEsVgyl; nigcgcambirbvtþierogr:av BIGtItkal RBmTaMgEckrMElkdl;ekμg²CMnan;eRkaybnþeTot kñúgn½yefrksarbvtþisa sþxøünég. elak epg BgSr:asuI naykkmμvifigb;rmbigmebirbl½ybucsasn_enakm<úca nigcagñk dwknamvkábnþúhbnþal )anefvibtbgðajbisarsmxan;kñúgkar RsavRCavRbvtþisa sþenakñúgshkmn_fa karsresrrbvtþi sa sþpumi KWCaKeRmagEdlnwgRtÚvGnuvtþkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaM Kitcab;BIqñaM2018 tetaenakñúgextþrkúgtutamgrbets. RKÚ bergónedlrtúvttylbnþúksresrrbvtþipumi RtÚveRCIserIs ecjbibba IeQμaHRKÚbegÁalfñak;extþEdlFøab;)anTTYlkar bnþúhbnþalbimcämnðléksarkm<úca shkarcamyy RksYgGb;rMyuvCnnigkILaedayEp kelicmng;cmnulcitþnig karsμ ½RKcitþrbs;elakRKÚ-GñkRKÚ kñ úgkarsresrrbvtþ isa sþ xøünég. cmebahlt pledl)anmkbikarsresrtamgenh nwgrtúvefvikare)ahbum< rycrbkl;eta[elakrkú-gñkrkúvij edim,iefvicasmöar]betþserbir)as;pþal;xøün nigbergónsissa nusiss[esvgyl;bisac;erogbigtitkalkñúgpumikmenit rbs;xøün. elak epg BgSr:asuI )anbnþfa bnþab;bimankarercis erisrkúbergón[culrymkñúgdmenirkarénkarsresrrbvtþipumi mk vkábnþúhbnþalry³eblxøimyy nwgrtúverobcmefvielig srmab;rkútamggs; edim,ipþl;cmenhdwg nigcmnajbivifisa sþ kñúgkarefvikarrsavrcav. kic karenh KWCabnÞúkrbs;mCÄ mnðléksarkm<úca kñúgkarbnþúhbnþalrkúbergón[man CMnajRsavRCavdUcCa vifisa sþrsavrcav begáitkrmg smnyrrsavrcav vifisarsþefvibtsmöas dmenirkarénkar sresr nigcmenhdwgepsg²etot EdlnwgGacnaMelakRKÚ- GñkRKÚeTAkan;eKaledA nigttyl)anlt pll. cmebahkic kar TaMgenH nwgmingnubaøati[efvikic karrsavrcav b efvibtsmöas enakñúgem:agbergónsissenakñúgsalacmenhtuetaeliy. b:uenþrkúrtúv)aneliktwkcitþ[efvikargarenhenakñúgeblvissm kalry³eblxøi enaexemsa nigvissmkalry³eblevg cab;biexsihadl;extula énqñamsiksanimyy². RKÚbeRgón EdlCaGñkRsavRCav RtÚvkMNt;em:ageBlsRmab;eFVIkar RsavRCav nigkarsresrsmenrrbs;xøün[)anc,as;las; edayeyagtamry³eblénvissmkalnimyy². bnþab;bikarefvibtbgðajrbs;elak epg BgSr:asuI mk elakrkú-gñkrkú )ansyrsmnyrtak;tgetanwgrbfanbtedl Kat;RtÚvcuHeFVIkarRsavRCavenAtamPUmierog²xøÜn. edim,i[ kic karcuhsiksarsavrcavnigkarsresrgtßbtrbvtþipumi)an cmekaledaedlmcämnðléksarkm<úcacg;)an elakrkú- GñkRKÚ)anbegá ItCaRbFanbTmñak;mYyRbFanbT²EdlRbFan bttamgenahrymman Rbvtþisa sþrbs;salaetbrbnmü/ PUmirbs;eyIg KWPUmiERBkGMbil enakñúgextþtaekv/ BuT bdima RtÚv)anExμrRkhmvaykemÞcykeTAcak;RkaleFVIs<an/ PUmi svayxøamg/ PUmiRbFatukñúgsm½yExμrRkhm/ renþasaksb enapumicar kñúgextþsvayerog/ TMnb;Gt;)ayenAPUmirbs; TMnb;kumar/ karsmøab;kñúglkçn³rtg;rtayfm/ karhamxat; ekarbrbnib½tn_sasnacaedim. kñúg»kasculrymkñúgsikçasalaenh elakrkú-gñkrkú mcämnðléksarkm<úca 13

16 )anbgðajbicmnab;garmμn_ducxagerkam u GñkRKÚ ehn RsInit RKÚbeRgónEpñkGkSrsa sþexμr enavitüal½yrkúcqμar )anbgðajbicmnab;garmμn_rbs;kat; fa Kat;mankarcab;GarmμN_xøaMgNas;enAeBlEdlKat;)an culrymvkábnþúhbnþal {karcgrkg RsavRCav Rbvtþisa sþ PUmi}. karn_edlkat;)anculrymkñúgvkábnþúhbnþalkic kar RsavRCavenH Kat;nwgTTYl)annUvbTBiesaFfμI² k¾duccavifi sa sþkñúgkarrsavrcav EdlkalBImuxKat;Føab;)ancUlrYm kñúgvkábnþúhbnþalepsg²edr b:uenþminsuvcab;garmμn_xøamg ducebl)anculrymkñúgvkábnþúhbnþal enaeblenhet. Gñk RKÚ)anbnþfa vkábnþ úhbnþalenh BitCa)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_ ercindl;karbergónrbs;kat;. Kat;nwgeFVIkarpSBVpSayBI Rbvti þpumidl;sissanusiss nigshkmn_edim,ibegáincmenhdwg EdlmanRsab; nigbrgwgsmtßpabbenßm. minrtwmetb: uenñah Kat;nwg)anTTYlcMeNHdwgBIviFIsa sþkarrsavrcavrbvtþipumi )anmyykrmitefmetot. u elakrkú sm vicirt CaRKÚbeRgónmuxviC arbvtþi vitüaénvitüal½y h un Esn s ag)an[dwgfa karculrymkñúgvká bnþúhbnþalenh nwgefvi[sikçakamtamggs; TTYl)annUvbT BiesaFfμI²kñúgkarsresrRbvtþisa sþpumirbs;xøünpþal;tukca Éksar. sikçakamtamggs; GacEckrMElknUvbTBiesaF[Kña etavijetamk nigmankarcgcamgmbirbvtþisa sþpumirbs;xøün )anyurgegvg. elakrkú)anbnþfa karrsavrcavrbvtþi sa sþpumi pþl;rbeyacn_ercindl;kat;ducca efvicaéksar eyagenakñúgkarbergón EdlCab;Bak;B½n kmμvifisiksarbs; RksYg ehiykat;gacykbtbiesafedlkat;ttyl)an etaefvi btbgðajdl;siss edim,i[siss)anyl;kan;etc,as;gmbi Rbvtþisa sþpumirbs;xøün. u elakrkúrbvtþivitüa mkbivitüal½y h un Esn kmbg; knþüt eqμah Xwm Rss;)anR)ab;[dwgfa vkábnþúhbnþalenh CaCMnajfμImYysRmab;Kat;. vkábnþúhbnþalenh BitCaman sarsmxan;nas; erbahpþl;»kas[kat;)ancuhefvikarsiksa EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav RsavRCav BITItaMgmYyCak;lak;. elakrkú)anbenßmfa kar RsavRCavRbvtþisa sþpumi pþl;plrbeyacn_ercinsrmab; karbergónrbs;kat;ducca pþl;cmenhdwgdl;siss[)andwgbi erogr:avedl)anekiteligenakñúgtmbn;enah nigtukcaéksar srmab;[gñksiksaepsg²etot )anesvgyl;birbvtþipumi rbs;xøün. u cmenkgñkrkú R)asaT rsμibnøw CaRKÚbeRgónmuxviC a Rbvtþi nigpumivitüa mkbivitüal½y h un Esn taexμa niggñkrkú huk danin bergónmuxvic apumi nigrbvtþivitüa mkbivitüal½y C½yvrμ½nTI7 )an[dwgrbmkñafa enaebledlkat;tamgbir)an culrymkñúgvkábnþúhbnþalenh Kat;manGarmμN_Ebøk erbahca btbiesaffμisrmab;kat; ehiykat;k¾mankarlm)akkñúgkar EsVgyl;Edr.b:uEnþGñkRKÚ)anbEnßmfavKÁ bnþúhbnþalenh )anpþl;plrbeyacn_ercindl;kat;kñ úgkargpivdæcmnajrsav RCav nigkarsresrrbvtþipumi ehiyefmtamg)anbrgwgbenßm elicmenhdwgmuldæanedlføab;)anttylbimunmk niggaccg RkgÉksarRsavRCavCasmÖar]beTsCMnYydl;karbeRgón sissenakñúgfñak;eron. bnþab;bicb;vkábnþ úhbnþalsþ IBI {karcgrkg RsavRCav Rbvtþ isa sþpumi} ry³eblbiéf enh mcämnðléksarkm< úca nwgefvikartak;tgelakrkú-gñkrkú edim,isyrb½t manbikermag sresrrbs;kat;rycehiymcämnðléksarkm< úcanwggeba Ij elakrkú-gñkrkútamggs;mkmcämnðléksarkm<úcaena Pñ MeBjmþgeTot edim,ibipaksaetaelirbfanbtrbs;kat;mñak;². bnþab;mketot mcämnðléksarkm<úcanwgcuhetatitamgedl elakrkú-gñkrkúrs;enapþal;edim,ibinitüelikermagrsavrcav rbs;kat;. CacugeRkay mcämnðléksarkm<úca nwgefvikar RbmUllT pledlelakrkú-gñkrkú)ansresrmkeksrmül exøagxøa niggkçravirut RBmTaMgbkERbGtßbTTaMgGs;eTACa PasaGg;eKøs rycefvikare)ahbum<psaycapasaexμr nigpasa Gg;eKøs. eqg ev:g nig min sanas; 14 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

17 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav GtItkgT½BeCIgTwkExμrRkhm)anrMB kbibtbiesaf enaekahtag ekahb:ulúév: nigekahrkckesh DU G un eptrbús Gayu63qñaM manrsúkkmenitenaextþ taekv)anerobrab;[dwgfa kalbiekμgkat;eron)anrtwmfñak;ti 9cas; enasalabzmsiksaggárgenþik. bnþab;bimanrdæ RbhaenAqñaM1970RKÚbeRgónenAsalabzmsikSaGgÁr GeNþIkTaMgGs;)anrt;ePosxøÜneTATIRkúgPñMeBj ehiy G un k¾ )anqb;eron mkrs;enacamyy«bukmþaycyyefviers XVal eka nigrkbicaedim. ekahtag enacugqñam1972 manyuvcncaercin)ansμ½rkcitþcul efvicakgqøbpumi nigxumrbs;exμrrkhm edaykitculedim,i bermicati. G un k¾)ansμ ½RKcitþeFV IkgQøbdUcCayuvCnepSg² etotedr. dmbugeliy G un bermicakgqøbenaxu Mtay:ab Edl mantisñak;karenapumicmenox<s;. G un RtÚv)ancat;taMg[edIremIl nigkarbarsuvtßipabenakñúgpumixum hvwkhat;yut sa sþkgt½b nigttylkargb;rmbmbak;bmb:nepñkneya)aybiggákarexμrrkhm EdlkalenaHeQμaH ehon CaRbFanXuMtay:ab. bnþab;mkexμrrkhm)anbba Ún G un [culkñúgggápab kgt½bvij KWkgvresnatUcelx103 tmbn;33 EdlRtÚv QreCIgenAéRBlμat xagecigpø ÚvCatielx4. ekon CaRbFan kgvresnatucelx 103 b:uenþerkaymk ekon k¾)ansøab; ehiy hm )aneligcarbfancmnys suim cmenksmnag Ca GnuRbFan. enatmbn;33mankgvresnatuccmnyn4 KWkg vresnatucelx102/ 103/ 104 nig 105. enaqñam1974 kgvresnatucelx102 nig103 RtÚv)anbBa ÚleTAkñúgkgBlTI3rbs;PUmi PaKnirtI nigrtúvetarbcamkarenalegvk. kgvresnatucelx103 RtÚv)anbþÚreTA CakgvresnatUc410cMNuH[kgvresnaFM elx16. RbFanvresnatUcelx410 KW hm nig suim dedl. riékgvresnafm elx16 maneqμah emoc CaRbFan. G un )anrtúvrbyscmecig nigxñg enaeblrbyut kñúgsmrpumi nig)anculsrmakebtügs; ry³eblcit2ex. enacugqñam1974 nigedimqñam1975 kgblrbs; G un )anpøas;mkrbtibtþikarenatampøúvcatielx4enamþúmmhasamg TMnb;ERBkehA. cmenkkgt½bmyycmnyn)anbnþmkqrecig enaebkcan edim,ivayrbyut CamYyTahan ln; nl; nig Gaemrik. kgblrbs; G un min)anculvaydl;tirkúgpñmebj et KWcUlRtwmEbkcanEtb:ueNÑaH. erkaybirmedah)antirkúgpñmebjpøam ExμrRkhmtRmÚv[ kgblti3rbs; G un etarbcamkarenakmbg;esam. ebalkwéf TI 19 Exemsa qñam1975 kgblti3 )anecjetakmbg; mcämnðléksarkm<úca 15

18 esam. éf TI20 Ex nigqñamdedl kgblti3)anetadl;ram. luhdl;ram kgblti3 RtÚv)anbþÚreQμaHeTACakgBl164 EdlCakgBlrbs;mCÄwm.RbFannigGnuRbFankgBl164 eqμahmutnigdwm.b: uenþkgvresnatuc410min)anbþ ÚreLIy ehiycmenkérbfan niggnurbfank¾minmankarpøas;bþúr Edr. bnþab;bienaram)an2éf KWéf TI22ExemsaqñaM1975 kgvresnatucelx410 EdlmankgT½BRbmaNCa300 eta400nak; )anefvidmenireq<ahetaekahtag nigekahb:ulúév:. G un )anqrecigenaekahtag. enaekahtagenhmankggnu esnafmcmnyn2 KWK8 nigk10 EdlmankgT½BsrubRbEhl 200nak;.G unsßitenakñúgkggnuesnafmk8edlmaneqμah em:n nig hyt CaRbFan niggnurbfankggnuesnafmk8. m:n CaRbFankgGnuesnaFMK10 ehiy hun CaGnuRbFan. ena ekahtag G un KWCaRbFanRkúmEdlRKb;RKgkgT½BcMnYn12 nak;. EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav éf TI 24 ExemsanigqñaMdEdl G un nigkgt½bcag100 nak;etot RtÚvbBa Ún[eTAekaHRkckesH b ekahb:ulúb:g;sg;. karefvidmeniretaekahrkckeshenh KWRtÚvCiHTUkm:asuIn120 esh cmnyncit10erkóg kñúgtukmyyerkógmankgt½brbman Cit20nak;. enaekahrkckeshmanrbcacnrs;enaercin nig sm,úretaedaypþhfμ. RbCaCnenATIenaHKWCaRbCaCnevot Nam nigexμrkm<úcaerkam EdlmanGñkxøHecHPasaExμr. elisbienhetotk¾mantahanfivki evotnamxagt,úg ena ekahrkckeshenhedr. xn³ebledltahanevotnamxag t,úg)aneliktg;c½ysrenah kgt½bexμrrkhm)anculeta dl;ekahrkckeshpøam²edr. RbCaCnEdlrs;enAelIekaH RkckesHmanPaBrak;Tak; nig)andam)ay[ G un nigkgt½bexμr RkhmepSgeTotbriePaK. embba akarexμrrkhmrbcamena ekahrkckeshrymman saeron/ cay/ Tg/ em:n nig hyt. kgt½bexμrrkhm)anedirr)ab;rbcacn nigtahanefovki Edl rs;enaekahrkckesh [erobcmxøün niggiv:an;epsg²edim,icak eyafaexμrrkhmenasmrpumi 16 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

19 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav ecj erbahkgt½bexμrrkhmrtúvkan;kab;ekahenh. bnþab;bi QreCIgenAekaHRkckesH)ancMnYn2éf G un nigkgt½brbman 20nak;eTot RtÚvTTYlbBa a[rtlb;mkekahtagvij. cmenk kgvresnatucelx470rbs; tacay Edl)anbBa ÚnkgT½B mkbenßmrhutdl;cag300nak;)anbnþqrecigenaekah RkckesHeTot. G un nigkgt½b20nak;etot min)anculmkekahtag enahpøamet ebalkwrtúvculetasñak;enaekahb:ulúév:myyyb; sin BIeRBaHenAekaHtag kmbugetmankarvayrbyut Kñarvag kgt½bexμrrkhmnwgtahangaemrik. enaxn³eblrbyut enah kgt½bgaemrik)anerbiynþehahknþúmruycaercinerkóg e)ak RKab;EbkEpSgCaeRcInRKab; nigkamepøigtmenib²pgenah kgt½b ExμrRkhmGacTb;Tl;)anEtry³b:unμanem:ag k¾)annamkñart; culérbnigeligelipñ MGs;.enAxN³eBlkMBugRbyuT KñaenAelI ekahtagenah TahanGaemrikk¾)anTmøak;RKab;EbkenAkMBg; esam ram nigeragcrkerbgkat. karvayrbyut KñaenAekaH tag)ancab;epþimtamgbieblrbwkrblwm ehiy)anbba b;vij enaem:agrbman9yb;. bnþab;bibba b;karrbyut Kña G un nigkgt½bexμrrkhm epsgetot k¾)anculetadl;ekahtagnigcyyrbemrrbmul saksbkgt½bexμrrkhm nigtahangaemrikyketakb;. srubkgt½bexμrrkhm)ansøab;cmnyn7nak; nig)at;xøün3nak;. cmenktahangaemrikk¾)ansøab;mancmnynrbhak;rbehlkña enhedr EfmTaMg)anbnSl;TuknUvexμacynþehaHknÞúMruyBIr erkóg nigfugsamgcmnynbiretotpg. karrbyut rvagkgt½bexμrrkhm nigtahangaemrikena ekahtagenh KWedImehtumkBIkgT½BExμrRkhm)ancab;k)a:l; m:ay:aehás EdlCak)a:l;dwkTMnijrbs;Gaemrik ehiy GaemrikTamTar[edaHElgk)a:l;rbs;xø Ün. k)a:l;m:ay:aehás )andwktmnijqøgkat;ek,rekahb:ulúév: ehiyrtúv)ankgt½becig Twkrbs;ExμrRkhmecjmksÞak;cab;BIekaHb:ULÚév:ykmkTuk enaekahtag. bnþab;birmedah)anevotnamxagt,úgenaéf TI30 Exemsa qñam1975 RbEhl2s)aþh_kgT½BevotNam)anvaysRmúk kgt½bexμrrkhmenaekahrkckesh nigekahb:ulúév:. kgt½b evotnam)ancab;kgt½bexμrrkhmtamggs;yketaxumxamg enaekahrtl; nig)an)aj;bnøictukm:asuinrbs;exμrrkhmgs; CaeRcIneRKÓg. erkaymk nyn Ca )ancybcrcarcamyypaki evotnam edim,i[edahelgkgt½bexμr nigrbkl;ekahb:ulúév: mk[exμrvij. bnþab;bievotnamrbkl;ekahb:ulúév:mkvij ExμrRkhm k¾)anbba Ún G un nigkgvresnatucelx410 eta RbcaMkarekaHb:ULÚév:. RbCaCnevotNam nigéfetgetmkensatrtiena Ek,r²ekaHb:ULÚév: ehiyrtúvkgt½bexμrrkhmcab;xat;tuk nig bba ÚnGñkensaTTaMgenaHeTAkMBg;esam. elisbienh k¾man CnbreTseRkABIéf nigevotnam )anebikekþagqøgkat; nig RtÚvkgT½BExμrRkhmcab;bBa ÚnmkkMBg;esamEdr. G un Føab;RtÚv)ancat;taMg[mkeronsURt nigrbcumena kmbg;esammþgmáaledr KWRbCuMmþg²manry³eBlmYyExknøH GñkdwknaMRbCuMman mas mut/ esg/ sun esn ehiykar RbCuMenaHKWTak;TgeTAnwgkarkarBarCati nigkarkarbaredndi. enaekahb:ulúév: G un nigkgt½bepsgetot)andambenøbgáar nig efviepedim,icttuk kanutcaedim. kgt½bexμrrkhm hubcuk myyéf 3eBl KWeBlRBwkhUbbbr ebléf hub)ay nigebl la chub)ay. enaqñam1979 evotnam)anvayculdl;kmbg;esam G un nigkgt½bepsgetot )anrt;ecjbiekahb:ulúév: edayqøg kat;tamcmøgeka enaxagecigsþwghav eq<ahetagnþúgtwk nig eligpñ MGUrdMbg.bnÞab;mkG unrymcamyykgt½bnigrbcacnrbús RsIcMnYn33nak;)anrt;RtLb;mkkMBg;s<W nig)anculsarpab CamYyevotNam. G un RtÚvsßitenAmnÞIrGb;rMry³mYyExknøH evotnam)anbba ÚnmkkMBg;RtaM BamxVav. bnþab;mk G un nigmnusscag30nak;epsgetot)anebkkñartlb;mkrsukkm eniterog²xøün. esam lap mcämnðléksarkm<úca 17

20 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav CIvitts UCamYyExμrRkhm RBM rin eptrbús Gayu58qñaM ekitenapumican; XuMéRB kenþóg RsukBamrk_ extþérbevg. sbvéf rs;enapumitylbrg XuMTMnb;dac; RsukRtBaMgR)asaT extþ]tþrmanc½y. «Buk eqμah RBM r:n nigmþayeqμah)a:v ru. kñúgcmenambgb ÚnbegáIt cmnynr)ambirnak; rin CakUnc,geK. minmansmaciknamñak;kñúg RKÜsarrbs; rin )ansøab;enakñúgrbbexμrrkhmet. rin )an erobkarcamyyrbbn eqμah sn ful bc úb,nñ sn ful mangayu55qñam enakñúgqñam1983 nigmankuncmnyn8nak;. rin eron)anrtwmfñak;ti10 enasalabzmsiksapumi can;. erkayeblmanrbwtþikarn_rdærbhartmøak;semþcrbh neratþm sihnu naéf TI18 ExmIna qñam1970 rin k¾)anqb; eron nigcyyefvikargarerscmáarcamyy«bukmþayrbs;xøün vij. BIrqñaMeRkaybnÞab;BIrdæRbhar rin )ansμ½rkcitþculefvi eyafaenarsukbamrk_ EdlkaleNaH KN³RsukmaneQμaH Evg eha rdæ nigtaecm. BIqñaM1973 dl;qñam1974 eyafatmbn;24 )anmk vayenasmrpumiek,rgñkelog mþúmxøút vtþvaldmbg manbirvr esnafm KWg-124 nig g-125 edim,idenþimykgñkelog BI Tahan ln; nl;. b:uenþeyafabirvresnafmenhmin)anbnþ dmenirculmktirkúgpñmebjet ehiy)anrmsayetavij ena eblvayebksmrpumigñkelog. enaqñam1974 rin )anecjbiggápabeyafafñak;rsúk eligetaggápabeyafafñak;tmbn;. b:uenþenaeblenahmintan; begáitkgblenaeliyet KWmanRtwmGgÁPaBvresnaFM {g- 124} nig {g-125} EdlRbFanvresnaFM g-125 eqμah QYn. rin efvieyafaenakgfm {K-10} kñúgvresna tuc{x-3}. bnþab;mk rin )anculkñúgkgbiess EdlkgBiess enahmaneqμah sux esn eha sux saeron CaRbFanvr esnafm CMnYs[eQμaH QYn erbah QYn RtÚv)anExμrRkhm yketasmøab;ecalenakñúgqñam1976. kalenah rin man tynaticarbfankgtuckþab;tahanrbmanca30eta40nak; edaymyyrkúm² mansmacik12nak;. qñam1975 erkayebledlexμrrkhmttyl)anc½y CmñHTaMgRsugehIy kmøamgrbs; rin EdlmanBIrvresnaFM )anrtlb;etaqrecigenatamrbmednkñúgpumisa sþmþúmtylta b:ul kñúgxumtamtar RsukRBHesþc nigrsukbamcr. enatienah rin nigsmacikéetot RtÚv)anGgÁkar[eFVIERspg nigkarbar RBMEdnpg EdlsßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;eQμaH huy RbFanvresnaFM170. bnþab;mk enaqñam enatamrbmednkm<úca-evotnam )anekitmankarvayrbyut Kñay:agxøaMg EdlkarvayRbyuT KñaenH bnþal[eyafaexμr RkhmEdlQreCIgkarBarenAsmrPUmiRBMEdn nigeyafaefμir ecig)ansøab;gs;caercinnak;. bnþab;mketotenaqñam1978ekitmanyut nakare)as sm atkmμapi)alpumipakbub a Edlkare)assm atenhefvi eligedaykmμapi)almkbipumipaknirti. kare)assm atenh )ansmøab;bkçbykedlcaexsrbs; esa Pwm esþirettamggs; cmenké rin nigeyafaedlqrecigenatamrbmednminrtúv )ane)assm atet. kñúggmlúgeblenahedr mcäimbks)an begáitkgbl805 EdlRbFankgBlCamnusSmkBIxag nirti ehiy sux saeron RtÚv)antemøIgCaGnuRbFankgBl. cmenk rin k¾rtúv)anbba ÚleTAkñúgkgBl805 enhedr. enaqñam1979 bnþab;birbbexμrrkhm)andylrlmeta rin min)anvilrtlb;etarsukkmenitedim,icybcumsac;jati nig RkúmRKÜsarrbs;xøÜneT erbah rin )anlg;xøüntamkarexasna 18 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

21 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav rbs;exμrrkhm eday)anniyayfa yynnwgsmøab;ecal ebih anetarsúkvij. ehtuduecñhehiy rin nigyut CnÉeTot k¾echetrt;etaedaykμantiseda. rin nigbkçbyk )anefvidmenir tamk,únefvibiedimeck edim,iqøgkat;tenøemkgá ehiy)aneta dl;ekahrka. b:uenþ ebledlkmbugqøgtenøenah kgt½bevot Nam)anedjtamBIeRkayy:agRbekokRbkit. rin k¾)an erbikamepøigeb)aj;smedaetakgt½bevotnamedim,iraramgpøúv. ebleligdl;rcamgehiy rin nigsmacikepsg²etot )an karbar sux saeron EdlCaemekIyrbs;xøÜnedaysμartIRbúg Rby½tñx<s;. bnþab;mk Rkúmrbs; rin )ancybkgt½bevotnamena Ek,rTenø)asak;mþgeTot karvayrbyut Kñak¾ekItmaneLIg mþgetotedr EtkarvayRbyuT KñaenH Rkúmrbs; rin mingac vayqñhkgt½bevotnamet duecñhk¾namkñavayrmedahrt;ekcxøün bnþetot. rin )anqøgtenø)asak;rhutetadl;»r:al; ehiy)an bnþdmeniretamuxetot edayerbiry³eblgs;caercinex. karefvidmenirtampøúveq<ahetacayedn eblxøhrtúvebibrbth CamYykgT½BevotNam nig)anvayrbyut ttl;camyykg T½BevotNamedIm,IkarBarxøÜnpg nigrmedahxøünefvidmenirpøas;ti ekcecj[q aybikgt½bevotnampg. enatampøúvefvidmenir rin k¾)ancybrbthsaksbrbs;rbcacncaercin Edl)an søab;edaygt;gahar nigxøhrtúvevotnam)aj;smøab;. karefvidmenirekcxøüneq<ahetacayednrkúmrbs;rin)ancyb]b skácaercin CYnkalRtÚveBIbRbTHnwgExμrRkhmKñaÉgxag nirti ehiy)anvayrbyut KñaeTotpg erbahxagnirtiminrtúv KñaCamYyxagbUB aet CaBiesskgBlrbs; tam:uk. enati bmput rin k¾)anetadl;rsukm:aél. enam:aél mankgblelx 450 EdlRKb;RKgedayeQμaH tapab/ tadul saeron. cmenkrbbn kunrbs; rin k¾)anrs;cybcumkñaenam:aéledr. enaqñam b:ul Bt nig exov smpn man TMnak;TMngCamYyRbeTséf eday)ansumcmnyybiéfcaggár ykmkeck[rbcacn)anmñak;bnþicbnþücedim,ibnþcivit. luhdl;qñam1985 mankarvayrbyut KñaxøaMg rvageyafa ExμrRkhmCamYykgT½ByYn efvi[rbcacn nigeyafatamg Gs;Edlrs;enAtamCayEdnrt;ePosxøÜncUleTARCkekankñúg TwkdIéf. erkaymk tam:uk )anetatijcmrmsrmab;kgt½bena kñúgtwkdiéf {GENþtmut} ehiy)anyk rin BIm:aéLeTArs; enakñúgcmrmenah. rin sßitenaerkamkarrkb;rkgrbs; tam:uk kñúg GgÁPaBvresnaFMÉkraCü EdlmaneQμaH Ecm CaGñkkþab; pþal;. bnþab;mk rin )ancuhetaefvikargarcamyyeyafa tam:uk enarsúktmebr kñúgextþkmbg;cam edim,ibba úhbba ÚlRbCaCn min [lk;rsúv[yyn nigkum[kunecarbs;xøünetaculrymkñúgkargar {k-5} rbs;rdæapi)al. erkaymk rin )anetaenakñúgkg Bl519 edayqrecigenafμry-fμdun sßitenakñúgrsuk ekakmn extþbnþaymanc½y. qñam semþcrbhneratþm sihnu )an yagetam:aélcamyyepjóvcncaticin kñúgekalbmng[paki ExμrTaMgGs;mankarpSHpSaKñaeLIgvij. kmlúgebledl semþcrbhneratþm sihnu yagetarsukm:aéltamgbielikenah rin )anetattylsemþcedaypþal;. rin )ancybcamyyemexμr RkhmFM²mandUcCa egog sari exov smpn nyn Ca nig sun esn enakenøgsatamgkñúgrsúkm:aél. enaqñam rin enaqrecigenatitamgdedl b:uenþrs;enaebkkñabirbbn kunmyyry³rbehlcamyyqñam b BIrqñaMeTIb)anCYbKñamþg. erkayebledlkmøamgeyafa rbs;exμrrkhm)anefvismahrnkmμcuhculcamyyrdæapi)al karrs;enarbs; rin mankarrbesircagmunmyykrmit eday Rbkbrbrksikmμ efvierscmáar damdmlúg senþk)ay nig senþkesog. riékun² k¾)anculsalaeron nigxøh)an erobcmrküsarducekégedr. dar:ardæ emtþa mcämnðléksarkm<úca 19

22 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav BIemdwknaMEdlRbRBwtþGMeBIeXareXA mkcaemdwknamedlrbrbwtþl enagnøg;evg Gnøg;Evg KWCatMbn;ts UcugeRkaybg s;rbs;exμrrkhm EdlsBVéf )ankøaycatmbn;rbvtþisa sþexμrrkhmgactak; TajePJóveTscrCati niggnþrcati[cultssna. RbCaCn rs;enakñúgrsúkgnøg;evgpakercincagtittahanexμrrkhm. tam:uk CaemdwknaMmñak;kñúgcMeNamemdwknaMExμrRkhmFM² Edl RKb;RKgenAtMbn;Gnøg;EvgTaMgmUl. RbCaCnCaeRcIn)an yl;fa tam:uk CaemdwknaMsahaveXareXA b:uenþ k¾manrbca Cn nigcagtiteyafaexμrrkhmmyycmnyntucedlføab;rs;ena erkamkarrkb;rkgrbs; tam:uk kñúgtmbn;gnøg;evg enaetekarb RsLaj; nigdwgkun tam:uk ducca Esm pa CaedIm. Esm pa mangayu64qñam ekitenapumivievt XuMrab RsúkBaraMg extþérbevg. sbvéf rs;enaxumføat RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y nigmankuncmnyn3nak; RsI2nak; nigrbús mñak;.munqñam1975pars;enakñ úgtirkúgpñ MeBjluHeRkayeBl EdlExμrRkhmTTYl)anC½yCmñHTUTaMgRbeTsenAéf TI17 emsa qñam1975 pa RtÚvExμrRkhmCemøós[eTArs;enAÉ RsúkkMeNItvij kñ úgextþérbevg. GMLúgqñaM1975 pa RtÚv)an ExμrRkhmcat;taMg[eFV ICaRbFannarIQøbXu M edayrkb;rkgnari Cag500nak;. b: uenþetahcay:agenhkþ I pa RtÚv)ankmμaPi)al fñak;elikabsgát;sbvebby:ag edaysarburbs;kat;binak; RtÚv)anExμrRkhmesuIbdwgfaCaGtItTahankñúgrbb ln; nl; ehiyyketasmøab; eday pa )anexijpþal;nwgepñk b: uenþkat; Esm pa nig eqg hak; nissitsμ½rkcitþmcämnðlsnþipabgnøg;evg enarsukgnøg;evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. 20 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

23 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav minmanlt PaBedIm,ICYyse gáahcivitburbs;kat;et. qñam1979 kgt½brnsirssamkáise gáahcatikm<úca nigkgt½bevotnam)anrymkña vaypþülrmlmrbbexμrrkhm. eblenah pa)anrt;ekcxøünetars;enakñúgtwkdiéfgs;ry³ebl CitmYyqñaM. luhdl;qñam1980 Esm pa )anmkrs;enakñ úgrsuk Gnøg;Evgvij.pa)anR)ab;bnþ[dwgfaenAeBlEdlKat;mkrs; enarsukgnøg;evgdmbug kalenah tmbn;gnøg;evg sß itenaerkam karrkb;rkgrbs;tam: ukenaeliy. tam:uk)aneckdiføi nigeqi dl;kat;srmab;sagsg;pþhsem,g nig)aneckes,óggahar dl;rbcacncaerogral;ex edaymñak;²ttyl)anggár40 kmb:ug RtIx sár b Íecg GMbil nigerkógetscaercinetot. minetb: uenñahtam: uk)aneckdugmyyedimnigsvaymyyedimdl; RKb;RKÜsarTaMgGs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH. cmenkérbcacnedl etibeterobkarfμiefμag tam:uk )aneckekamyynwmcacmngéd cmebahmgálkaretot. pa )anbba ak;fa RbCaCnenAeRkamkar dwknamrbs; tam: uk RsLaj;rab;GanKña samká IKña nigechyl;gfüa Rs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmkRbkbedaysñamjjwm. tam:uk Ca mnussedlculcitþerbismþigarkk; b:uenþkat;etgkitdl;rbca CnCanic. mü:agetot tam:uk )anksagehdæarcnasm<½n Ca ercinman ducca pø Úvfñl; mnþ IreBTü s<an nigsalaeron CaedIm. pa )anbenßmfa etahbicakardwknamrbs;exμrrkhmebarebj edaygmebisahavyg;xñgérbépskarbg t;gaharkarefvitukçbuk emñj nigkarefvitarunkmμmkelirbcacnkm<úcay:agnak¾ eday b:uenþ pþúybikardwknamrbs; b:ul Bt tam:uk etahbica man eqμahfacaemdwknampþac;karbnþicemn b:uenþ Kat;minEdl[ RbCaCnEdlrs;enAeRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs;Kat;TTYlrgTukç evtnaedaykarefvitarunkmμ b bg t;gaharenahet. cmebahtssnelikeligedayrbcacn niggtiteyafa myycmnyntuc EdlFøab;rs;enACamYy tam: uk nigføab;ttyl)ankar KaMRT nig]btßmöbi tam: uk erkayeblrbbexμrrkhmdylrlm ena qñam1979 enakñúgtmbn;gnøg;evg minmankarkamrtbirbcacn km<úcaedlcacnrgerkahet ehiykarelikeligenh)anefvi[ ekμgcmnan;erkay CaBiesssisSanusisS mankaryl;rclm cmebahkarrbrbwtþigmebiexarexabiqñam niggviedl ExμrRkhm)anGnuvtþCamYyRbCaCneRkayqñaM1979. edaysarekalneya)aydwknampþac;kar enagmlúgeblrkb;rkg BIqñaM tam: uk )anerbigmnacrbs;xø Üncab;bBa ÚneyaFa nigkmμapi)alenapumipaknirtiduccaesksatehanin eha R)ak; elxatmbn;25 nigrbbn eqμah can; KwmRs ún mkxumxamg nig smøab;enamnþirsnþisuxs-21. tamkarghgagrbs; kamg ehácg av eha Duc RbFanmnÞ Irsnþ isuxs-21 enacmebahmuxsala kþ Ikat;eTasemdwknaMExμrRkhm edaybnsl;tuknuvkunrsikmrba eqμahesksayrs;enarsúkkgbisiextþkmbg;s< WrhUtmkdl; sbvéf. tam: uk k¾)ansmøab;rbcacn rymtamggtiteyafa nig kmμapi)alexμrrkhmcaercinetotenapumipakbub a nigpumipak Bay½Bü edayecatfak,t;edr. tam:uk CaemdwknaMmñak;kñúg cmenamemdwknamexμrrkhmedl)ankab;smøab;rbcacnsøút Rtg;Gs;RbmaNCag1>7lannak;. eqg hak; mcämnðléksarkm<úca 21

24 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnenAGnøg;Evg munnigerkaysmahrnkmμ Gnøg;Evg CatMbn;mYysßitenAPaKxageCIgénRbeTs km<úca nigcab;rbmrbtl;camyyrbetséf. Gnøg;Evg CatMbn; Edlman skþanublkñ úgkartak;tajepjóvetscrcati niggnþrcati culmktssna nigsiksaesvgyl;gmbirbvtþ isa sþenakñ úgtmbn; enh. etahcay:agenhk¾eday k¾yuvcncmnan;erkaymyycmnynfm BuMTan;sÁal; nigdwggmbierogr:av Rbvtþisa sþedl)anekitelig enakñúgtmbn;gnøg;evgc,as; lal;et. cab;tamgbiexμrrkhm caj;s gáamenaqñam1979 mk RkúmeyaFaExμrRkhmxøHRtÚv )ancab;xøün xøh)anculsarpab RtLb;mkrs;enARsukkMeNIt ehiymyycmnynetot )anrt;ebk ExJkeTAtMbn;epSg²enAtam benþayrbmrbtl;km<úca-éf duccaenarsukgnøg;evg smlút smebalun éb:lin nigm:aél Ca edim. tmbn;gnøg;evg KWCatMbn; Edlkan;kab;d¾rwgmaM nigcugerkayrbs;exμrrkhm erkam kardwknamrbs; tam:uk. RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enH PaKeRcInCaGtItExμrRkhm. luhdl;qñam1998 rcnasm½ <n rbs;exμrrkhmtamgrsúgrtúv)anbba b; edaykmøamgeyafa rbs;exμrrkhm )anefivsmahrnkmμcuhculcamyyracrdæa Pi)alkm< úca.cmebahtam: ukrbcacntuetaenakñ úgrbets)ankitfa cav can;ent enarsukgnøg;evg extþ]tþrmanc½y Kat;KWCaemdwknaMmñak;Edlpþac;kar nigexarexa b:uenþsrmab; RbCaCnmYycMnYnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;Gnøg;EvgeRkamkardwk namrbs; tam:uk BIqñaM1979-qñaM1998 vij enaetekarb nig Rslaj;Kat; erbahrbcacntamgenahyl;fa tam:uk )an bnsl;nuvsñaédmyycmnyntuk[kunecacmnan;erkaymanducca GaKarsalaeron mnþ IreBTü s<an nigbwgedlkat;dwknamrbca CnCIkedIm,IrkSaTwkTuk ehiy RbCaCnk¾)aneRbIR)as;Twkbwg enh rhutmkdl;sbvéf. cav can;ent CakUnRsI rbs;gtiteyafarbs; tam:uk ekiterkayqñam1979 ehiy )anrs;enaerkamkarrkb;rkg rbs; tam:uk pþal; )anniyaybi erogr:agedl«bukrbs;kat; )anbergón nigtunμankat;kal Kat;enAv½yCMTg;[ecHts Urs; ducsm½y tam:uk. can;ent )anbenßmfa CIvPaBrs;enAkñúg sm½ytam:ukrkb;rkgkwminmankarlm)akxøamget.tam:uk)an CYypÁt;pÁg;dl;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaCnRKb;RkúmRKÜsarTaMg Gs; etahbicatienahkμantipsaredim,irksuilk;durk¾eday b:uenþ RbCaCnrs;enAmanCIvPaBsmrmü edaygars½yetaeli CMnYy niggmenayrbs; tam:uk. RKÜsarxøH )anebiksmöar myyexmþgb knøhexmþg manduccaggárb ÍecgsárRtIxkMb: ugtwk 22 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

25 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav RtI CaedIm. RbCaCn EtgEckrMElksmÖarepSg²[KñaeTA vijetamk enaebledlmankarxvhxat sum,ipþhk¾mansrmab; sñak;ena minlm)aklmbin duckalsm½y b:ul Bt RKb;RKg GMNaceT. minetb: uenñah tam: uk)anbergónrbcacnedlrs; enaerkam karrkb;rkgrbs;kat;[echdambenø ciba wmstv yk pl edayxøünég nigeknðrbcacnetacikrsh efvirblaytb; TwksRmab;eRbIR)as;eTotpg. niyayrym KWCIvPaBrbs; RbCaCnenAeBlenaH Fmμta minrkxøamg ehiyk¾minmanxøamg. RbCaCnmanGaharhUbcukdUcKña karrs;enamanlkçn³gay RsÜl RKan;EtminsUvmanesrIPaBb:ueNÑaH. luhdl;sm½ykalerkay tam: uk RKb;RKg ebalkwkñ úggmlúg ebledlexμrrkhmefv IsmahrNkmμ nigerkayebledl tam:uk RtÚv)ancab;xøÜnedaykgkmøaMgrbs;rdæaPi)al Kat;k¾ duccagñkpumidétetot RtÚvrs;enA nigrksuiciba wmcivitedayxøün Ég edaygñkxøhrbkbrbrrksu Ilk;dUr xøhefv IERscmáar nigxøhdam benøbgáacaedim. eblenah krmitcivpabrbs;rbcacn mankar ERbRbÜlxøaMg Gñkrksu IecHEtman GñkeFVIERscmáarbnþicbnþÜc k¾mancivpablm)ak nigxvhxatxøh. can;ent )anbenßmfa kalbi sm½ytam: ukrkb;rkgkrmitcivpabrbs;rbcacnesμi²kña. karrkb;rkgrbetsrbs; emdwknamexμrrkhmcenøah qñam1975 dl;qñam19 79 )anefvi[ehdæarcna sm½<n rbs;rbetscati Føak;dl;kRmiteRkam sunü. ExμrRkhm)an cab;epþimcemøósrbca CnRKb;TIkEnøgedaybgçM [ecjbipþhsem,grbs; xøünetars;enatamticn btdac;rsyal bmebk smacikrküsar[rs;ena dac;edayelkbikña bgçm[rbcacnefvikarhyskmøamg pþl; rbbgaharminrkb;rkan; eblqwfáat;minmanfñamebtübüa)al RtwmRtÚvCaedIm. minrtwmetb:uenñah ExμrRkhmEfmTaMgsmøab;RbCa CnedayKμankMhusGs;CitBIrlannak;eTotpg kñúggmlúgebl biqñam R)aMbIEx nigémöéf EdlxøÜnkan;GMNac. esaknadækmμcaercin)ansnsl;tuksrmab;rbcacn nigrbetskm<úca erkayebledlrbbd¾exarexaenh )an dylrlm)at;eta. b:uenþetahcay:agnakþisrmab; can;ent Edl)anrs;enAFMFat;enAtMbn;Gnøg;Evg nigmankaryl;dwg cmebledlexμrrkhm )anefvis gáamcamyykgt½bevotnam enatamcayedn cenøahqñam1979 dl;qñam1998 nig m:üagetot cmeblexμrrkhm)anefvikarpøas;bþúrekalneya )ayrbs;xøünbikarrwtbnþwg efvikarrym hubrym mkefvikartam lt PaB nighubcuktampþherog²xøün ehiyefmtamg)ancyy TMnukbRmúg es,óggahar smöarerbir)as; diføi ekarkbi ERs cmáar dl;rbcacn etib can;ent yl;fa tam:uk CaGñkdwk nammyyrubedlrslaj; RbCaCn nigcyykarbarrbcacn. QYn sufar rubxagsþam QYn sufar rymcamyynissitsμ½rkcitþmcämnðlsnþipabgnøg;evg cuhsmöasrbcacnenakñúgrsuk Gnøg;Evg BIbTBiesaFkñúgsm½yExμrRkhm niggmlúgeblmkrs;enagnøg;evgdmbug. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 23

26 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav karebgeckrbbgaharkñúgrbbexμrrkhm )ateqμah EGm NaXIm eptrbús CanisSitqñaMTI4 EpñkGPivDÆesdækic enavitüal½ypuminþpñmebj. )anculrym kñúgdmenirtssnkic mcämnðlsnþipabgnøg;evgry³eblbyn éf cab;biéf surk TI12-15 Exmkra qñam2018 enarsuk Gnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. kñúggmlúgebldmenirtssnkic )ancybsmöascamyygtiteyafaexμrrkhmmñak;eqμah ti supan; Gayu62qñaM EdlmanPriyaeQμaH mi suxxag nig mankuncmnyn7nak;rbús5nak;nigrsi2nak;rs;enakñúgpumigurun XuMføat RsúkGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. supan; CaGñkRsukrs;enAkñúgextþRkecH ehiyføab;)an qøgkat;rbbexμrrkhmkñúgebledlkat;manv½y21qñam. supan; )anr)ab;[dwgfa karrs;enakñúgrbbexμrrkhm RbCa CnmanrbbhUbcukEtBIreBlb:ueNÑaHkñúgmYyéf KWeBléf Rtg; nigebll ac. rbbgaharedlrbcacnttyl)anenah KW bbrlaycamyyrtkyn EdlmancMnYnBIrEvkb:ueNÑaHkñúgmYy eblsrmab;rbcacnmñak;. edim,ittyl)angaharenh RbCaCnRtÚvQrtRmg;CYr enaxagmuxerag)ayrymsrmab;gñkedl)anbmebjkargarcun GgÁkarrYcral;ehIy. b:uenþ RbsinebIGñkEdlminTan;)an bmebjkargarcunggákarrycral;et GñkenaHnwgRtÚveFVIkareTVr dg bnþab;bihubgaharryc. bbrcmnynbirevk KWCabbrravEdl manbrimantwkercincagkak. supan;)anbnþfa Kat;)anyk EdkeKalmkecaH)atcan[manRbehag edim,i[twkbbrhur ecj. enaebltwkbbrhurecjgs; enasl;kakbbrrtwm EtBIreTAbIsøabRBa)ayb:ueNÑaH. karhubmineq tebbenh bnþal[esckþierskxøanekiteligesþirerogral;éf duecñh rubknþal EGm NaXIm nissitsμ½rkcitþmcämnðlsnþipabgnøg;evg smöas KI supan; BIbTBiesaFkñúgsm½yExμrRkhm nigerogr:av enakñúgtmbn;gnøg;evgeblkat;mkrs;enadmbug. 24 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

27 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav edim,icem trkbh supan; )anculetakñúgcmáarlycebhepørtb; ykmkhubcamyynwggmbiledim,ibm)at;karerskxøan. supan; )anbnþfa enaebledlkat;kmbuglycebhepørtb; RbsinebI GgÁkar)aneXIj b k¾mktan; enahkat;nwgrtúvggákarecat Rbkan;fak,t; ehiynwgcab;kat;yketasmøab;ecalcak;ca minxaneliy. enaqñam1977 enaebledl supan; kmbugetedkenakñúg vtþmyy Kat;)aneXIjExμrRkhmbBa ÚneyaFacMnYn11nak; etarbmednkm<úca-evotnamedim,iefvis gáamtb;tl;camyynwg kgt½bevotnam. enakñúgqñamenhedr Kat;k¾RtÚvExμrRkhmbBa Ún [etaefv Is gáamcamyyevotnamedr. Caerogral;RBwk GgÁkar )aneck)ay[eyafaenakñúgggápabmñak;myykba b;. ebl enahkwcaebledl supan; )anttylgaharhubcukrkb;rkan; ehiyk¾caeblmyyerkahfñak;edrsrmab; supan; erbah supan; RtÚvRbQmCamYynwgkgT½BevotNam. eblxøh supan; Efm TaMgyMeTotpg erbahetkat;p½yxøacsñúrrkab;kamepøig. enaqñam1978 supan; )anbermikargarcagñkdwkcba Ún es,óg[eyafaexμrrkhm. eblxøh eyafaedlqrecig enasmrpumimux min)anttylrbb)ayet erbahcab;rbyut ttl;camyynwgkgt½bevotnam. cmenk supan; vij )an hub)ayy:agbriburn_ erbahgaharsrmab;[eyafacyrmux enasl;ercin. eblefvis gáamcamyyevotnam supan; k¾duc CaeyaFaepSg²eTotEdr minmankenøgsrmab;sñak;enasmrmü enahet eblxøhrtúvedkpþal;di ehiyeblxøhetot RtÚvedkenA kñúgføúktwkepøógk¾manedr. enaqñam1979 bnþab;biexμrrkhmefvis gáamcaj;evot Nam supan; nigmitþpkþibirnak;etot )anrt;rtlb;etakan;extþ RkecHvij. ebletadl;tenøemkgá Kat; nigmitþpkþi)ankab; edimeckmyyedim nigb ssimyyedimmkcgbenþttwkedim,i EhlqøgTenø. supan; nigmitþpkþi )ancmnayeblgs;20 em:agkñúgkarehlqøgkat;tenø. bnþab;bi)anehlqøgetadl; ertiymçag supan; )anculetakñúgcmáarenacab;mat;tenølyc ebhepørkúcføúgrbs;rbcacn edim,ibmebjesckþierskxøan. enaeblkmbugebhepørkúcføúg m as;cmáar)anmktan; b:uenþkat; min)ansþifagvieliy EfmTaMg)anGeBa Ij supan; nigmitþpkþi[ etahub)ayenapþhrbs;kat;etotpg. bnþab;bihub)ayryc supan; nigmitþpkþi )ancrmablam as;pþh bnþefvidmeniretamux etot. erkaymk supan; )anetadl;pñmmyymaneqμahfa PñM 1001 enacab;rbmednrbetslav éf nig km<úca. enatienah sm,úrn_gahar b Gacniyay)anfa CaXøaMges,óg ehiy eblenahk¾mancneposxøüncaercin)ansøab;bnþalmkbihub GahareRcIn hl; eliskmnt;edr. erkaymksupan;)anerobkarcamyymisuxxagedl CaGñkRsukmkBIRkecHdUcKña nig)anbnþrs;enakñúgrsukgnøg; EvgrhUtdl;sBVéf. EGm NaXIm erogr:avbitedim,irbvtþisa sþ mcämnðléksarkm<úcasgçwmfa RbCaCnkm<úCa RKb;rUbEdlFøab;qøgkat;rbbExμrRkhm)an nigkmbugsresr GtßbT b esovepagmbierogr:avbitpþal;xøün nwgepjimkmcä mnðléksarkm<úcatamgasydæanxagerkam pþhelx66 mhavifirbhsihnu PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa TUrs½BÞelx³ TUrs½BÞelx³ TUrsarelx³ truthbunthorn.s@dccam.org Home page: mcämnðléksarkm<úca 25

28 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav minh anenapþhnaebléf { tuccitþnwgxøünégedlmin)aneronsurtechdwgnwg ek} karedlminechdwgenhehiy)anefvi[ minh anenapþhna ebléf. EtgEtcg;cUleTAkñúgéRB etacmáar b etavalers BIeRBaHvaCameFüa)ayd¾l srmab; kñúgkarekcmuxbiyuvcn yuvnari b sissanusissnasm½ybc úb,nñenh. enaeblcyb GñkTaMgenH efvi[ nwkexijdl;yuvv½yrbs; Edlminman sit ietasalaeronsurt nigsit icybcumeckrmelkpabsb,ay rikraydl;rkúmrküsar. xagelicasmdirbs;elakbu ys; fac Gayu59qñaM man RsukkMeNItenAPUmiEBgmaseCIg XuMs<W RsukcmáarelI extþ kmbg;cam. BU fac man«bukeqμah G Uc Gan nigmþayeqμah na ys; fac )aneqøóteblpþl;btsmöasdl; hu funa Gñksresr TsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBit BIbTBiesaFkñúgrbbExμrRkhm eblkat; kmbugqabrnargaeqienaerkampþhrbs;kat;kñúgrsukgnøg;evg. pun «BukmþayKat;søab;kñúgsm½yExμrRkhm ehiykat;man bgb ÚnbegáIt4nak; RsIbInak;. RbBn eqμah mut ri nigman kunrsibinak;. sbvéf BU fac nigrkúmrküsarrs;enakñúgpumifμi XuMføat RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. kalbienaekμg BU fac eronenasalabzmsiksavtþerbg kñúgextþkmbg;cam. enaqñam1972bufac)anqb;eronrtwmfñak;ti6cas;edaysar s gáamsalaenapumivtþerbgnigsalaepsgetotrtúv)anbit nigminmanrkúmkbergóneliy.duecñhetibbufac)anxkbmng edaykalbienaekμg BU fac mankþir)afñacg;køaycagñkeron surt)anercarch edim,iykcmenhtamgenah mkrbkbkargar CYydl;RKÜsarrbs;Kat;. éf TI17 emsa qñam1975 enaqñam1975 BU fac RtÚv)anExμrRkhmCemøóseTA extþkmbg;fm erbi[eliktmnb;sþwgcinit ehiykat;enakñúgkg cl½tedlmansmacik193nak;. BU fac bnþfa kalenah KWCardUvR)aMgkarkab;dIelIkTMnb;mankarlM)akxøaMg edaydirwg erbhrkehg ehiytwkk¾kμanpwkrkb;rkan;edr. riékarhubcuk vij KWmanRtwmEt)aylayCamYyeckx Ib:ueNÑaH. etahbi lm)aky:agenhkþi BU fac minedlh antv:anwgggákareliy edaysaretkat;yl;fa RbsinebItv:acMeBaHkarhUbcuk c,as; CaGgÁkarykeTAsmøab;ecalCaminxan. knøhqñamerkaymk BU fac RtÚv)anExμrRkhmCemøóseTARsukcmáarelIvij eday [eliktmnb;5kumö³ edim,itb;twkbba ÚlERs b RbLay[manTwk RKb;RKan;sRmab;eFVIERscmáar. rhutdl;qñam1976 GgÁkar )ancat;tamg BU fac [culbermiggápabkgt½bexμrrkhm eday[qrecigenatirkúgpñmebj nigmanparkic yaml,at CuMvijRkúgPñMeBj. cugqñam1978 BU fac RtÚv)anGgÁkarbBa a [etarbyut CamYykgT½BevotNamenAGñkelOg. 26 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

29 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav erkayexμrrkhmdylrlm enaqñam1979 kgt½brnsirssamká Ise gáahcatikm< úca nigkgt½bevotnam)anpþülrmlmrbbexμrrkhm eblenah BU fac)anrt;eposxøünetarsukéb:linenamþúmelm.karrt;epos xøün BU fac CYb]bsKÁCaeRcIneday)anRbyuT KñaCamYykg T½BevotNamenAtampøÚvCaeRcInelIkeRcInsar. minrtwmet b:uenñah Rkúmrbs;Kat;k¾KμanGaharhUccukenAtampøÚvRKb; RKan;Edr KWmanRtwmEtGgárBIrbIkþab; srmab;bbrkñ úgmyyebl² b:uenñah srmab;kgt½brbehl90nak;. kñúgenahedr BU fac nigsmacikrkúmminedl)ansrmakkñúgeblefvi dmenireliy edaysarkgt½bevotnamedj)aj;rbkitbierkay. BU fac )anefvidmenirmkdl;tmbn;éb:lin ehiyrs;enatienahgs;ry³ eblbiqñam bnþab;mk Kat;)ancakecjeTAQreCIgenAPñMq½Rt kñúgggápab k-5 ehiy)anculrbyut KñaCamYykgT½Bevot NamesÞ IrEtKμaneBlsRmakkñ úgmyyex². BU fac bnþfa kalenasmrpumirbyut mankgt½bexμr RkhmCaeRcIn)anCan;mInsøab; nigbikaredaysarenaggápab k-5smburetaedayminedl)andak;caercinsm½ykalknøg mk. kñúgqñam1997 BU fac )anetars;enakñúgtmbn;gnøg;evg edaykalenah tmbn;gnøg;evgrtúv)anerobcm nigbegáit[man PUmiXuMsRmab;RbCaCnrs;enA. enakñ úgqñam1998 ebledlexμrrkhm)anefv IsmahrN kmμcuhculcamyyracrdæapi)al BU fac k¾)anculbermikgt½b racrdæapi)al rhutdl;qñam2008 etibkat;sermccitþla Qb;BIGgÁPaBeyaFa.eRkaysmahrNkmμ)anBIrqñaMBUfac )annamrbbn kunetaelgrsukkmenitrbs;kat; ehiy)ancyb bgrsikat;etmñak;b:uenñah.bufacsñak;enacamyybgrsi)an myyry³eblxøi edayyl;exijfamingacrs;ena nigrbkb rbrrksuienarsukkmenit)ankat;sermccitþvilrtlb;mkrs; enakñúgrsukgnøg;evgvij edayrbkbrbrefvierscmáarrhut dl;sbvéf. hu funa pþhrbs; ys; fac enapumifμi XMuføat RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 27

30 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav btbiesafdmbugrbs; enakñúgtwkdi tmbn;rbvtþisa sþgnøg;evg kalbidmbug Føab;)anyl;dwgGMBItMbn;Rbvtþisa sþ Gnøg;Evgtamry³karGanesovePA {Rbvtþisa sþshkmn_ Gnøg;Evg}nigkarsikSaRsavRCavtamÉksarepSg².tMbn; Gnøg;Evg KWCatMbn;ts UcugeRkayrbs;ExμrRkhm ehiysbv éf RbCaCnEdlrs;enAkñúgtMbn;enHPaKeRcInKWCaGtIteyaFa ExμrRkhm nigrkúmrküsarexμrrkhm. minrtwmetb:uenñah k¾føab;)anb fa tmbn;gnøg;evg KWCatMbn;dac;RsyalKμan RbCaCnrs;enAeRcIneT. EtgEtsBa wgkitgmbitmbn;enhfa KW CatMbn;EdlBi)akrs;enAsRmab;. RsbeBlenHEdr k¾man»kasmkdl;tmbn;rbvtþ isa sþ Gnøg;Evg kñúgekalbmngerongmbikic karsmöasn_rbcacn EdlFøab;)anqøgkat;rbbExμrRkhm b GtIteyaFaExμrRkhm Edlmanry³eBlmYys)aþh_ Kitcab;BIéf TI16-22 Ex kumö³ qñam2018. naeblrbwkéf TI17 kñúgexqñamdedl )an ecjbikenøgsñak;enaetarkgtiteyafaexμrrkhmedim,isak syrkat; GMBIbTBiesaFn_ts Urbs;Kat;kñúgGMLúgeBlRbeTs mans gáambism½ykalmyyetasm½ykalmyy. enaebl enahedr )anefvidmenirecjbikenøgsñak;enacm ayrbehl myykilúem:rt k¾)ancybgtiteyafaexμrrkhmmñak;edlbikar ecigeqvg. Kat;kMBugGgÁúyekIbFüÚgdak;)av TuksRmab;dutdaM pøúvenamuxpþhrbs; funa GñksresrTsSnavdþIEsVgrkkarBitsñak;enA sßitkñúgpumiknþalerkam XMuGnøg;Evg RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. 28 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

31 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav s um hug enapþhrbs;kat; sßitenakñúgxmuføat RsukGnøg;Evg extþ ]tþrmanc½y. )aynigcm inmðúbgahar. )ancrmabsyrkat;nig)anennam xøün. bnþab;mk )ansaksyrkat;gmbisuxtukç nigbikarpab rbs;kat;faetibnþalmkbimulehtugvi. eblenahkat; )an eqøiytbmk vijtamgtwkmuxrsebanfa edaysarkat;eta smrpumirbyut KñaCamYykgT½BevotNam. bnþab;biceckca myykat;myyry³xøi k¾eqøóteblsumgnujatsmöaskat; GMBICIvitts Urbs;Kat;kñúgGMLúgsm½ykm<úCaRbCaFibetyü ehiykat;k¾rbmttylnuvsmenirrbs;. elakbumaneqμah s um hug Gayu56qñaM manrsuk kmenitenapumierbkkþam XuMekaHcin RsukBjaB extþknþal. BU hug man«bukeqμah yib h Uv nigmþayeqμah cirt LaM «Bukmþayrbs;Kat;)ansøab;kñúgsm½yExμrRkhm RBmTaMg manbgb ÚnbegáIt7nak;. sbvéf BU hug nigrbbn kun rs;ena kñ úgpumiknþalerkam Xu Mføat RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. enaqñam1975 eblexμrrkhmttyl)anc½ycmñhtutamgrbets BUhugmanv½y12qñaMRtÚv)anExμrRkhmCemøóseTAextþesomrab ehiyk¾ebledlkat;rbat;r)as;«bukmþaybgb ÚntaMgBIeBl enahmkedr. ebletadl;esomrabdmbug BU hug RtÚv)an GgÁkarcat;taMgKat;[eFVIkarkñúgkgcl½tkumar edaymanebg EckCaeRcInRkúm ehiykñúgmyyrkúm²mankumar12nak;. GgÁkar)anRbKl;Parkic RbcaMéf [ BU hug efviedaykab;edim T nþanexrt erisgacm_eka edim,iefvicidak;ers. BU hug )anerobrab;tamggyledimkfa Kat;EbkBI«Buk mþaytamgetbigayu12qñam ehiyrbsinebikat;cyb«bukmþay Kat;enAtampøÚvsBVéf k¾kat;mingaccmnammuxmat;«bukmþay rbs;kat;)anedr. CYnkal BU hug mangarmμn_tuccitþnwgxøün ÉgfaehtuGVI)anCaKat;minman«BukmþayehAdUcGñkdéT KW edaysarets gáametibefv I[Kat;)at;bg;mnusSCaTIRsLaj; CuMvijxøÜn. BU hug bnþfa kñúggmlúgeblenahkat;minedl)an sáal;rscati)ay b mðúbq aj;enahet KWKat;)ansÁal;RtwmEt bbrravknøhka kñúgmyyebl²b:uenñah. etahbicalm)aky:ag enhkþi k¾bu hug minedlkitcg;rt;ecjbikgrbs;kat;edr edaysarkat;yl;fa RbsinebIKat;rt;ecjc,as;CaminGac ekcputbiesckþisøab;et. BU hug efvikartamgs URTaMlM)aksBV RKb;Ebby:ag rhutdl;kgt½bevotnamvaycultirkúgpñ MeBj enaqñam1979. enakñúgqñam1979 BU hug )anrt;ekcxøünetatmbn;gnøg; EvgehIy)ancUlbeRmICaeyaFaExμrRkhm.mYyqñaMeRkay mk BU hug RtÚv)anfñak;elIcat;taMg[eFVIkarkñúgkgdwkCBa Ún RKab;eTAsmrPUmiRbyuT. rhutdl;qñam1987 BU hug )an culsmrpumirbyut CamYykgT½BevotNam enaelipñmdgerk ehiyeblenahk¾)ancan;minetibefvi[kat;)at;bg;ecigeqvg mçagrhutmkdl;sbvéf. erkaymk BU hug RtÚv)anfñak;elI dkmksmrpumierkayvij eday[efvicarbfankukenaelipñm dgerk KukminmaneQμaH. kaledlefvicarbfankuk BU hug mantynaticab;rkúmesri edaysmedaetaeligñklyck,algñkta lk;erkóggavuf b CYjdUrsmÖarBIxagkñúgmklk;enAkñúgtMbn; ExμrRkhm. GñkTaMgenH RtÚv)ancab;dak;Kuk nigrtúv)anecat mcämnðléksarkm<úca 29

32 fa CaxμaMg. rhutdl;qñam1997 fñak;eli)anerobcm[ BU hug erob kar ehiyeblenahkat;k¾minh anrbekktv:aedr edaykat; yl;fa Kat;k¾CaGñkeKarBvin½ymñak;Edr. duecñhetahbicafñak; eli[kat;efvigvik¾kat;rbmedr edim,ikum[elμisnwgvin½y. ena qñam1998 ExμrRkhm)aneFVIsmahrNkmμcuHcUlCamYyraC rdæapi)al eblenah BU hug sb,ayrikrayxøamgnas; erbah Kat;yl;fa RsukeTsmankarbRgÜbbRgÜmCati nigmansux snþipab ehiyrbcacnmansit iesripabebjbriburn_ nig mankargpivdæetaéf xagmux. erkaysmahrnkmμbirqñam BU hug )anetasyrsuxtukç«bukmþay nigbgb ÚnenARsúkkMeNIt b:uenþeblenah Kat;min)anCYbsac;jatiNamñak;eLIy riépþh rbs;kat;k¾rtúv)anrbcacndétetotrs;enaedr. duecñhehiy etibbu hug nigrbbn kun)ansermccitþmkrs;enakñúgrsuk Gnøg;Evg rhutmkdl;sbvéf enh. tamry³erogr:avrbs; BU hug )anefvi[ yl;dwgbibt BiesaFCIvitEbk)ak; bgb Ún «Bukmþay PUmikMeNIttaMgBIenA EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav kumarkñúggmlúgrbbexμrrkhm kargt;xøan karrt;eposxøünbi s gáam nigkarculrymcamyyeyafaexμrrkhmenagnøg;evg rhutdl;kat;bikarecigmçag. erogr:avcivitrbs; BU hug nwg køaycaemerondmbugsrmab; EdlRtÚvEsVgyl; nigsiksabi rbbexμrrkhmenagnøg;evgenh. enagmlúgebledl sñak;enatmbn;gnøg;evgmyyry³ eblxøienh k¾segátexijfarbcacnedlrs;enakñúgtmbn;enh manpabsñit sñalrysrayrak;tak; etahbirbcacntamgenhdwg fa CaGñkcm ayk¾eday. minrtwmetb:uenñah RbCaCnEdl Føab;CaGtIteyaFaExμrRkhm EtgEtniyaymkkan; eday TwkmuxrIkrayCanic. yl;fagtitexμrrkhmtamgenhk¾ca RbCaCnFmμtadUcCaRbCaCndéTeTotEdr ehiygviedl kt; smáal; KWmanRbCaCnmkBItMbn;epSg² nigesþiretrkb;extþ énrbetskm<úca )anculmkrs;ena nigrksuienakñúgtmbn;gnøg; Evg. bnþab;bi )anmkdl; nig)anexijtmbn;gnøg;evgpþal; etib yl;kan;etc,as;fa GVIEdl Føab;)anKitknøgmk KWva pþúynwgsßanpabcak;esþgenatmbn;enh. hu funa pþhrbs;rbcacnenaxmugnøg;evg RsukGnøg;Evg extþ]tþrmanc½y. 30 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

33 EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav Guin ln manetasrbharcivitedaysaredklk;rcúl em:agxkxankñúgkarculrymrbcummhasnñi)atggákar shrbcacatisþigmbicemøahsahar:a Eb:kxaglic enaqñam1978 GuinlnRtÚv)anXat;xøÜnnigsmøab;enAmnÞIrsnþisuxs- 21 bnþab;bivijrtlb;bikarculrymrbcummhasnñi)atggákar shrbcacatienacugexqñú qñam1978. karcab;xøün nigsmøab; Guin ln enhkwedaysarkaredklk;rcúlem:agmin)ane)ah eqñatkamrtrbetsgal;ehsrienamhasnñ i)atggákarshrbca CatisþIGMBICemøaHsahar:aPaKxaglic. Guin ln maneqμahbdivtþn_fa tanat nigmanrsuk kmenitenapumignø úgtaesk Xu MERBkGMbil Rsuk20 tmbn;25. mcämnðléksarkm<úca Gu inlnmanrbbn eqμahg animehakunnigmankunrbúsmñak;. enamunqñam1975 Guin ln mannaticaelxakgbl12 RbcaM PUmiPaKBiess. bnþab;biéf TI17 Exemsa qñam1975 Exμr Rkhm)ancat;taMg[ Gu inlnefv ICaRbFanmnÞ Irsnþ isuxs-21 rhutdl;edimqñam1976 etibexμrrkhmpøas; Guin ln mkttyl CakmμaPi)alCMnYyenAmnÞ IrGKÁesnaFikarkgT½B.enAqñaM1978 ExμrRkhm)anbnþpøas; Gu inlnmkefv IkarenARksYgkarbreTs b1 Epñkkic karneya)ay. enaxn³eblenah Guin ln k¾caebkçcnertómsrmab;ttyltmengcaékgkárdætutrbs; rdæapi)alkm<úcarbcafibetyürbcamenaggákarshrbca CatiEdr. enacugqñam1978 rdæapi)alkm<úcarbcafibetyü)an bba ÚnKN³RbtiPUrbs;xøÜncMnYnbIrUbrYmman Guin ln CaRbFan KNRbtiPU nigmansmacik2rubetot etaculrymmhasnñi)at GgÁkarshRbCaCatienAbUrIjÚvy:k edim,ie)aheqñatkamrt RbeTsGal;ehSrIsþIGMBICemøaHsahar:aEb:kxaglic {CemøaH sahar:aeb:kxaglic KWCaCemøaHdeNþImTwkdIrvagRbeTsm:ar:uk nigrnsirsb:ulisariy:u (Polisario Front) EdlmanRbeTs Gal;ehSrICatMNagkarRbCu Me)aHeqñatenAmhasnñ i)atggákar shrbcacati}. enaxn³ebledlmhasnñi)atggákar shrbcacati)ancab;epþimrbcum Guin ln EdlCaRbFanKN³ RbtiPUkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü)an)at;xøÜnBIGgÁRbCuMenAsl;Et smacikkn³rbtipubirrubetotb:uenñah.kargvtþmanguinln 31

34 enh)anbnþal[smacikkn³rbtiputamgbirrubminh anserm ckñ úgkarcucb UtugKaMRTRbeTsGal;ehSrI. duecñhkm< úcarbcafib etyü)anxkxankñúgkare)aheqñatkamrtgal;ehsrienamha snñi)atggákarshrbcacatisþigmbicemøahenh. karxnxan enh)anefvi[rbetsgal;ehsrimangak;gn;citþy:agxøamg BI erbahrbetsgal;ehsri)anculrymkamrtclnaexμrrkhm nig rnsirsrybrymcatikm<úca tamgbigmlúgs gáamsuivilcenøah qñam mkemø:h ehiyenhcaeliktimyyedl RbeTsGal;ehSrIBwgBak;km<úCaRbCaFibetyü[CYyKaMRTxøÜn vij. bnþab;bikare)aheqñatmhasnñi)atggákarshrbca CatiRtÚv)anbBa b; etibsmaciktamg2rub)ancybcamyy Guin ln EdlCaRbFanrbs;xøÜnenAxageRkAGgÁRbCuM. enaxn³ eblenah Guin ln )anbkrsaygmbimulehtuedlgvtþman enhfa edaysaretem:agxuskñarvagrbetskm<úca nigburi júvy:krhutetadl;12em:ag RbeTskm< úcaeloncagrbman 12em:ag )anefvi[xøüngs;kmøamg nigenoyht;xøamg k¾)anedir EsVgrkkarBit-EpñkRbvtþisa sþnigkarrsavrcav etarkkenøgsrmakenaeliekagievgmyykñúgbrievngkar GgÁkarshRbCaCatirhUtdl;edklk;xkxanmin)ancUlrYm RbCuMe)aHeqñatenH. enacenøahbiqñam1975 dl;edimqñam1979 rdæapi)al km<úcarbcafibetyüminmansßantut nigékgkárdætutrbcamena GgÁkarshRbCaCatieT. ebitam syg suiekon GtItbBaØaCn EdlbeRmIkarEpñkeXasnakar nigb½t manenarksygkarbrets énrdæapi)alkm<úcarbfibetyü )an[dwgfa emdwknaménrbb ExμrRkhm)ankMNt;kmμaPi)almUldæanEdlmantYnaTICa KN³tMbn; b kgbl etibrtúv)anbicarna[kan;dmengca ÉkGKÁrdæTUtRbcaMenAtamRbeTsepSg²)an. cmenkrkúm bbaøacnedlbermikarenarksygkarbretsb tamrksygmnþir epsg² etahcamancmenhdwgercarchtamgbec kets nig PasabreTsk¾eday k¾minrtúv)anbicarnasrmab;tynati CaÉkGKÁrdæTUttMNag[km<úCaFibetyüeLIy BIeRBaHbBaØa CnminRtÚv)anFanaEpñkvNѳPaB. Lúg dani KN³RbPURksYgkarbreTsénrbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü TTYlKN³RbtiPUbreTs enarblanynþehahgnþrcatiebaficintug. 32 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

35 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; GMNHGMNagemFavIkarBarkþIrbs; nyn Ca kñúgkarbit bba b;svnakarsyredjedalenaggácmnumcrmh visambaøkñúgtulakarkm<úca tbielxmux karqøanban nigkarshkarn_camyyevotnam emfavi kueb: )ancab;epþimedayrmb kgmbikarkmramkmehg rbs;evotnammkkan;km< úcakñ úgsm½ykm< úcarbcafibetyü. enakñ úgesckþ IsegçbmYyenH PaKIedImecaT)anBüayam BN nafa nyn Ca KWCamnusSRbkan;BUCsasn_ edaysartegvi s b;ex<im nigpabminebjcitþrbs;kat;etaelievotnam ehiy Kat;k¾)anlukluyTwkdIevotNamvijCakarsgswk. PaKI edimecat)anbba ak;fa kgt½brbs;km<úcakñúgrbbkm<úcarbca Fibetyü )ane)akbebaäatkgtb½evotnam eday)anelik ehtuplcrcacas<anqanetarkkarqøanbannaéf xagmux. emfavikueb:)anbenßmfapakiedimecat)anbn nabks kumμúynisþkm<úcafacamnussedlmancmgwsrésrbsatnigxvh nyn Ca PaBBicarNa BIeRBaHPaKIedImecaT)anjúHjg;[mankart tamgrvagevotnam nig b: ul Bt. RkúmEdlenAeRkamcMNuH)an efviskmμpaberbóbbiduccaxøün)anttylrgnuvkarkmramkmehg GMBIevotNam. pþúyetavij PaKIedImecaTEbrCayl;eXIj faevotnamkwcagñkesñhasnþipabmineqvqavcagñkcitxag myyedlmanpabgt;fμt; minedlmancitþcg;efvicasrtúv ehiymancitþbüayamedahrsaybbaðaedaysuxsnþipab edayetgetelikvb,fm crcamkerbir)as;kñúgneya)ay. emfavicugecat)anevkejkpþúybienhfa evotnamkw CacRkBtþinimyEdlmancitþQøanBan nigcamnusstmnag[ shpabsuevot. emfavicugecatmanp½sþ útagedlgacbba ak; fa evotnam)anqøanban nigbüayamkan;kab;rbetskm<úca Gs;ry³eBlCag10qñaMmkehIy. emfavikueb:)anniyaymþgetotfaerogrbditmyyenh )anekiteligedaysarkarexasnarbs;evotnam eday )anbüayambgðajfa vtþmanrbs;evotnamenarbetskm< úca kñúgsm½ykm<úcarbcafibetyü KWeFVIeLIgedayRsbc,ab;. emfavicugecat)anbenßmfa GgÁecARkmk¾yl;RsbcMeBaH TsSn³xagelIenHEdr. EtGgÁecARkmhak;bIdUcCamanKMnit sgs½yetakan;evotnamcmebahvtþmanrbs;evotnammk kan;rbetskm<úca nasm½ykm<úcarbcafibetyü ebieyag etatamerogkþielx 002/01. bkskmμúynisþkm<úca minemncabukáletmyyedl)an kt;smáal;nuvkarkmramkmehgépþkñúgrbs;evotnammkkan; RbeTskm<úCaenaHeT. naqñam1964 RBH)aT neratþm sihnu mcämnðléksarkm<úca 33

36 manrbhbnþúlfa KμanGñkdwknaMCnCatievotNamNamñak;Gac edklk;rsül xn³ebledlrbetskm<úcamintan;)ankemþc ecal b BuMTan;GacykRbeTskm<úCaCaTaskrrbs;xøÜn)an mkvijenahet. RBHGgÁmanRBHbnÞÚlGMBIerOgenHCaeRcIndg CaeRcInsar. PaKIedImecaT min)anegiebinuverogehtuedl evotnamcg;)anrbetskm<úcakalbicag1>000qñammun enahet. evotnam)anbmebjkþirsémmyyenh edaybba Úl ]bsm<½n mkelitwkdikm<úca skmμpabmyyenhkwducetanwgtegvi EdlxøÜn)aneFVIeTAelIRbeTscm,:a km<úcaerkam nigkmbuget BüayamBRgIkTwkdIrbs;xøÜneTAkan;smuRTcinxagt,Úg. emfavi kueb:)aneføgetotfa evotnammanbmngbegá It shb½n \NÐ ÚcinedaymanKMnitcg;bBa ÚlRbeTskm< úca RbeTs Lav nigrbetsevotnamrymkña eday)ancat;tukfa RbeTs Lav nigrbetskm<úca CardæTasPaB. P½sþútagmYykñúgsm½y km<úcarbcafibetyü)anbba ak;y:agc,as;faevotnamman KMnitcg;begáItnUvshB½n Edl)anelIkeLIgxagelIenH. emdwknamevotnam)aneføgfa ExμrnwgminmanCeRmIsepSg enahet xn³edlrbetsxøün)anføak;kñúgknþab;édrbs;evot Nam. karsumcrcagmbismnak;emdwknam RtÚv)anelIkeLIgna EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; sm½ykm<úcarbcafibetyüxn³edlrbetskm<úcartúv)an evotnamlukluycaercinelikercinsar. sum,ietkaest d¾l,imyyeqμah juúvy:kefm k¾)anraykarn_fa evotnam cg;køaycagfiracenatmbn;enhenakñúgsm½yenah. sn isbaøa)anbgðajfa bkskmμúynisþkm<úca nigevot NamxageCIg KWCasm<½n mitþnwgkña b:uenþkarbitkwmanspabpþúy BIenHeTAvij BIeRBaHkm<úCanasm½yenaH RtÚv)anmitþrYmsm<½n k,t;. nyn Ca )anniyayfa TegVIEdlminKYrKb,Irbs;evot Nam KWeBlEdlevotNam)anbgçM[RBH)aT semþcrbh neratþm sihnu nigbkskμúynisþkm<úcaefvikarcrcacamyyrkúm safarn³rdæexμr. karesñisummyyenhrtúv)anrcanecaledl Caehtubgá[mankarTmøak;RKab;EbkBIsMNak;shrdæGaemrik mkelitwkdikm<úca. Gaemrik)anTmøak;RKab;EbkmkelIRbeTskm< úcarbman 200éf edim,icakardak;etas. kñúgeblenahedr RbEhl 30 eta40pakryéncmnynrbcacnsrub)ansøab;xn³ebl Cemøós. emfavi kueb: )aneføgfa saksik¾)anpþl;p½sþútag cmebahkarb:htgáicrvag evotnam evotkug nigbkskmμúynisþ km<úca. kñúgeblenahedr evotnam)anlycerkógsbvavufbi rubxagsþam emfavikarbarkþi nyn Ca vict½r kueb: enakñúgsvkarkat;etasemdwknamexμrrkhm. 34 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

37 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; RbeTskm<úCa nig)anrtüsrtaypøúvedim,ibegáitshb½n \NÐÚ cin. riérkúmkumμúynisþkm<úca RtÚv)aneKRbKl;siT irckekan enatirkúghanuy naqñam1955. PaKIedImecaT )anecatrbkan;rkúmshkarn_épþkñúgfa CaxμaMgenAkñúgesckþIsegçbbNþwgrbs;xøÜn.GñkshkarN_épÞ kñúgtamgenahetgettak;tgcamyytahanrbs;bkskmμúynisþ km<úca nigevotnam. Tahanrbs;bkSkmμúynIsþkm<úCa nig evotnam EtgEtbBa ÚnB½t manedlxøünttyl)anetakan;rkúm evotnam EtminEdlepJImkkan;mitþkm<úCaenaHeT. emfavi kueb: )anbenßmetotfa enacenøahqñam evotnam)anerbir)as;nuvl,ickly:agsahav edim,ibmpøajbdivtþn_ k¾duccabmpøajkargpivdärbs;rbets km<úca. TegVImYyenH)aneFVIeLIgedayeRbIR)as;nUvl,iccrca bebaäatnigedim,ipøas;bþúrtssnrbs;safarncn.]tahrn_ naqñam1976 evotnammin)anrksanuvbaküsnüaedlxøün )anniyaynaqñam1967 enahet. karsnüaenah)anecgfa xøünnwgekarbnuvbnþat;rbmednrvagrbets nigrbets enaebl EdlRbeTskm<úCarkeXIjEr:eRbgkat. ]TahrN_TI2 KWkar RBmeRBógbBa b;s gáamcamyyrbetskm<úca. evotnam )anniyayfa erogr:avmyyenh KWbgáeLIgedayCnEdlmkBI bkskmμúynisþkm<úca b RkúmmnusSEdlsßitenAeRkamkarkan; kab;rbs;rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü. evotnam)anelik bnþwgmyyfa km<úcakwcapakiedl)anlukluymkelirbets evotnammun kñúgrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü edayeyageta tamtegvienhehiyetibxøünmankermagvaybkmkkan;rbets km<úcavij. emfavi kueb: )anbenßmetotfa ekalneya)aycati RtÚv)anpøas;bþ ÚrxN³eBlEdlrdæaPi)alnasm½ykm< úcarbca Fibetyü )anrbkas;rbetsetacardækñúgspabgasnñ. erogenhrtúv)anrbkasenaebledlkm<úcartúv)anlukluy k¾duccakmramkmehgbismnak;evotnam. karshkarn_épþ kñúgrtúv)anbrgwg edim,i[mankargpivdä nigkarbarrbets [mansßirpab. vaminemncaerogebøkenahet EdlrdæaPi)alkm<úCakñúg rbbkm<úcarbcafiyetyü)anxitxmrbwgerbg nigbrgwgnuv skþanublrbs;rbets. rdæapi)al)ancgsm<½n mitþcamyy RbeTscMnYn100 edim,ikat;bnßynuvkarkmramkmehgbismnak; PaKIevotNam. karp½nþrclmrtúv)anekiteligcmebahpakiedim ecatenaebledlbnþarbetsnananiyayfakm< úcanasm½y enahbitcartúv)anrgsm<afbismnak;rbetsevotnambit Emn. emdwknamrbetscin)anniyayfa evotnam)ankmram kmehgrbetskm<úcatamgbimuneblkekiténrbbkm<úcarbca Fibetyümkemø:H. emfavi)anbnþfa evotnamkwerbóbbiduc CaekμgBalRbcaMtMbn;PaKxagekItGBa wg. RbFanaFibtIGaemrik qwr:l hvd elak KIhSIgK½r nig RbFanaFibtIRbeTs\NÐÚeNsuI )anniyayfa enhbitca kgvl;myyy:agf n;f rnas;. bukálikkartutrbs;rbets GU sþali )ansemþgmtifa enhkwcaerogmyyedlkyr[rbüy )armö CaBiesssMrab;RbeTsEdlmanRBMRbTl;Cab;CamYy RbeTsevotNam. evotnam)anttylecakc½ykñúgkar dak;gmnacetaelirbetslavenaqñam1977 edayeyagtam rubpabénkarcuhsin isbaøaemrtipab. RbeTscinyl;eXIj fa TegVIenHminEmnCakarcuHsn isbaøaemrtipabenahet k¾b:uenþ vacakardak;gmnacetaelirbetslavetmþg. evotnamk¾ )anbegvrekaledamkkan;rbetskm<úcavijmþg bnþab;bi)an sermcekaledarbs;xøünelirbetslav. karvayrbharrvagkm<úca nigevotnamnasm½yenah minemnbgáeligedaypakixagbkskm<úcarbcafibetyüenah et b:uenþvartúv)anefvieligedaybukálepsgetavij. eyigkyr Etkt;sMKal;fa r)aykarn_tamggs;edl)ansresreday eyafaénrbbkm< úcarbcafibetyü BitCamansarsMxan;Nas; erbahbumedlsresrrmøgnuvb½t manedltak;tgnwgcemøahrvag kgt½bbdivtþn_km<úca nigkgt½bevotnamenahet. edayelk r)aykarn_énqñam1977 BuM)anbkRsaynUvbBaðaenHeT mcämnðléksarkm<úca 35

38 erbahvaminføab;ekitmanelig. saksicmnynbynetar)amnak; )anniyayfa karqøanban rvagrbetstamgbirrtúv)ancab;epþ ImeLIgedayPaKIevotNam. saksi)anbnþfa karqøanbanmkkan;rbetskm<úca )ancab; epþimbiexminarhutdl;ex]spanaqñam1977ehiyskmμpab myyenh RtÚv)aneFVIeLIgtamRKb;rUbPaB. evotnametget begáitkermagtukmuncmebahkarqøanbantamggs; ehiyrbca CnRbcaMtMbn;EdlxøÜncg;QøanBanEtgEtRtÚv)anCemøós ecj munnwgsmμpabenhrtúv)ancab;epþim. embba akarénkgvresnatuccmnynbir EdlCasakSI)an eqøiyetakan;krni elx002/01 énkariyayl½yggáeca Rkmfa ral;karvayrbharetakan;rbcacnevotnamtamg Gs; )anefvieligetkñúgkrnicam)ac;b:uenñah. Kat;)anbEnßm fa CnCatievotNamRtÚv)anbeNþjecjBIRBMRbTl;km<úCa ehiyral;karqøgkat;nanabumrtúv)anebik[ecjculcatueta enahet. KμancemøIyBitR)akdNaEdlGacbBa ak;faevotnam KWCaPaKIEdl)anCYyse gáahkm<úca b CaPaKIEdl)aneqøót»kasQøanBanRbeTskm<úCaxN³EdlRbeTssßitenAkñúg spabgasnñenahet. PaKIevotNam)anerobcMnUvEpnkar y:aghμt;ct; nigtwgrwugmunebledlxøünsermccitþlukluy RbeTskm<úCa. emfavi kueb:)anniyayfa evotnam)anerbir)as;nuv yut sa sþepñkcitþsa sþ edim,iefv IkarvayRbharmkelIRbeTs km< úca EdleKalbMNgFMrbs;xø Ün KWkarekþabkþab;RbeTskm< úca enhég. naeblenahedr RkúmevotNamk¾)ancab;epþImekNÐ mnussedlmanmuxgarx<s;mkbibkskmμúynisþkm<úca edim,imk efvikar[xøünkñúgekalbmngrbmulpþúmb½t mansmxan;²nanagmbi bkskumμ úynisþkm< úcaedim,itmøak;rdæapi)alrsbc,ab;myyenah. RsbeBlEdlniyaynUverOgehtumYyenH emfavi karbarkþi)anniyayfayut sa sþti1rbs;evotnam KWkar bba Úlrnukkñúg riéyut sa sþti2 KWkarQøanBanRbeTsenH EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; Ég. yut sa sþti1edlevotnam)anerbir)as; KWmin)an psbvpsay[dwgtulmtulayenahet k¾b:uenþvartúv)anelikmk niyaybnþicmþg². emfaviedimecat)anniyayfa minman P½sþútagCak;lak;NamYyEdlGacbBa ak;fa m nþican;x<s;na myyrbs;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca )anrbrbwtþnuvgmebik,t;etakan; emdwknamrbs;xøünenahet. kñúgnameyigcaemfavicugecatyl; fa karbba Úlrnukkñúg KWCakarshkarN_épÞkñúgy:agxøaMgkøa myy. edayelk PaKIedImecaT)anniyayfa rcnasm<½n kñúgrgvg;rdæapi)alnasm½yenah KWminmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;dUc EdlPaKIcugecaT)anelIkeLIgenaHeT riéb½t mannanaedl Tak;TgeTAnwgbkSkmμúnIsþkm<úCaRtÚv)anebIkbgðajeTAkan;TI safarn³tamggs;y:agcmh. kñúgnameyigedlcaemfavicugecatyl;exijfa sßanpabénrbetskm< úcanasm½yenahrtúv)anrkb;rkgeday bukálepsg²kña. EpñkmYyénRbeTsRtÚv)anRKb;RKgeday b:ul Bt nig sun esn ehiyepñkmyyetotrtúv)anrkb;rkg edayemdwknamepsg²etot EdlmanbMNgpþÜlrMlMrdæaPi)al rbs;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca. karebk)ak;épþkñúgmyyenh )an ekiteligtmagbimunebledlbkskumμúynisþkm<úcaeligkan; GMNacmkemø:H. eyagetatamr)aykarn_ Edl)anmkBImnÞIs-21 rbs;elak kuy FYn )ansresrfa RkúmfμIcMnYn2 )anbmebk xøünecjbibkskumμúynisþenaqñam1973. benßmbienhetaetot k¾manbukálepsgbba ak;fa bkskumμúynisþkm<úcanaeblenah KWBitCamankarEbk)ak;épÞkñúgBitEmn. bkssm<½n cmnyn3 RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgeBlenaH edaybksnimyy² )an Rbkan;nUveKalCMhrxus²Kña. ekalkmnitcmnyn3fm²tamgenah epþatsmxan;etaeliepñkmenakmvic a karcgsm<½n mitþcamyy brets nigkarepþatsmxan;etaelititamgpumisa sþ ducenheyig Gacniyay)anfa b:ul Bt nig nyn Ca RKan;EtCaPaKImYykñúg cmenampaki3 énbkskumμúynisþkm<úcaetb:uenñah. bnþarbetscitxagedlmanducca cin evotnam nig 36 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

39 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; éf k¾)andwggmbikarebk)ak;épþkñúgrbs;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca enasm½yenahedr. eyagetatamb½t manmyyenh eyiggac niyay)anfa épþkñúgrbs;bkskmμúyniskm<úca KWminEdlman PaBrYbrYmenaHeT. saksi)anniyayfa karebk)ak;épþkñúgkan;etman spabf n;f reta bnþab;bikarrmedahnaqñam1975. saksik¾)an bnþerobrab;bikarebgeckkgkmøamgkmlúgebledlbkskumμ únisþ )anculmkkan;kab;tirkúgpñmebj. emfavi kueb: nwgbenßmnuv P½sþútagfμI²EfmeToteTAkan;sMNuMerOgmYyenH bnþab;bittyl )ankargnubaøat[mankarerbir)as;. P½sþútagfμIenHKWsMedA etaelikic smöasrvagelak eft sm,tþi CamYyelak r:ub Wt limkin ĠtItkmμaPi)al)anR)ab;eTAkan;elakeftsm,tþifa enaeblbba b;énkarrbcumeliktimyyrbs;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca elakk¾)anculrymrbcumenapñmebjcabnþan;enakñúgqñam1975. karrbcumenhmansmacikrbehl300nak; Edlrab;bBa Úl emdwknamtmbn; nigemdwknamrbs;rksygnana k¾duccakn³kmμa FikarGcié nþy_cmnyn2nak;pg. KN³kmμaFikarGcié nþy_tamg BIr)anniyayGMBIKeRmagRbqaMgeTAkan; b: ul Bt ehiykermag enhedr RtÚv)anrkSaCaPaBGaf km)amg BIeRBaHvaTak;TineTAnwg CMnYyrbs;RbeTsevotNam. emfavi kueb: )anniyayfa P½sþútagEdl)anniyay xagelibitcamansarsmxan;nas; srmab;eyigedlcaemfavi karbarelaknynca.b½t manmyyenhk¾rtúv)anghgageday GñknaMsaréntMbn;xagekItnasm½yenaH edaykat;k¾føab;)an niyayr)ab;shecarkmesuibgegátgmbierogehtumyyenh Edr. emfavikueb:)anbenßmfatulakarminrbmttylykp½sþú tagmyyenh k¾erbahettulakarcg;rksanuverogminbit[man PaBsßitesßr k¾duccamincg;egayelak nyn Ca mansit ittamg kñ úgerogkþ Irbs;Kat;.kñ úgnameyigedlcaemfavikarbarkþ Irbs; nyncanwgsum[ggáecarkmefvikarbicarnaetanwgp½sþútag Edl eyig)anelikeligxageliedim,iykmkerbir)as;. Rbsin ebittyl)annuvkargnubaøatenah eyignwgykvamkerbir)as; enakñúgkarbarkþirbs;eyig. eyigedlcaemfavicugecat nwgelikykerogr:avedl Tak;TgnwgGMeBIBukrlYyrbs;bkSkumμ úynisþkm< úcanasm½yenah mkniyay. kñúgenahedr eyignwgerobrab;gmbigmebibukrlyy rbs;smacikénkn³kmμafikargcié nþy_ emdwknameyafa emdwknamtmbn;knþal nigemdwknamedlmkbitmbn;epsg² elik ElgEtemdwknaMmkBItMbn;nirtIEtb:ueNÑaH.emdwknaMnasm½y enahedleyigelikmkniyaykwcasmacikrbs;racrdæapi)al sbvéf enhég. emfavi kueb: )anbenßmfa manp½sþútagercin Nas;EdlTak;TgnwgGMeBIk,t;rbs;smaCikraCrdæaPi)alsBV éf etakan;rdæapi)alnasm½yenah. manpsþútagmyy)an bgðajgmbikarculédecigkñabismnak;m nþirdæapi)alnasm½y enah CamYynwgPaKIevotNam. karrybrymkñabibukáltamgbir )anbnsl;nuvknbksmyyedlmaneqμahfa KNbkSRbCa Cnkm<úCa. bnþab;mk emfavi kueb: k¾)anniyaygmbikurknkñúgrbb km<úcarbcafibetyü. KUrknrbs;evotNam)anbeBa j skmμpabpøam² edim,itmøak;bkskumμúynisþkm<úcabikarkan; GMNac. naeblenahedr ek)anbüayamefvixat b:ul Bt cmnyn4dg kñúgkmlúgqñam k¾b:uenþ KeRmagkar myyenhrtúvbrac½y. sß itenakñ úgqñamenahedr k¾mankareribrmh b:unb:gekþabkþab;sßaniy_vitüúedlmantitamgsßitenatmbn;pak xagekit benßmbienhetaetot k¾mankarregáahregáienatamtmbn; RBMEdnkm< úca-éf nigkm< úca-evotnam. edaysaretepnkar TImYyRtÚvbraC½y KUrknrbs;evotNamk¾)anelIkEpnkar TI2 mkerbir)as; edaykarefvirdærbharenaqñam1976 enh Ég. yut sa sþtimyyénepnkarfμienh KWkarbMpÞúHXøaMgrMesv enaextþesomrab. elxarbcamtmbn;)anebikggárbcummyy EdlmansmaCik30nak;cUlrYm Edlkñ úgenahniyaybikarbh e)arrbqamgrdæapi)alrbs;xøün. karrbcumenh)anefvieligmyy mcämnðléksarkm<úca 37

40 éf munnwgmankarpþúhxøamgrkab;ekitelig. ducenheyiggac niyay)anfa erogr:avenhkwhak;biduccamankarerbógtuk G Icwg. emfavicugecat )anefvikaresñi[kariyal½yggáeca Rkm efvikaresuibgegátnuverogehtuedl)anekiteligxag elienh b:uenþsmenirmyyenhrtúv)anrcanecal. eyignwgesñi sumegaytulakarbicarnacamyynwgsmenirxagelienhmþg etotbnþab;bimankarrcanecaleliktimyyrycmk. R)aMmYys)aþh_knøgmkrdæRbharelIkTI2 k¾)anekit elig RtÚvnwgéf TI1 Exemsa qñam1976. rdærbharelikti2 enh)anekiteligrsbebledlgtitrbhmhaksrt)anrbkas laelgbitmengcarbmuxrdærbs;rtg; EdlkñúgeBlenaH RKab;EbkédCaeRcInRtÚv)anKb;eTAkan;RBHbrmraCvaMg. kmμapi)almñak;eqμah yim sm,tþi RtÚvcab;xøÜnrYc)ansarPaB fa xøünkwcagñkkb;rkab;ebkédbitemn P½sþútagenHRtÚv)an ykmkerbir)as; BIeRBaHcemøIysarPaBrbs; yim sm,tþi. emfavi kueb: )anniyayfa sm,tþi CaGñkKb;RKab;EbkédBit Emn. emfavi kueb: )anykp½sþútagenhmkerbir)as;bierbah cemøiysarpabrbs; yim sm,tþi minrtúv)anemkuk énmnþir s-21 bgçitbgçm[niyayenahet. sßitenartg;cmnucenh ecarkm nil Nun )anniyay kat; k¾duccaerkinrmb ketakan;emfavi kueb: fa kariyal½yggá ecarkmesiubgegátmin)anbwgep ketaelip½sþútagedltak;tg etanwgkarefvitarunkmμykmkerbir)as;enahet. ecarkm LaEvj ecarkm nil Nun nigemfavikueb:)anbipaksanuvekal karn_énkarykp½sþútagykmkerbir)as;tamgbiéf TI1én karkat;kþimkemø:h. kñúgenahedr emfavi kueb: RtÚv)anGnuBaØat [ykbaküsmþirbs; yim sm,tþi nig kuy FYn EdlFøab;RtÚv )anxumxamgenamnþirs-21 ykmkerbir)as;kñúgkartv:a kþirbs;xøün BIeRBaHcemøIyrbs;CnTaMgBIr minrtúv)anqøgkat; karefvitarunkmμenahet. emfavi kueb: k¾)anesñisum[ggácmnum CRmHeFVIkarBicarNaeLIgvijcMeBaHkarbdiesFn_minesuIb EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; GegátelIkMNt;Rtarbs;Cnk,t;eRBaHvamansarsMxan;Nas; kñúgkarbgðajgmbitegvik,t;catirbs; can; crki. P½sþútagmYy)anbgðajfa elxatmbn;106 eqμah sut )anculédecigcamyyxμamgevotnameqμah kuy FYn kñúgkarbmpþúhenaextþesomrab. kuy FYn )anniyayenakñúg r)aykarn_énmnþirs-21 fa Kat;)anbeRgón sut EdlCa skmμcnrbs;pñak;garesuibkarn_sm at;shrdægaemrik. P½sþútagmYy)anbBa ak;fa can; crki KWCamnusSenABIeRkay karbmpþúhrkab;ebkenarbhbrmracvamgnaeblenah. emfavi edimecat)anniyayfa RBwtþikarN_TaMgBIrenHminTak;Tgnwg KñaeT erbahvagactak;tinnwggmebililarbs;bkskumμúnisþkm<úca EdlCalT pl)anbegáitnuvkare)assm atedaymin)an erkagtuk. emfavi kueb: niyayfa P½sþútagenHBitCamanPaBTak; TajCaxøaMg erbahvatak;tgnwgrbwtþikarn_tamgbir elikelget evlaénkarekitehtub:uenñah. ducenheyiggacbkrsay )anfa can; crki nig kuy FYn KWmanTMnak;TMngrvagKñanwgKña. CakarBiteTA can; crki KWCasmaCikéntMbn;xageCIgEdr kuy FYn CaGñkkan;kab;. RsbeBlenaHEdr kuy FYn k¾føab;)an ENnaM can; crki etakan;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca. emdwknamfm² rbs;bkskumμúynisþcaercin)anbgápabclacletakan;bks bnþab;bikarrmedahtirkúgpñmebj)anry³eblmyyqñam. naebl enah kuy FYn RtÚv)anXuMXaMgenApÞH edayerbir)as;ebl RbmaNmYyyb;mYyéf nigkgkmøamgbiesscaercinnak; edim,icab;rubkat;. emfavi kueb: )anbnþetotfa BYkeK)anxitxMRbwgERbg y:agxøamgkøacagmun bnþab;bikarbrac½yeliktimyymk. BYkeK )anelikkermagmþgetotenaqñam1976 ehiyskmμpabrtúv )anekiteligenaqñam1977. karefvirdærbhareliktibir KW minrtúv)anefvieligcafmdmenahet ehiycatueta)anyl;rclm fa vakwcakarkmramkmehgbipakievotnametavij. emfavi kueb: niyayfa emfaviedimecat)anrcanecal 38 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

41 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; cmebahkarefvirdærbharnaqñam1977 eday)anniyayfa enhkwp½sþútagedlminkyr[ecocak;myy. emfaviedimecat k¾ )anebalfa ral;naytahantamggs;sut swgetniyaybakü minbit ryck¾)anrcanecalnuvp½sþútagtamggs;rbs;saksi EdlFøab;)ancUlrYmeFVIrdæRbhar. ebietahcaebbenhkþi k¾ eyigenaeterbir)as;nuvp½sþútagmyyenh BIeRBaHvamanFatu smehtuplcaercinkñúgkarkamrtetanwgkrnirbs; nyn Ca. P½sþútagTImYyrbs;eyIg nwgefvikardkrsg;ecjbisaksikñúg tulakar cmenkpsþútagtibirnwgdkrsg;bibnþaéksarnana riép½sþútagtibi nwgdkrsg;ecjbibtsmöasrbs; eft sm,tþi nig r:ub Wt limkin. GtßbTrbs;emFavIedImecaT )ankmnt;gtþsbaøan saksicmnyn9rub edaysaksi)anbkrsaybikarefvirdærbhar naqñam1977. saksitamg9)anniyayfa rdærbharmyyenh efvieligedayembba akarénkgblelx310 EdlmantaMgTI enatmbn;d¾l srmab;karvayrbhar. kgblmyyenhrtúv )anbbaärecigenacumvijtirkúgpñmebj cab;tamgbiéf rmedah PñMeBjmkemø:H cmenkkgkmøamgepsg²kwsßitenatmbn;xagekit nigtmbn;xagecig. edayelk emfaviedimecat)anniyaybkvijfa rdæ RbharEdlemFavIcugecaT)anniyayxagelI KWRKan;EtCa karrsémetb:uenñah b Gacniyay)anfa erogehtumyyenh KWmin)anekIteLIgenaHeT. eyigyl;fakermagedl)anefvi KWmaneKalbMNgFM²cMnYnbIKW 1 bitrckecjculnana enatirkúgpñmebj ryckan;kab; GakasyandæanextþkMBg;FM nigrkb;rkgsßaniyvitüú 2 kemþcnuvrbb½n karbar nigeyafa edaytrmg;mux sbaøaetakan;rksygkarbarcati XøaMgpÁt;pÁg; nigsmöareyafa nana 3 kmnt;ekaleda rycsmøab; b:ul Bt ecal saksiculrym10nak;etot )anpþl;cemøiyrymtamgp½sþú tagedlxøün)anexijpþal;epñk CaBiessKWB½t manedltak; TgeTAnwgKeRmagTIBIrenHÉg. kmlúgeblvayrbharmkkan;ti RkúgPñMeBjk¾)anvaybM)ak;RkúmepSg²EdlCaédeqVgnwgsþaM rbs;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca. saksik¾)anbnþetotfa TItaMg EdlBYkeKQreCIg KWsßitenAtMbn;PaKBay½Bü. rs; jwm EdlCab Únéførbs; esa Pwm KWCabuKÁlFMmñak;EdlsßitenABI erkayerogenh. saksi)anbenßmfa erkabi rs; jwm k¾man bukálcmnyn6nak;etot EdlmaneQμaH can; crki nig vn ev:t rymtamggñkepsg²)anculrym. tmbn;bay½bü nigkgblelx310 KWCaTItaMgd¾l myy srmab;efv IkarvayRbhar BIeRBaHvaCakEnøgsRmab;ExμRkhm plitrsúv nigefviers. CamYyKñaenHEdr tmbn;106 nig PUmiPaKxagekIt k¾catitamgl srmab;karvayrbhar erbahva manrbmrbtl;latsn wgdl;rbmednéf-lav nigevotnam ehiyk¾catitamgd¾l myysrmab;t nþanyk erbahgacbitpøúv ecjculrbs;exμrrkhm)an. saksi)anbkrsayfa karvayrbharelikenh KWman ekalbmngfmbir KWbM)ak;kmøaMgExμrRkhmTUTaMgRbeTs nigkan; kab;twkditamgmul. BYkeK)anxitxMcuHcUlCamYyRkúmPUmiPaK xagekit nigrkúmedlmkbikgblelx310 xn³ebledl mkdl;tirkúgpñmebj. ekalbmngd¾fmerkaykarcuhculenh KWeFVIeLIgedIm,ITmøak;bkSkumμúynIsþkm<úCa EdlCardæaPi)al Rsbc,ab;rbs;km<úCanasm½yenaH. saksitamg19)anbnþfarkúmenah)anxitxmcaxøamgedim,i [KeRmagkardMeNIrkaredayrlUn.BYkeK)anbMpøajb gáab RbEmRbmUleRKÓgsBVavuF begáitkarrbcum rymtamgebiknuvkar erciserissmacikfμiedim,icasñúlkñúgkarsermcnuvkermag Edl)anelIkeLIg. kñúgenah ek)ansmáal;fa xμamgrbs;evot Nam KWCaCnEdl)anbMpøajsgÁmrbs;ExμreRcInCagenA sm½yenah. b:ul Bt k¾)anefvikaresuibgegátetakan;rkúmén tmbn;enahbnþab;bi egog FIriT ekitmanmnþilsgs½ycmebah skmμpabrbs;bykek. saksicaercin)anpþl;p½sþútagetakan;karesuibgegát mcämnðléksarkm<úca 39

42 myyenh. saksimñak;)anniyayfa Kat;RtwmEteFVItamkar ENnaMrbs; nyn Ca b:uenñah riésaksibirnak;etot)anniyay fa xøün)antukes,ógecalyurebk rhutdl;vaxucgs; man P½sþútagepSgeTot)anbBa ak;fa es,ógtamggs;rtúv)an bmpøajecaledayectna. elak r:ub Wt limkin nig eft sm,tþi )anefvibtsmöascamyybukálmñak; ehiy)anniyay fa fñambgáa rymcamyynwgrmesv k¾rtúv)anbmpøajecaleday ectnaedr. kñúgeblenah rs; jwm k¾)ancab;epþimpsbvpsay nuvs gáamcitþsa sþkñúgkarerbir)as;rubbiyvtßúnaeblbnþab; vak¾rtúv)anekerbir)as;enapumipakbay½bü. GñkxøH)anEkøg bnømkarb:htgáicenaxagrbmednéf edim,i[ekyl;fasßanpabena tmbn;enahbitcamanpabtwgetg EdlkgT½BminGacbBa ÚneTA kan;tienah)anet riétmbn;svy½tetotesat k¾rtúv)anqb; dak;minenatamtmbn;rbmednedr. emfavi kueb: )anrmb kfa RbsinebIGgÁCMnuMCRmHekaH ehaelak h un Esn mkefvicasaksi enahp½sþútagsmxan;nana nwggacykmkerbir)as;)an. bnþab;mk emfavi kueb: k¾)an bkrsaybiekalneya)ayrbs;bkskumμúynisþkm<úca. saksiedlmanvtþmanenatienh KWCabuKÁlEdl)andwk sbvavufecjbitmbn; 310 edim,iefvirdærbhar. embba akar mñak; nigbltahancaercin)anghgagfa xøün)anerobcmrf erkahkgt½becigtwk nigynþehahcm,amgrbs;tmbn; 310. brikçarcaercinmanducca erkógbriepak sbvavuf erbgsamg nigsemøókbmbak;nana RtÚv)anbBa Únmkkan;tMbn;EdleRKÓg TaMgenaHRtÚv)anykmkBIRbeTsevotNam. ek)anbnþfa sßanpabmyyenhkwmanlkçn³rsedogkñaetanwgsßanpabena PUmiPaKBay½BüEdr. saksi)anbba ak;fa karrwbgusnuv sbvavuf semøókbmbak; myk GRgwg Ggár sár nigrti RtÚv)an RbEmRbmUlmkedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;kgT½B enatmbn;pakbay½bü nig PñMeBj ḃnþab;mk k¾)anebikrbcu M nigeknðmnussefmetotedim,i ertómefv IrdæRbharenAqñaM1977. saksik¾)anbnþbkrsay EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; GMBIkarRbCuMEdlTak;TgnwgkarbHe)ar. karrbcumeliktimyy mansmacikrbman500nak;)anculrym riékarrbcumelikti 2 RtÚv)ancUlrYmedaykgvrTaMgmUl EdleBlenaHerOg d¾sm at;bmputrtúv)anelikeligkñúgggárbcum. v:n evt nigm nþieyafa mkbitmbn;enahrbman100 nak;etot )anrbcumy:agsm at; enakñúgérbnaextþ)at;dmbg nigpumipakbay½bü. kñúgkarrbcumenah rs; jwm )anbkrsay nuvepnkarsm at; ehiy v:n ev:t k¾)anniyayfa xøünnwgsum CMnYyBIxageRkAkñúgkrNIcaM)ac;. kñúgeblenahedr ekk¾)an eknðsmacikfμ IRbmaN30>000nak; mkbipumipakbay½bü. karefvirdærbharenaqñam1977 BuM)anTTYleCaKC½yenaHeT k¾b:uenþetahcaebbenhkþi k¾kn³kmμafikargcié nþy_enaetbnþ karesuibgegáty:aghμt;ct;cmebaherogenhdedl. embba a kareqμah egon RtÚv)antamdanGs;ry³eBl3Exmuncab; xøün. GñkepSgeTot)anniyayfa bnþab;bierogehtuenhekit elig RtÚv)anfñak;elIcat;eTAeFVIkartamtMbn;epSg² riégñkxøh )anniyayfa fñak;elimin)anefvigvi b k¾rtúv)anbba ÚneTAtam tmbn;epsg²enahet. emdwknamkgblrbcamtmbn; nigemdwknamtmbn;svy½t)an efvikarrbqamg nyn Ca rymcamyyekalkarn_rbs;bkskumμúy nisþkm<úca. TegVIenH)aneFVIeGaybkSyl;fa kardak;etas cmebahtegvik,t;catietakan;bykekbitcartwmrtúvnwgrsbtam c,ab;nas;. emfavi kueb: )anbnþnuvb½t manlm itedltak;tg CamYykareFVIrdæRbharnaqñaM1978enaH. kgbltmbn;xag ekit)anbüayamefv IrdæRbharmþgeTotenAEx]sPa qñam1978 bnþab;birdærbharenaqñam1977)anttylbrac½y.rdærbhar elikti2 enh)annammknuvkarefvigtþxatrbs; esa Pwm b:uenþva RtÚv)anbkRsayedayeRbIR)as;erOgminBit edim,ibgðaj nuvpabrtwmrtúvrymcamyykarxitxmrbwgerbgrbs;crkbtþi evotnam. emfavikueb:)anbüayamekerbnuvrbvtþisa sþmyyenh [manpabrtwmrtúveligvijedayelikyknuvcmnucsmxan;² 40 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

43 EsVgrkkarBit-Epñkc,ab; cmnyn3 mkerbir)as; 1 rdærbharqñam1978 minemncacmhrcugerkaykñúg karts URbqaMgrbs;RkúmkgT½BesrIeTAkan;rbbd¾Esnkac sahavenahet BIeRBaHKeRmagkarmYyenHKW)aneFVIeLIgeday mancmnyybievotnam. GñkdwknaMevotNam)anyl;RBm cmebahkarefvirdærbharedldwknamedayelak esa Pwm ehiy eblenah elak h un Esn )anvilrtlb;mkrbetskm<úca edayrferkah niggmdmeniredaykgt½bevotnam. 2 esa Pwm minemncaemdwknamminl enahet Rbsin eyigefvikarerbóbefobcamyyemdwknamepsg²etot k¾b:uenþ Kat;Føab;Tmøak;rdæaPi)alRsbc,ab;ecaledayeRbIR)as;nUv GMNacd¾Esnmhima nigexarexa EdlKat;man. edaysar EtmUlehtuenH etibrdæapi)alrsbc,ab;rbs;km<úcarbcafib etyü mansit icmtas;nuvral;karerobcmtamglayrbs; esa Pwm. P½sþútagmYy)anbgðajBIkaryl;RBmrbs;evotNam cmebahkarefvirdærbharrbs; esa Pwm. 3 rdærbharqñam1978 KWmin)aneFVIeLIgedaykar sμ½rkcitþenahet b:uenþva)anefvieligedaykarennamy:agrbit erbógbievotnam. kgt½benatmbn;xagekit)anertómxøün y:agrycral;srmab;rdærbharqñam1977. naeblenahek )ancab;epþimsagsg;elndæan srmab;tukes,óg GavuF nig fñamsgáúv ehiyk¾)aneknðkgt½bfμi². evotnamk¾)ansermccitþcat;karerogenhedayxøün ÉgbnÞab;BIrnukkñúgrbs;xøÜneFVIrdæRbharbraC½y. evotnam )anxitxmrbwgerbglukluykargarépþkñúgcaercin ehiybenßm BIenHk¾)anQøanBanmkkan;RbeTskm<úCanaqñaM1978. evotnam)anefviskmμpabmyyenhedayerbiyut sa sþcaercin. yut sa sþti1 KWkarcgsm<½n mitþcamyy shpabsuevot xn³edlkm<úcanasm½yenahmansm<½n mitþ CamYycinEdlCaRbeTspþl;CMnYy. yut sa sþti2 evotnam )anerciseriscneposxøünkm<úcaenarbetsevotnam mk efvicapñak;garrbs;xøün ehiyk¾)anbegáitkmøamgt½bcyrmuxpg. TegV ITaMgGs;enH)aneFV I[evotNamkan;kab;RbeTskm< úcay:ag ebjelj b:uenþcalkçn³edayrbeyal. bnþab;bittyl )angmnacenhrycmk evotnamk¾)anbegáitrdæapi)algay:g myyenatirkúgpñmebjedim,ibermiplrbeyacn_dl;xøün. GtIt RBHmhakSRt RBH)aT neratþm sihnu )andak;eqμahrdæa Pi)alenaHfa Gay:g d¾kyr[ganit BaküenHÉgKWsMedAeTA kan; elak ehg smrin Etmþg. yut sa sþti 3 evotnam)an Tb;sáat;kareXasnarbs;xøÜn psbvpsaynuvtegvigarkk;rbs; RbCaCnkm<úCa ehiytmøak;kmhusetakan; b:ul Bt rycbüayam bgðajfa GMeBIEdlxøÜn)aneFVImkelIRbeTskm<úCa KWCaskmμ PaBmnusSFm benßmbienh evotnamk¾)anbüayambgðajfa bkskmμúynisþkm<úca )anbüayampþac;xøünecjbielakxag erkaedr. evotnamrtúv)angñkpgpþnþaetasedaysarkarbmban mkkan;rbetskm< úca EdlenHCaTegV Ielμ IseTAnwgc,ab;GnþrCati. RbeTsTUTaMgBiPBelak)anKaMRTkñúgkarpþnÞaeTas k¾b:uenþsh PaBsUevot )anbdiesfcmebahkarelikeligmyyenh ducenh dmenahrsay b karsermccitþmingacqøgputdmnak;kalrbs; RkúmRbwkSasnþ isuxénggákarshrbcacati)anenahet. sma CikénRkúmRbwkSasnþ isuxgnþrcati)anecjesckþ IdMeNaHRsay RBagedIm,IesñIsuM[kgT½BbreTsdkxøÜnecjBIRbeTskm<úCa k¾duccapþl;sit iebjeljmkkan;rbetskm<úcavij. GgÁkar shrbcacati)anttylsáal;rdæapi)alkm<úcarbcafibetyü facardæapi)alrsbc,ab;. bnþab;bimanerogr:avmyyenhmk RbeTsnanak¾)andak;TNÐkmμeTAelIRbeTsevotNamrhUt dl;eblevotnamdkt½becjbirbetskm<úca. kñúgeblenah shkmn_gnþrcati )anemilmkevotnamfa CaRbeTsEdl efaktab. TaMgenHKWCaRbvtþisa sþd¾smxan;myysrmab;erog kþimyyenh ducenhkariyal½yggáecarkmkyretbinitüerogenh eligvijbenßmetot. tetaelxerkay r:unit GarI mcämnðléksarkm<úca 41

44 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ sil,³k¾ca]bkrn_srmab;karbüa)al nigefvi[cashes,iy Rbvtþisa sþmingacedahrsaybbaðabc úb,nñ ercin Cagsil,³EdlGacBüa)allkçxNÐlM)akmnusSeyIg b:uenþ rvaggñktamgbir karbüayamsiksa nigbegáitkþirsémedlcg; )an GacCYy[GarüFm rbs;rbetseyigeq<ahetarkpabfáúm efáigfμimyy)an. mnussrkb;rubsut Etmansil,³erogxøÜn ehiymnussk¾ RtÚvkarsil,³eTaHsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBvwkvr s gáam nigsnþi PaBk¾eday. sil,³rtúv)anmnussyketaerbir)as;tamvifi epsg² TaMgkareFVI[sb,ayrIkray efvi[ekittukç efvi[man karcgkmhwg s b; nigkumkyn. enakñúgsm½yexμrrkhm emdwknam ExμrRkhm)anbegá ItRkúmsil,³eLIgedIm,IsEmþg nigpsbvpsay BIkarts U karlhbg;rbs;rbcacnculrymcamyyclnabdivtþn_ rbs;xøün. sil,³rbs;exμrrkhmtamgenhmin)anbgðaj nig elikeligbixøwmsar Casaklrbs;sil,³enaHeT. ExμrRkhm )anbdiesfecaltamgrsúgnuvtynatigb;rmpøúvgarmμn_caskl rbs;sil,³ b:uenþexμrrkhmebrcayksil,³etabermiekal neya)ay mak arbs;bks karerisegig enakñúgrbbrkb;rkg rbs;xøünetavij. ExμrRkhm)anbegáItsil,³ cermóg man nissitsalahvabnøwsil,³enaextþ)at;dmbg mkefvitssnkic siksaenavicirtsalsil,³shsm½yvitüasßansøwkrwt enakñúgbrievnvitüasßan CatiGb;rM RkúgPñMeBj. 42 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

45 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ cmngecig QamRkhmeq A/ virpabyut mitþ nigcermóg CaeRcIneTot rymtamg elçan kñúgekalbmngbnþúhkmnit[man karsgswk nigcgkmnum. bnþab;mk ExμrRkhm)anyksil,³ TaMgenHeTAsEmþgnigpSBVpSayminRtwmEtkñ úgcmenamrbcacn Etk¾)anykeTApSBVpSayCaBiesskñúgcMeNameyaFaEdl sßab½ngnuvtþnuvbtbba ad¾twgru wgrbs;xø ÜnedIm,IbNþ úhsμartikøahan karqwcab; nigh anrbrbwtþgmebiexarexacmebahgñkedlrtúv )anggákarecatfa xμamg. CamYykarbNþúHKMnits b;ex<im KMKYn tamry³sil,³ rymcamyykarsgs½y nigkarmintukcitþ Exμr Rkhm)ankab;smøab;CnrgeRKaHsøÚtRtg;RbmaNCag1>7 lannak; edaybnsl;tuknuvgñkrs;ranmancivitcamyycmgwpøúv citþ. sil,³gackøayca]bkrn_énkarbüa)al nigcas<an edim,ipshpsa. lis,³begáitnuvtssnvis½yfμi²etaelipab GmnusSFm Edlpþl;BnøWeTAelIFatupSMénlkçxNçrbs;mnusS EdlCaerOy²RtÚv)ankb;eRkamPaBGaRkk; nigpabkμankun Fm. tamry³ekalcmhrénvirpabrbqamgkarkabsgát;/ TegVI sb,úrsfm rvagcnrgerkah b PaBminsßitesßénmnsikarkñúg RkmsIlFm enakñúgsmurténgmebituc rit/ sil,³bgðajbipab Rss;s atenacmknþalénpabrn t;. sil,³pþl;nuvgmnac kan;etx<s;cagbtbiesaf/ karrtihrihbicarna/ bbaðarbqm nigkaryl;exijénmnusscati tamry³rbb½n psbvpsayy:ag TUlMTUlay Edlpþl;Gtßn½ydl;karrgTukçevTna y:agercinduc karelgesicsb,ay. b:uenþpabttylrgkarqwcab;énpab GmnusSFm minemncasil,³enahet. PaBGmnusSFm min RtÚv)anbegáIteTACaTRmg;énPaBes IcsresIr b karsegát emiledaypabegiebi. eyigminrtúvrbegiykenþiyetaelipñt; KMniténGMeBIGmnusSFm eliy. bnþab;birbbexμrrkhmdylrlm rdæapi)al)anefvikar edayepþatsmxan;etaelikarbüa)alepñkevc sa sþdl;cnrg erkah niggñkedlmancmgwpøúvcitþ rymtamgynþkarénkarpshpsa nigkargt;»ntamry³karculxøünmksarpabbietaskmhus rbs;gtitexμrrkhm nigerkaymktamry³ynþkarbegáit tulakargnþrcatiedim,ikat;etasemdwknamexμrrkhm. erka BIenHk¾mansßab½n nigggákarepsg² )anykrbhbut sasna edim,irmsaykarqwcab; nigkarpshpsapøúvcitþ tamry³fm Gb;rMpøÚvcitþ kartamgsmafi nigkarefvifmμyarta rymcamyy karbüa)aledaykarrbwksaeyabl;. knøgmkmcämnðl Éksarkm<úCa EdlCasßab½nRsavRCav nigcgrkgéksarbi rbbexμrrkhm )anshkarcamyyggákarhvabnøwsil,³edl mantitamg enakñúgextþ)at;dmbg begáitcasñaédsil,³tak;tg nwgerogr:avedl)anekiteligenakñ úgrbbexμrrkhmedim,isemþg nigdak;tamgbib½rn_enasalshsm½yvitüasßansøwkrwt kñúg brievnvitüasßancatigb;rmkñúgrkúgpñmebj kñúgekalbmng Gb;rMBIRbvtþisa sþexμrrkhm. enaeblfμi²enh mcämnðl Éksarkm<úCa k¾)angeba IjnisSitqñaMTI1énsalahVaBnøW sil,³mktssnkic EdlPaKeRcInminEdl)anmkPñMeBj[ mktssnkic siksaenasarmnþircati sarmnþirrbl½ybuc sasn_tylesøg nigtssnaexspabynþéksaredlman cmngecigfa {kumsμanbgepøc} edim,icakargb;rm nigkarpþl; KMnitfμI²Tak;TgCamYysil,³ nigrbvtþisa sþexμrrkhm. erkabitssnkic siksa nissittamgenhk¾mankarefvikargarrcna bøg;rbs;rkúgpñmebj edaypsarp ab;camyykargb;rmsil,³ nig Rbvtþisa sþedr u huim RsIGUn CanisSitqñaMTI1 énsalahvarbnøwsil,³ Edl)ancUlrYmkmμviFItaMgBiB½rN_)an[dwgfa Kat;GrKuN srmab;kargnujat[kat;niyaybigarmμn_edl)anetapñm ebjculrymsikçasala nigtssnkic siksa. srmab;kat;bit Casb,aycitþNas;Edl)anmkPñMeBj ehiy)anyl;dwg nigttyl)anemeronfμi²kñúgcivit. TaMgenHCaerOgl srmab; Kat;kñúgkarEsVgyl;BIsgÁmxageRkA. RsIGUn ebjcitþkñúg kmμvifitssnkic siksaenapñmebj erbahefvi[kat;)ancgcam erogercin duccakarcgcameblbiesscamyymitþrymfñak; RKÚ nig)ancmnayeblcybcamyyelak qamg yu naykmcä mcämnðléksarkm<úca 43

46 mnðléksarkm<úca nigrkúmkargarrbs;mcämnðléksar km<úca. RsIGUn k¾grkunsrmab;karcmnayeblrbs;rkúm kargarmcämnðléksarkm<úcacamyyrkúmrbs;kat; nigcun Rkúmrbs;Kat;eTAemIlsarmnÞIrCati nigsarmnþirrbl½ybuc sasn_tylesøg. enaeblkat;etatylesøg Kat;manGarmμN_ esaksþay nigqwcab;cmebaherogenatienah. RsIGUn sgçwm fa nwgminmanerogduecñhekiteligmþgetotsrmab;rbets km<úcaet. RsIGUn )anbba ak;fa Kat;xøackarEbk)ak;RKÜsar kab;smøab; nig karefvitarunkmμ. b:uenþ enaebl RsIGUn etatssnasarmnþircati)anefvi[ RsIGUn mangarmμn_fures,iy nigsb,aycitþkñúgkarediremil rubbdimatmnag[rbh nigesvgyl;)anxøh. u lwm RsIQIg Edl)ancUlrYmkmμviFItaMgBiB½rN_)an [dwgfa enhkwcaeliktimyyehiyedl«bukmþayrbs;kat; GnuBaØat[Kat;mkPñMeBjEtmñak;Ég erbahknøgmk minedl ediretanaq aybipþhet. enhcaeliktimyysrmab;kat;edl EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ salahvarbnøwsil,³ )an[sissqñamti1 )anefvikartak;tgca myynwgrbvtþisa sþexμrrkhm nig)anefvidmeniretaefvitssn kic siksasarmnþircati nigsarmnþirrbl½ybucsasn_tyl EsøgedIm,IEsVgyl;BIRbvtþisa sþenh. Kat;mankarPJak; ep IleBlEdl)anTsSnaExSPaBynþÉksarEdlmancMNg ecigfa {ku MsμanbgePøc} kñ úgvkámunexμrrkhmculmk Kat;segát exijmankarsb,ayrikray nigmankarrikcermineconelon CamYynwgEpñksil,³. b:uenþbnþab;bis gáamculmk nigkar lukluybirkúmexμrrkhm bnþal[sil,³exμrmankarføak;cuh nigesþiretsabsunü. enaeblgan nigsþab;erogr:avsm½y ExμrRkhm efvi[kat;mangarmμn_kþúkkþüly:agxøamgedaysar RbCaCnkñúgsm½yenaH )an)at;bg;bgb Ún jatisnþanrbs; xøün. QIg )anbnþfaenasm½yenah RbsinebInrNah an niyayfa xøüncagñkcermógbisgámcas; b GñkeronsURt)an x<g;x<s; KWRtÚv)anykeTAsmøab;ecalminxan. enaeblkat; )antssnaexspabynþéksaredlmancmngecigfa{kumsμan nissitsalahvarbnøwsil,³enaextþ)at;dmbg mkefvitssnkic siksaenasarmnþircati RkúgPñMeBj. 44 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

47 EsVgrkkarBit-evTikaBiPakSasaFarN³ bgepøc} Kat;manGarmμN_ esaksþayrsenahcaxøamg ehiy minkyrmanerogduecñhekiteligenakñúgrbvtþisarsþrbs;rbets km<úcaet. CacugbBa b; QIg )ansemþgnuvgarmμn_sb,ay rikrayy:agxøamgedl)anedirtssnkic enatirkúgpñmebj erbah)anefv I[Kat;sÁal;karrs;enAkñ úgsgám ehiysumgrkun y:agxøamgelak qamg yu Edl)anpþl;kargarkñúgkarelIkkm<s; RbvtþisaRsþ nigsil,³exμr[mankarrikcermin nigmanekrþ eqμaheligvij. u RBHetCKuNRBHnam ey:n suina CasisShVarBnøW sil,³ qñamti1 sumcerminbrelak qamg yu sßabnikvitüasßan søwkrwt nigcanaykmcämnðléksarkm<úca. RBHetCKuN manesckþirikraycabn;ebk Edlelaknayk)anshkarCa myysalahvarbnøwsil,³ edim,ierobcmkermagrcnabøg;gakar enaracfanipñmebj [ERbkøayeTACaGaKarmYyEdlpSarP ab; etanwgsil,³exμr. RBHetCKuNKitfa RbsinebIKeRmagén karerobcmtirkúgpñmebj Edl)anepþateTAelIkarrcnaGaKar x<s;² edayp ab;etanwggtþsbaøanrbs;cati)ansermceday rlunemnenah BitCal RbesIrxøaMgNas;. karrcnabøg;rkúg PñMeBjenH mansarsmxan;nas;srmab;rbetskm<úca TI1 )anefvi[rbetskm<úcarbs;eyig)anttylsáal;biepjóvcati niggnþrcatiedlmkkmsanþenatirkúgrbs;eyig. TI2 )an psbvpsaysil,³ niggriyfm d¾rugerognasm½yburan. TI3 )anbnsl;tuknuvsñaédénkarrcnabøg;edaykunexμrena sm½ymun. karefvitssnkic siksary³eblmyyéf EdlKaMRTeday elaknayk qamg yu RBHetCKuNBitCaTTYl)ancMeNHdwg ercintak;tgsgám yl;dwggmbisil,³ KMnUr nig]rkidækmμexar exakñ úgrbbexμrrkhm. RBHetCKuNyl;BIeKalbMNgrbs; elak qamg yu Edlcg;[sisSeXIjBIsnþiPaBkñúgRbeTs nig PaBrIkceRmInRKb;vis½y. RBHetCKuN mankarcab;garmμn_ y:agxøamgelikermagmyyenh GatμanwgxitxMeFVI[l edim,i[ KeRmagmYyenHTTYl)aneCaKC½y. RBHetCKuNminePøc Edlelaknayk)anelIkykRTwsþIrbs;elak BIkasU mk EføgkñúgGgÁRbCuMfa{karRsemIlRsém KWCakarBit}. u nissitmñak;etot)an[dwgfakat;)antssnaerogr:av BIGtItkalkñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_60 nigedimtsvtsr_70 efvi[ Kat;nwkdl;TidæPaBnaeBlenaHEdlsil,³hak;dUcCars;revIk enacmebahmuxkat;enaeliy ehiy)angnþgdygcitþsafarncn TaMgGs;[lg;lk;kñúgsubinþ rhutnwkrsémetadl;tidæpabén btcermógnimyy² EdlPaKeRcInGñkniBn )anbgáb;gtßn½y tamgbititamgpumisa sþ GakasFatueBlevla TMenomTmøab;. sursmelgd¾rkgynrkegarbs;gñkcermógcmnan;edimcacmnuctak; TajcMeBaHKat;Edl)ansþab;bTceRmóg eblkmbugefvikargar b Qb;sRmakBIkargar. enaeblsþab;btcermógtamgenh RbCaCnEtgEtrMsayGs;nUvTukçkgVl;TaMgLay nigbgánuv briyakassb,ayrikrayminechcinnay. b:uenþ enaebl EdlsgÁmExμrCaBiesst nþ Ikrv½yekμgTTYlykvb,Fm bs im RbeTs ehiy)anvivdæxøünerkam\t iblénvb,fm enhedl minmanlkçn³caexμrtamgbikaresøókbak; karefvixøünlúyqay ducbrets karramerk karercógefviducbrets ehiykitet erogsb,ayrikray nigepøigbn efvi[rbetskm<úcaføak;cul kñúgpñk;epøigs gáamy:agqab;rh½s. sil,³exμrk¾cab;epþim )at;bg;cabenþir²edaysars gáam EdlExμrRkhm)an brgübbrgümrbcacntamcnbt[rbyut RbqaMgnwgrdæaPi)al EdlbeNþjsemþcRBH neratþm sihnu ecjbitmeng)anefvi [RbCaCnExμrCYbRbTHs gáam efvi[exþcxþamehdæarcnasm<½n rbs;cati)at;nuvfnfanmnuss nigsil,³. erkayrbbexμrrkhm vis½ysil,³rbs;exμresþiret )at;bg;tamgrsug ehiysil,krcaercinrtúv)anexμrrkhm smøab;. etahbiy:agna rhutmkdl;bc úb,nñ sil,³ena EtbeRmItYnaTIkñúgkarGb;rMTaMgGarmμN_ nigpøúvcitþkñúgsgám EdlEbk)ak; ehiy)anefvi[rbcacnedlb:hbal;pøúvcitþ)an FUres,Iy nigqanetarkkarpshpsacatitamgmul. esam b unfn mcämnðléksarkm<úca 45

48 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar 7 mkra 1979 dl; 7 mkra 2018 Caéf kmenitcivitti2rbs;xjúm )an39qñamehiy mnusssmnagmyynak; kñúgcmenammnuss5>000nak; EdlmanCIvitrs;enA rycputbikarkab;smøab;kñúgrbbexμrrkhm RbvtþiBit²CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy EdlxJúMlak;Tukkñúgcitþ>>> tbielxmux mkdl;pñmebj eyig)anefvidmenirtampøúvrbhmunivgseq<ahmkviman ÉkraCü nigetaxageqvgvamg erkaymketib sáal;fakenøgenh CamnÞ Irk-7 EdlCamnÞ IrnIrsarrbs;KN³mCÄimbkS870. kgt½b5>000 nak;)anqrcabircyr ehiymanbg²qrcam efv IkareRCIserIskñ úgcmenamenah )ansáal;tapu MtaRBhμtaKI tavuy nigbg²epsgetot EdleRCIserIsykkmøaMgcMnYn 300nak; kñ úgcmenam 5>000nak;. riégñkepsg²etotedl min)anerciserisrtúvetaefv IkartameragcRk nigrksygepsg² kñúgrdæfanipñmebj. tapum )ancab;éd ehiy)ansyr fa {mitþ ÉgecHebIkLanGt;?} eqøiytbetakat;vijfa{ Gt;ecHeT rubftgtitbukálik enamnþ Ir k-12 ftenaedimqñam1978 enaebletatssnasil,³ EdlsEmþgedayRkúmsil,³rUm:anI enasalmeha RsBTenø)asak;. rubftrab;bieqvg ³ mitþnari xi mitþnari egon mitþ sarin m as;gtßbt mitþ san mitþ ri eha ri qñ úk mitþ sarun eha tasac;buk nig mitþ sm ebiklan[tutkuy)a. 46 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

49 ú EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar bg!} Kat;bnþfa echbrrethekaedrgt;? { k¾eqøiytbfa ech!}.kat;k¾)an[ etamþ MEdlmanyuT CnRbEhlCa300 nak;rycehiy)anbba ÚneyIgTaMgGs;Kña[eTAenAmuxvaMgeRtIy xagk,alercay[kab;didambenø.efv IkarenATIenaH)anRbEhl Ca10éf bgvuy EdlCaKN³mnÞIrk-12 )anetatienah erisykkmøamgrbehl30nak; mkk-12 ehiy)ansyr Rkúmrbs; fa manmitþnadak;baküculbdivtþn_munéf 17 emsa et ryckat;[elikéd k¾)anelikéd. Kat;k¾)anerIs yk mñak;kñúgrkúmrbs; ehiy[erobexagavmkcamenakmbg; dr. karedletaerciserisenaeblenah )anyut CnRbEhl 30nak; sut EtGñkmkBIPUmiPaKbUB a. cmenkégñkmkbipumi PaK]tþr PUmiPaK sanþ PUmiPaKnirtI PUmiPaKbs im k¾)anmyy cmnynedr srubtamggs;)anrbehlcag100nak;. sumbba ak; fa kenøgenhcaticybcumrbs;kmøamgmkbitambnþapumipakena TUTaMgRbeTs. eyigtamggs;kña k¾)anmkcmkarmn Tl;muxTI sñak;karrbs;knbksrbcacnsbvéf kalenahehafa vitüal½ycak;gergeli enatl;muxmanxøamgeqhmyy. ebl mkdl;ggákar[kab;didambenøenamat;tenøcitmnþirk-3 nig mnþirk-1. enaertiymçagcarkúmsil,³vitüúcatikm<úcarbca Fibetyü ehak-33. enadambenø)anrbehlcaknøhex GgÁkark¾)ancat;taMg[ecjRbmUlLan EdlRbCaCnecjBI TIRkúgPñMeBjTukecalray)a:yenAtampøÚvCatielx1 PñMeBj GñkelOg c,argmeba xagrsukekahfm nigrsuks ag tampøúv Catielx4eTAkMBg;s<W tampøúvcatielx5etaerbkkþam tampøúv Catielx3 etartamxña-taekv edim,iykmkerobtukdak;kñúg XøaMgenAkñúgTIRkúgPñMeBj EdlkaleNaHEckecjCa5Rkúm. eyigedirrbmullan)anrbehl1ex )anrfynþrab;ban; erkógyketatukdak;enakñúgxøamgk,alfñl; EdlCabnÞay Tahan nl; nl; Tl;muxeragcRkemSAmI nigbnþaytahankar Bar ln; nl; enacmkarmn dak;enabrievnrksygksikmμ dak;ena XøaMgelx4 XøaMgelx5 enakñ úgmnþ Ir k-3 xagekittutgaemrik cas; nigdak;enaháarashsg;kugpsarfμi dak;enabrievnvtþ svaydgám erkayb:usþ elx3sbvéf ehiyetaxaglicedlek ehap-1 xagplitfñamsgámkic etabihñwgetot ehamnþirb-1 nigsñak;karknþalrbs;k-12 EdlmanTItaMgenAbrievN FnaKaremKgÁsBVéf xagecigtl;nwgtutkuer: sbvéf TUtGalø Wm:g; xagt,úgtl;nwgpøúvekg salayukn r pøúvekgebtücin nigcuhmk xaglic3pø ÚveTotEdlCakEnøgTukdak;rfynþrbs;fñak;dwknaMFM² ducca b:ul Bt egog sari exov smpn nyn Ca niglan srmab; dwkttylkn³rbtipubrets. rfynþtmenib²edlfñak;dwknam kmbul²cih TukenAmnÞIrk-12 TaMgGs;. fñak;dwknamcihetlan LMRbWta hugda s uys uykidak;dmbul RkNat; KWkRmmanGñk NasÁal;BIGtþsBaØaNrbs;fñak;dwknaMFM²TaMgenHNas; elik ElgEtGñkenACamYyeTIb)ansÁal;dUcCarUb CaedIm. mnþirk -12 enhcamnþirebikbrrbs;ggápabbrets KWsRmab;dwk epjóvbretsnigfñak;dwknamfm²mkbibnþarsuktmbn;nigpumipak TUTaMgRbeTs rbs;kn³mcäimbks870 erbahkñúglixitebik pøúvrbs; mandak;eqμahfa GgÁPaBbreTs nightßelxa kñúglixitebikpøúv dak;fa KN³mnÞIr870 eqμah smmitþ xag Et Gt;sÁal;mitþ xag enahcanrnaet. erkaymkmankar cat;tamgbikn³mnþ Irk-12[ nigmitþdétetotenakñ úgkgrbs; bg efn etaruhyks½gási nigeqienamnþirbwgrtebkedlca salapasarbs;kn³mnþir870 edayenatienhsm,úreta edaysmng;gnafibetyütuc²caercin enabasebjbwg RtEbkEdlmanRbFanmnÞIrbwgRtEbk eqμahbg sav:n. bg sav:n manragesþig km<s;rbehl 1>60 eta1>65em:rt. Edks½gásI nigeqitamggs;rtúvyketaefvicarbgenavamgena R)asaTexmrinsBVéf EdlkareFVIrbgenH mankm<s;eligeta elitedkbisnøwkéenah manedkxøhcas; EdkxøHfμI emileta duccaminl emilesah. RbFan )anniyayfa nigbg sam )anniyayr)ab; fa exov smpn k¾camnusscab;ninñakar neya)ay tmnagra sþbisgámcas;edr G IcwgGgÁkaryk GñkTaMgBIrdak;enAkñúghñwg ehiybg saru k¾niyayfa racvgs esþctamggs; Edlts UenAkñúgsm½ys gáam. RkúmGñkdwknaM mcämnðléksarkm<úca 47

50 EdlmkBIPaKxageCIgevotNam nigrkúmgñkts UépÞkñúgCa myy ln; nl; )anrtúvggákarbdivtþn_smøab;ecaltamggs;. ]TahrN_Cak;EsþgdUcCah Uyn;EdlCMTas;nwgkarEdlmin[ CemøósRbCaCnecj BITIRkúgPñMeBjenAkñúgqñaM1975 nig[ RbCaCnmankarcayvay CarUbiybNÑ duccarkdas;r)ak; rubeka nigrbdasr)ak;epsg²etot k¾rtúvggákaryketasmøab; ecalkñúgtenøsabedr. dl;mk \LÚvenH GgÁkareyIgyk semþc neratþm sihnu nig exov smpn mkdak;kukenatienhetot GIcwgBYkmitþRtÚveFVIrbgenH[maM [Cab;. tamrbvtþirbs;bg saru nigbg CIm Føab;)andwksemþc neratþm sihnu ebledl RBHGgÁyagmkTsSnkic TtenAkñúgTwkdI tmbn;rmedahkal BIqñaM1973 eblenahpøúvrlak;pg pugdixsac;pgbg saru Can; háalankμanrbniet eblenahsemþc sihnu k¾rtúvtgáicebk Qam mat; semþck¾ manbnþúlfa semþc)anbucaqamrss; CUnmatuPUmikm<úCa ehiy. enhtamkat;tmnalerogr)ab; Kat;k¾Gs;sMeNIc ehiybnþfa RKan;EtQammat;bnþick¾man bnþ Úlfa bucaqamrss;cunmatupumiedr rycehiyk¾namkñaesic. eyigefvikarryck¾mk hub)ayenapþhsemþc h un Esn sbvéf EpñkxageCIgEdlkaleNaH semþc Eb:n nut sñak;ena. riépþh )ayenapþhsemþc s exg EdlRbBn semþc Eb:n nut efvicug epaedaypþal;. Kat;mansm,úrs ehiyenaekμg cmenksemþc Eb:n nut cas;ehiy. nasm½ykalenah manetgñkebikbr rfynþenakñúgmnþirk-12 enhet EdlmanesrIPaB)anedIr tambnþapumipak tmbn; RsukTUTaMgRbeTs k¾duccaenakñúg TIRkúgPñMeBj. )ancunepjóvtammnþir RksYg CuMvijmnÞIr870enH nig CuMvij mnþirs-71 EdlmaneQμaHmnÞIrEdlmanGkSr {k} enabixagmux. tam cam k-1 CakEnøg b:ul Bt ena k-3 Ca kenøgedl nyn Ca ena ehiyerkaymk exov smpn k¾enatienah Edr. enh k-1 nigk-3 mantitamgbivimanékracüetadl;tut Gaemrikcas; eligetaxagekit dl;meharsbtenø)asak;. GKarb UDijTwkrlk ehiyxagt,úgcakenøgvitüútak;tgrbehl EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar Cak-8 b k-18 rbs;mitþ sys xagerkaytutgaemrik. k-2 enaxagecigeragkunvimantibv erkaymþúmsßantutedlrbcam enakm<úcarbcafibetyü. k-4 enabwgekgkg EdlmanGñk RKb;RKgeQμaH tarbhμ xagkat;edr rbs;mnþ Irs-71. k-5 enasalaneya)aybec ketssuevot bergónedaysmmitþ Pu M.kalBIcugqñaM1975 )aneronenatienheronvkáneya)ay mann½yfa eronrtwm10éf cuh ehafavkáneya)ay. k-6 Casalaneya)aymCÄimEdr EdlmanTItaMgenAburIkILa tam dwgkwsrmab;bergónkmμapi)almkbirkb;bnþapumipak tmbn; Rsúk XuM enatutamgrbetsmkeron neya)ayenatienah. k-7 EdlCamnÞIrnIrsar rbs;mcäimbks870 mantitamgena muxvamgepñkxageqvgrhutdl;sync,ar valrbhemru. k-32 mantitamgenaerbkebñacakenøgciba wmrti nigciba wmrcúkedl manrbfaneqμahsmmitþ DIm ehiyerkay mk DIm mkkan; mnþirk-1 nigk-3 ehiyeligsmmitþ myn CMnYs vij. bnþ bnþab;etotkenøglt;dmmanenaerbkebñamyy enaerbkr)a xag ecigvtþcmbuhek kmyykenøg nigenatali bc úb,nñek,reragcrk Rsaebor myykenøg nigkenøglt;dmrbs;rksygkarbrets ena b-20 enaxagrsúksþwgrtg;. kenøglt;dmmyyetot ena vtþesøg xaglicebaf cintug vtþc½y]tþmtampøúvetakmbg; knþütpøúvcatielx3. riémkxaglicvalrbhemruvij KWTIsñak; karbanic kmμtambnþapumipakbub anirti]tþrbay½bü sanþ eligetacyrmat;tenømþúmpsarcas; rhutdl;rgvg;mulvtþpñm KWCa brievnrbs;xøamgrdæ. enatamtenøcaggápabdwkcba ÚneCIg TwkmþúMs<aneRCaycgVar rhutdl;xøamgerbgb ssiekv Carbs; RksYgfamBl. karcundmenirkn³rbtipu enaexvicä ika qñam1976 )ancundmenirkn³rbtipuedl CakmμaPi)almk siksaneya)ayenasalaburikilaedlca salaneya)aymcäim.erkaybikat;)ansiksacb; nigmitþ détetot enakñúgmnþirk-12 )ancundmenirbykkat;edirtssn kic enatambnþapumipakman PUmiPaKbUB a PUmiPaK]tþr tmbn; 48 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

51 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar esomrab-]tþrmanc½y PUmiPaKBay½Bü )aneligetapumipak nirti nigetatssnkic eqñrsmurt nigrkúgkmbg;esam Edlkal enahbkskumμúynisþkm<úca)an[tg;kitþiyscmnynbirsuk edim,i [sikçakamedlcakmμapi)almkbitambnþarsuk tmbn; nig PUmiPaKEdleronsURt tamkmruvirpab nigpabeconelonkñúg vis½ybgábegá Inpl)anRKb;Epnkarrbs;bkS EdlkaleNaH enacammtirbs;smmitþ PuM EdlCaGñkdwknaMKN³RbtiPU )an niyayfakaredl[sikçakammkeronsurtenhkwedim,i[eron surtyktamkmrursúktamgbiti1rsukrbsurtenakñúgtmbn;23 kñúgpumipakbub ati2rsukkmbg;rtlacelisßitkñúgtmbn;33pumi PaKbs im nigti3 RsukRtaMkk; sßitenakñúgpumipaknirti. ena kñúgbificb;elogmyyrbs;kn³rbtipuedlcakmμapi)aldwknam mkbitutamgrbetsefvienaxøamgr)ak;rkúgkmbg;esam Edlman GñkRKb;RKgeQμaHsmmitþ RKin. erkaybiedirtssnkic tam bnþapumipakedlmanry³eblknøhexcb;mk k¾rtlb;mk PñMeBjvij ehiyk¾ebkkñaetatampumipakerog²xøün. enaqñam1977 mankn³rbtipubretscaercinedl )anmktssnkic enakm<úcarbcafibetyü manducca RbFana FibtIPUma eqμah G UnIvin RbFanaFibtIlav eqμah supan;vgs elxabkskumμúy nisþcineqμah qwg yugkyy ehata cay )an mktssnkic enakm<úca RbCaFibetyünasm½yenaH Edl )ancybpþal;camyymitþrymkargarenak-12. søakelx rfynþsrmab;cunepjóvkalenah EpñkrfynþtUcEdlCa rfynþrbeptetscrmangksr{b}{t} enaxagedim cmenké rfynþfmedlcarfynþdwkcba Ún ducca GMC Gaemrik GarIn rbs;cinmansøakelxdak;gksrfa{n}{s}{k}enaxagedim. munnwgetattylkn³rbtipufñak;rbfanafibti G egog sari eha v:an; )aneha kmμapi)al nigbnþamitþtamggs;tamgbi GgÁPaB EdlGgÁPaBTI1 KWGgÁPaBebIkbrrfynþmaneQμaH emol CaRbFan GgÁPaBTI2 CaGgÁPaBkarBarePJóv nigfñak; dwknamrbfaneqμahxaminigpakigñkbermimanefvimðúbsnæakar nigxagtipsaredlmaneqμah yay suim CaRbFanRkúmbeRmI nigefvimðúb nigsmmitþ ecom CaRbFanmnÞIrb-1. kalenah eronmyykmnat;éf enabrievnb-1 EdlsBVéf CaTIsþIkar KN³rdæm nþi. G egog sari )anniyayfa eyigqb;esøók Bak;exaGavexμA²eToteTAenAeBleTATTYlePJóvbreTs RtÚvnaM KñaeTAkat;exaGavEdlmanÉksNæandUc²Kña enagurb ssi kenøgkat;edrrdæ manexabn exov GavBN Bgman; cas;kñúg mñak;birkmebør TaMgGñkkarBar niggñkebiklan ryc[kat;es,k efv ICaEs,keCIgsERgk. riégñkbermitamsnæakar nigkenøg TIpSarbreTs RtÚvesøóksMBt;hUl b smbt;exov GavBN s b páaqukduc²kñacalkçn³smuhpab. tam camkalsm½y hñwg manpsarbretsmyysrmab;ggátutrbcamenakm<úcarbca FibetyünigKN³RbtiPUbreTsKN³RbtiPUEdlmkTsSnkic srmab;epjóvbretsmktij.psarenhmantitamgenasnæakar s xaglicpsarfmfμiepñkxagerkam. G egog sari )anelik BIRBwtþikarN_neya)ayenAkñúg nigerkarbetsmkniyaykñúg GgÁRbCu Mfa RbeTsCaeRcInenAelIsklelakcg;mkdak;TUtcg s<anmanemrticamyykm<úcarbcafibetyüeyig b:uenþrbets xøhk¾eyigttylyk RbeTsxøHk¾eyIgminTTYlykEdr. RbeTs km< úcaeyigsbvéf minemnsm,úrrugerogsm,úrhubcuk ducedl vitüúpsayenahet EtenHCaneya)ayrbs;bkSeyIg enaxag erkarbetsk¾duckñúgrbets. RbCaCneyIgkMBugEtmankar xvhxat xvhsbvxvhrkb; tamgbicrmk TaMges,ógGahar TaMgfñaM sgáúv. G egog sari k¾)anpþamepjifa smmitþtamggs;rtúvrbúg Rby½tñbdivtþn_EfmeTot BiessGñkebIkbrku M[manbuk Fø úhføay b RkLab;EdlCaehtub:HBal;dl;suvtßiPaBrbs;ePJóv.KN³ RbtiPU RbFanaFibtIPUma G UnIvin mktssnkic cmnyn3éf Edl manpakixagkm< úcamang exovsmpnehaehmcagñkttylepjóv edaymangñkebikrfynþpþal;xø ÜneQμaH ehon ehiybifikarebik TVarrfynþ eqμah Qan EdlCaGtItGPi)alextþéb:linsBV éf.cmenkkn³rbtipurbfanafibtilavsupan;vgs)anmk TsSn kic cmnyn 3éf EdlmanG exov smpn eha Ehm CaGñk TTYlePJóv. mcämnðléksarkm<úca 49

52 KN³RbtiPUbkSkumμúynIsþcineQμaH qwg yugkyy eha tacay EdlCaGñkbec ketsxagesdækic mktsskic enakm< úca manry³ebl16éf EdlPaKIkm< úcamanb: ulbtcagñkcamttyl edaypþal;. KN³RbtiPUEdlmkTsSnkic enakm<úcacmnynbi elik manrdæm nþirkb;rksygetattylenarblanynþehahebaf cintug rycehiynammksrmakenavimanrdæapi)alenamuxvtþpñm. mankarcb;elogenadmnak;cmkarmn nigemilsil,³enameha RsBTenø)asak; TsSnkic GgÁrvtþ racvamg RbsaTviharRBH Ekvmrkt. KN³RbtiPUcin)aneFVIdMeNIreTAPUmiPaKbUB a edayman rfynþ RbEhlCa50-60eRKÓgCUndMeNIrKN³RbtiPUcin. )an ebiklanti11 BIPñMeBjeTAdl;TenøbiT-sYg. ebleta dl;tenøbit nigsyg manta esa Pwm CaRbFanPUmiPaKbUB a mkttylkn³rbtipuedayqøgtamk)a:l; nigmanrfynþbirexs mkttyl EdlmYyExSmkBIkMBg;cam nigmyyexsetotmkbi xagtenøbit. rycbienhk¾bnþdmeniretatssnkic enacmáarekas U Cb;. emilcmáar ekas UemIlkardaMduH nigemileragcrkkinc½r nigbnþetaemil tamshkrn_ducca shkrn_ercaybitmas enakñúgpumirslb; PUmicieBa Im enatamdgpøúvefvidmenir nigemil valersedlrsúvkmbugetecjepøpáanaexviciäka. bnþab;mk k,ünrfynþkn³rbtipu )anmksrmakenamnþirpumipakbub a salarsukt,úgxμúm. bnþab;bienahmk fñak;eli)anpøas; [mkebiklandwkrkúmkun edayfñak;eliyl;exijfa bu inrbsbvebiklancl½tcuhelig. karftenh KWftsRmab;TukCaÉksarGMBIfñak;dwknaMbreTs EdlmkTsSnkic enakm<úcarbcafibetyü ehiykn³rbtipu bretsk¾)anftykrubpab edim,iyketapsbvpsayenarbets xø ÜnvijEdr. eblebiklanftkun )anmksrmakenamnþ IrPUmi PaKmYyyb;. kalenah b:ul Bt srmakcan;eli srmak erkam erbaheblenah minmanpþhsmnak;et riéepjóvcinsñak; enapþhxagecigedlkalenah manpþhsrmab;sñak;ena4eta5 xñg. b:ul Bt Føab;)andMNalR)ab;ePJóvcinBIkarrgeRKaHfñak; EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar rbs;pumipakbub amanercincagek kñúggmlúgebledlpþl;bt smöascamyygñkkaestcin. min)ancamfa GñkkaEstenaH eqμah GVIeT RKan;Etdwgfa CaGñkedIrtamKN³RbtiPUcin. b:ul Bt )anr)ab;etotfa PUmiPaKbUB artúvrgerkahedaysarkar Tmøak;RKab;Ebk. sumbba ak;fa b:ul Bt )angmdmenirrbtipu cineqμah qwg yugkyy rhutdl;éf bba b;éndmenirtssnkic ehiy k¾man»kas)anexij nigenaek,r b:ul Bt kñúgcm ay RbEhl4eTA5Em:RtBIb:ulBt.karN_)anQrenAEk,renH edaysaret enacamyyrkúmftkun CaGñkCYykan;smÖarft kunduccaepøighvar nigsmöarepsg²etot. eblenah b:ul Bt )anelikeliggmbi vinasskmμs gáam5qñamedlgaemrik)an bmpøicbmpøajenakñúgrbetskm<úca duccaenatirkúgsyg RtÚv)an )ak;rabdl;di edaysarkartmøak;rkab;ebk ehiypuminimyy² enasl;etephpg;. erkaybisrmakenatienah)anmyyyb; RBlwmeLIgk,Ün KN³RbtiPU)anbnþeFVIdMeNIrmkPUmiPaKkNþal edim,ibinitü emilpabeconelon duccaenaeragcrktm,ajedlcasñaéd CMnYyrbs;mitþcin ehiyk¾)ansñak;enapumipakknþalmyy yb;etot. GMLúgeBlQb;sRmakenAPUmiPaKkNþalenH smmitþ Ek Bk EdlCaKN³PUmiPaKkNþalCaGñkerobcMTTYl xusrtúv. cmnamrubragrbs; Ek Bk )anxøhedr. Ek Bk man madfmdmbg muxmansñamsmøakducrlakepøig mincamc,as;fa xageqvgb xagsþamet ehiymankm<s;rbehlmyyem:rtcit sibr)ametamyyem:rteb:tsib. erkaybi)ansrmakenati enahmyyyb;rycmk k,ünkn³rbtipucink¾ecjdmenirbnþetot etatssnkic enarsukcmáareli ehiy)ansñak;enaérbcmáarta Rbúk. enatarbúk KWenAkñúgéRB mancmáarkaehv nigcamuldæan ts Urbs;fñak;dwknaMPUmiPaKkalBIsm½ys gáam. bnþmketot KN³RbtiPUcin)anbnþdMeNIreTA TsSnkic enatmnb;6mkra. TMnb;enH)anksageLIgedIm,Irmøwk dl;karvayqñhkgt½byyn ehiytamgviedl Ek Bk )anelikeligfa kgt½bkm<úcarbca Fibetyü )anvayqñht½byynenaqñam1976 enaéf 6mkra 50 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

53 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar ehtuenhetibdak;eqμahtmnb;enhfa {TMbn;6mkra} G IcwgeTA edim,i[mancab;carbvtþisa sþ.tmnb;enhfmnas;rtúv)anefvi eligedaykmøamgmnussy:agercin. mnusscaercinrtúv)an GgÁkarbBa ÚnmkBIkgcl½tepSg² ehiyenakardæanmanerkóg crketbiret KWmanGabulkinbgðab;mYy niggabulrujmyy erkabienahmnusscagñkefvitamggs; ebiemilbicm ayetaexij duccastvrsemackmbugvarg Icwg. k,ünrfynþrbs;kn³rbtipu )anefv IdMeNIrtamxñgTMnb;eTAsÞ wgcinitnigvalkmbg;fmehiy)an srmakenaextþkmbg;fm. eblenahkn³rbtipu)ansrmakena snæakarpþhtwk enabielibwgmyyenarkúgkmbg;fm. RBwkeLIg k,ünkn³rbtipucin )anbnþdmenirmkdl;s<anburansß itenakñ úg RsukkMBg;kþ I extþesomrab nig)ancuhemils<anenahetotpg. bnþab;mk KN³RbtiPU)anbnþdMeNIreTAtMbn;esomrab-GgÁr eday)antssnkic GgÁrvtþ GgÁrtUcGgÁrFM vg;tuc vg;fm)aran_ Twkføa ehiy)ansrmakenaextþesomrabrbehlbiryb; etibbnþdmeniretapumipak Bay½BübnþeTot. enapumipakbay½bükn³rbtipuetatssnkic enagagtmnb; RtBaMgfμ. GagRtBaMgfμenHFMNas; GacebIkk)a:l;)an. exijmank)a:l;birbiedrenakñ úgtmnb;gagrtbamgfμenah. bnþab; mk KN³RbtiPUcin)anbnþdMeNIreTATsSnkic enakenøgefv IsURt nigtm,ajsurtrbs;tmbn;5. kalenah mansmmitþ rs; jwm elxapumipakbay½bücagñkttyl ehiy k¾)ancambimuxmat; nig rubragrbs; rs; jwm xøhedr. rs; jwm mantwkmuxjjwmcab; nigmankm<s;rbehlmyyem:rthuksib b hukbib:uenñah man ragx<s;cag bnþic nigmanragfat;exμarsegm. cmenkkn³ tmbn;5 vijmaneqμah Cal KWCakUnrbs; rs; jwm. bnþab;bi TsSnkic ena tmbn;5rycral;ehiy KN³RbtiPU)aneTAsRmak enasvaysuisupun ehiyeblenah qwg yugkyy k¾)anføak;xøün QW. tamkarkt;smáal;rbs; exijfa qwg yugkyy hak; manv½ycas;cag b:ul Bt etaetot b:uenþmanmadeqþarfmcag b:ul Bt. tmk k,ünkn³rbtipucinecjmkxagextþ)at;dmbg edaycih emilvalers tampumipakbay½büenh rycbnþdmenir mksrmak enapþhepjóvmþúmsalaextþ)at;dmbg. sumrmøwkfa k,ünkn³rbtipu cinetadl;tina EtgEtmanmhaCn RbCaCn camttyly:agkrkwkkerkg. ecjbipumipakbay½bü k,ün)an bnþdmeniretaxagpumipakbs im mkdl;xagrkúgebaf sat; nig srmakenaebaf sat;myyyb;. RBlwmeLIg k,ünkn³rbtipu cin)anecjdmenirbiextþebaf sat; b:uenþelikenh KN³RbtiPU cinmin)ancihrfynþet KW)anpøas;bþÚredayeFVIdMeNIrtamrf epøigmþg ehiyk,ünrfynþtamggs;edlmanbirexs)annamkñaeta camenar:armasenakñúgextþkmbg;qñamg EdlKN³RbtiPURtÚvQb; srmak. bnþab;bienhmk KN³RbtiPUcin)anbnþdMeNIreday CiHrfePøIgbnþeTot etaxagextþtaekvpumipaknirtimþg. tam:uk EdlCaKN³PUmiPaKnirtI CaGñkdwknaMKN³RbtiPUcinedIreFVI TsSnkic. kalenah )ansrmakenataekvmyyyb; ehiy erkaymketot )anbnþdmeniretaeragcrkcrki2 EdlCa kenøgplitsuim:g;t_ EdlCaCMnYyrbs;mitþcin nigetaemil etspabvalersvalrsúvtamtmbn;enh. bnþmkk,ünkn³ RbtiPUcin)anbnþdMeNIreTATsSnaenAERsGMbil bnþab;mk KN³RbtiPU k¾)anbnþdmeniretakmbg;esam. etadl;kmbg; esam epjóvtamggs;)ansñak;enasnæarkar7can; epjóvxøh sñak;enapþhelipñmdmnak;esþc. bnþab;mk epjóvtamggs;)an etatssnaeqñrgureqital nigetatssnanavabixatedlca CMnYyrbs;mitþcinEdr. CiHnavaBiXatmanKN³RbtiPUcin qwg yugkyy xagexμrman b: ul Bt egog sari nigrdæm nþ ICaeRcInnak; etot )ancihemileqñrsmurtexμr. navabixatenh manel,ón elonnas; duccaynþehahgicwg ebitam sμanel,ónnava enh RbmaNCag100KILÚEm:RtkñúgmYyem:ag. KN³RbtiPU )ancmnayeblenaelinavabixatyurkyrsmedr cmenkrkúm EdlCaGñkebIkbr minrtúv)angnubaøat[eligcihnavaenahet KWRtÚveFVIkarrg;caMenAÉRcaMg. eyigcagñkebiksrmab;fñak;dwk nammingacedirecalrfynþ)anet. tetaelxerkay s sarin mcämnðléksarkm<úca 51

54 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar RBlwgmasmþay tbielxmux em:agrbman7yb; b Ún tuc² lg;lk;myyrslwt etaehiy. niggñkmþay enaeliy eyigkmbugetrbüy citþnwgdmenirekcxøünrbs; elak«buk Rsab;EtsñÚrRkik G ug vnña m as;gtßbt ²er:akr:akB eligcum vijpþh eyigrcülebahevoneligduc ekrsav eyigerkakggáúyy:agrbúgrby½tñ Tahanmñak;lUn mkdl;mugeyig tamgbis gáammkrküsarnak¾srmanþerkam pþhduckña BIeRBaHvagayrt;cUlelNdæan mñak;niyayfa eyig cametmat;rugducstvknþúr. BueT a! etinrna RBlwgehIr ecj)at;bixøüneyiggs;ehiygñkmþay RTehayMeg:ageday Rbvar»bb ÚneBA Cab;enAédKat; cmenk Rbvar»bb ÚnBIreTot enaédmçagmyy. eteti migkump½ygi! BUenAb et? vresniy_ék hm ebalbenþirédcab;mugsmlwgrkelak«buk benþir. bg hm ³ RKan;EtTTYlbBa abiembba akar [ mk GeBa IjmIg[eTArs;enAÉéRBEvgCamYy eteti. mþay ³ BUkμÜyÉgKat;manFur³eTAsYrelakbg Lac QWF n;épumibamsþitamgbimsilmij mintan;exijrtlb;mk vijesah migrbüynas;. RsukeKeFVIs gáam GgáreLIgéfø duceke)ahbyy TMnijsBVsareBIeLIgéfødUce)aHBYy eti[mig etars;enaérbevg)angi[kunhub? bg hm Bnül; echetxmrkducekégeta eky:agna eyigk¾y:agenahedr ebibumigeta maryat nwg)aneronsurt ebimigminetaet b ÚnRsI c,as;cadac;ecjbikarsiksaehiy. ebibuyl;rbmcult½b elakembba akarextþsnüafa bmbak; s½kþicunelakbucagnuesniy_ék. mþay ³ BUKμancg;)anbuNüs½kþiR)ak;ExGVITaMgGs; Kat; cg;etrs;edayesμahrtg;tamsmacieva. cmebah vij B Baküfa)aneron cg;nas; Et minh an CMTas;nwgEm:. bg hm laecjeta Tahanrab;sibnak;)ancakecjBI Kum<eQICuMvijpÞHeyIg eyigj½rrbückñúgebah.»! mindwgxøün esahfa bg hm )annamt½bmkb½t pþheyigcumcit y:agenhesah ebikumetbukekcxøüntan;c,as;caekcab;ehiy.»! eblenhgvi etacasac;qam GVIeTAmenaKmn_viC aénninñakarneya)ay? lycsyretkñúgcitþmñak;ég. tamgbiedimqñam1972mk RBwtþikarN_kan;Etelcecj EbøkeLIg² tammintan;tayminrtúv sμanmindl;kitminyl; et! cg;etersk[ebkepndi. etahbi CaRKÚeBTübdivtþn_ nwgekedrenh hak;minyl;gvitamggs;. s gáamqøbd¾es óm s at;enh efvi[rbcacnkan;etpitp½yrcülrcbl; kan;etxøamg elig² yut sa sþs gáamkan;etbi)akyl;. esþirral;yb; embba akarkgt½brmedah)anr)ab;mkrbfanpumi[dwknamgñk RsukePosecjBItMbn;RbTajRbTg; etars;enaétmbn;rmedah s b;. b:uenþ ral;eblmansmnumbrenh «Buk Etg)aneCaK C½yCadrab edaykarbnül;fa smrpumimux mingacxvhsmrpumi erkay)anet ebirbcacnrt;ecalpumiefv IERsElgekIt eti)an es,óggvicyycunetat½b? m:üagetot enaeblynþehahrbúg Tmøak;mþg KW)anRbCaCn enhehiycacrmkcaérbm:akkirbs; kgt½brmedah erbaherkaybi)aj;rbharetaelit½bxμamgcrkbtþi 52 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

55 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar ryc kgt½brmedahenaebledlmingacrt;culérbtan; EtgEtrt; culrck BYnkñúgPUmiGñkRsukEdlGaceKcputBIRKab;Ebk RKab; epøag)an etibuniyayenhrtúvb xus? enhcasmþi nigekal CMhrCak;lak;Edlelak«Buk EtgEtbBa ak;caeroy² eta kan;kgt½brmedah ral;ebledlbykekb:unb:gcemøósgñkrsuk ecjbipumi. edaypakercinsut swgcagtitsissvtþrbs;gtitrbh ecagfikarrubenhpg GñkTaMgenaH k¾ttylykeyabl;elak TaMgeTIsTal;. myygatitüerkaymk T½BrMedaH)anvayrujRcanTahan [dkt½becjbierbkenþógcafμietotehiy elak«bukk¾man»kasrtlb;mkpþhvij. rartiéf TI2 kumö³ evlaem:ag1rmlggrfart Rsab;Et mig²7nak; kñúgenahmanca GaT KWPriyaBU hug PriyaBU say PriyaBU fan; edircamyykñatamgrtehaymdgðk;mk pþh. elakbgegiy! ekcab;«vaeta)at;ehiy yktamgm:utu etapg! manetelakbget EdlGacCYy)an. smelgxswk xsülesþirerbhedimrtúgrbs;priyagp½bvéngñkman m:utucihtamg 7nak; enapumi enaeblenhlan;b eligy:agtwgbmbg;kesþir erbhføay. «Buk ³ hui! eblenhspabkarn_sμanmintan;)anet RbEhlCaeKRtÚvkar m:utucayanr)ars½ykargarbdivtþn_ b y:agna faminrtúv RTaMcaMemIl camsþab;dmnwg etamuxeta. mig²tamgenah»bcegáh«buk y:agcab; nigtyjymxøamg² elig {hw²² elakbgegiy elakbg Gs;ehIy² ebirtúv karm:utukyryketm:utueta ehtugik¾camykmnuss etaetot EfmTaMgcgédnigXøúMmuxeTotpgeKecaTfa CIA rbs; Gaemrik rkniyaytetaetotelgecj BYkKat;Tn;xøÜndUc smli. «Buk dkdegðimfmxur sþabédmig²tamg enahrsal² edayføab;catisgçwmy:agkk;ekþa CaTIRbwkSad¾PøWsVag CaTITMnuk citþrbs;gñkpumitamgmul. BImunmk T½BrMedaHmankarcab;cg mnussmñak; b BIrnak; EdledIrehIrq aybipumi ehiyercinet cab;enaebléf pg Edlelak«BukFøab;nimnþRBHsgÇeTACYy sumbinð)atedahrsayykgñktamgenahmkpumivij)an. Et karcab;mnusseblenh vaekiteligenaeblyb; ehiyman cmnynercin nigedayrebobsahavebbenh KWCaelIkTImYy ehiy niyayrymeblenh vahysbismtßpabelak«bukehiy ehiyelakk¾kmbug)armönwgsuvtß ipabxø Ünelaky:agRkas;ERkl Edr. cmebah vij mktl;eblenh kan;etelgyl;ehiy faetibdivtþn_ KWCaGVI edim,igvi nigedim,inrna? elakbukmanet BakümYym:at;enHtbeTAmIg²fa{Gt;Fμt;sineTA!}. culqñam1972enh RbCaCnenATIenH kalnaexij kgt½befvidmenirkat;mux ekelgh anegibmuxemilt½brmedah etotehiy ek»nefvikarfmμta ebit½betaq ay etiblycemil tamerkay spabkarn_qñamenh efvi[rbcacnrgakñúgcitþ. 6éf rmlgput KWenAéf TI8 kumö³ qñam1972 niggñk mþaykmbugdksmnabenavalr)amgxaglicvtþesþa. elak «BukkMBugP ÜrR)aMgÉERBkl,ab;kñúgcm aymyykilúem:rtbikña Edl)aMgKñaedayéRBrnammYyvalFM mingacemilkñaexij. kgt½bexagavexμamyykanut )anebikrukranrkb;rcklðk tam kunrblaytucbt;cuhbt;elig RtLb;mkdl;Kl;ERBkl,ab; BYkeK)anRbTHeXIjburscMNas; madfmdmbgenahkw elak «Buk EdlkMBugTb;PøWR)aMgCamYy mar:a b ÚnRbús Gayu10 qñam. kanutbukrcamgkwbculct kgt½bexμa4eta5nak; hk; smedaelak«buk edaymankan;exscmngkñúgédpg. emkgrbs;t½brmedahrkúmenh edirmuxeke)ahcmh anevg² tampøwr)amgedlelak «Buk kmbugtb; ekediresþircan;édelak hysetamyycmh anelak«buk \th anegibemilmuxeket. Kat;»nlUnkVadIGacm_bMNas;elIkmkTb;PøWdUcCamindwgxøÜn. {hucédmk} emkgniyayedaysmelgkmhk. j½rebahduc ekak nþak; TwkmuxexμArl elak«buklagcrmhpk;ecjbiéd hucédtamgkurbs;elaketa[ekcgedaynwgnr TMngCaTukcitþ fa ekrtwmetykelaketaeronsurtb:uenñah. eyafabirnak; cab;tajédtamgbirrbs;elakmkerkaycgsøabrkjwty:ag mcämnðléksarkm<úca 53

56 ENn rycbba a[cuhtuk. m:ar:a b ÚnRbús kmbugedahrkbiecj BInwm erkayebldak;bip Ür )anymxswkxsül édtamgbirj½rtertik rhutrcúhcmngstvbahn³tamgbirbikñúgéd edaymindwgxøün. elak«bukrtúvekbba a[cuhetakñúgtukggáúyebnepñnena)at TUk TwkmuxKμanQam elakxmerskr)ab; m:ar:a TaMgGeNac GaF½mfa{eTApÞHeTAkUn}. etamin)an! Égh anetetar)ab;tahan ln; nl; Gj GakÉgGs;mYyBUC sermkrbs;embba akart½bexagaexμa. kanutedldwkelak«bukh umb½t edayeyafaedlkan;gavuf nigrkab;ebkédrcúgrcag )anrmkilculkñúgérbric²enacm ay RbmaN200Em:Rt ÉeRtIymçagERBkl,ab;eTA m:ar:a QrT nþamdiymmñak;égekþg² KYr[exøacpSar GñkeFVIR)aMgEk,r enah KμanGñkNah ansyrnameliy briyakaseblenh twg ceg ótvis½yrn m úl. eyigkμandmnwggvibielak«buket. émöéf erkaymk GñkensaTmñak;)annaMdMNwgGMBIkar )anexijsaksbelak«bukenatiedltukculctbnþab;bi cab;elaketapøam²enah. eyigsniñdæan)anfa enahkwcakar cab;pøamsmøab;pøam. elak«buk)ankøayetacacngp½bv EdlRtÚveKcab;xøÜnelIkTI2 bnþab;bikarcab;rkúmgñkmanm:utu TaMg7nak; b:uenþelakcagñkedlrtúvsmøab;edayt½brmedah dmbugekbmputenapumi-xumeyigenh. enhcaskmμpabedlbum Føab;B BuMFøab;ekItmaneTBImunmk. CMgWebHdUgrbs;GñkEm:)an erieligvijy:agf n; Em:QW rgarj½rjak;rhutrcúhsk;gs;. eyigmingacts UenAtMbn;RbTajRbTg;enHteTAeTot)aneT edim,igayucivitgñkmþay nigerkgelaman»kasbnþkareron surt)anpg sermccitþbbylgñkem:etars;enaétmbn;tahan kan;kab; s b; vij. qñam1973 TIRkúgéRBEvgsl;EtRbLg; pøúvkmnakmn_ érbevg-gñkelogrtúvkat;pþac;tamggs; TaMgpøÚveKak TaMgpøÚv Twk. manetgñkmanbnþas½kþicaemtahan m nþican;x<s; nig GñkmanTwkR)ak;eRcIneT EdlGaceFVIdMeNIrtameGlIkUmk PñMeBj)an. bg Kg; )anb dmnwgtukçesakbimrnpab«buk EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar Kat;)anrk mefüa)ayefvidmeniry:agpsgerbgkat;eblyb; ggwtmyymkextþérbevg edim,isaksyrsuxtukçbykeyig. eblmkekok bg Kg; smlwgemiltirkúgérbevg kñúgrsemal exμasþúgxagmux Kat;mankmøaMgRBws RBWsm,úreBjxøÜn Kat; xmelacmhan[evg²gs;bilt PaB Kat;BuMh anqøgfñl;elx 11 CitPUmitaekaeBkeT xøacb:hrkab;min Edlh umb½t bnþay muldæanrbs;tahanrdæapi)al EtécdnüGaRkk; Rkúml,at myyrkúmrbs;tahan)ancab;bg Kg; culbnþayérbevg bgçm[esøókbak;eyafa ehiymingnubaøat[ecjbibnþay eliy erbahxøackat;cagñkmkesuibykkarn_. eyig)anb dmnwgenh)anetetasyrsuxtukçbg Kg; dl;bnþay eyig)ansum [bg Kg; etars;enacamyybykeyig EtmYyExeRkaymk edayenaetmanniss½ycagñkbdivtþn_ercincag nigedaymin cuhsrmúgtal;etesahcamyypabbk;bulbala Gav:aEs k,t; mnsika rbs;bltahanrdæapi)al bg Kg; k¾sermccitþedah exagav ExSRkv:at;Tahanrbs;Kat;Rkvat;ecal ehiyrt; trmg;etatitamgbba akardæaneyafaedimrbs;kat;vij. ecakvasnarbs;cnxst;exsayerkampñk;epøigs gáam enh ekcminputeliybirtúvbgðúrqamlagrbhfrnicitþelap EdlERskTarQamRss;sac;Rss;rbs;RbCaCnsøÚtRtg; Exμr KμanecHsáb;sál;enH. bg Kg; RtÚvRkúmkgQøbexaGav exμa cab;vhedayfagetñatrckesμa enacitpumidegáar TukCa ]TahrN_énkMhwgsen arsen AcMeBaHxμaMgsRtÚvbdivtþn_ Edl CaCatiExμrdUcKña. myygatitüerkaybibg Kg; rt;ecjbi TahaneTA eyig)andmnwgbikarexijsaksbkat;enacitpumi taeka Edlmancm ayrbman5kilúem:rtxagekittirymextþ érbevg. RKÜsareyIgbnþrs;enARkúgéRBEvgrhUtdl;qñaM1973 edaymansl;masr)ak;bnþicbnþüc bnþxitxmbüa)alcmgw GñkEm:pgcat;Ecg[b Ún²eTAeronpgeTAeronxøÜnÉgpgeday kþilm)akbmput. edaymancmnyy niglixit nigsmnumbrbielakmar fug 54 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

57 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar b ÚnRbúsmþay enapñmebj pþam[ BüayamnaMEm: nigb Ún² mkpñmebj. )anbüayametarg;camcuheqμahsumcihynþehah nwgektamgrbfuynwgrkab;epøag nigtamgkμansgçwmesah. éf myy mansb,úrscnmyyrub KWelaks½kþi3 suib EdlCa GtItsa sþacarükilarbs; elak)anttylevncagñkrkb; RKgynþehaHmYyry³xøI. kñúgem:aghat;kilamyy Edlelak bgðat; RtÚvFøak;BIeGsáav:aT½r)ak;kéd elakenacam c,as; elakdwgbirbvtþi EdlRtÚvkMRBa«Bukedayevotkugsmøab; elak)ancyyse gáahrkúmrküsar [)anefvidmenirmkpñmebj eday\tmanbg;r)ak;éføynþehaheliy. ebibummancmnyy BIelakeT RKÜsareyIgBitCaBuMmanlT PaBbg;R)ak;éføynþ ehahmkpñmebjeliy. erkamkarercamercgbielakmar fug nigelakg sari bgrbúsmþay GñkEm: )anfurrsalbicmgw k¾)anbnþeron rhutdl;)ak;gg Bac1. mhac½ycmñhgsurkay epøógpárrnþhkmnacénrkab;kamepøigrkb;fn enaexemsa 1975 mhabüúhsgçrabk;e)ak)acsacmkbirkb;tisti CuMvijTIRkúgPñMeBj. éf myy erkamemxrlwmrsic²sñúrrnþh pamg)anlan;b eligy:agxøamgenavtþpñm k nþak;sμartigñktirkúg eblenah [rn t;esþirelahrblwg. myyéf knøgmk bnþaj B½t man)ancuhpsayerbagrbatbierogrnþh)aj;ectiyrbh Bjay:at RBHraCaTI1énkartaMgraCFanIPñ MeBjeLIg. B½t man enh )anrtúvrbcablrdæpñmebj niyayecjesþirrkb;mat; edaycat;tukfacarbpñúlénkarebk)ak;x at;x aytirkúg PñMeBj. mñak;²snñidæanfa minyuret kmøamgexμrrkhmmuxca nwgculkan;kab;tirkúgpñmebj s gáamnwgrtúvbba b; b:uenþetigvi etotnwgekiteligenah Bi)akTsSn_TayNas;. nrnak¾dwg Edrfa b:unμanqñamcugerkayenh ExμrRkhmERbFatuCakgT½Bd¾ sahavexarexa ekbumemnefvigvi²edim,ibukem:rbcacnducqñam cab;epþimenahet. b:uenþ mtipakercinkitfa ExμrminEdlsmøab; ExμrrhUteTAdl;karbMpøajRbCaCatixø ÜnÉgenaHeT.karsmøab; ebletismuxkñúgs gáam CakarBi)akecosvag b:uenþeknwgmin efviduecñhetotet kñúgebl)ansnþipabehiy. niggñkem:etg EtCRmabelakG sari sumkum[sarpab[esahfa elakca emt½bmanbnþas½kiþx<s; BIeRBaHeyIgFøab;sÁal;ehIy GVIEdl ehafa kmhwgbdivtþn_rbs;bykek. eyigcrmabetotfa Exμr RkhmR)akdCanwgekorCemøósGñkPñMeBj[cakecjBITIRkúg erbahy:agehacnas;ekbþúrkenøgeyig EtelakG Bnül; eyigfa G lycsþab;vitüúrmedahyurehiy ekniyayetbikar ksag ekgacekorcemøósrbcacnenaebledlmintan;ttyl )an ecakc½ypþac;rb½rt cuheblmanc½ycmñhtutamgrbetseta ehiyeticemøósmnussetanaetotelakg ecatsyrmkeyig vij. minyl;rsbtamg et Et mingaceqøiyryc ehiy sumbn;rsn;kñúgcitþsum[karyl;exijrbs;elakg køayca karrtwmrtúveta cuh. TIRkúgd¾tUcENnNan;eTAedayRbCaCnCag2lannak; rs;enabbak;bbun erkamepsgrkab;rmesvrthwggwggab;)ac sackøineq ómehorehahebjlmhevha sac;qam nigq wg RbCaBlrdæExμrrebHFøak;x ayrat;raybasebjepnbsufa éf Nak¾mankarpÞ úhrkab;ebkpøasþ IkEdr kgt½brmedah nigpñak;gar épþkñúg)anbgáb;xøün enabasebjtirkúgpñmebj CaBiess eragpabynþ CakEnøgEdlmankarpÞúHjwkjab;CageK b:uenþ GñkEdlRCÜleRCImRbeRCótKñaemIlkun enaetregimducgenþ Ik culepøigenatampøúvfñl;mnussefvidmeniredayrby½tñrbeyg Nas; sum,ietpþamgrkdastucmyy k¾cab;sgs½yfa Gacman RKab;pøasÞIkbgáb;BIeRkamEdr QamExμrhUrCaføúkenABas ebjrdæfani. enaknþaltirkúg haglk;tmnij tucfmbg Üt smössy:agsgðar hak;kμanrbwxøacnwgrkab;rmesvtamgenahet tam)arnana epø IgBN elatelgtam cgvak;btepøgedlersk keba óvy:agjj½rjjak;sbvsac; kbaøarubrss;tamghvúg² Bak;GavvalkFM² beba jsac;xñgss ac smbt;exicbeba j Kl;ePøA Es,keCIgEkgx<s;y:aghYssm½y beba Iccitþem Tahan GñkCMnYj GñkRtÚv)a:n; GñkRtdrrkelðIy tamkmøamg mcämnðléksarkm<úca 55

58 xül;kyc [RBWRBÜceRsIbrMeBItrMeBInenAes ómmin)an. ena tamsalaeron nigmhavitüal½ynana clna)atukmμrbqamg nwgtmnijeligéfønigvibtþineya)aypuseligrcülrcbl;kμan RsakRsanþ. tamgbimunrblwmrsag²énéf 17emsaBüúHkMNacén RKab;kaMePøIgt,al; nigkamepøigédbk;e)akvilvl;qabqk; KYc Rt)aj;s gáb;mkelitirkúgpñmebj sñúrkamepøig tucfm erat elig BIRKb;Tis ehiykan;etrmkilculmktirkúgcitelig². enakñúgrkúg BlTahanxøHmanCMhrminTukcitþsPaB karn_et eknamkñaxmrutrh edahrubft nigexagavtahanrkkenøg lak;ecalbm)at;tag. bnþakgt½brdæapi)al GgÁPaBxøH man CMhrerobcMk,ÜnLank,ÜnrfeRkaHelIkTg;ssu McuHcaj;eTArg;caM TTYlsmmitþrMedaHRKb;Tis enaedimmhavififm² Rtg;RckdMbUg énkarculmkdl;tirkúgpñmebj. Tg;CatisaFarNrdæExμrRtÚv bgðútcuh RtwmBak;kNþaldg vaminerrametotet pþúyetavij va)ak;xøünxøbsrmbnwgdgtg;y:agkmst;. vitüúsmelgénrbb safarnrdæexμrrtúv)ankat;pþac;s at;rtecoktamgbiem:ag8 RBwkmkemø:H. xagtispøúvcatielx5 enaebledlkgt½bexμa)anefvi dmenirmkdl;vtþcindmedkpøam TahanrdæaPi)alEdlmankar erobcmvnþnkic TukCamuneRsc )ansemþgkar vnþagavuf y:ag ]tugá]tþmcmebahkgkmøamgsmmitþrbs;xøünenahryccab;elikem bba akar rmedah 4-5 rub ercageligy:agx<s; edaypkþipab nigkþiekarb es IcsresIr cmebahvirpabkmrurbs;t½brmedah. b:uenþkareqøiytbvijrbs;t½brmedahenaeblenah KWCa karp g;cugkanugdak; TahanrdæaPi)al ehiyerskkmramfa {elikédelig} edaytwkmuxcgkmhwgy:agkμanrsay nig edaysμartirbúgrby½tñrkb;eblevla. TahanrdæaPi)al RKb;rUb EdlenATIenaHRtÚv)aneKsÞab b Rc)ac;rkGavuF ryc RtÚv)aneKcab;ebHyknaLikaéd ExSk ExSéd Glgáar Edl manenacab;nwgxøüny:aggmitþ. erkaybi)anlukluytirkúg Pñ MeBjGs;ry³eBlEtb: unμanem:agerkaymk GñkTIRkúgPñ MeBj EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar RKb;pÞH)anRtÚvP g;edaygavuf[erobcmecjdmenir. RKÜsar nigelakg sari )anefvidmenirrbercótca myynwgsmurtmnussrab; sibkilúem:rt. tambenþaypø ÚvCati elx5 hagsamgkilúelx6y:agfm RtÚv)andutbMpøaj GNþat epøigkmbugqabeqhy:agebjrkmum sen arsen AGs;ry³3yb; éf etaehiy mintan;fyenaeliy enaetchkemþapay² ekþa esþirexøacsac;mkelihvúgmnuss EdlrujKñaBaseBjtampøÚv Cati rethgñkcmgw Cra Bikar laynwgsermk ERskdegðIy vegvgmþay vegvgkun TMnYjQWcab;rbs;GñkCMgWEsnQWpSarrk GVIeRbóbpÞwmBuM)aneT eføimrbm:at;rbcacnexμreblenahhak; RtÚvci Ba amehkbuhercókrab;rycermók[eyigqwcukebit ebjedimrtúg rkniyayminecjet. ebleyigmkdl;kilú Em:Rtelx7 saksb sþimñak;søab;ggáúyy:agrtlukrtln; enaknþalfñl;cati B ccamgar:amtkñafa Kat;RtÚveK)aj; smøab; edaytmat;minrbmerobcmecj dmenir. putbienah Et bnþicmk enatambenþaycieba ImpøÚvCatiTaMgsgxag k¾ducca enakñ úgdgérbric² GmbeNþaypø ÚvCatielx5 TaMgsgxagsak sbtahan RbúsRsI manlaytamgrbcacn \tgavufpg dyl edkkgkak;elikña eliføúkqam EdlenARkhmRcalBas ebjdgpøúv Kμansl;cenøaHdIenATMenreLIy. køingaesac ehahehiry:aghysrbman. yb;éf 17 dl;19 emsa mhaepøógkmhwge)ak R)aNelIRBHFrNIhUrlag xþúhqam lamk xøaj; CRmHecj BIsaksB GasuPTmøak;eTAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁ [TTYlpÞúknUvrs CatiéRb eq Hq ab Gaesacn_enH RBHTaMghUrnaMnUvsaksB RbúsRsI cas;ekμg[genþtpáab;p ar xøhgarkattet xøhmanet exasøib [hurcuhetatamexstwk efvi[hvúgmnussrab;lannak; tampøúvrtúvetrbthexijrkb;²kñamñak;²ebarebjetaeday esckþirbwrn t;søút RsyutGs;BIdYgcitþ. manetrbhkgáaén dgtenøemkgá EtmYyKt;EdlCaRbPBTwkbriePaK srmab;gñk efvidmenirrab;lannak;enh. ebleyigetadl;vtþerkah cm ayrbman25kilú 56 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

59 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar Em:Rt xagecigtirkúgpñmebj CaGtItb:usþ FMmYyrbs;Tahan rdæapi)al EdlCaExSRkv:at;TI1 srmab;karbartirkúg PñMeBj )anttylrbcacnrab;mwunrküsar[sñak;enaeblyb;. edaykarenoyht; nwgdmenirefμirecig ebletadl;vtþerkah RbmaNem:ag10yb; RKÜsarG sari nig RKÜsar )anrbercót cgmugnwgek edim,isrmakykkmøamgetatienah luhrblwmelig etibexijk,alexμacedlkb;rebikdienacugecig nigrmamecig RmamédexμacEdleK kb;mincitl enaelik,aldmenkeyig. erogebbenh vasambaøetaehiy RtecokeyIg)anB EPñk eyigk¾)anexij GñkCemøóseyIg)aneBaleLIgesÞIrRKb; m:at;mugmyynak¾kμanecosputbiq wgexμaceliy)anesckþifa brievnvtþerkah d¾fmefgenh KWeBareBjeTAedayreNþAdut nigkb;exμackμancenøah)anb:unμankenþleliy. karefvidmenirecjcag20kilúem:rtenh efvi[eyig yl;)anehiynuvrbeyakggákaredlfa esñi[eyigcak ecjet3éf enah nwgminemncakarbiteliy BIeRBaHenAtam dgpøúvenh pþhc gáwg² Kμanm as;enaet BYkeKk¾RtÚvCemøósEdr etietaxagna? KμannrNadwg)aneT? BYkeyIgk¾mindwgCaeK [etadl;naedr? eyigsμanfa ERBkeBñA vtþerkah ERBkkþam enh mangñkm as;rsukrs;ena ehiykmbugttylgñkecjbi PñMeBj[sñak;enAeRtóbRtaehIy EtBuMBiteT etigvietaca EpnkarGgÁkar? enarvagéf 25 emsa sursbþrmbg smelgmyyerkóg )andmeligenavtþerkah. sumbgb ÚnCnrYmCatiEdlsñak;enA TIenH rg;camsþab;ggákarfñak;eli GgÁkarsUm RbkaspSBVpSay dmnwgdl;cnrymcatifa bgb ÚnNaEdlmanbNþas½kþicab;BI GnuesnIy_RtIeLIgeTA RBmTaMgRkúmRKÜsarpg GeBa IjmkcuH eqμahenaticat;kar edim,ierobcmdmenirculetakan;tirkúgpñmebj vij efvikarrymcmenkksagrbetseligvij CamYykgkmøaMg rmedahcatieyig. BaküeXasnaenH )anpsayehiypsayetot. CYy KitKñaemIl etikyretab kumeta? smelgxswbexsóvrbs;nay Tahan Ḃi)akTukcitþNas; ticekbebaäatykeyigetasmøab; TaMgBUCpgeTdwg. smelgxswbexsóvd¾gyledimk)anelcb elig. c,amgedim,irmedahcatietirmedah)anrbetscatirbcacn TaMgmUlehIy yketa smøab;edim,igvi? G sari ³ smøab;rbcacn)anrbeyacn_gvi? rmedahcati yketa[nrnavij? éf Nak¾buNü éf Nak¾buNü bunücaerogral;éf enh ehiysm½ybdivtþn_ C½yCmñH)anmkCaR)akd. eyigdam dam² Caerogral;éf min[sl;dimyycm am eliy. rlkbtcermógénsmelgvitüúkm<úcarbcafibetyü )anrsat;culesata mnussmyyrkúmedlkmbugceckkña. B b et eyigepþógsþab;cermógd¾mann½yenhcuh minxus etsm½ykalnak¾edaysil,³catrmg;x<s;bmputénmnsikar sgám Etsil,³l KWsgÁml ehiy sil,³e)ahcmhanetana KWCasgÁme)aHCMhaneTAenaHÉg. eyigb ehiy sil,³rbs; sgámfμ IenH KWeKKitEtBIksagCati KYr[RCHføaNas; etaehiy etacuheqμah RKÜsarRbBn kun RtÚvcuHeQμaHb Ún fa Ca kunefmetot cuheqμahb ÚnRsIemm:ay facarbbn TI2edIm,I[ )anetapñmebjcumkña. enhcaesckþisermccitþrbs;g sari. éf TI26 emsa RbmaNRbEhlem:ag2resol k,ün rfynþkugv½rrbman7 erkóg )antermóbkñaelipøúvcatielx 5 muxvtþerkah edim,irg;camdwktahanmanbnþas½kþi nigrkúm RKÜsarcUlPñMeBjvij. RKÜsar TaMgGs;Kña k¾)aneligggáúy elirfynþenh rg;camkarecjdmenirnwgekedr. em:ag5l ac ebledlk,ünrfynþerobcakecjeta edayrfynþnimyy² pþúkmnusshurehorhyscmnuh xøhcihbielidmbul xøhqr etagbi erkay BIcMehog. kgt½brmedah)anecjbba amþgetotfa GgÁkardwgfa bgb ÚnxøHminEmnCaRkúmRKÜsarpÞal;rbs;em TahanmanbNþas½kþieT GñkxøHRKan;EtCab Ún CakμÜy)anlYc mcämnðléksarkm<úca 57

60 bnømeligrfynþedr GgÁkarnwgminTTYlxusRtÚvcMeBaHkarxVH rbbhubcuksrmab;gñkebbenhet.gñkem:nig eyigsermc citþcuhecjbirfynþenhpøam m:üageyigkμancmng;culetavij et erbaheyigføab;ehlcamyysarcatisahavrbs;exμr RkhmehIy eyigkμansutidæicmebahbykenhetotet eyigelig elilanenh kñúggarmμn_gnþhsar edaysaretkarekarb cmebahqnþ³elakg Etb:ueNÑaH RsukkMeNIt ÉenaHeT EdlCa ekaledarbs;eyig. eyignwkrsukkmenitnas; sniþpab mkdl;ehiy eyigcg;exijpumikmenit eyigcg;cybjati snþanedlføab;kmst;krm etigñknars; GñkNasøab;xøHeTA eyigbi)aksgçwmnas;fa ExμrRkhm[eyIgeFVIdMeNIr tam citþb:g b:uenþebiman»kaseyignwgeqøót nigm:üagetot eyig KitfaebIBaküfacUleTACYyksagCatiCakarBitKWeyIgeFVI[ elakg Bi)akedaysareyIgehIy. bnþab;bieyigcuhecjmkk,ünrfynþtamgenah k¾)ancak ecjbivtþerkaheta. éf TI27 mankarcuheqμahgñksμ½rkcitþefvidmenirefμir ecigmþgetot. manmnuss myyrkúmrbman70nak; )ancuh eqμahsμ½rkcitþefvidmenirefμirecigculetatirkúgpñmebj edim,irym cmenkksagcati erbahkalbimsilmijbykekenagl;egk lak;xøün. RkúmeyaFamYykgtUc )andwknamk,ündmenirecj eta RbmaNem:ag4resol BYksμ½RKcitþeRkayenHeTAEtxøÜn et RbBn kunrbs;bykek sm MenAvtþeRKaHsin BIeRBaHGgÁkar min[ykkunecarejcrjactam. em:ag7yb; PriyaGñk vilculpñmebj EdlGgÁúyrg;caMdMeNIrbþItamdgpøÚvenaH )an RbTHeXIgkgT½BEdlnaMGñkefμIreCIgeyIgecjdMeNIreTAem:ag 4resolenaH )anrtlb;mkvij edaygñkxøhmantamgkan; Rkma Bak;Gav)a:r:aGaemrikaMg Bak;GavBILút b Bak;naLikaéd rbs;naytahansμ½rkcitþtamgenahpg. TMnYjxSwbexSóvrbs;PriyaGP½BVTaMgenaH )anelcb eligy:aglyclak;. XøatcakBIelakG sari RKÜsar mingacetadl;rsuk EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar kmenit)anet. karefvidmenirenhsßitenaerkamkarcat;ecg rbs;ggákar. eyigrtúvggákarbmebrtiseda dmenireyig[ etars;enakñúgpumirtbamgx at;rbay Rsúk]dugÁ naecigpñmrbhracü RTBü. kunxþmb ssirbksøwketñat ERKeFVIGMBIFagetñat etahca Bi)akxøaMgkþI eday sþicaercin RtÚveLIgkUnetñattUc² tam EdlGaceLIg)an RtÚvcUléRBb ssi qáarkab;ykedimb ssi mksg;crmk edayxø ÜnÉg. RKÜsarnImYy²minsUvmanmnusS RbúseT burscaercin )anrtúvsmøab;kñúgs gáam5qñamenh. eyigrtúvedirerisfagetñattumrcúhykmkefvicarnaberk Kav etñatgab;ca]sdut erisepøetñattummkes ar b dutcmnysnmenk EdlFøab;Tij KYr[es IcsresIr edayrsuk]dugásm,úreday sm,tþ ifmμcatiy:agbiess pþl;lt PaBrs;[RbCaCnCemøós BIRkúgPñMeBjrab;Ban;RKÜsarGaccab;epþImCIvit eday)atéd TeT)an ṁñak;²xmrsvaevcr)ak;masebrcetatamxøüny:agrbúg Rby½tñ sgçwmfa eyiggactijcrmk niges,óggahar)an EtpÞúyRsLH GgÁkarRbkasQb;TTYlsÁal;RkdasR)ak; edaycat;tukfa CameFüa)ayrbs;cRkBtþiEdlx ilrcgus minrbmefviblkmμedayxøünég ehiyykr)ak;etatijblkmμ GñkdéTCMnYsvij GgÁkarcat;TukR)ak;CameFüa)ayekgRbv½Ba Blkmμrbs;cRkBtþienH KWCaGVIEdlbdivtþn_s b;ex<imbmput. esckþirbkasenh)anefvielig enarvag 2-3 GaTitüeRkay éf rmedah. RBwkTI1 Em: nig k¾duccarbcacnéetot )anttylcb kab; nigbuefarkb;édbiggákarfñak;pumi RbkasebIkTivaBlkmμ sþaérbs,atrab;sibhikta srmab;efvidmnamrsúv sþamatupumi eligvij. eyigrtúvkab;érbedlmanedimeqifm² edimeqi xøhkab;rab;rybuefaetibrlm eyigrtúvkaydirbelahcumvijb s eqi lug[putb sekv EdlmanCeRmArhUteTAdl;2Em:Rt TMhMmat;reNþArhUteTAdl;5Em:Rtk¾man etisb srtg;na etiberbibuefakab;ecalrtg;enah ebib:hdi nigfμrwg eyigerbi RtesHsRmab;ecaH ERcHluHRtaEtseRmcEpnkarbkS. 58 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

61 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar bks dak;epnkarrtg;na RtÚvEtseRmcRtg;enaHCUnbkS[ )ancadac;xat. etahbi)atédeligbgrhuthurtwkrégrlak;kþi etahbittylrbbggár EtknøHkMb:ugkñúgmYyéf RtÚvhUbTMBaMg b ssi RtkYn srmab;b gáb;karerskxøankþi k¾ejiseyigrtúv EthUrBIRBlwmTl;RBlb; hurductwkepøóg huresþirexsahgs;bi ragkay mingacrsakrsanþ. mkdl;éf enh KiteTACag3ExehIy bnþab;bikarcak ecjbitirkúgpñmebjmk éf Nak¾Blkmμ éf Nak¾sRmúkkab; Kas; dksþ ÚgtaMgBImunRBlwmrhUtdl;eRkayRBlb;KμanRsak Rsanþ. kmbugetkab;kas;ejisersacecakr)anéf enh sñúr Fwk²² én]tßmöakcrkmyy ehahy:agx<s;bitisxageciglwm² mk ehahkat;birsúk]dugá rbs;eyig vatrmg;etapñmebj Emn ehiy vadamk,alcuhehiy!»! RBHeGIy!»! PñMeBj egiy nwkgñknas; etimanrbwtþikarn_gviebøketa? vitüú Edl )an pøas;fμ IenAéf 17 emsa munnwgcakecjbipñ MeBjmk)anGs;fμ BIrbIéf etaehiy éf Rtg;enH eblgaharéf Rtg; xmeqøóthal fμvitüú ERkgelayb;enH )ansþab;b½t mandwgfa ynþehahmk cuhpñmebj mangviekitelig. BitEmnsMeLgxSav²bMputén degðimcugerkayrbs;fμvitüú )an[ sþab;b½t manl acenah RbEhlknøHem:ag. B½t man)an[dwgbikgt½b nigkmμapi)al eyafabdivtþn_)anerobcmbdisnæarkic TTYlsemþc«enA RBlanynþehaHeBaF cintug. eyigb sursñúrynþehahcuhct eyigb sñúrthédy:agrsúhkñabmput Ethak;mansPaBes óm s at; nigrbúgrby½tñxøamgnas; erbahkμansñúrgvierkabienh laylmbnþ icesaheliy rycbnþab;mk RBHsUresogrbs;semþc «)aneføg elig { RBHkruNa sumeføggmnrkuncabnøwk cmebah yut Cn yut nari nigkmμapi)albdivtþn_d¾mhimarbs; eyig cmebahkaredl)angnubaøat[ dwkrbhsbrbs; mata Edl)antmál;enAeb:kaMgGs;mYyry³mkehIy mkkan;tirkúg PñMeBjeyIg tamry³]tßmöakcrkcinenh mkefvibunübucatam RbéBNICatieyIg. RBHkruNa k¾sumeføgpgedrcmebah elakrbfanem:a d¾mhimaedl)ancyy etahcaelak min yl;rbm[ EføgGMNrKuNcMeBaHelakkþI k¾ cam)ac;rtúvet EføgnUvGMNrKuNd¾mhima cmebahelak}. fμvitüúeyig)an bba b;civitxøünetrtwmenheta bnsl;tuknuvetkaresaksþay kñúgdygcitþeyig BIéf enheta eyig)at;bg;rtecokcaerogrhut ehiy. eyigyl;fa RBHsUresogd¾xøIenaHEføgeLIgkñúgkar RbúgRby½tñy:agGaf km)amg nigefmtamgkñúgspabxmtb;rbht½y y:agxøamgrbqamgnwgpabkþúkkþüly:ag\t]bmarbs;rtg; eyig rksμanmindl; yl;min)anet farbhkruna GgÁRBHsemþc«EdlFøab;CaRbFanrNsirSesrIkaCati EdlCaGñkERsk GMBavnavehIyGMBavnaveTot[kUnecA RbCaksikr siss nissit RBHsgÇ bbaøvnþrt;culérbm:aki samkáisμaekoksμakña CamYyRTg; CamYykgT½BrNsirSesrIkaCati ehtugvik¾rtg; RtÚvyagcUlmkdl;RbeTs TaMgkñúgsPaBEdlminTTYl)an PaBsñiT sñal kk;ekþa BIbdivtþn_y:agenH? sñúrrtedakb ssiem:ag4etobpøw das;eyig[mñak;²cab; Tajcb BUefA rt;culcyr. enhcakarrbcumcyreblrbwk Edl GgÁkarEtgEtcMNayeBlrvagmYyem:ag edim,idusxat;crmh stigarmμn_cas; k¾duccabmbak;[eyignuvmak afμirbs;bdivtþn_ Rkhmq ineq Arbs;bkS. eyigcarbcacnfμi kareronsurtbi RbCaCncas; b GñkmUldæan CaBiess BIKN³shkrN_rbs; eyig CakarcaM)ac;Nas;. smmitþrbfanpumi³ eblenhetibrmedah GgÁkarxVHxat es,ógsrmab;]btßmö bgb ÚnRTaMsineTA TRmaMkab;éRBrYc elik CaPøWERs ryceyigsþúgrsúv EtmYyrdUvCIvPaB bgb ÚnElgxVH xatehiy. RtÚvehIyts UsineTAkUn Em:dwgfa kun²xøannas; etahmð Úbq aj; b minq aj; Em:minEdl[kUnhUbminEq tet GgÁkar elikeligyut sa sþ[myyrduvxagmux eyignwg)anhubeq t ehiyna.gñkmþaylygelam nigb Ún. tetaelxerkay G ug vnña mcämnðléksarkm<úca 59

62 EsVgrkkarBit-TMB½rRsavRCavrkRKÜsar dmnwgesvgrkmþaymigedl)at;xøün nag eqμah eheln Rtan bc úb,nñrs;enarbets GU sþali. nag )at;mþaymigmñak;eqμah elog Fwk ha. mþaymigrbs; rs;enarbetsevotnam EdlmanGasy dæan 421/9 ebn PU Lam TIRkúghUCImij enamunsm½y ExμrRkhm. enaqñam1974 mþaymigrbs; EdleBlenaHman Gayu18qñaM )anmkelgbgb ÚnEdlrs;enARbeTskm<úCa EtCaGkusl eblrbbexμrrkhmculmkdl; Kat;min)anvil RtLb;eTARbeTsevotNamvijeT. bgb Únrbs;mþaymIg enaeblenah manpþhenaelipøúvelx80 mþúmsalayukn r Rkúg PñMeBj RbeTskm<úCa nigmanebikhaglk;erkóglgáar. nag )anp ab;mkcamyynuvrubftcmnyn7snøwk nig B½t manedltak;tgcamyyrubfttamgenhducxagerkam u rubftti1 km<úca nigdak;eqμahcitarbs; FW elog Edl)anRbkasrk mþaymig. u rubftti2 rubtibirenh KW)an sresrerobrab; GMBITItaMgrbs; eragkunmyyedl sßitenabimuxpþh rbs;bgb Ún nig sac;jatirbs; mþaymig enakñúg RbeTskm<úCa nasm½yenah. u rubftti3 CaesckþIRbkasrkmþaymIgEdl)an)at;xøÜn epjirecj BIRbeTsGU sþali etakan;kak)atrkhmgnþrcatienarbets km<úcabi qñam1980 eta 1982 edim,irsavrcavrkb½t man. enakñúgesckþirbkasenh manpþúknuvgasydæansac;jati EdlmþaymIg sñak;ena kmlúgebledlkat;mkelgrbets rubftxageli bgb Únrbs; enarkúgpñmebj RbeTs km<úca EdlmIgrbs; )anmksñak;enacamyy. 60 mcämnðléksarkm<úca

63 u rubftti5 rubftti5enh KWCarUb mþayrbs; EdlRtÚvCa bgrsibegáitrbs;mþaymig Edl)an)at;xøÜnenARbeTs km<úca enakñúggmlúgrbbexμr RkhmRKb;RKg. mþayxjúm enakñúgrubftenhmangayu cenøah14-15qñam. u rubftti6 u rubftti4 rubftti4enh KWCarUbmIg rbs; enaebledlkat; mangayucenøah 18 eta 20qñaM. Kat;)an)at;xøÜnenA RbeTskm<úCaenAeBlEdl Kat;manGayuRbmaNCag 20qñaM. rubftti6 KWCakarCYbCuMRKÜsarrbs; rymman CIdUnCIta mþay mig nig BU. rubmigrbs; KWmanKUsrgVg;enAxagsþaM. u rubftti7 rubftti7 yaytarbs; EdlRtÚvCa «Buk nig mþay rbs;migedl)an)at;xøün. Rbsinbgb Ún)ansÁal;mþaymIg ducmanerobrab; xageli sumtmnak;tmngmknag eheln Rtan tamry³ GuIEm:l³ helen_tran@live.com nigmþayrbs; elog Fwk efog. sumgrkun! edayesckþiekarbbi eheln

64 esoveparmb kvibaøankçn GñkEdl)ansøab; enakñúgrbbexμrrkhm mcämnðléksarkm<úca erkagnwge)ahbum<psaynuvesovepamankt;rtaeqμah rbs;gñkedlsøab;)at;bg;civitenakñúgrbbexμrrkhm. knøgmk mcämnðléksar km<úca)ancgrkgnuveqμahgñkedlsøab;cag1lannak;rycmkehiy. RbsinebIelak yay elakta G BU mig R)afñacg;[eQμaHsmaCikRkúmRKÜsarEdl)ansøab;)at;bg; CIvitmanenAkñ úgesovepaenh sumtak;tgmkkan;mcämnðléksarkm< úcatamry³ v:an;fan; ebadar:a TUrsBÞelx b GuIEm:l ³ truthpdara@dccam.org [)an qab;rh½stameblevlaedlgacefvieta)an. sumpþl;b½t manducxagerkam³ 1 eqμahgñkrbkasr)ab;/ 2 etimanbgb ÚnbegáItrYmTaMg«Bukmþaysøab; b:unμannak;enakñúgsm½yexμrrkhm? 3 eqμahgñksøab;/ 4 eptgñksøab;/ 5 GayuGñk søab; ebigaccam)an / 6 RtÚvCaGVInwgGñkRbkas ]TahrN_³ «Buk mþay bgrbús b ÚnRbús bgrsi b b ÚnRsI / 7 sac;erogtak;tgnwgkarsøab; ]TahrN_ ³ søab;ena TINa? mulehtugvi? / 8 vtßútagtak;tgnwggñksøab; ]TahrN_³ rubft Éksar b vtßú epsg² / 9 B½t mansrmab;mcämnðltak;tg ]TahrN_³ elxturs½bþ Gas½ydæan. RbsinebIcg;EsVgrkGñkEdl)at;xøÜnsUmpþl;B½t manxagerkam³ 1 eqμahgñk)at;xø Ün/ 2 ept/ 3 Gayu/ 4 RtÚvCaGV I/ 5 sac;erogtak;tgnwg karebkkña/ 6 vtßútagtak;tgnwggñk)at;xøün ]TahrN_³ rubft Éksar b vtßúepsg². edim,iyutþifm nigkarcgcam EdlCamUldæand¾sMxan;kñúgkarpSHpSaCati ]btßmökare)ahbum<psayedayrdæapi)al shrdægaemrik GnuBaØat[e)aHBum<pSayedayRksYgB½t man énrbhracanacrkkm<úca RbkaseTsrdæm nþinigrdæm nþirksygb½t manelx 0291Bm/99cuHéf TI2 ExsIha qñam1999 mcämnðléksarkm<úca ³ kariyal½yb½t mansafarn³ pþhelx 66/ mhavifirbhsihnu PñMeBj RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa TUrs½BÞ ³ TUrsar ³ DC-Cam/PIR : #66 u Preah Sihanouk Blvd u Phnom Penh u Cambodia u Tel: (855) u Fax: (855) u dccam@online.com.kh u A magazine of the Documentation Center of Cambodia: Searching for the truth. u Number 218, February 2018 u Funded by USA. Licensed by the Ministry of Information of the Kingdom of Cambodia, Prakas No.0291 P.M/99, 2 August 1999.