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1 PaK 2

2 esckiþeføggmnrkun Cabzm sumrkabfvaybgám RBHBuT RBHFm RBHsgÇRKb;RBHGgÁ EdlCamøb;d¾RtCak;sMrab;BuT sanikcn RKb;rUb nigcamuldæanrkwhd¾smxan; smrab;efrksakarbarcatiexμrrkb;sm½ykal. sumelikhtßafvaybgám elak«buk Gñkmþay CaGñkmanKuNd¾elIslub)anpþl;kMeNIteGay ekitmk CaCatiExμr. sumekarbeføggmnrkundl;elakrku GñkRKU sarsþacarütamggs; Edl)anpþl;cMeNHdwgdl; nigkulburt kulfitaexμrrkb;rub RBmTaMgsUmEføgGMNrKuNdl;Gs;elak elakrsi CnrYmCatiExμrTaMgGs; Edl)an GanesovePAenH nigcyy]btßmökamrt. esovepa emdwknamcatiexμr PaK 2 Edl cgrkgeligenh edim,i]tþisdl; RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 nig RBHmhakSRt emdwknamesñhacatiexμr vir³cnexμr TaMgGs; EdlxitxMdwknaMRbeTsExμrknøgmkGs;BIkmøaMg kaycitþ edim,iefrksakarbar Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr TWkdIExμr egay)ansuxsupmgál rikcmerinrugerog smrab;kunecaexμr RKb;CMnan;rs;enA CaBiess sumbygsygdl;vtßús½kásiti TaMgGs; EdlmanenAkñúgTwkdIExμrCYy egayesovepaenh psbvpsay RCYtRCabdl;citþ KMnit R)aCJa RbCaCatiExμr kulburt kulfitaexμrtamggs;enarkb;tws TITaMgkñúg nigerkarbets. esovepaenhcakarrymcmenkd¾tictycsþücesþig kñúgkarbnþúhbnþalfnfanmnuss pþl;cmenhdwgbenßm dl;bgb Ún siss nissit GñksikSaRsavRCav RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; GMBIKMnitemdwknaMrbs;bNþaRbeTs GPivDÆn_mYycMnYn edim,itajykrtwsþil ² btbiesafn_smxan;² nigkmnitfμi² mkgnuvtþn_kñúgkardwknamrbetsexμreyig CaBiess tamry³esovepaenh GacbgðajpøÚvdl;GñkesñhaCatiExμr kunexμr RbCaCatiExμrTaMgGs; h anegibelig karbar rmedah Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr egayrycputbi GaNaniKmn_kumμúynisþyYnEbbfμI nig rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h un Esn EdlCab skl;bbaðaelibbaðatamglayedlkmbugekitmanenakñúgrbetsexμr sbvéf edim,iegayrbetsexμr CatiExμreyIgrIkcMerInrugerOgdUcRbeTsdéTenAkñúgBiPBelak. sgçwmfaesovepaenh nwgcyybmpøwdl;bgb Ún siss nisist CMnan;eRkay niggs;elak elakrsi EdlmanbMNgcg;køayCaemdwknaMl smrab;sgámcatiexμr k¾duccasmrab;dwknamtambnþasßab½nepsg²tamgkñúgékcn rdæ nigerkardæapi)al. yl;fa karsresrgacmintan;)anrkb;rcugercayenaeliyet enamanxvhcenøah xusqág xøh²edayrbkarepsg²caminxan Et rikrayttylnuvmtirihkn;eklm RKb;Ebbya:gGMBIelakGñkGan. cugbba b;enh sumpþamepjigs;elakgñkgan sumganesovepaenhegaycb;rkb;gtßn½y edim,iykmkkit RtiHriHBicarNa TukCabTBiesaFn_ RTwsþI cmenhdwg yketadwknamrbetsexμr egay)ancaplrbeyacn_bit² CUnsgÁmCatiExμr RbCaBlrdæExμr )anrikcmerin suxsupmgál rycbipabrkirk nigmansiti esripabebjeljcaexμr. sumcunbrdl;gs;elak GñkGanTaMgGs; efivkic kargiv²rkb;ya:g)ansmercecakc½yduckarb:gr)afña nigcybet BuT BrTaMgR)aMRbkar KW Gayu vnñ³ sux³ Bl³ nig bdipan³ kmubixøagxøateliy. efivenava:siunetan éf TI 09 Ex mkra qñam 2009 bnðit s FmμrgSI i

3 GarmÖkfa esovepaemdwknamcatiexμrpak 2 Edlbgb ÚnCnrYmCatiExμrkMBugGanenAkñúgédenH KWCakUnesovePAtUcmYy smrab;bmpøwpøúvdl;rbhetckun siss nissit GñkesñhaCatiExμrRKb;RsTab;kñúgsgÁm nigkulburtkulfitaexμr egay)an yl;dwgbenßmgmbikardwknam edim,icyyrcmuercg kñúgkargarcyyrmedahrbetscatimatupumiexμr egayrycputbiepnkar yynkumμúynisþ \NÐÜcin EdlkMBugEtRtYtRtaTaMgExμreRkam nigrbetsexμrnaeblbc úb,nñ. ExμrRKb;rUbman EtkarQWcab; BImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; EtkarQWcab;enH enaetkrelikmnrtukçrbcablrdæexμrdedl. eday RbCaBlrdæExμr mindwgrihrkvifimyyna efivya:gducemþc edim,iedahrsaybbaða EdlkMBugEtekItmaneLIgenHeGaycb; nigrycputbiekñobrbs;kumμúynisþyyn edim,iegayexμrttyl)ansuxeksmksanþeliy. ExμreyIgmanEtkmøaMgcitþ EtxVH kmøamgr)acja tamyut sarsþelak s un s U ebieyigcg;ykqñhsrtuv eyigrtuvykqñhxagyut sarsþ. ehtu duecñhehiy GñkniBn xitxmcgrkgesovepaenheligtukcak,ünxñat KWkñúgeKalbMNgrYmcMENkpSBVpSay dl;kul burtkulfitaexμr GñkesñhaCatiExμrBIRKb;mCÄdæan egay)anyl;dwgxøh² GMBIrebobdwknaM edim,iculrymcmenk rmedahrbetscatieyig egaymanékracüpab snþipab siti esripabebjelj ]tþmpab rugerog kñúgnamcaexμr minrbmsøab;ducbs; rs;duckegáb ducsbvéf enheliy. kunexμrtamggs;rtuvdwgfa vasnagnaktcatiexμr KWsißtenA eliknþab;édrbs;rbhetckunrkb;rbhggá siss nissit bgb Ún CnrYmCatiExμrTaMGs; EdlmanesovePAGan enakñúgédenhehiy. ebielakgñk)anyl;ehiy exijehiy sumrymcmenk lhbg; KaMRT minfatic b ercin tam lt PaBenaHCatieyIgnigrs;esμImuxCatisasn_déT minrbmsißtenaerkamkarrtytrtarbs;brets ducyynrtytrtaexμr sbvéf tamry³ h un Esn erbica kunguk nigykeqμahesþc sihnu CarnaMg egayexμreyigs b;citþ yl;xusfa RbeTsExμrmansuxsniþPaB vaefivegayexμremilexij manlan luy vila CaerOgGs arü EtKYreGayGaNit GasUrQamExμreBkéRk EdlenAEthUr enaetrkirk nigkyregaysegvkdl;qamexμredl)ansøab; enaelismrpumi niggñksøab; kñúgrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyüknøgmk. CnrgeRKaHExμrsBVéf rs;enargtukçevtna KμanGñkrkyutþiFm KμanGñkykcitþTukdak; EtpÞúyeTAvij yynsuxcitþbucacivit nigefivgivrkb;ya:g edim,iekaledafmbmputrbs;va KWyk TwkdIExμr erbahtwkdiexμrsmxan;cagvtßú nigsmöar³tamggs;enah KWBYkvaeRbIneya)ayRtCak; mkdenþimyk plrbeyacn_biexμr nigrtytrtakñúgrksygsmxan;ducca b:ulis Tahan RksYgkarbreTs ehiyyynbegiátsmakmn_ 19 extþrkug nigecjculmincam)ac;mantidæakar edim,ibba ÚnCnCatiyYnbnþicmþg² mktamgtilmenaelitwkdiexμr TIbMput ExμrkøayCaCnCatiPaKticrbs;yYn ducman cam nig ExμreRkam Ca]TahrN_Rsab;. 3 ii

4 TsSn³GñkniBn mankaresaksþay nigxvl;xvayya:gxøamg cmebahvasnagnaktrbetscati vasnakulburtkulfitaexμr CMnan;eRkay sþaytwkdi ekrþ dmenlduntaedlxitxmksagtuk bubvbursexμr)anbucalhbg;qamrss; sac;rss; edim,iefrksatwkdituksmrab;kunexμrcmnan;enh. RseNaHBUCsasn_ExμrEdlFøab;l,IrnÞWkñúgelak minkyrføak;kñúgsßanpab ducsbvéf RtUvcMNuHbreTs RtYtRtaemIlgayeLIy. lt pledlyyn)angnuvtþl,icklneya)aye)akr)as; cmebahcatiexμr BIGtItkal nigbc úb,nñ edim,iplrbeyacn_catixøün nigsmercekalbmngcugerkayrbs;shb½n \NÐÚcin KWyYnRtYtRtaTwkdI\NÐÚcinTaMgmUl Edlman Exμr Lav camcaedim. minetb:uenñah yyn)anefivegay CatiExμrrgTukçevTna søab;rgáal KμankIþemtþatamliTi kumμúynisþ minfaexμrerkam b Exμrbc úb,nñ EdlmanQamC½r ExμrEtmYyeLIy. yynlabbn egayexμrvegvg kab;smøab;rbcablrdæexμr efivegayexμrhinehacexøacpsar eday erbicnbalelμapgmnac h un Esn CakUnGuk. cugerkayyynbba ÚnCnCatixøÜnmkrs;enAelITwkdIExμr edayekøg bnømxøün efivcaexμrfμi. edim,ipþülrmeligcatisasn_myyegayexsay yyn)anerbirkb;yut sarsþ erbimenakmn_ kumμúynisþbmbak;bmb:nexμr edim,ibmpøajfnfanmnuss kab;smlab;gñkr)acj GñkecHdwg bbaøvnþexμr GñkesñhaCati sm½y b:ul Bt edaybnsl;tukenagñktn;exsay GñkecHtictYc edim,iyyngayrsylbmbak;bmb:nmenakmn_ kumμúynisþbenßm begvrtisedabmerineya)ay plrbeyacn_ egayxøünetavij. karsmlab;gñkechdwg Gñk esñhacatiexμr edayecatfarkumexμresri briva enhsregayexijfatamg sihnu nig h un Esn CaCn Edllg;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ yyn cin epøckitfagñksøab;rbmancit 3 lannak; CaCatiExμr manqamc½rcaexμr BYkeKbnþkab;smøab; GñkesñhaCatiExμr KμanseNþasRbNI ducsrtuvrbs;xøünkμanemtþa. karefivebbenh erbah sihnu nig h un Esn xøac)at;bg;gmnac racblø½gá EdlyYnelIkeGay. rhutmkdl;sbvéf enh etiexμr)anttyl plrbeyacn_givxøhbiyyn erkaetbimanbbaðaminechcb;; efivtukçbukemñjexμr kab;smøab;exμrcabnþbnþab; ecatexμr GñkesñhaCati edim,ismøab; cab;dak;kukcaedim. BYkeKeFIVdUckalEdl sihnu ecatexμr ln; nl; sirimt³ RBab \nþ sm sari sig g:ukfaj; EdlCaGñkesñhaCatiedjyYn facagñkk,t;catietavij b:uenþ cmebahcncatiyyn ebl sihnu cab;)an ehiyelgegayrtlb;etarbetsyynvij kalbi sihnu CYyyYneyokkug cmenk h un Esn GnuBaØat egayyynculmktwkdiexμr kat;twkdiexμregayyyn 45 PaKryénépÞdIExμrsBVéf RtUv)aneFIVsm,Tan egayrkumh unyyn EdlmankugRta 99 qñam ekyl;famink,t;cati lk;catiet EteKfavaCa cmngmitþpabevotnam km<úcaetavij. etitegviebbenhcat;tukfacaemdwknam efivedim,iplrbeyacn_catiexμr b smrab;bmeriplrbeyacn_yyn ebiefivsmrab;plrbeyacn_yyn eyiggaccat; TukfaCaCnk,t;CatiExμr)anEdr b et? karrsavrcavcgrkgesovepaenhelig etahbicacivit RtUvsøab; edaybyk h un Esn k¾eday k¾ min xøacsøab; suxcitþlhbg;civit edim,icatiexμrrs; RtUvEtsresrkarBittamkarsikSaRsavRCav BIbNþaRbeTseCOn elonmyycmnynduccashrdægaemrik nigshkmn_gwrub cin Cb:un kuer: EdlCaRbeTsmhaGMNaceCOnelOn PaKeRcInCaPasaGg;eKøs rymcamyybtbiesafn_rbs; xøh EdlFøab;)anqøgkat; edim,ieksrmylcapasarexμr egaygaygan srmyldl;karrsavrcavrbs;rbhetckun siss nissit nigrbcablrdæexμrtueta. esovepaenhqøúh iii

5 bba amgsgámexμrbcú úb,nñ efobeta niwgrbetsdét mkbgðajpøúv pþl;caktismrab;rtihrihbicarna etieyigrtuv edahrsaybbaðarbetscatirbs;eyig tamvifina? edim,icyyrbcacatiexμregayrycputbitukçevtna nwgegayrikcmerin ducrbetsdét. ebieyigemilexijgivedlfμi GacEkERbeGayeq<aHeTArkvDÆnPaB enaheyigrtuvetpøas;bþúrekerb edaymintukegayenadedlnuvgivedleyigemilexijfa efivegayrbetscatiføak;etakñúgpabgnþray søab;cati )at;bg;sit i )at;bg;gfibetyüenaheliy. GayuCivitRbeTsCati mansar³smxan;caggayucivitrbs;eyigxøamgnas; ehtuduecñh GIVEdlCakarRsavRCav cgrkgesovepaenh edaykaremilexijsgámexμr CatiExμrkMBugEtFøak;kñúgkNþab;édyYn eyigtamggs;kñartuv Etha nniyay h anefiv nigsamkáikñacaføúgmyy edim,icatiexμr sasna RbCaCatiExμr TwkdIExμr nigkunecaexμr CMnan;eRkay kmuegayrgtukçevtna duceyigbc úb,nñenh RtUvbreTsemIlgayemIlefakcMeBaHCatieyIg. eyigman TwkdIkMeNIt mancatisasn_myyedr EtRtUvXøatq aybitwkdikmenitcatirslaj;rbs;eyig mkrs;enarbetsek )ansuxetmñak;ég RkumRKYsar EtebIeyIgRkeLkemIleTAkñúgRbeTsExμr CatiExμrTaMgmUl EdlmanRbCaBlrdæExμr rab;lannak; KμansiTi esripabebjelj rgtukçevtna Qwcab;BImYyéf etamyyéf edaysaretbykemdwknam myycmnyntuc EdlGtμaniym GviC a elμapgmnac niglapskáar³ EdlyYnerobcMpþl;GMNaceGay etieyigsuxcitþ RTaMemIlTukçevTnaRbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;enaH EdlmanQamC½rCaExμrdUceyIg b myyya:gna. eyigrtuvkitfa ebietahcartuvsøab;edayrbkarnamyyk¾eday k¾søab;edaykiþsb,ayrikray nigmanematnpab BIeRBaHeyIg)an efivkunrbeyacn_smrab;catieyigbnþicbnþücedr efivedim,icatiexμr smrab;kunexμrcmnan;erkay egayyl;dwggmbi bbaðarbetscatixøün. duccasmþirbs; RbFanaFibtIGaemrikeQμaH cn xindi )anmanrbsasn_fa {curgñkkmukitfa Cati)anpþl;GIVxøHdl;Gñk EtGñkRtUv Kitfa eyigmñak;²)anefivgivxøhcarbeyacn_dl;catieyig ehiyb ena?}. cugbba b;enh sumpþamepjidl;gs;elakgñkgantamggs; xitxmrsavrcavganesovepaegayercincaerog rhut sþab;vitüúbt manepsg²rbcaméf GegátemIlBIRKb;sßankarN_ eronbirkb;tikenøg sþab;birkb;mnuss minfa mnusscas;ekμg mitþp½rkeliy ykmkrtihrihbicarna EtRKUTI1Edll KWesovePAl. ebieyigganesovepa minrtuvganetrkbxagerkaeliy eyigrtuvgangtßn½yxagkñúgegaycb; l itl n;etibyl;dwgkan;eterca. cmenk kareronsurt KWeronKμanTIbBa b;eliy eronrhutdl;cugbba b;éncivit. GIVEdleyIgGaceFIV)anenAéf enh eyigrtuv efivenaéf enh eyigminrtuvbenþaycaméf Es keliy. ral;kic kartamglayedlefiv RtUvEtykKm<Irk,Ünxñat RtwmRtUv mkefivcaekal. ral;eblefivgivmyyrtuvkitbiplcmenj plrbeyacn_gtibrmacanic etikic karenah manrbeyacn_ smrab;xøünég smrab;sgámcati smrab;rbetscatieyig nigsmrab;bipbelakb et?. ebikic karna EdlKμanRbeyaCn_ kmucmnayeblevla\trbeyacn_efivvaetot. RbeTsCatirIkcMerInmYycMnYn eklhbg;plrbeyacn_tuc cab;yk plrbeyacn_fm duccarbhbut suxcitþlhbg;esckþisux GMNacCaesþcEpndI lhbg;kamtnða edim,iesvgrkfm CYy mnusselakpgedr. eyigcagñkesñhacatiexμr RtUvKitKUrplRbeyaCn_CatiCaFM xøamgcagplrbeyacn_bukál tuc mann½yfa plrbeyacn_catiexμrtamgmul EdleyIgmanedImkMeNIt CaExμr mantwkdi RbCaBlrdæExμr vtßúmantmél epsg²ducca érbeqi Er: R)asaTGgÁrvtþCaedIm.l. TaMgGs;enHmantMélCagCiviteyIgmñak;xøaMgNas; erbahfa eyigekitmkehiyremgsøab;etavij éf NamYyminxaneLIy KμannNamñak;eCosputBIesckþIsøab;eLIy. duecñh iv

6 eyigminrtuvxøacesckþisøab;eliy eyigrtuvetnamkñarybrymsamkáikñaelig efivrbeyacn_cuncatiexμrtamgmul edim,iegay RbCaBlrdæExμr EdlkMBugrgcaMGñkmanbuNümkCYyseRgÁaH )ansuxsanþedaysareyig etibcatiexμreyigecosput BIkaremIlgay emilefak BICatisasn_déT)an. CamYyKñaenHEdr sumgmbavnav dl;gs;elakgñkesñhacatiexμrtamggs; EdlmanbMNgcg;CYyCatiExμr CYye)aHBumÖesovePAenH b ftcmlgeckcaypsbvpsaydl;rbcablrdæexμrenakñúgrbets tamlt PaBEdlGac efiv)anedim,iegaybykkat;yl;dwgbenßm manqnþ³ rymcmenkcyycatiexμreyigegayrs;eligvij. sumgrrbhkun nig GrKuN 3C3 v

7 matika esckþieføggmnrkun i GarmÖkfa ii TsSn³GñkniBn iii CMBUkTI 1 begiátckçúvis½y I.GgÁkardwknaM begIátRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña k-ekalbmngrym x-tmruvtamsßankarn_ K-PaBs itrmyt X-rwgbwug mammyn mutrsyc begIátrcnasm<½n nigkarebgeckparkic tynati k-gmnackñúgkarsmerccitþ x-gmnacebgeckfnfan K-GMNacEtgtaMg nig bbaäb;kargar X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA eRCIserIsemdwknaM RbB½n RKb;RKgrdæ)al k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenakñúgkariyal½y x-karkurbøg;kariyal½y K-Parkic rbs;gñkttylepjov X-Parkic rbs;elxafikar g-c,ab; nig nitivifi c-rbb½n RtYtBinitü q-rbb½n efivepnkar C-crnþBt man nig TMnak;TMng Q-rkSaTuk nigkarbarbt man j-dmenirkarhirbaøvtßú nigparkic KNenyü ynþkarsMrbsMrYl k-kn³kmμkar vi

8 x-karrbcmu K-GCJakNþal II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm begIátc,ab; lkçnþik³ btbba aépþkñúg TMnYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm témøRkmsIlFm nigqnþ³ PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym III.dMeNIrkar karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM k-begiátdmnak;kargar x-begiátlkç½x½nðkargar K-begIátRbB½n kargar X-crwklkçN³GgÁkardwknaM karbBa a k-ekalbmng x-twseda K-eKaledA X-ebskkmμ g-kareliktwkcitþ karRKb;RKg karRtYtBinitü IV.karRbNaMgRbECg h anrbfuy karvaytMél tRmUvkar V.ÉkeTs CMnajviC aciv³ kareCaKC½y KMnit karTMnak;TMng CMnaj nigkarbuinrbsbv vii

9 6-karBüakrN_ karéqñRbDit GBÖnþr³jaN karpþÜcepþIm KMnitfμI CMBUkTI 2 sßankarn_rbetsexμr I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg emdwknaMl neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü karRKb;RKgrdæl sm,ÚrFnFan KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl karsnñidæan II>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH kMesayemdwknaM k-neratþm sihnu x-ln; nl; K-b:ul Bt X-h un Esn neya)aydwknaM k-sgámrarsþniym x-safarn³rdæexμr K-km<úCaRbCaFibetyü X-saFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa yynkan;kab; g-rbhracanacrkkm<úca g-1-briyakasneya)ay g-2-knbksneya)ay g-3-kat;etasexμrrkhm g-4-cemøahdifiø viii

10 g-5-gmebibukrlyy g-6-r)asatrbhvihar kareRCotERCkBIbreTs srgáam k-karqøanbanrbs;esom x-karqøanbanrbs;yyn ExμrmineGaytMélelICatixøÜnÉg KitRbeyaCn_buKÁlFMCagRbeyaCn_Cati CMBUkTI 3 begiátkarpøas;bþúr I.begIátyuT sarsþ ebskkmμ eKalbMNg k-pøas;bþúremdwknam nigrcnasm<½n x-pøas;bþúrneya)aydwknam K-pøas;bþÚrRbB½n RKb;RKg X-bNþúHKMnitCatiniymTUlMTUlay g-karbarkarercoterckbibrets c-kitplrbeyacn_catifmcagrbeyacn_bukál II-eRCIserIsyuT sarsþ nig]bkrn_ k-neya)ay x-exasna K-hirBaØvtßú X-kgT½B g-kartut III.Gnuvtþn_yuT sarsþ nigkll,ic s un su eronRbyuT bgðajpøÚv Gnuvtþn_eGayRtUv sÁal;sßankarN_ KitEpnkarcaj; begIánel,ÓnedIm,IeCaKC½y dutqnÞ³ ix

11 8-eFIVeGayRbesIreLIg ÉkPaBKña xitxmrymkña eFIVeGaysRtUvsgS½yrhUt IV.vaytMélyuT sarsþ CMBUkTI 4 begiátgñkgnuvtþn_tam I.karP ab;tmnak;tmng begðIbBITsSn³ bgðajckçúvis½y pSBVpSayckçúvis½y bgðajeKalkarN_ TwsedA ekaleda bgðajBIviFIsaRsþ yut sarsþ EdlnwgsMerceKaledA bgðajBIplRbeyaCn_EdlnwgTTYl)an II>ktþaEdleFIVeGaymnusSedIrtamemdwknaM cat;TukCamnusSsMxan; ykcitþGñkdéTmkdak;elIcitþeyIg minEkxøÜn lak;kmhus TMlak;dak;GñkdéT sresIrkEnøgsaFarN³ rihkn;caékcn bgðajxøÜneGayeKsÁal; eRbIkarRbkYtRbECg III>ktþaEdleFIVeGayman\Ti BlkñúgkardwknaM karbBa úhbba Úl karcrcar karesBKb; kartMrg;Tws IV.ktþaEdleFIVeGayeKeCOCak; eFIVemdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg CYyGñkdéTedayKuNFm GPivDÆn_CMnaj smtßpabcanic \riyabfviC man x

12 V>eKalkarN_bBa úhbba Úl bþÚrrUbragtamkal³eTs³ niyayeGaycMbBaðaGñksþab; manxnþI Gt;Fμt; begIátekrþ eqμahl kMuRbEkk tmat; eqøah Tajkarsnñidñan elIkTwkcitþeGaymankarriHKn; begIátTMnak;TMngl pþl;karshRbtibtiþkar eRbI\Ti BlRkum nimitþrUbEdlman minRtUvCECkykQñH caj; Etsþab;ehtupleKniyay sMueGayeKcUlrYm eRbIGñkEdlman\Ti Bl RKU RbFan Rsuk XMu PUmi Gacarü egayekcyyexasnaegayeyig eRbI\Ti Bl smakm GgÁkar shkmn_ edim,ieqøot»kasexasna RtUveKarB egaytméletaelinimitþrubenakenøgenah edim,iegayekmancmeno nigtukcitþ bBa ak;biekalbmngrymkña erobcMKMeragCamun niyaysareLIgvij nuvekalsmxan;² eRCIserIsTIkEnøgl nigeblsmrmü bgðajTWkcitþTaMgsgxag eqøIycMeBaHkarsaksYrrbs;Gñksþab; ecHeRbI\Ti BlEdlman nigrbcarbiypab CMBUkTI 5 I.GMNacemdwknaM GMNacmenayiTi GMNacKuNFm GMNacTMnak;TMng GMNacbgçitbgçM GMNacÉkeTs xi

13 6-GMNaceyag GMNacRsbc,ab; GMNacBt man GMNachirBaØvtßú GMNaceGkULÚsIu II>tYnaTIemdwknaM GñknaMBakü Gñkcrcar bba úhbba Úl GñkbeRgon hwvkhat; niggñkeliktwkcitþ GñkbegIátRkumkargar GñkedIrtYtMNagRkum GñkedaHRsaybBaða GñkbegIátEpnkaryuT sarsþ GñksMruHsMrYl brgybbrgym GñkeFIVsmaFicitþ GñkerobcMxñatKMrU III.ktþanaMeGayman\Ti BlelIGñkdéT nigkardwknam PaBs itrmyt kardwknaMeFIVpÞal; EbgEckeGayc,as;rvag mnuss kargar nigcrwklkçn³ rkSaBaküsnüa BaküBit Baküsc ³ eqøIytbeday\riyabfviC man bgðajnUvkarRsLaj;rab;GanedayesμaH snñidæan b KitcMNucl bmputcmebahgñkdét EsVgyl;xøÜnÉgCamun etibbgðajgñkdétcaerkay citþTUlay esμahrtg; mankareyaKyl; Gt;eGanGFüaRs½y RBmTTYlkMhus nig smuetas eFIVkarebþCJacitþsarCafμInUvGIVEdleFIV CYyGñkdéTedayesμaH sb,úrs GñkdéTman\Ti BlelImun \riyabfviC manrkb;sßankarn_ xii

14 16-erobKMnitnigcitþ muneblniyay minRtUvman³ niyayPasamantkáviC artwmrtuv niggarmμn_l pþl;kargarEdlmanRbsiT PaB esBKb;mnusSsMxan;² esckþisniñdæan C3 xiii

15 CMBUkTI 1 xiv

16 begiátckçúvis½y karbegiátckçúvis½ycaktþasmxan;bmputsmrab;emdwknam ebledleyigcab;epþimefivcaemdwknam cab;epþim dmenirkardwknamenah. eyigcaemdwknamrtuvbegiátegaymanckçúvis½ycamun karbegiátckçúvis½yenh edim,iegayeyig ecocak; ehiyefivdmenireq<ahetatamtisedamyybitr)akd nig)ansmercecakc½ydl;ekaleda tamlt pledl cg;)an. eyigcaemdwknamcatiexμrmñak;²mantynatikatbvkic CaGñkEfrkSakarBar nigesvgrkplrbeyacn_bitr)akd smrab;rbcablrdæexμrtueta plrbeyacn_bitr)akdsmrab;rbetscati RbkbedaysmFm nigyutþifm. karbegiát ckçúvis½yrtuvep kelikarsiksavaytméltinñn½y sßankarn_cak;esþg vipakelirbvtþisarsþ nigrbwtþikarn_bc úb,nñ bbaðaedlkmbugekitman GBÖnþr³jaN esckiþsgçwm nigkarbüakrn_ smrab;vasnagnaktrbetscati. karsiksa BIRbvtþisaRsþ karsiksabigtitkal mansar³rbeyacn_ya:gxøamg erbahgtitkalenhehiy CakBa k;qøúhbba amg nigcapøúv EdlbgðajeGayeyIgdwgGMBIcMNucxVHxat cmnucl ktþaecakc½y b brac½y GaRkk;b l KYbpSMnigkar emilexijbbaðanabc úb,nñkal efivegayeyiggacesvgrkedimehtu bbaða BitR)akd sc ³ edim,ielikykb s Kl;bBaðaenaHmkedaHRsayeGay)ancb;CasßaBr. kalnaeyigdwgbib skl;bbaðabitr)akd EdlkMBugekItman enakñúgrbetsexμr vacaknøwhsmrab;eyigtamggs;kña EsVgrkviFIedaHRsayeGaycMbBaða etibbbaðaenahrtuvbba b;. karedahrsaybbaðacyycatienh erbobduccarkuebtü EdlBinitüBüa)alGñkCm W edaysáal;emerakbitr)akd sáal;eraksbaøac,as; etibrkuebtübüa)algñkcm wenahcashes,iy. emdwknamcatiexμrrtuvrkelkemilkmrudwknamrbs; RBHBuT efobetanigkardwknamsgámmnussnaeblbc úb,nñ EdlkardwknaMrbs;RBHGgÁmanckçúvis½ymYyBitR)akd. RBHGgÁsuxcitþlHbg;RTBüsm,tþi yss½ká lapskáar³ RbBn kun edim,iesvgrkehtubitr)akd EdlnaMeGay mnussmantukç bnþab;birbhggáttexijetbnimitþ 4 ya:g KwmnusScas;Cra mnussqw mnusssøab; nig GñkbYs. RBHGgÁ)anyagcUléRBedIm,IsikSarkviFImkCYyseRgÁaHmnusSelak egayrycputgmbitukçevtnatamgenh pøúvrmlt; Tukç cugbba b;rbhggárkexijmaka myy KWpøÚvrMlt;esckþITukç. RBHGgÁ)anrkeXIjfa TukçekItecjmkBI GviC a. ya:gnamij cmebahrbetsexμreyigvij ebieyignamkñaedahrsaycugbbaða bbaðaenahmincb;eliy GIVEdleyIg emilexijbc úb,nñcacugbbaða EdlCapl)annwgkMBugekItmankñúgsgÁmExμrbc úb,nñ eyigemilexijetpl GaRkk; etiehtu edimbbaða BitR)akdenAÉNa? ehtuedlnamegaymanplgarkk;enaéna?. edimehtu KW KMnit edimehtukw EpnkaryuT sarsþ ducenheyigrtuvemilegayexijyut sarsþrbs;srtuv edim,iegaydwgc,as; GMBIedImcmbBaða EdlekItmanenAkñúgsgÁmExμr minechcb;. sumganehtupledimbbaða GMBIkarviPaKyuT sarsþneya)ayrbs; kumμúynisþyyn nig h un Esn enakñúgesovepaemdwknamcatiexμr PaK 1. GaRs½yehtuenH emdwknamcam)ac;rtuv siksagtitkalegay)anc,as; BinitütamdansßankarN_ RBwtþikarN_eBlbc úb,nñ nignamegayeyiggacbüakrn_ dwgfanwgmangivekiteligenaeblgnakt. müa:gvijetot ckçúvis½ycaktþacmrujtwkcitþmyyya:gxøamg dl;bukálwk smacikgñkerkam»vat egaykan;etxitxmrbwgerbgefivkarrbnamgrbecgkñaya:gsrsak;srsam tmrg;tamtiseda etarkekaledarymetmyy. srubmk ckçúvis½ykwcagviedleyigemilexijbi GtItkal bc úb,nñkal niggnakt kal. 1

17 I.GgÁkardwknaM (Organization) GgÁkardwknaMRtUvkMNt;ckçúvis½yeGayc,as;las; smrab;karpøas;bþúr. eyiggacpøas;bþúr efviegaymankar rikcmerinlutlas; nigefivegayrbesirelig kalnaggákardwknammanemdwknamedlmanckçúvis½yc,as;las;. GgÁkar dwknaml xøamg CaGgÁkardwknaMEdlmaneKalbMNgFM ehiyyurgegvg. cmebahkarbegiátggákardwknam eyigrtuverobcm egay)anc,as;las;bi ekalbmng ekaleda TwsedA ebskkmμ yut sarsþ ]bkrn_erbir)as; kll,ic FnFan edim,ifanakarecakc½y. karecakc½yenh CakmøaMgmYyman\Ti BlbMputsMrab;GgÁkardwknaMeTAelI\riyabfGñk erkam»vat BIeRBaHfa FmμCatiénmnusSEtgEtQrxagGñkQñH KμannrNamñak;cg;enAxagGñkcaj;enaHeT. GgÁkar dwknamedldwknametarkpabecakc½y qab;rh½s kan;etrbesir EtebIGgÁkardwknaMGUsbnøayyUr vagacefivegaygñk erkambgáab;føak;twkcitþ Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg Gs;kmøaMg xatbg;eblevla RTBüsm,tþi niggacbrac½y)an. karerobcm egaymanyut sarsþqñhrbs;ggákardwknamenh RtUvpþl;plRbeyaCn_GIVmYyEdlskásmnigsñaédrbs;buKÁlwk efiv egaybukálwk smaciktamglaytukcitþ ecocak; nigmankmøamgcitþ ebþcjacitþefivkic karenah edaykμanenoyht;. RtUvcaMfa emdwknammingacefivgiv²mñak;égsmercdl;ekaledatamckçúvis½yeliy ebikμankarculrymbigñkerkambgáab; b KμankarKaMRTcUlrYmBIRbCaBlrdæExμr. karbegiátggákardwknamnimyy² RkumkargarRtUverobcMdak;eQμaHGgÁkardwknaMenaH egaysmrsbtamckçú vis½y ducca KNbkS rnsirs shb½n shpab shrdæ shcib sm<½n KN³kmμkar KN³kmμaFikar GgÁkar smakm rdæapi)al clna.l. erobcmesvgrknimitþsbaøasmkal;rbs;ggákardwknam EdlmanGtßn½yRKb;RKan; LÚkU. eqμahnignimitþsbaøaenh efivya:gnaegay xøi xøwm c,as;las; gaygan gayyl; gaycam gayb EbøkBIeK ehiymangtßn½yrkb;rkan; gayrsylgactak;tajcmnab;garmμn_kamrtbirbcablrdætueta. bnþab;mk eyig RtUvEsVgrkTItaMg TIsñak;kar b muldæanc,as;las;smrab;ggákardwknam edim,idmenirkarkargar. eyigrtuvbicarna fa etieyigkyrdak;titamgenatina? kenøgna? EdlmaneRbobelIKUrRbkYtRbECgrbs;eyIg manskþanubl erbobxag citþsarsþ erbobxagneya)ay smburfnfansmöar³ bec kvitüa gaytmnak;tmngbt man gaytak;tajkmøamgkamrt mank,ünxñatkm<iyut sarsþercinminechrigs Üt briyakasl GakasFatu ekþa RtCak; esim s Üt epøog Føak;Twkkk erkahfmμcati.l. eyigrtuvdwknamrkumkargar erobcmepnkar edaybicarnanuvsmnyrmyycmnyn etirtuvbegiát GgÁkardwknaMGIV? maneqμahgiv? nimitþsbaøagiv? edim,ibmebjebskkmμgiv? manekaledagiv? efivya:gem:c edim,iecakc½y? GgÁkardwknaMenaHmanmUldæanenAÉNa?. bnþab;mk emdwknamnigrkumkargaredlerobcmggákar dwknamefivya:gnaegaymanlkçn³ rs;revik Tn;Pøn; Etrwgbwug Gacbt;EbntamkaleTs³ rhut)ansmerc tamckçúvis½y. kñúgkarbegiátggákardwknam emdwknam b RkumkargarRtUvsikSaeGaysÁal;c,as;GMBIKUrRbkYtRbECg nigsiksaegaysáal;c,as;gmbixøüneyig sáal;egayc,as;gmbisßankarn_cmuvij munniwgeyigcab;epþimqanecigecj RbkYtRbECg ebiniyaybitahanvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;faQñHsin munnigecjc,amgefivsrgáam. cmenk GñkvinieyaKTunvij RtUvsikSaeGayc,as;fa)ancMeNjsin etibefivvinieyaktun. ebieyigdwgc,as;faeyigqñhenah eyigrtuvecjmuxefivkarrbkyt EtebIeyIgmindwgc,as;faeyIgQñHeT mincam)ac;ecjrbkyteliy. 2

18 1-begáItRkumkargarEdlmanqnÞ³dUcKña (Team work with the same willing) karbegiátrkumkargareta)anluhrtaetmanckçúvis½y karebþcjacitþ kartukcitþkña efivegayrkumxitxmrymkña nigmanepnkaryut sarsþbitr)akdedim,ismercckçúvis½y. karbegiátrkumenh mincam)ac;xvl;fa eyigcamnussminqøat min)aneronx<s; ehiykitfaeyigmingacbegáitrkumkargar)anenaheliy EtGIVEdleyIgman KWxøÜnrbs;eyIg nig ekalkarn¾myycmnynedlerobrab;xagelicakarersc smrab;karbegáitrkumkargar. karerobcmbegiátrkumkargarrtuv efivtamckçúvis½yrbs;ggákardwknam edayerciserisrkumedlmanlkçn³sm,tþirkb;rkan;l elisekbg s; RkumEdl manékets ehiyfanafamansmtßpab efivkic karsmercdl;ekaledaedl)ankmnt;. RkumEdlmanqnÞ³EtmYy manqnþ³l CalkçN³RkumemdwknaMEdlxøaMg. karbegiátrkumkargarerbobrbducetanwgrkumkila)al;tat;myy Edl xøamgbuekehiymansmtßpabelgtamggs;kña edim,irbkytcamyyrkumkila)al;tat;epsg²etot mñak;²enakñúgrkumrtuv xitxmelgtamggs;kña ekaledaetmyykt;kw Tat;)al;bBa ÚlTI. cugbba b; ebirkumnamyymanbnþúercincag RkumenaH manc½ycmn³ ehiyttyl)anbanrgvan;. cmenkkardwknamrbetscati RkumdwknaMGgÁkarsßab½nNamYy manlkçn³ duckña etahcakardwknamrkumtuc b kardwknamrkumfmk¾eday egayetrkumkargarenah EbgEckkargarc,as;las; manekalbmngetmyy duckila)al;tat;enah RBmTaMgRkumkargarxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkargarrYmKña RkumenaHR)akd CaTTYl)aneCaKC½y. ducenh ebisincaeyigbegiátrkumkargarsmrab;efivcaemdwknamcatiexμr RkumkargarenaH RtUvkarerIs edim,imkbmeri Cati sasna nigrbcacatiexμr ducføab;)anerobrab;enakñúgesovepapak1 rycmkehiy. RkumemdwknaMenHRtUveGaytMélelICnesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd EdlmanlkçN³RBmCaemdwknaM edim,imkdwknam RbeTsCati CYyrMedaHRbeTseyIg egayman\ssr³pab snþipab RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd RbCaBlrdæman esckþisux rycputbipabrkirk GyutiþFm GMeBIBukrlYyepSg². RkumEdlRtUveRCIserIs RtUvmansmtßPaBxøaMgxag neya)ay esdækic eyafa c,ab; bec kvitüa BaNiC kmμ ksikmμ etscrn_ b:ulis TUrKmnaKmn_ Bt man.l. bukáltamgenhkwcagñkedlh anniyay h anefivskmμpabrkb;ebbya:g edim,icatirs;kñúgyut sarsþrymetmyy erkam GgÁkardwknaMEtmYy erkamemdwknametmñak;. bnþab;mkrkumrtuvbegiáttiseda vifisarsþ KMnit EpnkaryuT sarsþ mefüa)ay FnFan edim,ismercckçúvis½yenah. müa:getot karefivkargarcarkumenh minrtuvecatrbkan;fa GñkenHxus GñkenaHRtUveLIy EtebICYbbBaða RtUvelIkbBaðamkedaHRsay tamk,ünc,ab; tamekalkarn_ eday minedahrsaybbaðatamkarerbigarmμn_eliy. RkumkargarbzmEdlpþl;GTiPaB CabuKÁlmanmanlkçN³ 8 cmnucdmbugducxagerkam³ 1-GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd ExμrsuT 2-esμaHRtg;cMeBaHCati nig GgÁkardwknaM 3-køahan muhmut 4-TTYlxusRtUvral;kic kar 5-R)akdniym hμt;ct;kargar 6-lHbg;x<s; eblevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCIvit 7-smtßPaB cmenhdwg nig btbiesafn_ etbekaslü 3

19 8-KuNFm RBhμvihaFm nig TsBiFFm citþtulay RkumkargarsMedAelIRkumkargarEdlmaneKalbMNgrYmKña mancmnajepsg²kña EtGacbMeBjkargar KñaeTAvijeTAmk. eksegátexijrkumkargar EbgEckCaeRcInRbePTepSg²Kña ducca RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg RkumkargarkMNt;Etmñak;Ég Rkum kargarq ay². emdwknamminrtuvkitxøünégfa CaGñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtRta nigcg;efivcaemekeliy. smacikrkum RtUvebþCJaya:geRCAedIm,IkarlUtlas;smaCikRkum edaycyygpivdæn_kñaetavijetamk nigkarecakc½y nigcarkum kargarmyymangtßrbeyacn¾ smrab;ggákardwknam. 1-1-GtibrimaFnFanmnusSrbs;GgÁkardwknaM (Maximum of Human Resource in the Organization) edim,ibrgiksmacikegaymancmnynercin smacikcas;²rtuvcyybergonsmaciknimyy² smacikfμi²rbs; RkumkargareGayecHkargar egayechdwknam nigcyysmacikd¾étetottamggs;egayrikcmerinbnþ. KμancMeNHdwg kargar kic kar nig ekalbmngna RbesIrCagcMeNHdwgdwknaMrbs;buKÁlmñak;²enaHeT. KYrkt;cMNaM RkumkargarPaKeRcIn minemncarkumkargarbitr)akd BIeRBaHkarRbmUlpþMúTMnak;TMng EtCamYy nig ecahvay. bukálnimyyy²rbnamgrbecgcamyyniggñkdétetotsmrab;gmnac kitüanupab nigtmeng min RbkYtRbECg edim,ismercekaleda. karceckbipaksa siksagmbibbaða b efivkmerag minrtuvrbkl;egaybukálnamyy b RkumNamYy EtRtUveFIVkaredayRkumkargarTaMgGs;Kña. RkumkargarEdlkMNt;fal bmput KWCaRkumEdlsgÇwm eliskmμpabrbs;xøünég Gacbt;EbnlμmEdlGacpøas;bþÚredIm,IeGayeKalbMNgrbs;eKpÞal; KWeKalbMNgrYm )ansmerc. RkumkargarRtUverobcMk,Ünc,ab; kardwknamedim,icyyegaysmercekalbmng nigkargnuvtþn¾. Rkumkargar RtUvepþatelIkarrIkcMerInkargar nigkarefivskmμpab kargnuvtþn_ erbirkb;]bkrn_ edim,idwknamtamggs;kña duccakar bergon karrbwksa nigkargegátcaedim. enakñúgkargar eyiggacerbikartmnak;tmngfmμta ducca bgðajkarekarb EføgGMNrKuN nigeliktmekigsñaédrbs;ek. GarmμNrbs;emdwknaMRkumRtUvbgðajBIkarebþCaJcitþ PkIþPaB ematnpab nigtukcitþenakñúgrkumrbs;gñk. eyigrtuvbegiátsaxatamtmbn;smxan;² nigpþl;gmnacegaybykeksmerccitþ. CYnkal eyigrtuvbþúrevnkña epþregaysmacikxøün edim,iefivkarsmrbsmryl b dwknamggárbcmuepsg². CaFmμta GgÁkar dwknamvaytémø emdwknamtamskmμpab nig\riyabf. b:uenþ mefüa)ay Edll bmputedim,ivaytémøpabcagñkdwknam enah GaRs½yelIkarbMpusKMnitBIRkumdwknaMEdlenACMuvijemdwknaM. 1-FatupSMénRkumkargar emdwknam ekalbmngrkumkargar karculrymbegiát efivskmμpab edayrkumtamggs;kña 2-kMritRkumkargar efivvipaktan Tinñ½y nigcmenhdwg rymcmenkkñúgdmenirkarsmerccitþ nig QaneTArkÉkcänÞ efivkarsmerccitþ 4

20 efivkic karsmerccitþkargaredlekdak;egay 3-karTMnak;TMng ebikcmhr esμahrtg; nigkarbþúrbt man manrbsitæpabrvagsmacikrkum. kartukcitþ karebiktulay kñúgkarrihkn; nigtukcitþkña KMnitrbs;kmμsiTæ PaBs itrmytedayekebþcjaedim,igantþiedlekyl; niggtþsbaøanrkumkargar. 1-2-RkumkargareFIVtammuxgar (Functioning Team) karttylxusrtuvcmebahkardwknamenh CaFmμtaeKepþatelIemdwknaMpøÚvkar etahbicarkumkargarefivkarena kñúgmuxgarcak;lak;enhk¾eday. RkumkargarmankarelIkTwkcitþya:gxøaMg RbsinebIkardwknaMepþatelIeKaledArYm cat;tukekaledarymcasar³smxan;. smacikecocak;farkummansmtßpabgacsmercekaleda. Rkumkargarnig GnuvtþkargarxøaMgCagmun ebledlsmacikrkumdwgtynatic,as; nigmancmnajc,as;las;cagmun. kargnuvtþ yut sarsþ EdlRkumkareFIV faetimanrbsit PaBb:unμancMeBaHkargarEdleFIV?. kardwknamedlbak;b½n nigkargnuvtþ yut sarsþenhmanducca efivepnkarbirebobedlerbibukálwk nigebgeckfnfanegaymanrbsit PaB efivepnkar Gnuvtþn_yuT sarsþegaymanrbsit PaB culrymcamyygñkéketsedim,iefivepnkarrbtibtþikarsmrab;rkum namrkum kargaregayerongnuvtþn_ RbmUlBt mangmbiyut sarsþedlekgnuvtþn_manrbsit PaBBIRkumepSg²eTot. kartukcitþ nigshrbtibtþikargaretavijetamk CaktþasMxan;. etahbicarkummanetbekaslübiunrbsbv erobcml ya:gnak¾eday k¾gacbrac½y)anedr ebisincaxvhkartukcitþkña PaBs itrmyt nigshrbtibtþikar BIsmaCikenAkñúgRkumenAeBlGnuvtþn_ebskkmμ. CaBiess karshrbtibtþikarmansar³smxan; eblrkumtmruvegay pþl;bt man smöar³ FnFan nigkarcyykñaetavijetamk efivkarcamyykñaenakñúgry³eblyur nigkñúgsßanpablm)ak. karkamrtxagneya)ay nigfnfan. kargnuvtþn_rkumeta)an GaRs½yelImanFnFanEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;eFIVkar. FnFanEdlBak;B½n enah manmulnififvika ]bkrn_ smöar³ rbs;rbrerbir)as;smrab;efivkar. 1-3-RkumkargarEdleFIVkargarcMruHmuxgar (Mixed Function Team) tamkarsegátrkumkargaredlefivkarcmruhmuxgar mantynatismxan;² ducca edahrsaybbaða cat;ecg KMeragkar b begiátekalneya)ay. tynatitamgenah manbegiátckçúvis½y erobcm karculrym karefivepnkar. begiát ckçúvis½ypþl;egaymanekaledarymmyy erobcmcyyegayrkumefrksackçúvis½y karculrymbisgám CYyeGayman PaBs itrmytépþkñúg nigepnkarxagerka CYyeGaykarsMerccitþRkumCamYyKUrRbkYtRbECgxageRkA. eyiggac niyayfacarkumkargarma:rtis RkumkargarenHrYmman Rkumkargar Rkummuxgar kmøamgkic kar RkumedaHRsay bbaðakn³kmμkar nigrkumkmeragkarbiesscaedim. RkumkargareFIVkic kar GaRs½yelIkic RbwgERbgrYmKña. Rkum kargarenhmancmnyntic mansmacikcmnyn BI 2 eta 25 nak; kenøgxøhmanbi 5 nig 9 nak;. CMnajmñak;Gac pþl;famblenaebledlrkumkargarmankmnitebøkkña b mankmnitepsgkña nigmancmnajercinmuxdak;bba ÚlKañ. 5

21 1-4-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;EcgedayxøÜnÉg (Self Management Team) enhrtuvkmnt;ekaledaegayc,as; niggtipabedim,iefivkar smerccitþkargar smrbsmrylkic xitxmrkumkargar TaMgmUl nigpþl;karvaykartmélkarrikcmerinrkum nigektmruvkargnuvtþn_yut sarsþ. kargarrtuvetcakargarman RbeyaCn_ kargaredlmann½y mansar³smxan;. RkumkargarenH CaRkumEdlmanmnusScMnYnticCaGñkeFIVkargar nigmansiti smerckargar. cmenkkarpþl;rgvan;epsg² RtUvpþl;CaRkum ehiytmruvegaybukálgpivdæn_cmnajrbs;ek tamrkumtmruvegayefiv. RtUvmankarKaMRTBIneya)ay BIfñak;dwknaMxagelI rymtamgkarebgeckfnfan GMNacsmrmü EdlRbKl;eGay edim,iefivkargaregaymanrbsit PaB. smacikrtuveronegayechbirebobsþab; nigrebobtmnak; TMngmanRbsiT PaB. 1-5-RkumkargarEdleFIVkarcat;Ecgmñak;Ég (Single Management Team) CaGñkerobcMbøg;kargaredayxøÜnÉg efivkarcat;ecgedayxøünég. CaGñkmanKMnitdwknaMedayxøÜnÉg TaMgkarpþÜcepþIm efivskmμpab skmμbþúrpþac; edayminrgcambba a b mangñknamefivenaheliy CakardwknaMEdlekIteLIg BIqnÞH. ducenhcab;tamgbikarerobcmepnkaryut sarsþ kargnuvtþn_efivskmμpab nigkargnuvtþn_pabcaemdwknam TaMgRsugEtmþg. emdwknamcagñkcab;epþimefivkic kartamggs; efivedaypabecocak; efivedaymankmøamgcitþ. etiemdwknamrtuvefivxøhetot? emdwknamgacr)ab;gñkepsggmbiskmμpabrkum nigsñaéd dwknamrbcmuvipakdmenirkarerbi nimitþsbaøaedim,ismkal;rkum begiáneliktwkcitþedim,ikarshrbtibtþietavijetamk. 1-6-Rkumkargarq ay² (Distanced Team) CaRkumkargarEdlenAtMbn;PUmisaRsþdac;edayELkBIKña ehiykmr)ancybkñapþal; EteKGacCYbKñaeday TMnak;TMngtamkMuBüÚT½r bec kvitüaturkmnakmn_ ducca GIutaENt GIuEml vidigu TUrs½BÞéd.l. Rkumkargar enhbegiáteligsmrab;kargarcak;lak; duccakarsmerccitþcayut sarsþ edahrsaybbaðarymkña efivepnkareli RBwtþkarN_fμI² smrbsmrylskmμpabkñúgcmenamgñkebk)ak;kñúgggákardwknam RkumkargaenHekItmanedaysarEt bec kvitüa efivegaymanpabgayrsyledim,iculrymtamvifiepsg²edlekrtuvkar. k-ekalbmngrym (Common Goals) bnþab;bierobcmrkumkargaredll ehiy RkumkargarRtUvCYbRbCMuedIm,IEsVgrkcMNucrYmmYy EdlmaneKal bmngrymkña ÉkPaBKña samkáikña smrab;efivdmeniretatamggs;kña. ekalbmngrbs;rkumkargar CaeKalbMNg rbs;rbcablrdæexμrcg;)an CaeKalbMNgrbs;CatiExμrTaMgmUl. TaMgemdwknaMRkum TaMgRkumkargar CatMNag egayrbcablrdæexμr CatMNageGayCatiExμr CatMNageGayplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr. ekalbmngrymenh efivegay fñak;elinigfñak;erkammankmnitduckña manqnþ³duckña yl;exijduckña vacaktþamyyynamegayggákardwknamenahqaneta rkecakc½yya:gr)akd minfaggákardwknamenahtuc b FM b RbeTsenaHtUc b FMeLIy. duecñh eyigtamggs;kñacarbcacatiexμrrkb;rstab;énsgám man RBHsgÇ nissit bbaøvnþ yuvcn yuvnari kmμkr ksikr BaNiC kr mrnþirackarrkb;rbept GgÁkarRKb;sßab½n etahcars;enatinak¾eday TaMgkñúgRbeTs nig erkarbetskþi manekalbmngrymkñaetmyy KWeFIVya:gNaeGay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr rycputbigananikmn_ 6

22 kumμúynisþyynebbfμi lyclak; nig rbbkumμúynisþpþac;kar h un Esn edim,iegaycatiexμrtamgmulman \ssr³pab vibulpab snþipab RbCaFibetyüBitR)akd ]tþmpab ducrbetsnanakñúgbipbelak. x-tmruvtamsßankarn_ (Adjust to Situation ) sßankarn_cagñkkmnt;egayeyigerobcmepnkaryut sarsþtamglay minemnepnkarkmnt;sßankarn_et. ducenhggákardwknamnimyy² RtUvkMNt;erobcMbnÞat;neya)ay erobcmepnkaryut sarsþegayrsbetatamsßankarn_. eyigcaemdwknamneya)ay CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHGayuCIvit Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr RtUvsÁal; sßankarn_neya)aygnþrcati neya)aytmbn; nigneya)aykñúgrbetsegay)anc,as; edim,ierobcmggákardwknam egaymanlkçn³elceføaeligrsbtamsßankarn_enah nigcakþisgçwmdl;rbcablrdæexμrrkb;rub. ]TahrN_dUcCa enaqñam 1930 CaqñaM Edlmanvibtþiesdækic BiPBelak edayplitplelisesckþirtuvkar eblenahelak r:uesvl CaesdæviTU)anecjmkeFIVCaRbFanaFibtIGaemrik edahrsayvibtþiesdækic BiPBelak )anecakc½y RbCaBlrdæGaemrik)ane)aHeqñateGayelakCab;CaRbFanaFibtIGaemric 4 GaNtþiCab;Kña EdlCa RbFanaFitI1rUbdwknaMshrdæGaemrikyUrCageK edim,icakartbsñgsgkunelak. enaeblsrgáamelakelikti 2 Cb:un Galøwm:g; GIutalI efivsrgáamedim,ivattirkb;rkgbipbelak eblenah RkummçageTot r:usiu )aramg Gg;eKøs )anerbikmøamgt½btbtvij nigrtuvbba b;erkaybigaemrikculkñúgsrgáam ehiytmlak;rkab;ebkelitirkugrbs;cb:un 2 RKab;enATIRkug hir:usiuma: nig Naga:saKI ehiy)anbba b;srgáamelak. erkaybibba b;srgáamelakelikti 2 GgÁkarshRbCaCatibegIáteLIg enaqñam 1945 RbkaseGayRbeTs nimyy²smercecakvasnaedayxøünég eblenahekexijman mhatμak;kn I TamTarÉkraCüBIGg;eKøs )ansmercenaqñam RbeTsepSg²eTot ducca siugkarbyr ma:elsiu \NÐÚensIu hvwlibintamtarbi hulg; nig B½rTuykal;. cmenkena\nðúcinvij hu CImij )anefivsrgáamrmedahxøünecjbigananikm)aramg rhut)anqñh)aramgenaedonebonpu )aramgcuhsn isbaøarbkl;ékracüena éf TI 20 kkáda 1954 enatirkughswenv. GkuslEtExμreRkam RtUvyYn)an RtYtRtabnþ cab;tamgbi)aramgkat;twikdiegayyyn éf TI 4 mifuna 1949 rhutmkdl;bc úb,nñ. kalbiéf TI 7 mkra qñam 1979 Caéf EdlyYn)anEkERbneya)ayTmøak;kumμúynisþcas; QøanBanExμr elikbyykkumμúynisþfμi efivsrgáamrvaggñkts U nig yyn nigrkumgay:gyyn h un Esn rhutdl;mankarekob sgát;birbetsmhagmnac ducca Gas an cin nig Gaemrik egaydkkgt½becjenaqñam 1989 erkaybiemrbs;xøün shpabsuevotrtuvdylrlm ehiyerobcmegaymankic RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIseLIgenAéf TI 23 Extula qñam1991 Exμrxat yyncmenj. cmenkbc úb,nñenh etieyigrtuvefivya:gducemþcedim,iegayrtuvnigsßankarfμienh? K-PaBs itrmyt (Cohesion) PaBs itrmytrbs;rkumdwknamenakñúgggákardwknam s itrmytcamyykargar s itrmytcamyyshesvik Rkum kargarmann½yfa CaRkumkargarmYy EdlsamKÁIKña ÉkPaBKña echcyykña etavijetamk søab;rs;tamggs;kña minrt; ecalkña ts UBüayam Gt;Fμt;TaMgGs;KñakñúgeKalbMNgrYmEtmYy rhut)anecakc½ydl;tibba b;. CaRkummYyEdl sáal;parkic tynatixøünégc,as; ehiyxitxmefivkargartamtynatierog²xøün. kartmnak;tmngkargarbifñak;erkam etafñak;eli BIfñak;elImkfñak;eRkammindac;. efivesckþiraykarn_bilt plkargar TMnak;TMngkargar Epñkrdæ)al 7

23 karpþl;bt manepsg²dl;kñaetavijetamk karcuhrtytbinitü karcybrbcmukñaedim,ibegiátepnkaredlmanlkçn³ rs;revik svahab; mutrsyc begiáncmnab;garmμn_smrab;smacik smacika bukálwk. efivya:gnaegayemdwknamkmbul knþal nigfñak;erkam manskmμpabskmμmindac; minrgak;rgyl nigqb;e)ahbg;kargarecalbak;knþalti edirxus TwsedA nigekalbmngrymcaedim. PaBs itrmytenh eyigrtuvefivya:gna ducca «Buk nig kun b ducca Rcva:k;. X-rwgbwug mammyn mutrsyc (Firm and Decisive) GgÁkardwknaM b RbeTsCatimYyrwugbwugmaMmYneTA)an GaRs½yelIRbCaBlrdæenaHrwgbwugmaMmYn EdlekItecj mkbi TI 1-emdwknaMl 2-neya)aydwknaMl 3-RbB½n RKb;RKgl 4-sßanPaBhirBaØvtßúminecHrIgs Üt esdækic 5-bec kvitüatmenib 6-sμartIbuKÁlwkrwgbwug efivkarecjbiqnþ³bitr)akd 7-vin½yl nigmanktþabnþab;bnsmcaercin etot. edim,iegayggákardwknamenahmanlmnwgeta)an RtUverobcMeFIVya:gNaeGaymantulüPaBKñarvagGMNacTaMg 3 GñkbBaØtþi GñkRbtibtþi nigtulakar. kalnaggákardwknam b RbeTseFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab; ekarbc,ab; manyutþifm mansilfm CaRbeTsnitirdæBitR)akd enhcacmnucmyyyrwgbwugmammyn. GMNacTaMgbIenHesIμKña dac; edayelkepsgbikña minerkamcmnuhgmnacnamyy. kmnt;gantþiemdwknamrtwmet 2 GaNtþi edim,ipþl;»kas dl;gñkepsg²efivkarrbnamgrbecg eliktwkcitþgñkcmnan;erkayegaymantwkcitþculrym dwknamtamkmniitfμi²pg. ktþatamgenhgacefivegayggákardwknamenahrwugmam)an erbahmñak;²xitxmefivkaredim,ibeba jsmtßpabegayekexij ehiykitfaéf NamYy eknwgman»kasmkdwknamduckñaedr. GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvKitplRbeyaCn_rYm plrbeyacn_safarn³ plrbeyacn_catiexμrcafm c,ab;karbar GñkTn;exSay c,ab;karbarplrbeyacn_rbcablrdæ minemnsmrab;bmeriplrbeyacn_bukál b plrbeyacn_rkum ducspaknbksrbcacn bmerietplrbeyacn_knbks efivtambba acnpþac;kar h un Esn Etmñak;ÉgenaHeT. cmenkgñkgnuvtþn_c,ab;rtuvekarbc,ab; RtUveFIVtamc,ab; minrtuveyakyl; xøacgñkfm GñkmanGMNac efiv)abet RbCaBlrdætUctacenaHeT RtUveFIVtameKalkarN_c,ab;EdlmanCaFrman edaykμanelikelgbukálnamñak;eliy. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;mansiTi esμikñaenacmebahmuxc,ab; KμannrNamñak;enAelIc,ab;eLIy. GCaJkNþalCaGñk vinicä½ykargar tulakarcagñkkat;kþiedayékracü RtwmRtUvyutþiFm RtYtBinitüdMeNIrRbRBwtþeTArbs;GñkRbtibtþi FanaedaHRsaybBaðavivaT edayep kelikc,ab; \tlmegog edim,ifanakartukcitþ yutþifm enakñúgggákardwknam ecocak;bisafarn³cn BIRbCaBlrdæExμr. GgÁkardwknaM b RbeTsEdlmanlkçN³rwgbwugmaMmYn etahcaggákar dwknam enahtuck¾eday k¾gacrbkytrbecg ykc½ycmnheliggákardwknamedlfm)anedr egayetggákardwknamenah manepnkarl Cak;EsþgdUcCa RbeTsRb uyen EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic TwkdItUc Etrs;enAedayÉkraCü nigsb,úrsb,ayetotpg edaykμanrbetsnaemilgay QøanBaneLIy. ekahtim½rcarbetsmyytuc EdlGac eribmr:hrycxøünecjbigananikmn_ \NÐÚensIufμI²enAqñaM kardwknamminsmedaelimankmøamgtic b ercin mankmøamg FMb tuceliy egayetrkumkargar GgÁkardwknaMmanlkçN³rwgbwug mammyn k¾gacmanecakc½yeliggákardwknamfmedr. GgÁkardwknaMEdlmanemdwknaMxøaMg etahcakunecaxagerkamexsay k¾gacefivegaygñkerkam»vatxøamg)an EtebI emdwknamexsay etahbigñkxagerkamxøamgya:gnak¾eday k¾mingacdwknamxøamg)anedr. ]TahrN_ duccam úledl CavtßúmYytUc EteyIgGacykvamkeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anCaeRcIn GaRs½yeTAtameTBekaslürbs;GñkeRbIR)as;. 8

24 EteyIgkMuemIlgaymú ltucfamingacsmøab;stvfm duccaeka RkbI dmri eshegayesah ebledlm úlenahmancatibis etahbicastvdmrifmb:unña k¾m úlgacefivegaydmrienahsøab;)anedr enhcapabrwgbwugmammynrbs;m últucenah. cmenk kambitvij etahcakambitfmmandgersabmasb:unñak¾eday EtebImuxkMabitenaHminmuteT mingacyketaerbir)as; CaRbeyaCn_)aneLIy erbahmingackab;givmut EtebIkaMbitmuteTaHCadgeFIVBIeQIk¾eday k¾kambitenahmantmél GacykeTAeFIVCaRbeyaCn_)anEdr edaysarkambitenahmut. ebimnussvij CabuKÁlEdlmansmtßPaBeFIVGIVmYYy BitR)akd. 2-begIátrcnasm<½n nigkarebgeckparkic tynati (Establish Structure and Delega tion) karbegiátrcnasm<½n KWedIm,IEbgEckkarTTYlxusRtUvkargareGayc,as;las;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. ebi eyigmin)anebgeckkargarc,as;las; efivegaykic karmanpabrcbukrcbl;enaggákardwknam efivegaybukálwk minsáal; Parkic tynatiefivkargar GaceFIVeGayEbk)ak;Kña ehiykargarmingacdmenirkaretaya:grluneliy. eyigrtuvkmnt;muxgar tynati TMhMkargarkñúgkarsMerccitþ karebgeckfnfannimyy² duccarbfanmanmuxgarefivxøh? manparkic GIVxøH? cmenkgnurbfan GKÁelxaFikareFIVxøH? smaciktamkariyal½ynimyy² nigbukálwkepsg²etot edayerobcmmnussegayrtuvkargar tamcmenhdwg CMnaj btbiesafn_ nigetbüekaslü. karbegiátrcnasm<½n RtUvBicarNafa etirbeptrcnasm<½n EbbNamYyEdleyIgRtUvykmkGnuvtþn_ edim,iegaykargarelon man RbsiT PaB l RbesIrCagmun. rcnasm<½n GacEckecjCa rcnasm<½n EbbPUmisaRsþ GñkTTYlxusRtUvtamtMbn; tamtivb tamtmbn; tamrbets tampumipak tamextþ Rsuk XMu PUmii rcnasm<½nebbmuxgar tamékets rbs;bukálwk rcnasm<½n tamrbeptrbcablrdæ RBHsgÇ nissit RsþI kmμkr RKUbeRgon mu:tudub.l. eyiggacniyayepsgfa rcnasm<½nebgeckecjca EbbExSedk mñak;ttylxusrtuvefivkarercinmux ExSQr mñak;ttylxusrtuvetmyymux BIelIdl;eRkam Ebbma:RTIs bba ÚlKña tamparkic nigtynati. k-gmnackñúgkarsmerccitþ (Authorities of Decision Process) edim,iegayc,as;las; GMNackñúgkarsMerccitþenH ekrtuverobcmcgrkgenakñúgc,ab; manc,ab;rdæfmμnubaø c,ab;tamrksygepsg² racrkwtü Rkwtü Rkm saracr RbkasCaedIm. cmenkéenatamggákardwknamtuc²vij ekeckenakñúgc,ab;lkçnþik³ c,ab;bba aépþkñúg b bmramepsg². etisßab½nrbtibtþimangmnacsmerccitþeligivxøh? TMhM b:unμan? RbFan GnuRbFan nig GñkTTYlxusRtUvtamEpñknImYy². x-gmnacebgeckfnfan (Financial Divided Authorities) edim,iebgeckfnfanegaymansmfm yutþifm etigñknamangmnackñúgkarebgeckfnfanenh. etigñknamansiti smerckñúgkarcmnayfnfan? etikarebgeckfnfanmankmeragrtwmrtuvb myyya:gna? etikar EbgEckFnFanenH tamepnkaryut sarsþ KMeragrbs;GñkRbtibtþikar smenircagñksmerc? K-GMNacEtgtaMg nigbbaäb;kargar (Authorities of Assignment and Dismiss) eyigrtuvebgeck kmnt;egayc,as;las;enakñúgc,ab; duccac,ab;rdæfmμnubaø c,ab;lkçnþik³caedim. etinnamansiti erciseris EtgtaMgbuKÁlwk tmeligbunüskábukálwk nignnacagñkmansiti bbaäb;kargarbukálwk 9

25 eblbukálwkmankmhus b RbRBwtþpÞúyBIc,ab; btbba aepsg²edl)ankmnt;. karetgtamgb bbaäb;kargarbukálwk RtUveFIVCasaFarN³ edim,ipþl;dmnwg ENnaMbuKÁlwkenAkñúgGgÁkardwknaMeGayTTYldMNwgpg. X-GMNaceFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMsMerceKaledA (Authorities for Achieving the goals) karerciseriskargar edim,irbkl;gmnacttylxusrtuvegaygñkerkambgáab;gnuvtþn_kargar RtUveFIVtam ekalbmngrbs;kargar ducerobrab;cunsegçbxagerkam. munnwgrbkl;kargaregaygñkerkambgáab; emdwknamrtuv BicarNadUcxageRkam? 1-vaCakic karedlgñkerkambgáab;efiv)anl CageyIg kargarékets 2-vaCakic karedlrbbajab; EtminEmnGaTiPaBx<s; 3-vaCakargarEdlTak;TgGaCIBrbs;GñkeRkambgÁab; 4-vaCakargarEdlRsYlpg nig Bi)akpg 5-kic karbi)aklμm etieyigrtuvrbkl;kargarya:gducemþc? 1-bBa ak;karttylxusrtuvegayc,as; 2-FanafaGñkeRkambgÁab;RBmTTYlykkarTTYlxusRtUv 3-pþl;dMNwgdl;GñkepSgeTot ebiekcg;dwg 4-erobcMeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;TTYlBt mancam)ac; 5-pþl;karKaMRT nigcmnyy Etminykkic karmkefivcmnys 6-kMhusTukCabTBiesaFn_eronsURt 3-eRCIserIsemdwknaM (Choose Leader) karerciserisemdwknamrbs;ggákardwknammyy CaBiesskarerIsemdwknaMfñak;Cati manparkic smxan;bmput smrab;ggákarsßab½n smrab;rbetscatienah erbahfa ebieyigerciserisemdwknaml GgÁkardwknaMRbeTsCati nwg)ansux snþipab supmgál rikcmerinrugerog EtebIeyIgerIsemdwknaMxus efivegayrbetscatienahedirfyerkay Føak;cuHCaedIm. cmebahkarerisemdwknamsmrab;dwknamrbetsexμr ritetmansar³smxan;smrab;blrdæexμrtueta EdlRtUvEt ykcitþtukdak; BIeRBaHfaemdwknaMCati erbobbiduccagñkebiklan EdleyIgTaMgGs;KñaCaRbCaBlrdæExμr rab;lan nak;enacihxagerkay ebisincaerisemdwknamxus erisemdwknamedlgatμaniym elapln;etgmnac bunüs½ká RTBüsm,tþi erbobduccaerisgñkebiklan EdlminecHebIkLan duccabyk h un Esn etivasnarbs;catiexμr vasnarbs;eyigcablrdæexμrtamggs;kñaetacaya:gna? ducbksbyk h un Esn min)anbmeriplrbeyacn_egay RbCaBlrdæExμr min)ankarbarplrbeyacn_catiexμr efivegay)at;bg;twkdi RbCaBlrdæRkIRklM)akevTna GMeBIBukrlYy GyutþiFm bksbyk lycrtbüsm,tþicatimkefivrtbübukál suxelikmnrtukçrarsþexμr sb,ayelitwkepñk RbCaBlrdæExμr etibykenhsmefivcaemdwknamcatiexμr EdlCaEm: Ca«enaH)anEdrb et? h un Esn EdleRbI GMNacpþac;kar minbmeriplrbeyacn_egay Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr EteRbIEl,gq<inEPñkeGayeKyl;fa RbCaBlrdæExμrCaGñke)aHeqñateGayKNbkSRbCaCn. tamkarbit lt ple)aheqñatcakarerobcmbmp½nþrbs;byk 10

26 kumμúynisþpþac;kar EdlmanyYnenAeRkayxñgEtb:ueNÑaH. eyigrtuvdwgfa karerciserisemdwknam KWCakareRCIserIs tmnagrbs;eyig edim,iedirtycmnyseyig karbarplrbeyacn_ EsVgrkplRbeyaCn_CUnCatiExμrTaMgmUl ehiyebg EckFnFaneGaymansmFm etadl;cnrymqamexμrtamggs;. eyigcarbcablrdæexμrtamggs;rtuvykcitþtukdak; tamdantegivrbs;emdwknam eyigrtuvttylxusrtuvtamggs;kña cmebahkarerciserisemdwknam RtUvsÁal;c,as;fa eti emdwknamnaedlmansmtßpabdwknamegaycatirikcmerin CaemdwknaMesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akd. eyigrtuvmanlkçnh viinicä½yegayrtwmrtuv munnwgeyigerisbukálnamñak;mkefivcaemdwknamcatiexμr edayep keli]tþmkti yutiþfm stism,cbaø³ minlk;]tþmkti edim,ietluybunüs½ká EtecalCatiExμrTaMgmUleGayFøak;cuH. emdwknamminbmeri plrbeyacn_cati k,t;cati lk;cati ducbyk h un Esn eyigrtuvetedahdurecjcadac;xat. karerciseris emdwknamedll smrab;fñak;cati nigggákardwknamrtuverciseris nigvaytmélbirkb;mcädæancmuvij 360 dwerk ducca safarn³cn vaytmélxøünég emdwknampþal; GñkeRkam»vaT shesvikrkumkargar. shrdægaemrik ekman lkçxnðsmrab;bukál EdlGaceFIVCaRbFanaFibtI)an ekrbkytrbecgkñaenakñúgbksnimyy²sin bksrbcafibetyü nig bkssarfarnrdæ EtmaneKalbMNgrYmKña efivedim,iplrbeyacn_catiekduckña. karerciserisvaytmélrtuv efivtamekalkarn_ edaymin)anefivtametgarmμn_ edays b; b RsLaj;bkSBYkniymeLIy. BinitüemIlsñaéd EdlecjBIkarxitxMeFIVkargar. KN³kmμkarerobcMe)aHeqñatRtUvmanyutþFm ÉkraCü CaGCJakNþal minsßiterkam \Ti BlGñkneya)ayNamYyeLIy. eyigrkelkemilkare)aheqñat erisemdwknamenakñúgrbetsexμrfμi²vij enaéf TI 27 Exkkáda qñam 2008 RKan;EtkarerobcMqakelçanedIm,IbMP½nþEPñkRbCaBlrdæExμr mtisafarn³ nigmtignþrcatietb:uenñah minemn CalT plecjbiqnþ³rbcablrdæexμrbitr)akdet EtvaCakarerobcMrYcCaeRsceday KNbkSRbCaCn h un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñgRtYtRtaelI. KNbkSRbCaCn h un Esn EdlCakUnGukrbs;yYn )anefivrebobenh tamgbierkayrdærbharena éf TI 5-6 kkáda 1997 duccakare)aheqñat qñam 1998 qñam2003 knøgmk. vacakarerobcmknbksrbcacn h un Esn b:uenñah erbahfakn³kmμkarcatierobcmkare)aheqñat efivtam bba akn³bksrbcacn h un Esn RbB½n exasnaminékracü. h un Esn efivtambba ayyn ebisinca h un Esn minefivtamyyn vasnaduc Eb:n suvnñ EdlRtUv say b Ufg h un Esn XubXitCamYyyYncab;yk etadak;kukenarbetsyyn Gs;ry³eBl 10qñaM 5 Ex nigvasnaduc can; siu EdlRtUveKcak;fñaMsmøab; enaeliynþehah. Rtg;cMNucenH sumelik]tahrn_rbvtþielak Eb:n suvnñ EdlmineFIVtambBa ayyn. tamsmdielak Eb:n suvnñ eblekcab;elakenahkwman h un Esn nig say b Ufg. h un Esn )anganesckþismerccitþrbs;mcäwmbksbdivdþrbcacnkm<úcadktmengtamggs; edaysarkmhusmyycmnyn ducteta³ 1-bgEb:n suvnñ RbqaMgrbbkumμúynisþ ksagesdækic TIpSaesrI 2-ykBn elieyoknamenarblanynþehah RbqaMgnigEpnkarbegIát k 5 3-KMnitCatiniymceg otcg l;rbqamgnikmeyoknam mingnubaøatiegaynikmeyok Nammkrs;enAkñúgRbeTsExμr. enaéf TI 13 FñÚ 1981 el dwkf mkcyb minniksμanfabgégh anefivgba wg h anrbqamgnigeyig yyn bgégdwgetfa TahanyYnenAkñúgRbeTsExμr man nak; bgégbegiátkn³kmμkargenþarbevsn_ 11

27 begáitkn³kmμkarrbmedn bgégcg;rkb;rkgrbetsedayxøünég etahcaeblerkay minmantahanyynk_eday RbeTsExμrminGacegIbeTANarYceLIy ebigñknaha nrbqamg Rc)ac;eGaym:dæ. tamsmþiedlyynniyayxageli srbba ak;egayexijfa h un Esn minemncaemdwknamcatiexμrbitr)akd et h un Esn RtUvyYnelIkbnþúbmktaMgBIyYnkan;kab; QøanBanTwkdIExμréf 7 mkra 1979emøH edim,ibkskumμúynisþ yynsmercepnkarshb½n \NÐÚcinEtb:ueNÑaH. 4-RbB½n RKb;RKgrdæ)al (Administrative system) RbB½n RKb;RKgrdæ)al CaRbB½n efivegaydmenirkarrdæ)alrbrbwtþeta)anl GacRKb;RKgkargarmanRbsiTi PaB. karrkb;rkgrdæ)alcakic karmyycmnyntak;tgetanigpar³kic kariyal½y duccakargarttylep ov ParHkic rbs;elxafikardæan nig KNenyü karrbcmu nig dmenirrbrbwtþietakargar bec kvitüaetaeliesvakmμnigkarriyal½y kmubüút½r bnþajkmubüút½r GIuntaENt nigrbb½n Bt man.l. kartmnak;tmngtameglicrtuvnic tamrbiysniy nig tamturs½bþcl½t. karrksatukbt man nig karrkb;rkgéksareglicrtuniik RbB½n smnmuéksarrbcamqñamcaedim k-kariyal½y nigmuxgarenakñúgkariyal½y (Office and Function in the Office) kariyal½ymanmuxgarcakenøgttyl nigebgeckbt man. karttylbt manbimcädæanepsg²tamgkñúg GgÁkardwknaM nigbirbpbxagerka ducca TTYlBt manbirdæapi)al TTYlBt manbirbcablrdæ karbþwgtva:kar smnumbr TTYlBt manbikurrbkytrbecg karvayrbhar ecatrbkan; karecjesckiþeføgkarn_ Bt mansßab½n hirbaøvtßú GaRtakarR)ak; FanaKar GaRtabþÚrR)ak; RBwtiþkarN_neya)aykñúgnigeRkARbeTs sßanpabesdækic dmenirkavivdæbec kvitüa nigc,ab;tmlab;caedim. enakñúgggákardwknam mankargarcaercinedlrtuvefiv ducca efivr)aykarn_ efivkmnt;ehtuggárbcmu GnusarN³épÞkñúg KNenyücugeRkay nigéksarépþkñúgepsg²etot. x-karkurbøg;kariyal½y (Office design) erobcmkurbøg;karriyal½y EdltMrUvtamGgÁkardwknaM etiggákardwknamrtuvkarerobcmkariyal½y tamrbept EbbNa? KUrbøg;tamkariyal½yEdlebIkcMhr CarebobEdlbiTTVa nigmanrckrebog b karriyal½yedlman etspabl RbkbedayeRKOgsgðarwm tamrebobfmμcati EdlmantubEtg mankenøgkmsanþepsg² tam cmng;cmnulcitþ duccamankenøgelgkila TUrTsSn_ manrubpabemilepsg². enakarriyal½yrtuverobcmegay man]bkrn_kariyal½yducca ma:siunftcmøg TUrdak;Éksar smnmuéksar mansiune)ahbumö ]bkrn_enaelitu kmubüút½r Rkdas.l. K-Parkic rbs;gñkttylepjov (Duty of Receptionist) GñkTTYlePJovRtUvEfrkSakEnøgTTYlePJoveGay)anl. enakenøgttylepjovrtuverobcm egayman snþab;fñab; erobrys at hamminegayck;)ari mankenøgggáúyrsylsmrab;epjov manesovepa TsSnavdþI karest smrab;ganpgedr. ebisincamanepsc ³KYrTukenACitédGñkTTYlePJov. GñkTTYlePJovRtUvmanesovePANat;CYb esovepasmrab;kt;rtaepjov nigb½nñepjov. manesovepaturs½bþ hvak; bba IelxTUrs½BÞEpÞkñúg elxturs½bþsmrab; eblgasnñ ducca b:ulis GKÁIP½y ebtücaedim. RbRktiTin nigtu. 12

28 eyigcagñkttylepjovcamfa GñkTTYlePJovCamuxmat;rbs;GgÁkardwknaM smrab;epjovcmebahkartak;tgdmbug. eblttylepjovgñkttylepjovrtuvrysrayrak;tak;b:uenþkmuegayxøamgrcul nigsvakmn_epjovcapøúvkar edaycmrabsyr CaedIm. svakmn_edayrikray bnþab;mkrtuvrtytbinitüeqμah nigsyrfaetiepjovcg;cybnrna? epjovedlman kt;rtaenakñúgkarnat;cyb ehiykt;rtaenakñúgesovepavtþman. smnumbregayepjovcuhhtßelxa eliesovepa vtþman TaMgecj nigcul edim,ikarbarrbugrby½tñtukcamun eblmangasnñ EdlekIteLIgCayfaehtu eyiggac dwgfagñknaxøh? cmnynb:unμannak;enakñúggkarenah. pþl;b½nñcunepjov nig ykrtlb;mkvijebledlepjov ecjbisßab½neyig. ebledlepjovmkdl; GñkTTYlePJovRtUvpþl;Bt mandl;gñkedlepjovrtuvnat;cyb. ebisinca kñúgkrnierbrbyl EdlePJovminGacCYbPøam² edaysarkic karcab;rvl;epsg² GñkTTYlePJovRtUvsMuGP½yeTas cmebahkarbnüaebl ehiyrtuvpþl;bt mandl;epjov efivkarnat;sarcafμi ebisincaepjovmingacrgcam)an. Parkic epsgetot ducca RtUvedaHRsayBakübNþwgepSg² GñkTTYlePJJovRtUvEtecHKYrsm nig supab Tn;Pøn; RKb;eBlevla ehiyrtuvsþab;ya:grbugrby½tñ ebledlepjovturs½bþmk nigecosevogkarrmxanepsg² b sþab;minyl;gtßn½y. kt;rtaegay)anbisþagmbikarbwþgtva: BaküsmþIrbs;ePJov edayrbugrby½tñ mineqøiybdiesf nig eqøiyrsbcmebahkarbþwgtva:rbs;epjovpøam² TuksMrab;tYnaTIeGayGñkmansmtßkic Bak;B½n. eyigcagñkttyl epjovmanparhcyysmrbsmryl CYykic kar b bba ak;bbaðaepsg². Par³kic myycmnynetot ducca efivkarenakenøg CUndMNwg eqøiyttylturs½bþ ma:siunehvk nigsarsmelg KitluyTUrs½BÞ TMnak;TMngtamTUrs½BÞkñúgRbeTs nig erkarbets CaedIm. X-Parkic rbs;elxafikar (Duty of Secretary) elxafikarkyret rysray rikray supabrabsar Tn;Pøn; nigmansnþab;fñab;l. elxacagñkmanékets xagtmnak;tmngtamgsresr nigpþal;mat;. CaGñkEdlgayRsYlkñúgkarTMnak;TMng nigmanéketsvic aciv³rkb; eblevla. CabuKÁlEdlmanqnÞ³ecHCYykic karedaymineriskargar nigmankmnitpþütepþimedahrsaykargar ena eblmanvibtþi. elxafikareckecjca elxapþal; CMnYykar CMnYykarCan;x<s; niggkáelxafikar. GKÁelxaFikar mantynatismrab;efivepnkar nigerobcmkargar efivkarnat;cybepjov erobcmefivdmenir ertomerobcmsmrab;karrbcmu nig erobcmsniñsit. g-c,ab; nignitivifi (Rule and Regulation) erobcmegaymanc,ab;tmlab; smrab;smacik smacika bukálwkmrnþirackar RbCaBlrdæ enakñúgggákardwknam c,ab;smrab;rbets egaymansnþab;fñab; CaRbeTsnitirdæmYyEdlRbCaBlrdæcg;)an. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs; RtUvmansiTi esripab esμirkñacmebahmuxc,ab; TaMgGs;KñaRtUvsißtenAeRkamc,ab;. kmuegaymanetc,ab; EtKμan GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; KμanGñkeKarBc,ab;dUcrbbRtYtRta h un Esn sbvéf. c,ab;efivegayggákarsßab½n RbeTsCati manvin½y mansnþab;fñab; esckþiéføfñúr. c,ab; nignitivifiepsg² RtUveFIVeGayRsbeTAtamc,ab;GnþrCati c,ab;catiénrbetsnimyy² nigekarbsiiti mnusscaktþacmbg. c,ab;rdæfmμnubaøcac,ab;cmbgrbs;rbets cmenktam GgÁkardwknaMtUc² c,ab;lkçnþik³ nigbtbba aépþkñúgmansar³smxan;smrab;dwknamggákardwknamegay)anl. c,ab;rtuv bmeriplrbeyacn_tuetasmrab;ggákardwknam smrab;rbetscati nigrbcablrdæ. GñktMNagraRsþCatMNageGay 13

29 RbCaBlrdæBitR)akd minemntmnagegaybksenaheliy ducenhgñkbegiátc,ab;rtuvbmeriegayplrbeyacn_ Blrdæ. edim,iegayc,ab;manrbsit PaBRtUvmanGñkGnuvtþn_c,ab;manRbsiT PaBEdr edim,ibgçmegaymankarekarb c,ab; ebic,ab;manetelirkdas c,ab;manetelibburmat;rbs; h un Esn enahminemncac,ab;et EtCaGMNacpþac;kar GMNacéRBEtb:ueNÑaH. ducenh GñkbegIátc,ab;RtUvyl;eGayc,as;GMBIGtßn½yénc,ab; edim,ibnül;bkrsayeta GñkGnuvtþc,ab;eGayyl; kmuegaymankaryl;rclm b bkrsay xuscmebahc,ab; cmenkrbcablrdæ EdlCa GñkeKarBk¾RtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;EdredIm,IeKarBtam. srubmk xagepñknitibbaøtþi nitirbtibtþi nignititulakar RBmTaMgRbCaBlrdæRtUvyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;TaMgGs;Kña. c-rbb½n RtYtBinitü (Controlling System) edim,iegaygñkgnuvtþn_kargar efivkargarrbkbedaykarttylxusrtuv nigmanrbsiit PaBenaH RbB½n RtYt BiinitümantYnaTIsMxan; edim,ibinitüemilfa GñkGnuvtþn_eFIVtamKMeragRtwmRtUv ehiyecjlt plmkl mankunpab TTYleCaKC½y. etahbicamankarekgbnøm karminttylxusrtuvya:gnak¾eday k¾rbb½n RtYtBinitüGacTTYlBt man )anrkb;rkan;. RbB½n RtYtBiinitüenH begiátsmrab;rtytbinitüelikargnuvtþn_kargar nigkarrbtibtþikargarenakñúg RbeTsb GgÁkarsßab½nNamYy. RbB½n RtYtBinitüRtUverobcMeGaymancab;taMgBIfñak;yuT sarsþ fñak;rbtibtþikar nig fñak;bec kets. kalbidmbugeliyrbb½n RtYtBinitüeKeRbImnusSedIm,IBinitü Etbc úb,nñenh ekerbirbb½n bec kvitüa edim,irtytbinitü ducca páayrnb kmubüút½r maswunftsv½yrbvtþi Rbdab;RsUbsMelg erkogma:siuncaedim.l. enaeblculefivkar ekmanma:siun vayema:gcul nig ema:gecjbikariyal½y. enarbetsrikcmerinmyycmnyn ekerbi ma:siunftsv½yrbvtþibinitüemilrkb;skmμpabkargarrbs;bukálwk niggñkedlefivxusc,ab;edaymingacekcputbi RbB½n RtYtBiinitüs½VyRbvtþieLIy. rhutdl;ekbegiátcapñak;garesiubgegát b Pñak;garcarkmμ edim,iefivkaresiub GegátkargarsMxan;² EdlRbB½n bec kvitüamingacrtytbinitü)an CaBiessenAkñúgerOgneya)ay nigerogkgt½b Edlbec kvitüamingacdwgbiepnkarsm at;rbs;srtuv manetcarkmμet EdlGacykkic karsm at; b Epnkarsm at; rbs;srtuv. GñkRtYtBinitüRtUvEtÉkraCü nigrtuveliktwkcitþ edim,iegaygñkrtytbinitümanyutþifm efivkarsmerccitþ edayékracü. q-rbb½n efivepnkar (Planning System) RbB½n efivepnkar KWCaEpñkmYydac;edayELk EdlsMrab;erobcMEpnkareGaydMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarkargar enakñúgsßab½nrksygggákardwknam. RbeTsCatiGacdMeNIrkarl etamux rikcmerinecakc½y GaRs½yelIGñkerobcM Epnkar)anl GnuvtþRtwmRtUvtamEpnkar. RbB½n Epnkar CaGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT sarsþ EpnkarRbtibtþikar Epnkarkl,yuT. ebimanet EpnkaryuT sarsþ EtKμanEpnkarkl,yuT et mingacdmenirkar)aneliy )anrtwmet Rsém:. karerobcmkmμvifiepsg² erobcmkmeragkargarcaedim. edim,ierobcmrbb½n enhegay)anl eyigrtuveris bukálwk EdlmanÉkeTs RtUvnigckçúvis½yrbs;GgÁkardwknaMmkeFIVEpnkar etibggákardwknamenahgacdmenireta)an. C-crnþBt man nigtmnak;tmng (Information and Communication System) crnþbt man nigkartmnak;tmng mansar³smxan;nas;smrab;ggákardwknam. ebisincacrnþbt maneyigl elon Tan;eBlevla enahkarerobcmepnkarepsg²)anl. crnþbt man KWCakarpþl;Bt manr)aykarn_ ehtukarn_ 14

30 bbaðaedlekitmanenakñúgggákardwknam b erkaggákardwknam. crnþbt mangacegayeyigdwgbisßankarn_ RbeTs Cati RBwtþkarN_ ehtukarn_givedlekitelig. ekgacefivkartmnak;tmngtam TUrs½BÞ sareglicrtuvnic vitüútak;tg karepjisar karsresrsmburt karbba ÚntamPñak;gar.l. crnþbt manenh CaEPñkCaRcmuHrbs;GgÁkardwknaM. enaepñkbt manenhrtuvsiksagmbikarrbmulbt man vipakbt man bba ÚnBt man psbvpsaybt man egay)an Tan;eBlevla. Bt maneckecj CaBt mancmhr nigbt mansm at;. cmebahbt mancmhr CaBt manedlek ecjpsaycasafarn³tam karest TUrTsSn_ tamvibsay GIuntaENt.l. EtBt mansm at; CaBt mansmxan; EdleKminpSBVpSay Bt manebbenhsmxan;nas;smrab;ggákardwknamnimyy²rtuvdwg. erbahfa Rtecok EdlxøaMg KWCaRtecokEdlsþab;B GIVVEdleKminniyayecjmk minemnsþab;b rnþh b párlan;eliy. EPñkEdlPøWCa EPñkEdlemIleXIj kñúgtiggwt emilexijkenøgedlekbit)amg emilexijgivedlekminegayeyigemil minemn emilexijrbhgatitüenahet. GñkEdlxøaMg KWeFIVGIVEdlGñkd¾éTminGaceFIV)an b efivegaypñmmyyygacrmkil)an. CaTUeTAdMeNIrkarnigTMnak;TMngBt manedlttyl)an tmruvegayykmkvipakbicarna cmra:j;benßm munniwgyketaerbir)as;manrbsit PaB nigeckcayetakenøgepsg²etot etibt manenahcmenj b xatsmrab; GgÁkardwknaM. ekeckmefüa)aytmnak;tmngecjca 4 ya:g pþal;mat; CYbRbCMuTl;muxKña TUrs½BÞ karrbcmutamvidigu sresr smburt r)aykarn_ GnusSarN nig kmnt;ehtu tamsareglicrtunic ducca karepjisartameglicrtunic nig karehvk tamkaremilexij ducca niyaytamgiutaent snñisittamvidigu Q-rkSaTuk nigkarbarbt man (Keep and Protect Information) enaebledlmanbt man ekrtuvrksavatukedim,iefivcaéksareyag. ekgacrksvatuksmrab;rbb½n RKb;RKg ÉksareGLicRtUnic b RbB½n smnmuéksar. Bt mansm at; Bt mansmxan; KYrrkSaTukeGaymansuvtßPaB l edim,i karbar minegaybba ÚlkñúgTinñin½ybEnßm karekerbepsg² kumbüút½rrtuvdak;elxsm at; b cak;esarva. RbB½n Bt mancavifisarsþmyysmrab;erobcmtinñin½y nignitivifi edim,icab;ykdmenirkar rksatuk nigplit Bt manmankunpabkñúgekalbmngefivkarsmerccitþ. kmriténkarsmerccitþ EckecjCa 3 KWfñak;Rbtibtþikar fñak; kl,yut nigfñak;yut sarsþ. fñak;yut sarsþsmrab;yut sarsþry³eblevg RtUvkarbTBiesaFn_ karvinicä½y GBÖnþrjaN Bt manxagerka nigxagkñúgbit. karsmerccitþfñak;knþal RtUvmanry³eBlmFüm tmruvegayman karvinicä½yxøh erbir)aykarn_bifñak;rbtibtþikarpþal; nigbt manbixagerka. karsmerccitþfñak;erkam Rbtibtþikar RbcaMéf RtYtBinitü nigelikelgskmμpabr)aykarn_bimyyéf etamyyéf. cmebahkarepjirtamérbysniy_ ebledlekepjiculmk RtUvmancuHhtßelxa cuhelxsmburtcul dak;tam RbePTsMbuRt smburttueta smburtékcn smburtpþal;xøün Rbjab; sm at;. cmebahsmburtebikcmhrcatueta GacebIk )an EtsUmkMuebIk ebisincasmburtepijcunbukál CaÉkCn ebikμankargnubaøat. vayrtakalbriecät eblebiksmburt. BinitüeRsamsMbuRtedIm,IFanafabiT. EckcaysMbuRteTAkEnøgEdlRtUvepJI. kt;rtaesovepaecjcul. 15

31 j-dmenirkarhirbaøvtßú niigparkic KNenyü (Financial system and Accounting duties) eyigrtuverobcmrbb½n RKb;RKghirBaØvtßúeGayc,as;las;. skmμpabrbs;knenyü ducca rksaesovepa vik½yb½rt erobcmkarkt;rtacmnul nigcmnay esckþieføgkarsmrbsmrylfanakar nigr)ak;exbukálwk. cmebahggákar dwknampakercin manbbaðacmebahhirbaøvtßú edaykarrkb;rkgminl. cmebahrbetscativij karrkb;rkgcmnul rbs;fivikacatinig karcmnaymantmøapab ecosvaggmebibukrlyy ekgbnømfvikarcati. RbeTsExμreyIg GMeBIrBukrlYy manplb:hbal;smxan; RKb;sßab½nCati EdleFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikarCati kñúgmyyyqñam 250 landuløa eta 300 landuløa. edim,iegayhirbaøvtßúggákardwknamenahl RtUvcMNUleGayeRcInCagcMNay b cmebahesdækic RbeTsvij RtUvnaMecjeGayeRcInCakarnaMcUlb eliktmekigplitplkñúgrsuk. etirbpbhirbaøvtßúrbs;eyigttyl)an mkbirbpbnaxøh? GIVCaskþanuBlsMrab;esdækic Cati? etisßanpabhirbaøvtßúúya:gducemþc? hirbaøvtßúenhmantynati smxan;nas; efivegayggákardwknamgacdmenirkareta)an. ral;karcmnayepsg²rtuvmanvik½yb½rt Edlecj mkbirbpbedlgactukcitþ)an duccavik½yb½rtecjbima:siunkitluycaedim. ]TahrN_ RbeTsrUsSIedaysarEtneya)ayvatTIrbs;xøÜn enakñúgtivbgwur:ub )anefivegaycmnay CaeRcIn elikgt½bkñúggmlúgsrgáamrtcak; rvagrbetsgaemrik nigshpabsuevot erkaybisrgáamelakelikti 2. ebledlrbfanafibti ku)aquv eligkan;gmnac eblenahsßanpabhirbaøvtßúrbs;shpabsuevotføak;dl;)at ehtuenhehiyefivegay ku)aquv EkERbneya)ayebIkcMhr nigerobcmrcnasm<½n sarcafμi RbB½n esdækic nig RbB½n kariyafibetyü. elak)anefivkartmnak;tmngcamyybs wmrbets shrdægaemrik edim,ikat;bnßykar erbir)as;fvikaelikepñkeyafa. cmenkenaqñam 1997 EdlmanvibtþihirBaØvtßúenAGasIu CaBiessRbeTséf EdlnaMeGayrIkral dalb:hbal;dl;rbetsmyycmnynedlefivtmnak;tmngbanic kmμcamyy ducca kuer:xagt,úg Cb:un r:ussi ma:el \NÐÚensIu nighvwlibincaedim.. vibtþienhekiteligedaysaret rmelahrubiyb½nñ Edl)anx ImkvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n smng; ehiytibmputgñkvieyak)andkecj nigdktunecj etibefivegaykμanhirbaøvtßú namegaymanvibtþienh ekitelig. munifirubiyvtßúgnþrcati)anegaydk DIbUsiud cmnynbak;knþal 50 PaKry EdlCacMnYndkeRcInelIseK TaMgGs;. 5-ynþkarsMrbsMrYl (Coordination System) RKb;GgÁkardwknaMEtgEtCYbbBðaa edayecosminput ehtuenhehiyggákardwknamrtuvmanynþkarsmrab; smrbsmrylenaebledlmanbbaðavivatekiteligenakñúgépþkñúgggákardwknam. ynþkarsmrab;smrbsmrylmanbegiátca GaCJakNþal begiátcakn³kmμkaredahrsayvivatepsg² nigmanc,ab;smrab;gnuvtþn_ ehiykn³kmμkar RtUvÉkraCü. ebisincaenakñúgynþkarsmrbsmrylfñak;catikw xagnititulakar. tulakarrtuvetékracü yutþifm RtwmRtUv edayminsßimerkamgmnacneya)ay bukálmangmnacnamyyeliy. erkaybicb;srgáamelakelikti 2 edim,ierobcmbipb elakegaymanreboberobry ek)anbegiátggákarshrbcacatienaqñam 1945 EdlmanRbeTs mhagmnac shrdægaemrik )aramg Gg;eKøs russi nigcin EdlCasm<½n mitþrkb;rkgbipbelak. enakñúg srgáam\nðúcinelikti 3 EdlCaCemøaHrvagkarQøanBanrbs;yYnkumμúynisþ nigbykkumμúynisþexμrrnbyyn CamYy 16

32 ExμrRtIPaKI RtUv)ancuHkic RBmeRBogsn isbaøasnþipabenatirkugrkug)a:riséf TI 23 tula 1991 edayman RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nig)aramgcagñkefivkarsmrbsmrylkñúgkic karenh erbah\nðúensiu nig)aramgcarbetsékracü min Bak;B½n enakñúgcemøahenah. enaqñam 1993 RbeTsExμr)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatEdlerobcMRtYtBinitüedayGgÁkar shrbcacati. ducenh GgÁkarshRbCaCati edirtynatiya:gsmxan;smrab;smrbsmryl edahrsaybbaðacyybipbelak egaymansnþipab. cmenkékardwknamkñúgrbetsmantulakar CaGñkvinicä½y kat;kþinuvrkb;bbaðaedl ekitman enakñúgrbetsducenhehiytulakartuvetékracü. ebienakñúgggákardwknamtuctac RtUvmanKN³kmμkarÉkraCü smrab;edahrsaysmrbsmrylbbaðaedayyutþifm. ynþkarsmrbsmrylenh ebisincamanbbaðavivatekitelig dmnak;kar dmbug ekefivkarcrcarrvagpakicemøah bnþab;mkesvgrkgacjaknþal ebisincapakicemøahminsuxcitþetib Gacdak; bnþwgcapøúvc,ab;etarktulakarcyyedahrsay. k-kn³kmμkar (Committees) karbegiátkn³kmμkarsmrab;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;smrbsmrylrtuveriseligedayékracü CaGñkmanÉkeTsxagc,ab; nigbt BiesaFn_xagc,ab; edim,ismrbsmryl edahrsaybbaðavivat. x-karrbcmu (Meeting) karcybcmukña CacMNucmYyEdleyIgGacbeBa jkmnit siksakmnit eronsurtbikñaetavijetamk nigefivegay manpabsñitsñalkña. karrbcmueyiggackmnt;smrab;ry³ebletottat; karrbcmusambaø GacmYyExmþg tamkar kmnt;rbs;rkumkargar b karrbcmuvisambaø karkmnt;eblevlaerbrbyltamkal³ets³ karrbcmuedayrkum kargarbiesstamfñak; karrbcmufmedlcakarrbcmutuetarbcamqñam EdlehAfa mhasniñ)at. karrbcmurtuvmankarkt; RtakMNt;ehtuGgÁRbCMueGayc,as;las; erobcmrebobvir³ggárbcmu rycpþl;dmnwgdl;gñkculrymrbcmu ya:gehacnas; 1 s)þah_mun edim,iegaygñkculrymrbcmu ekertomxøünryccaersckñúgkarculrym. erkaybiggárbcmusmercgivmyy eyig RtUverobcMCar)aykarN_ esckþieføgkarn_ snñisitkarest pþl;dmnwgetarkb;sßantut sßab½ntak;tg bnþaj sarbt man. edim,ieliktwkcitþdl;gñkculrymrbcmu eyigrtuvbgðajr)ab;biplrbeyacn_edlniwgttyl)anmkvij smrab;gñkculrym. enaéf RbCMu eyigrtuverobcmegaymansnþisux bdisnæakic karcuheqμah nigbifikaregay )anrtwmrtuv. eyigrtuvkitkurkarcmnayepsg²rbs;gñkculrymducca karcmnayeliéføefivdmenir sñak;ena mðúbgahar nigéksarepsg². eyigrtuverobcmkmμvifikalvipakegayc,as;las; etimuneblculrymrbcmurtuvefivgivxøh? eblrbcmu RtUveFIVGIVxøH? nig erkaybirbcmurtuvefivgivxøh. sumelik]tahrn_karrbcmu enaéf TI Ex mkra qañm 2008 siþbi siti CnCatiedImPaKtic enagasiugaekñy_ EdlmanryHeBl 3 éf ehiymankarculrymtmnagnanaénggákargnþrcati tmnagggákar shrbcacati mantmnagggákarsiti mnussggákarshrbcacatimkbitirkughswenv tmnagggákarsiti mnussgasiu hvr:ummkbibnþarbetscag 10 CaedIm. ebledlgñkculrymefivdmeniretadl;snæakarrbcmuenah ekmanbit pøaksmrab;;bgðajgmbibnþb;edlrtuvrbcmu. enaebledletadl;kenøgrbcmu GñkcUlrYmRtUvcuHeQμaHenAkñúgbBa Ivtþman edaymanttylepjov 2 nak;smrab;ennam. ek)anpþl;kmμvifiggárbcmunigennamr)ab;bitikenøgrbcmu. karbcmuman ry³ebl 3éf tamrebobvir³ggárbcmu. enaeblrbcmuenah KwelIkeLIgGMBIbBaðasiTi mnussrbs;cncatipaktic 17

33 EdlRtUv)anrMelaPsiTi esripabedaysarrdæapi)al CaBiessKW elikeligrvaggcjafrevotnamedlefivkarrmelap siti CMenO sasna efivtukçbukemñj elibgb ÚnExμreRkameyIg nig Cnpþac;kar h un Esn EdlCa]bkrN_ neya)ayrbs;yyn. enakñúgeblrbcmu ekmanerobcmeblevlasrmak nati edim,iefivkarrss;rsub TwkEt kaehv b nmcaedim. kñúgeblsmrakenah eyiggaceqøoteblceckbibbaðaepsg²camyytmnagnanaedlculrym kñúgbifienah. enakñúgkic RbCMuenaH ekerobcmegaymangahar 3 ebl eblrbwk ebléf nig ebll ac ehiyenaéf cugbba b;ek srublt plkargaredlecjmkbikarrbcmu eknametattyltangaharebll ac edaymankarefivdmenir kmsanþetotpg. K-GaCJakNþal (Referee) GaCJakNþal CaCnEdlÉkraCü s ats M esμahrtg; yutþifm smrab;edahrsaybbaða nigcyyrkyutþifm dl;bukálwk smacik smacika EdlmanbBaða. GaCJakNþalRtUvmancMeNHdwgxagc,ab; nigyl;dwg GMBIc,ab;TMlab;enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM. eyigrtuvkmnt;gntþismrab;gñkefivgacjaknþaledim,ikmuegaygacjaknþalgag nigmangmebibukrlyy lmegogetarksmacikepsg² niggaccmrujegaygacjaknþalfμi²beba jsmtßpab RbkYt RbECg ehiyman»kassmrab;mnussl TUeTA. II.c,ab; vin½y RkmsIlFm (Rule, Discipline and Morale) edim,ifanakarecakc½ykñúgggákardwknamnimyy² vin½yl CaktþasMxan;Nas;. c,ab; nigrkmsilfm efivegay smacik smacika manreboberobry manvin½y snþab;fñab;l RbesIr. ebicg;egaybipbelak mansniþpab snþab;fñab; RtUverobcMeGayRbeTsnImYy²mansnþiPaB reboberobryl snþab;fñab;l Camunsin. ebicg;egayrbetscati myymansnþipab reboberobryl RtUverobcMRkumRKYsarénRbeTsnImYy²mansuxsnþiPaB manvin½yl sin. ebicg;egayrkumrkysarnimyy²manvin½yl snþab;fñab; mansuxsnþipab supmgál RtUvGb;rM erobcmkmnitbukálmñak;²egays b; manrebobl. duecñh muneblerobcmrbetscatiegaymansnþipab man snþab;fñab;l RtUverobcMcitþKMnitrbs;buKÁlmñak;eGay)anl mansnþab;fñab;l sin etibrkumrkysarl sgáml RbeTsCatil nigbipbelakl. cmenksßab½ndwknamtuc²vij RtUvmanGñkerobcMbegáItc,ab; GñkGnuvtþn_c,ab; Gñkvinicä½yc,ab; edim,iegayc,ab;manrbsit PaB. c,ab;rtuvegaysmacik smacika bukálwkkñúgggákar dwknam)andwg ebisincac,ab;smrab;rbets rdæapi)al b sßab½nbak;b½n RtUvpSBVpSay bergondl;rbcablrdæegayyl;dwg GMBIc,ab;enaH edim,iefivegaysmacik smacika RbCaBlrdæyl;dwg yketagnuvtþn_kñúgsgámmanerobry ecosvagmanbbaða mkbikaryl;gmbic,ab;. duccac,ab;cracrn_caedim RbCaBlrdæmaneRKaHfñak;eRcIneday min)andwggmbic,ab;cracrn_ edim,ikat;bnßyerkahfñak;cracrn_ RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;RtUvyl;dwgBIc,ab;cracrN_ EtminEmndUcb:UlIscrcrN_enATIRkugPñMeBj camsgát;krrbcablrdæcmrittaluyenaheliy Cak;EsþgenAéf myy ebledlesμr CiHm:UtUkBa as;myy ma:k qali etibmkbiticnbtdac;rsyal Rsab;EteBlEdlCiHm:UtU bt;etasþamkac;rcug etapøúvneratþm Rtg;eBTüGgÁDYg Rsab;Etb:UlIs mksmlúttarluy duccaecarbøn;m:utu. bg;luyegayekgs; Cag erol EdlkalenaHb:UlIsTarsMLútykm:UtUeTAb:us nigtaluy erol enhehiysgámexμrbc úb,nñ KμanKuNFm senþasrbni cmebahcnrymqamexμr GñkTn;exSayeT EtmanEtCiHCan; 18

34 GñkTn;exSayEfmeTot. c,ab;minbmeriplrbeyacn_egaymyyrkumtuc b c,ab;bmeriplrbeyacn_egaybrets duccabyk RtYtRta h un Esn begáitc,ab;pþl;dism,tanegay GñkvinieyaKyYn mkkab;érbeqi ehiycab;ykdi edayykelsfa vinieyak niggpivdæn_ EttamkarBitRkumh unenah)andenþimykdirbcablrdæ denþimdicmkar ekas URbCaBlrdæExμr Cak;EsþgenAextþkMBg;cam enabwgekt yyn eqμah Lúg )anrwbgusykdicmkarekas U RbCaBlrdæExμrenAbwgekt ehiyefmtamgedjkmμkrexμrminegayefivkarenatienahetot edayyynyketkmμkr CnCatiyYnKñaeKmkeFIVkarCMnYsvij EfmTaMgminGnuBaØateGayExμrcUlkñúgcMkarenaHeTotpg. ebisincaexμreyig culetakñúgcmkarekas U edim,ierisc½rekas U EdlenAelITwkdIExμresaH EteKeGaysnþisuxcMkarekAs U)aj;smøab;Exμr RkIRk edayecatfacullycekas UeK. vahak;duccivitrbcablrdæexμr KμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs U EdlenA elitwkdiexμrxøünég edaykμannrnacyyrkyutþifm GIVeLIy. CivitExμrEdlsøab;CabnþbnÞab;enAelITwkdIxøÜnÉg h un Esn minedlykepñkemileliy EtebIeyIgniyayBIerOgyYn hurculmkrs;enakñúgtwkdiexμrcabnþbnþab; tamkargnubaøatieday h un Esn huk LgDI rdæapi)alrsemalyyn EdlCasmaKmn_TaMg 19 extþrkug ekfagñkrbkan;bucsasn_. sumbgb ÚnGs;elak GñkGanCYyBicarNaBI sm½y b:ul Bt rdækm<úca nig sm½y h un Esn \LÚvetIxusKña b duckña ebiexμrenaetsøab; ExμrRtUveKbeNþjecj edim,idenþimdiføi ExμrenAEtRkIRkrebobenH. 1-begIátc,ab;lkçnþik³ btbba aépþkñúg (Establish Statute and Regulation) karbegiátc,ab;enh CakarbegIátxñatKMrUsMrab;karGnuvtþn_enAkñúgGgÁkardwknaM efivegayggákardwknam mantmél myybitr)akd. eyigsegátemileragbum< e)ahbum< esovepa b e)ahbum<karest ekrtuverobcmbum<ryccaersc etibe)ahbum<caerkay. karerobcmc,ab;enhefivegaykargartamglay dmenirkaretaelon manvin½y tamxñat KMrUEtmYy efivya:gnaegayggákardwknammantmélmyyrwgmamedlbgðajbi ekalbmng TwsedA ebskkmμ nignitivifi dwknam. smrab;karefvidmenirmyy eyigrtuvsáal;pøúv manmefüa)ay manekaleda nigtwsedac,as;. ebisinca mintan;manpøúv eyigrtuvbegiátpøúvcamun pøúvrtuvs atl edim,ifanasuvtßipabeblefivdmenir efivdmenirelon cmnay Gs;FnFantic eblevlatic. EtebIsinCaeFIVpøÚvmin)anl karefivdmenirrgak;rgyl CYb]bsKÁ CYnkal mingacdl;ekaleda edaysarpøúvmins at. ducenh GgÁkardwknaMEdlbegIátc,ab;RtUveFIVeGayl c,ab;ecjbirkum kargar minemnecjmkbibukálnamyyedayfanafa GñkTaMgGs;GacGnuvtþn_)antamc,ab;enaH. c,ab;l efivegay kardwknaml KμanbBaðaekIteLIg. RKb;RbeTsEtgEtmanc,ab; etahcarbetskumμúynisþ safarnrdæ racaniym b esrik¾eday. EtRKan;Etc,ab;RbeTsnImYy²manlkçN³xusKña tamcrikneya)ayrbs;rbetsenah. 2-TTYlxusRtUvRkmsIlFm (Responsible for Morale) emdwknamrtuvefivcakmrunammuxekrkb;ebbya:g edim,iegayggákardwknamenahefivdmenireq<ahetamux GgÁkardwknaM mingacmandmenirkaretamux)anet ebisincaemdwknamenaryjraxagerkay minedirmuxenaxagmuxek. ebicg;egay ekefivgivmyy emdwknamrtuvgnuvtþn_munek duccastvgenþikebledlvaefivdmeniretamux vartuvegitecjmk etib efivdmeniretamux)an. ducenh edim,iegayekekarbc,ab; manrkmsilfm emdwknamrtuveliktmekigkargnuvtþn_ ehiyrtuvgnuvtþmunek ekarbc,ab; eliktmekigc,ab; eliktmekigrkmsilfm CaKMrUdl;GñkeRkam»vaTeFIVtam. 19

35 3-tMélRkmsIlFm nigqnþ³ (Morale and Willing) emdwknamrtuvefivmun RtUvGnuvtþn_muneK nuvgivedlcg;egayekefiv. duccakarpþl;tmélelirkmsilfm RtUv eliktmélbegiátbriyakasegaysißtesßrtamgbiedimdl;cb; edayminefivtamkarnwkexij tamgarmμn_enaheliy. begiátsilfm nigvibaøansilfm KWCasμartI menaseba tna nigsaμrtirbs;mnussmñak;². GIV²Edl emdwknamefivgac manplb:hbal;dl;ggákardwknam. emdwknamkyretdwgcanic nuvskmμpab nigkarsmerccitþrbs;xøünég Gacman\TiæBl elismacik bukálwkgñkerkambgáab;rebobna. GnuBaØatieGayRkumrbs;elakrYmcMENkkñúgkar efivepnkarkarsmerc citþ nigdmenirkaredahrsaybbaðaepsg². RtUvykcitþTukdak;Rkumrbs;elak etahbicaelak minmanrtytbinitü karrs;enapþal;xøünrbs;ekk¾eday elakrtuvetmankarxvayxvl;smrab;bykek. karpþl;bt man dl;bykek bnþkartmnak; TMng ebikcmhrgayrsyltmnak;tmng TukeGaymnusSmankarKitBicarNa RtYtBinitüCIvitrbs;BYkeK. erobcmegay kargarmansar³smxan; repib nigmankarrbnamgrbecg. efivegaymnussmñak;man GarmμN_fa CabuKÁlsMxan;enA kñúgrkumnimyy². mnussrtuvkarkargaredlmansar³smxan; fivebivacakargar EdlenOyht; KUreGayFuj minsb,ayya:gnak¾eday. BYkeKRtUvdwgfavamansar³sMxan; nigcam)ac;smrab;karrs;ran énggákardwknam. pþl;rbwksamnussedl efivkic karrbqmagnig RbqaMgnigeKalbMNgGgÁkardwknaM. 4-PaBxøaMg PaBeCOCak; PaBR)akdniym (Strength, Cofindence and Realistics) GgÁkardwknaMGaceCaKC½y)an edaysmacik smacika shesvik enacmuvijmanpabecocak; mantmnukcitþ ehiyxitxmrbtibtþikargarya:gskmμ. ekecocak;eta)an luhrtaggákardwknammanpabr)akdniymdwgc,as;munfa nigsmercecakc½ycmebahkic kargivedlefiv. GgÁkardwknaMxøaMgCagKUrRbkYtRbECg mann½yfa manerbobxag yut sarsþ Rbtibtþikar bec kets hirbaøvtßú ]brkrn_ smöar³ citþsarsþ emdwknam PUmisaRsþ kmøamgercincag xøamgcagtamgsμarti nigbriman. EtebIsinCabraC½y RtUvTukCabTBiesaFn_Civit ehiyrtuvgakemilmkerkay siksabiepnkarsareligvij rkemilcmnucexsayedlnamegaybrac½y rycehiyefivepnkarfμitetaetot eday mings;sgçwmeliy ebidylkenøgnaegibediretamuxetot edayminedirfyerkayeliy. GgÁkardwknaMEdlxøaMg KWbegIátkþIsgÇwmCanic. kþisgçwmekitmanluhrtaeteyigmanckçúvis½ybitr)akd. III.dMeNIrkar (Process) edim,idmenirkarkargaregay)anl eyigrtuvmanepnkarc,as;las;l ehiynigmanhirbaøvtßúrkb;rkan; bmebjtamepnkar. eyigrtuverobcmfatupsmegay)anrkb;rkan; FnFansmÖar³ FnFanmnusS bec kvitüa di GaKar GñkKaMRT. edim,idmenirkaregaysubinkøaycakarbit GgÁkardwknaMRtUvmanGñkerobcMEpnkaryuT sarsþ GñkRbtibtþi kargar Gñkbec ketscaedim ebiminduecñhet GIV²)anRtwmEtkþIRsm½yb:ueNÑaH. eyiggacerbobefobdmenirkar etanigm:utumyyedlgacefivdmeniretamux)an. edim,iefivdmenireta)an RtUvmanGñkebIk m:utu nigsamgsmrab;cak;m:utu EtcMeBaHGgÁkardwknaMvijRtUvmanEpnkar emdwknam nighirbaøvtßú etibgacdmenirkargareta)an. dmenirkar GgÁkardwknaM RtUvEbgEcktamdMNak;karc,as;las; edayerciserisykdmnak;karmyyedlmangatipab mk Gnuvtþn_CabnþbnÞab;. karrkb;rkgdmenirkarcaparhrbs;emdwknamedlrtuvefiv edayeliktmekigegay mankarvivdæn_ fμi²canic karebgeckfnfan efivfnfanmansßanpabl CaGñkedaHRsaybBaðad¾eqñIm GacBüakrN_ dwgbi 20

36 vibtþiekitman GacbegIát nigcat;ecgfvikar GacbegIát nigcat;ecgeblevla nigepnkarkargar CaGñkerobcM RKb;RKgKMeragd¾eqñIm GacRKb;RKgvibtþieBlEdlvapÞúHeLIg niggacvas;evgdwggmbilt pl. 1-karGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM (Practice Leadership) manniymn½ycaercinniyaygmbikargnuvtþn_pabcagñkdwknam EtsUmelIkniymn½yrbs;kgT½BmUyeKfa PaBCaGñkdwknaM KWkareFIVeGayman\Ti BlelImnusS edaypþl;ekalbmng TwsedA nig kareliktwkcitþ xnhebl Rbtibtþikar edim,ismercebskkmμ nigefivegayggákardwknamrbesirelig rikcmerinelig smercekaleda. edim,iegayggákardwknam b RbeTsCatimYyrIkcMerInnigsMerceKaledA)an RtUvGnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaMCa cam)ac; mann½yfa ktþaedlnametarkecakc½ygars½yelikargnuvtþn_pabcagñkdwknam minemngars½yelibukálna mñak;gs arü b k¾gars½yemilexijfaggákardwknamenahxøamg FM mangmnacsbvrkb;ebbya:genahk¾etedr. kar GnuvtþPaBCaGñkdwknaM mann½ytulmtulaynas;smrab;emdwknamedlcg;egayrbetscatirikcmerin smerctam ckçúvis½y b facmebahgñkesñhacatiexμredlmanbmngcyyrbetscatiegaymansiti esripabebjeljenah. kar Gnuvtþn_PaBCaGñkdwknaMCakarcaM)ac;bMput RtUvelIkTwkcitþCanic dl;bukálwk smacik GñkeRkambgÁab; edim,iegay xitxmefivkarsmercdl;ekaleda. kargnuvtþpabcagñkdwknamrtuvmanepnkarl c,as;las; karerobcmrtwmrtuv kar Gnuvtþn_kic karhμt;ct; edaymankarrtytbiinitürtwmrtuv. BinitülT pledttyl)anbikarrbtibtþikar brac½y b ecakc½y. ebibrac½y eyigrtuvsiksabimulehtuedlnamegaybrac½y b brac½ymanxatbg;givxøh? ebiecakc½y etiecakc½yrebobnaxøh?cmnayfnfanb:unμan? etikarcmnayfnfantamggs;tutat;nigplecakc½yenah etittyl plrbeyacn_mkvij smnigfnfan Edl)ancMNayb et?. sumelikerogmyyenakñúgrbhbut sasna KWerOgstVbkSI nig dmri edim,ibba ak;gmbiktþaedlnametarkecakc½y mingars½yelifa kmøamgticb ercin kmøamgtucb FM manfnfanb Gt; EtktþaeCaKC½yRtUv BwgelIkarGnuvtþPaB CaGñkdwknaM. emdwknamedlmankmnit smtßpab cmenhdwg btbiesafn_ GaceFIVEpnkarl \tex ah nignamegay ecakc½y. ebisincaemdwknamsáal;bifmμcatic,as; rwtetpþl;kmøamgcitþya:gxøamg egayeyigxitxmbüayamrbwgerbg egaydl;ekaleda BIeRBaHfaenAkñúgBiPBelak mnussekitmkkμangivrkb;ya:gduckña KWmanEtrUbragkaymk EtcMENk smöar³epsgetot CavtßúEdlmnusSbegIátTaMgGs; tamkarsiksaeronsurt BIGñkR)aCJl b ekitena mcädæanepsg²kña etibefivegayvasnamnussepsg²kña. mnussgacbegiát)ansmöar³rkb;ya:g edim,ibmebjtmruv karmnuss. ducenheyig CaemdwknaMminRtUvGs;sgÇwmfa eyigmingacefivgivekitenahet. duccaerogstvbksi nigstvdmri ebierbobefobstvdmri nigstvbksixuskñaq aynas; minkyregayecofa stvbksitucmyygacefivegay stvdmrid¾fmgacsøab;)anenahet. ebledlstvdmri)anedircan;kunrbs;stvbksisøab; edaystvdmrigag faxøünégfm mankmøamgxøamgcag ehiyemilgaystvbksi famingacefivgivxøünekit edircihcan;ek eblenah stvbksiqwcab; erbahetdmriedircan;kunxøünsøab;. TIbMput stvbksi)anerobcmepnkaredim,ismøab;dmrifmenahxanet)an. dmnak;karti1 stvbksi)anehiretacikepñktamgbir rbs;stvdmriegayxvak; bnþab;mkdmnak;karti2 stvbksi)anetacrcartak;tg CamYystVruy edim,iegaystvruyenah etabgdak;epñkdmritamgbiregayxvak;. dmnak;karti 3 stvbksietatak;tg CamYystVhIug egayetaymenaelikmbulpñm edim,ibebaäategaydmriyl;rclmfa TIenaHmanTwk EtpÞúyeTAvij 21

37 TIenaHCakMBUlPñM ebldmrienah)anetarkkenøg stvhiugymedlenaelikmbulpñm edaynwksμanfacakenøgmantwk TIbMputdMrI)anFøak;cuHBIelIkMBUlPñMdl;enAkþIsøab;eTA. enakñúgerogenh bba ak;r)ab;fa ktþaedlnametarkecakc½y KWGaRs½yelIEpnkarl ducca stvbksitucmyyedl GaceFIVeGaystVdMrId¾FMmYYysøab;)an. eyigminrtuv emilgay smtßpabrbs;xøüneyigmñak;² famingacefivgiv)anenaheliy KWeyIgTaMgGs;Kña RtUvtaMgcitþdUcCastVbkSIenH edim,i GayuCivitRbeTsCatirbs;eyIg rybrymkñakit rybrymkñaefiv rybrymkñaedahrsay ecofakμangivedlca]bskásmrab;eyig CaRbCaCatiExμreLIy. k-begiátdmnak;karkargar (Establish Stage) karbegiátdmnak;karkargarcakarsmxan;myyedim,iegayeyigechebgeckkargartamlmdab;lmeday kmuegay EpnkarmanPaBRcbUkRcbl;. dmnak;karti1 eyigrtuvefivgivxøh? enakenøgna? nrnacagñkttylxusrtuv? ry³eblb:unμan? cmnayfvikargs;b:unμan? etidmnak;karnimyy²smrsbtamtwseda? nigekaledacugerkayb et? tamdmnak;kalkargarnimyy²begiátegaycmtwseda ekaledarymcugerkay. Cak;EsþgedIm,IsMercEpnkarRtYtRta enarbetstamgbi ena\nðúcin dmnak;karti1 yyn)anerobepnkarrtytrtarbetscm,a: bnþab;mkdmnak;karti 2 yyn)anerobcmepnkarrtytrtatwkdiexμrerkam dmnak;kalti 3 CadMNak;kalcugeRkay yynrtytrtaelirbetslav nig RbeTsExμrbc úb,nñ. x-begiátlkçxnðkargar (Working Condition) karerobcmegaymankic snüa nigc,ab;btbba aepsg²edim,iegaymantmnukcitþ. karbegiátlkçxnðkargar enah edim,iegaymankarttylxusrtuvc,as;las;. kalnalkçxnðkargarl mnussebjcitþefivkargar kargar rikcmerin sßab½nggákardwknamrikcmerin RbeTsCatirIkcMerIn. lkçxnðkargarenah KWRtUvmanc,ab;kargar elik TwkcitþTaMgGñkvinieyaK nigcyyrbcablrdæ briyakaskargartamgkñúg nigerkaggákardwknam karttylr)ak;ebovts eblqb;smrak eblmancm W BiFIbuNü R)ak;bMNac;epSg² karbnþúhbnþal karerciseriscabukálwkcaedim. K-begIátRbB½n kargar (Establish Working System) karbegiátrbb½n kargarenh CaktþasMxan;²sMrab;eGaykargardMeNIrkar)aneTArlUn. RbB½n kargar ducca RbB½n rdæ)al RbB½n Bt man kareckcaybt manetabukálwk smacik karttylbt manbismacik egay)an Tan;eBlevla RbB½n hirbaøvtßú karcmnayepsg²rymtamgrbb½n cmnayelismacik bukálwk smöar³ esvakmμepsg² cmnul. RbB½n bec kvitüa RbB½n RsavRCaveFIVEpnkar karexasnacaedim. X-crwklkçNGgÁkardwknaM Characteristics of Organization) etiggákardwknamenah epþatsmxan;eligiv etiggákardwknamcalkçn³neya)ay b CaGgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al minesvgrkr)ak;cmenj b CaGgÁkarEpñkGb;rMbNþúHbNþaltamÉkeTs esdækic c,ab; b sgámepsg². GgÁkar dwknamepþatelieyafa ducca rnsirsrmedaheyoknamxagt,úg GgÁkarrMedaH)a:elsÞIn. GgÁkardwknaMEpñkesdækic ducca GUbiuc Gas an dab;bilyufigu GWur:ub CaedIm. GgÁkardwknaMEdlCacrwklkçN³neya)ayGnþrCati manducca NatU GgÁkarshRbCaCati GgÁkarelIkElgeTasGnþrCati nigsßab½ntamtmbn; niggnþrcatiepsg². 22

38 2-karbBa a (Command) edim,ibba aegaymanrbsit PaB emdwknamcam)ac;rtuvsáal;kargaregayc,as;. emdwknamcagñkman btbiesafn_cmebahkargarenahya:gc,as;las; etibkarbba armwugma:t; hμt;ct; ehiygñkerkambgáab;mantmnukcitþ mankmøamgcitþefivkar. karbba agaccakarbba apþal;mat; karbba aedayrbeyalcalaylksgksr tamry³smburt tamry³c,ab; saracr b RbkasepSg². karbba aenahrtuvfanafa GñkEdlTTYlkargarenaHyl;dwgkargar c,as;las;. emdwknamedlbuek KWRtUvdak;mnusSRtUvkargar dak;mnussegaycméketsrbs;ek. emdwknamrtuv echrbemilsßankarn_tamggs;camun. ducenh karbba amanrbsiit PaB RtUvsÁal;sßankarN_ PUmisaRsþc,as; echkargarenah manekalbmng TwsedA ebskkmμ ekaleda kareliktwkcitþ CaedIm. k-ekalbmng (Goal) emdwknamrtuvrbmulgñkerkambgáab; smacik bukálwkmkbnül; ENnaMGMBIsßankarN_TaMgGs; EdlnigekIt eligeblrbtibtþikargar CaBiessBI]bsKÁTaMgLayEdlGacekItmanenAeBleFIVkargar b faerkahfñak;ekit eligcayfaehtunamyy Bnül;R)ab;BIPar³kic tynati R)ab;Bt mantmaglayedlbak;b½n. emdwknamrtuvr)ab; GMBIeKalbMNgeGaysmaCikTaMgGs;)andwg edim,idutqnþ³gñkerkambgáab;egaysþúhsþarrbwgerbgefivkar karelik Twkcitþdl;smaCik bukálwkegaybüayamefivegay)anl bmputedim,ismercekalbmng. cmenkéekalbmngenah minemncaplrbeyacn_rbs;bukálnamñak; ekalbmngbukál b RkumNamYy EtCaeKalbMNgrYm CaplRbeyaCn_ rymtamggs;kña CaplRbeyaCn_CatiExμrTaMgmUl. enaebledlr)ab;gmbiekalbmngdl;smacikehiy emdwknamrtuv syrbba ak;benßmetot edim,ifanafa smaciktamggs;yl;c,as; GMBIeKalbMNgenaHTaMgGs;Kña. duccarkubergon mñak;edletabergonsiss cam)ac;rkubergonenah RtUvecHemeronenaHc,as;Camunsin rycehiyetibrkubergonerobcm KMeragemeroneTAbeRgonsisS egaymansissyl; ech cam GacGnuvtþn_)an edaykitfa kñúgmyyema:gedl xøünbergonenah etigivedlcaekalbmngfmenakñúgxøwmsaremeron edim,iegaysisstamgyl; cam GaceFIV)an eday minemnrkan;etniyayegaysisssþab;enahet. x-twseda (Direction) kartmrg;twsedaegaycmnigekalbmng nigekaledacakarsmxan;nas;smrab;emdwknamrtuvrbkan;yk. kal NaemdwknaMminedIrtamTwsedAEdlkMNt;enaHeT GaceFIVeGayvegVg ehiycmnayeblevla FnFan \trbeyacn_ minsmercdl;ekaleda nigekalbmng. emdwknamrtuvdwggmbitwsedaedlrtuveta ehiytmrg;etarkekaleda Edl kmnt;. CaBiessCYyRtYtBinitüemIl tmrg;twsegaybukálwk GñkeRkam»vaT efivkic karegaycmtwseda. smrab; TahaneKkMNt;TwstamRtWvis½y CIPIEGs nigmanepnti edim,iefivdmeniretarkekaleda etirtuvkmnt;twsb:unμan? erkaybikmnt;twsenaeliepntiehiy RtUvedIrtamTwsEdlkMNt;enaH ebiedirxustwskmnt;enah efivegayvegvg mindl;ekaledaeliy. b:uenþebledlman]bskátampøúv duccamansþwg mangur érbsþúkrkas; eyiggacbt;vag)an EtRtUvcaMGIVEdlkMNt;TwsenaH eyiggacbt;ebn)an emiltwsenahedaykmnt;cmnay nigekaledabnþegay cmtwsdedl. 23

39 K-eKaledA (Objective) GIV²TaMgGs;Etgmankarcab;epþIm nigmantibba b; cmebahkardwknamduckñaedr RtUvmaneKaledAc,as;las;. duccagñkebiklanrkugmyy RtUvmaneKaledArbs;eK faetirtuvetaqb;kenøgnamyyc,as;las;. cmenkemdwknam vijrtuvbgðajgñkerkambgáab;egayc,as;las;gmbiekaledaedlrtuveta R)ab;BIpøÚv nigehtukarn_tamglay Edl ekiteligenatampøúv EdleFIVdMeNIrtMrg;eTArkeKaledAenaH. etimangivekiteligxøh? man]bskágivxøh? manpab gayrsylgivxøh? cmnayeblb:unμanema:g? b:unμanéf? PUmisaRsþqøgkat;sÞwg GUr PñM val PUmi Rsuk edim,idl;ekal edaenah. enaebledletadl;ekaledaenah eyigrtuvefivgivxøh? efivya:gem:cbnþetot? enakenøgekaledaenah mangivxøh?. ekaledakwcmnucedleyigrtuvtmrg;etarktamggs;kña vacacmnucyut sarsþmyyedim,iefivegayeyigbnþ dmenirkaretamuxetot)an. enaebldak;ekaleda eyigrtuvcgcamcmnuctamggs;enh ³ - BYkeKRtUvEtR)akdniym niggacrksaekaledaenah)an - BYkeKKYrEtxitxMedIm,IeFIVeGayGgÁkardwknaMRbesIreLIg - mnusstamggs;rtuvculrymkñúgkardak;ekaleda - kmμvifimyyrtuvetmanekbegiát edim,ismercekaledanimyy² X-ebskkmμ (Mission) emdwknamrtuvkmnt;egayc,as;gmbiebskkmμnimyy² eticaebskkmμgiv² etiebskkmμenahrsbnigtwseda b Gt;? duccaebskkmμrsavrcavrbtibtþikarcitþsarsþ ebskkmμexasna ebskkmμvayrmxan ebskkmμvay yksmöar³xμamg ebskkmμvaykan;kab;titamg ebskkmμvaykmetcehdæarcnasm<½n TaMgesdækic nigsμarti b ebskkmμbebaäatsrtuvegayculkñúggnþak; júhjg;srtuvegayebk)ak; bmebkrcnasm<½n srtuvcaedim. ebicmebah GñkdwknaMneya)ayvij ebskkmμedim,icuhsyrsuxtukç ebskkmμedahrsaybbaðacunrbcablrdærgerkah ebskkmμ RtYtBinitüRBMEdn. ebskkmμrbs;ggákarsiti mnuss cuhcyypsbvpsaybisiti eliktmekigsiti karbarsiti mnuss CYyCnrgeRKaHCaedIm. g-kareliktwkcitþ (Motivation) kardwknam nigkareliktwkcitþrtuvedirtnþwmkñaenakñúgkardwknam. ebikμankareliktwkcitþ k¾mingacbba abukálwk efivkarmanrbsit PaBEdr. kareliktwkcitþl bukálwkefivkargs;smtßpabl kargarttyllt pll pgedr. kareliktwkcitþsmedaetaelibmebjtmruvkarmnussegay)antamtmruvkar edim,iegaybykekepþateteliefivkargaret b:uenñah. karedlbmebjtmruvkarcam)ac;nuvgivedlekcg;)an karcyybukálwkegaysmercecakc½ydl;ekaleda GIVEdl bukálwkr)afña ehiycatmruvrsbetanigtwwsedasßab½nggákardwknam. PaBpÞúyKña cmebahkardwknamrebobkumμúynisþ xuskñabikardwknamrebobesri RbCaFibetyü. kumμúynisþbgçmmnussegayefivkar mnussefivkartamgminebjcitþ mnussefivkartamgp½yxøac plkargarecjmkminsuvl KuNPaBkargarminl edaykumμúynisþ minkitbisiti mnusset EtKitEtelITinñplkargar efivegaykarrbkytrbecgcaj;bykesri. BYkkumμúynisþRTwsþIl EtkarGnuvtþmin)anl. cmenkbykesrivij ekeliktwkcitþmnussegayefivkar edaypþl;car)ak;exl smlμm rs;ena)anedayesckþiéføfñúr 24

40 R)ak;bMNac; KitBIsiTi mnuss suxpabrbs;mnuss suvtßipab nigeliktwkcitþmnuss egayefivkaredaykarrbnamg RbECgKñayksñaéd pþl;»kas egaytmélcmebahmnusstueta duckña)anbeba j sñaéderog²xøün. cmebahrbetsrikcmerin karbnþúhbnþalgb;rmcaktþasmxan; CamUldæanRKiH PaKeRcIn ekbnþúhmnussman KMnitesñhaCati RsLaj;TwkdIeGayRbCaBlrdærbs;eK manckçúvis½yfm efivkargaredim,irbeyacn_cati karrikcmerin smrab;cati. edaysarkareliktwkcitþenh efivegaymnusskøahanmuhmut lhbg;rkb;ebbya:g edim,icati xitxmefivkic kar edim,ibmeriplrbeyacn_catiektamggs;kña. ebisincaek)ansagsñaéd efivgivedim,icatiek enahcatiek egaytmél eliktmekig pþl;emdaycavircn virburs virnari qøak;eqμahelirkamgmas efivkenøgekarbbuca efivrubbdimakr edim,irmlwknuvkunubrdl;vircntamgenah. ebledltahanrbs;gaemriksøab;kñúgsmrpumi etahbicaercinqñamknøg k¾edayekykcitþtukdak;xøamgnas; rhutdl;edirrukrkq wgrbs;tahanmktmkl;tuk. CaBiess kareliktwkcitþmyyetotenah KWeBlcuHebskkmμ b eblefivkargar emdwknamrtuvmansmöar³ RKb;RKan; duccabec kvitüa ]bkrn_erbir)as; hirbaøvtßú nigkarykcitþtukdak;smrab;rkumrkysarrbs;ekcaedim. eyigrtuvpþl;plrbeyacn_egaysmrmüsmrab;smacik bukálwknaedllhbg;xitxmefivkar minkitbigayucivit edim,irbetscati. ebivipakbikilakr)al;tat;vij eyigq l;fa etiehtugiv)ancarkumnimyy²xitxmelg)al;? BIeRBaH ekmankareliktwkcitþtamgpþal;xøün nig kareliktwkcitþrkum CaBiessxøaMgCageKbg s;kwbanrgvan;. ebledlrkumna myytat;)al;bba ÚlTIQñH ekmaneqμahl,i nigttylplrbeyacn_epsg². srubmkkareliktwkcitþmnuss GaRs½yelIktþaBIrya:g 1-tMrUvkarBitR)akd 2-karTTYlyknUvkarcat;viFankarBitR)akd nigcyybmebjtmruv kar BitR)akd. ]TahrN¾ ebledlelakxøan)ay EtelakRtUveFIVkic karbba b; BIeRBaHCitdl;eBlkMNt;. ebielak XøanxøaMg elaknigttyltan. ebielakxøantic² elaknigbba b;kic karpþal;édsin. müa:getot elakman tmruvkarbir. elakcg;bba b;kic kar nig elakcg;etattyltangaharéf Rtg;. elakerciserismyykñúgcmenamtamgbir erbahelakrtuvebgeckgtipabrvagtmruvkartamgbienh. ebielakecofa ekedjelakecjbikargar elaknigmineta TTYlTanGahareT elakrbehlrtuvefivkic karegaycb;sin. ebielakecofa elakkμanbbaðaet b elakkitfa RbEhlbBa b;kic kartan;ebl eblenahelaknigtmngcaetattyltangaharsin. myyetot ebielakcg;dak; TNÐkmμ sumkmudak;tnðkmμbukálikedlmingacefivkargar EtKYrdak;TNÐkmμcMeBaHGñkEdlmansmtßPaBeFIVkar b:uenþminman qnþ³ b kmudak;tnðkmμebikμankareliktwkcitþedim,iecakc½yvij. ktþatamgenhcakareliktwkcitþsmxan;²³ 1-R)ak;Exl Cak;lak; Tan;eBl plrbeyacn_ercin sniþsuxkargar ekalbmngrym. 2-RtUveKarBGμkTaMgenaHCanic egaytmél CMenO RkmsIlFm. 3-eFIVeGaykargarmancMNab;GarmμN_Canic. 4-pþl;karTTYlsÁal;kargarl Canic tmeligbunüskái 5-pþl;»kasdl;BYkeKkñúgkarGPivDÆn_CMnaj. 6-man»kaseLIgzan³kñúgfñak;dwknaMCan;x<s; 25

41 7-pþl;rgVan; b½nñsresir emday nimitþrub smburt esckþieføggmnrkun 3-karRKb;RKg (Management) karrkb;rkgnigkardwknamminduckñaet. kardwknamefivkic karedlrtwmrtuv. karrkb;rkgefivkic karegay)an RtwmRtUv. Parkic RKb;RKgrbs;emdwknaMRtUvRKb;RKgEpñkyuT sarsþ RKb;RKgmnusS RKb;RKgdMeNIrkar nig bukálwklkçn³pþal;xøün. emdwknamcagñkedlfa GñkRKb;RKg CaGñkRtYtBinitü CaGñkeFIVeGayRtUvtamemdwknaM. karrkb;rkgman Epnkar erobcm Gnuvtþ b dwknamefiv tmrg;tws nigkarrtytbinitü. RKb;EpñknImYy²RtUvRKb;RKg egayc,as;las;. ducenh edim,irkb;rkgelikic karegay)anl RtUvmanÉkeTskic karenah nigrtuvykcitþ Tukdak;elIbec kvitüaetot bnþúhbnþalmnussbenßm erbahkarvivdæfμi²rbs;sgám duccakarrkb;rkgbt man RKb;RKghirBaØvtßú RKb;RKgkarGnuvtþkic karturetacaedim. CaBiess RtUvbNþúHbNþalerobcMmnusStaMgBIekμg EdlCamUldæanRKiHd¾sMxan;. edim,iyynrtytrtarbetsexμr yynmin)anbnþúhbnþalcmenhvic asmxan;²dl;exμrenahet yynbergonbnþúh bnþalexμregayechetkab;smøab; karbargmnacegayyynetb:uenñah ducenhyynbgðat;bergonetkl,iccarkmμ kl,yut kgt½b menakmn_kumμúynisþniymyyn egayexμrlg;kñúgyut sarsþrbs;ek rhutdl;eblyynekøgeptcaexμr efivcacarkmμgs; RtYtRtaTwkdIenARKb;TIkEnøg tamepnkar shb½n \NÐÚcin eblenahexμrbi)aknigerirycbinwmrbs;yyn ducexμrerkam nigexμrenasurinburiram erbahyynkmbugeterbineya)aycitþsarsþ ducéfefiveliexμrsurinedr. yyn)andak; bnþajcarkmμ TaMgExμr TaMMgyYn RKb;TwsTI edim,icamxøamemilrtytbinitüya:gm:t;ct; minegayexμrkmerikryc CaBiessBYkvasþab;tamRbB½n TUrs½BÞ Cak;EsþgRkumh unturs½bþyyn 097 EdlkMBugEtEckcayeGaynisSiteRbIeday \tkitéfø edim,irkb;rkgbt mankñúgrbetsexμr ebigñkkitkurrbetscati KitKUrTwkdI KitKUrGnaKtkUnecA RtUvva ecatrbkan; cab;dak;kuk )aj;smøab; edaykμanrtarbnieliy. 4-karRtYtBinitü (Controlling) karrtytbinitümansar³smxan;nas; edim,iegaykargarsmercecakc½yl tamepnkar. karrtytbinitürtuv manrbb½n ÉkraCüsMrab;RtYtBinitükarRbRBwtþeTAcMeBaHdMeNIrkarkargar. RbeTsmhaGMNac)anbegIátRbB½n bec kvitüatmenibducca páayrnbedim,irtytbinitü RbB½n kumbüút½r nigbec kvitüaepsg² edim,iegayrtytbinitükic kar. CYnkal ekmanpñak;garsm at; ducca siugayeg kareseb nigpñak;sg at;tamsßab½nnimyy edim,iefivkaresiubgegát kic kartamglayedlcam)ac;. RbB½n RtYtBinitükic karrtuvmanc,ab;tamgbikarefivepnkar karerobcm kargnuvtþn_ lt plcaedim. smrab;b:ulis ekdak;kamara:smrab;cab;rubpabcntuc rit enhcarbb½n RtYtBinitüsV½yRbvtþi man RbsiT PaB b:ulismanrbsit PaBkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab; mnussxøacc,ab; erbahmnussmingacekcecj BIRbB½n RtYtBinitü enh)aneliy ebisincaekefivxusc,ab;. IV.karRbNaMgRbECg (Competition) karrbnamgrbecgetgetekitelig\tqb;qrenakñúgbipbelak nigenarkb;tikenøgsmrab;karrs;enarbs; mnuss. sgámmnusserbobducca stvrmwkedletgetdenþimplrbeyacn_kñaetavijetamk\trsakrsan. RbeTsFMmhaGMNacmankmøaMgxøaMg erkbcba k;plrbeyacn_birbetstuctactn;exsay edayxøünmancgáúm 26

42 manefμjduccastveta stvxøacaedim. cmenkrbetstuctac duccastvqøúsedlrgcametcmnirbs;stvfmetb:uenñah. cmenkmnussenakñúgsgámk¾duccakñaedr GñkmanGMNacGñkFMeKgRbv½Ba denþimplrbeyacn_gñktuctactn;exsay tamrkb;rubpab. \LÚvBiPBelakkMBugEtQaneTArkliTi RbCaFibetyü EdlsiTi GMNac mantmélesμirkña CamnusS duckña edaymnusssißtenaerkamc,ab;tamggs;kña. kardwknamrebobrbcafibetyüenh CakardwknaMRtUvriHrkviFI efivya:gnaegaymnussrbnamgrbecgkña edim,iegaykargarkan;etmantinñplkmritx<s;. karrbnamgrbecgenah RtUveFIVeLIgedayRtwmRtUvnigyutþiFm. edim,iegaymnussrbkytrbecgkña efivrbeyacn_dl;mnuss nigsgámcati tamry³ekalkarn_rbcafibetyü mankarerobcme)aheqñatsmrab;erciserisemdwknamcaedim CaKnøiHeGaymnusS beba jsmtßpab RbNaMgRbECgKña xitxmefivrbeyacn_smrab;rbetscati. RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;man»kasdUcKña edim,ietadwknamrbets tamry³kare)aheqñat EdlCakarvaytMélrbs;mnusS. kardwknamrtuverobcmegay mankarrbnamgrbecg efivkargarduccagñkrt;rbnamg. mnussxitxmefivkargar edayekrmbwgfa eknigttyl)an plrbeyacn_givmyybitr)akd. 1-karh anrbfuy (Take Risk) emdwknamerbobduccastvgenþik² enaebledlvaefivdmenir vartuvegitk,alecj rycehiyetibvaecjdmenir eta. ehtuducenh ebielakcg;efivemdwknam elakgñkrtuvh anrbfuy BuHBar]bsKÁRKb;Ebbya:g efivkic karrkb; ya:gedlgñkdétmingacefiv)an efivkic karedlebøkcmelkdac;biek xusbiek erbobducstvgenþik EdlRtUveGIt kecjsin munnigefivdmenir. CaBiessRKb;]bsKÁEdlmnusSTUeTAminh an eyigcaemdwknam køahan h annammuxek efiv minxøacsøab; xøac)at;bg;rbeyacn_pþal;xøün xøac)at;bg;gmnacbunüs½ká EtemdwknaMRtUvah anrbfuy lhbg; RKb;Ebbya:g eblevla RTBüsm,tþi GayuCivit nammuxefivedim,iplrbeyacn_rym edim,iplrbeyacn_cati edim,i GayuCivitCatiExμrTaMgmUl. erbahfa KμanbuKÁlNaEdlecosputBI vivdþrbs;fmμcati ekit cas; QW søab; )aneliy mnussetogbisøab;ecosminryc ehtuenhekitmkmyyéf egay)anefivrbeyacn_myysmrab;catiexμr KWmantMél xøamgnas; CagekItmYyryqñaM dwknambmpøajcatiexμr ducbyktm,il pþac;kar bmeriyyn h un EsneTot. GayuCIvitCatieyIg FMCagGayuCivitrbs;buKÁleyIgmñak;eTot. karh anrbfuyenh etahcadwgfaerkahfañk;ekitman myycmhanenacmebahmuxk¾eday b:uenþedim,iesckþisuxrbs;rbcacatiexμr GayuCivitCatiExμr edim,ikunecaexμr CMnan;eRkay emdwknamrtuvefivcakmruedirmuxek. sumelik]tahrn_kaledlsm½ysrgáamcamyyyynqøanban TwkdIExμr emt½beqμah eka Em:n )andwknamt½bcuhc,amgenasmrpumitwkdiexμr eblenahyyn)ansþak;vay ehiyefivegay kgt½brbs;kat;)antl;xñgkña nigcmkarmin Tal;Rck etamuxminryc etaerkayminryc CaehtueFIVeGayKat;Bi)ak kñúgkarsmerccitþ Kat;)anbBa aegaykuntahanedirmunculetakñúgcmkarmin EtKμankUnTahanNah anedirqøgkat;cmkar mineliy cmeblenahevlayb;etot. eblenahmanetemt½bpþal;ecjmuxedirmunek Kat;)andwknaMTahan efivdmenirqøgkat;cmkarmin rhut)ansuvtißpab. enhcakarbba ak;bivirpabrbs;emt½bexμr Edlh anrbfuylhbg;civit edim,ikarbarrbetscatismrab;kunexμrcmnan;erkay. 27

43 2-karvaytMél (Assessment) karvaytmél RtUveFIVeLIgedayyutþiFm nigmanekalkarn_c,as;las;. karvaytmélrtuvefivelig edaymcädæan CMuvijKW 360 dwerk. karvaytméledll RtwmRtUv yutþifm efivegaymnussmankmøamgcitþefivkar karvaytmélxus efivegaymnuss)ak;twkcitþ. karvaytmél ekvaytmélelilt plkargar vaytmélelisñaéd vaytméleli\riyabf vaytmélelilkçn³sm,tþicaemdwknam vaytmélelikarrkb;rkgnigdwknam. eyigman taragvaytmélbukálwk vaytmélemdwknam smacik smacikac,as;las; ducca vaytméledayxøünég vaytmél BIshesvik vaytmélbigñkerkambgáab; vaytmélbisarfan³cn vaytmélbiemdwknampþal; vaytmélbi Rkumkargar. kñúgdmnak;kalvaytmélnimyy²rtuverobcmkarvaytmélenahegaymantmél faetiefivkarvaytmél enahedim,i)angivcacmbg erkog\ssr³ys tmeligbunüská pþl;rgvan;epsg²caedim. RtUvbegIátKN³kmμkar ÉkraCüsMrab;vaytMélkargarTaMgenaH. karvaytémøelikargnuvtþn_kargar Ca]bkrN¾elIkTwkcitþmYyd¾man GMNacbMputcMeBaHemdwknaM. karvaytmélmantiseda 3 ducteta³ 1-edIm,IFanakarGnuvtþn_kargareGaymanyutiþFm nigcmtisedacmebahtmruvkarkargar. efivegaysmacik smacika bukálwk efivkarmanrbsitæpab edim,ipþl;rgvan;smrab;kic karrbs;bykek nigbukálwknakμanrbsitæpab RtUvdak;enAkEnøgeFIVkargarEdlexSay minsmxan;. 2-edIm,IbegIánkarGnuvtþn_kargar kñúgekalbmngegaymankarrikcmerincak;lak;. ebisineyigmindwgfa eyigenakenøgnamyyet eyigmindwgfaxøüneyigenapøúvnamyy eyigefivem:cdwgfa eyiggacsmedaekaleda EdleyIgRtUveTA? 3-edIm,IGPivDÆn_eKalbMNgGaCIB edim,icmrujegaybukálwk smacik smacika GacxitxMRbwgERbgeFIVkar egaysmrsbnigesckþirtuvkarrbs;ggákardwknamegay)ankan;etelon. 3-tMrUvkar (Needs) emdwknamrtuvsáal;fmμcatimnussegayc,as; sáal;]bniss½ymnuss sáal;citþkmnitmnuss edim,iegay dwgbitmruvkarrbs;mnuss. tamelakma:søú )anecktmruvkarrbs;mnussecjca 5 EpñkepSg²Kña EdltMrUvkarTaMgenaH Tak;TgnigjaNTaMgR)aMmYyrbs;mnusS. TI1 mnussrtuvkarjamutwk )ay edim,icivitrs;enarbcaméf mnuss RtUvsemøokbMBak;CMrk edim,ibit)amgerogkay nigcmrksmrab;sñak;ena. TI2 mnussrtuvkarbridæanl xül;brisut edim,idkdegðimerogral;éf. TI3 mnussrtuvkarsuxpabl ecosputbicm W ehiyebisincamancm WRtUvmankar yktukdak;büa)al eliktwkcitþbiemdwknam. TI4 mnussrtuvkarsnþisux mansuvtßpabrs;ena edaykμan )armöbierkahfñak;epsg² P½yGnþrayekIteLIg. TI5 mnussrtuvkarmuxmat;kñúgsgám culrymkñúgsgám ducca sñaéd efivplrbeyacn_epsg²cyydl;sgámcaedim. kalnaemdwknamsáal;gmbitmruv karrbs;gñkerkambgáab;c,as; ehiy GacbMeBjtMrUvkarenaH)an enahemdwknambitcattylkarkamrtbismacik RsLaj;rab;GanBIRbCaBlrdæmin xan. 28

44 V.ÉkeTs (Expertise) etisßab½ndwknamrbs;eyigepþateliéketsgivc,as;las; cmenkrkumkargaredlrbmulpþúmbegiátckçúvis½y enah CaGñkmanÉkeTs CaGñkmanRbeyaCn_GaceFIVeGaykargarenaHsMerceCaKC½y. ÉkeTsmanCaeRcIn ducca ÉkeTsxagc,ab; esdækic neya)ay eyafacaedim.l. 1-CMnajviC aciv³ (Professional Skills) CMnajviC aciv³ CacMeNHdwgmYyBitR)akdrbs;mdwknaM. erbobduccakambitmut EdlGackab;GIV)an efivgiv ecjcalt pl )anrbeyacn_smrab;mnusstamggs; efivecjcarbeyacn_smrab;catitamgmul. CMnajviC aciv³ Rtg;cMNucenH emdwknamechtamgrtwsiþnigkargnuvtþ mansmtßpabbitr)akd. ebikalnaemdwknamkμancmnaj vic aciv³c,as;las; erbobduccakambitedlminmut mingacerbigiv)ancarbeyacn_eliy etahcakambitenahmandg ersabmasya:gnak¾eday. cmebahgñksiksaeronsurtvij etahcamansbaøab½rtya:gnak¾eday EtebIsmtßPaB BitR)akdminman etieyiggacefivgiv)ancarbeyacn_xøh edim,iecjcasñaédbitr)akdenah. etahcaeyigkan;sbaøab½rt bnðitya:gnak¾eday EtebIeyIgminGaceFIVGIVCaRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmmnusS b efivgivcarbeyacn_dl;catieyig k¾sbaøab½rtenahmantmélsmrab;etxøünég smrab;ykmkdak;tamg edim,ibg ÜteKEtb:ueNÑaH. 2-kareCaKC½y (Success) karecakc½ycacmnucmyyeliktwkcitþya:gsmxan;. kalnaemdwknamedletgetecakc½ykñúgkargar em dwknamedlføab;mansñaédl ²kñúgkargar emdwknamenahmingay)ak;twkcitþeliy EtgEtmankarrMBwgTukx<s;. kalnaemdwknammankarrmbwgtukx<s; emdwknametgmankþisgçwm kþisgçwmefivegaymantwkcitþ vagacnametark ecakc½yya:gr)akd. emdwknamrtuvsáal;c,as;pøúvedlnametarkecakc½y mann½yfa emdwknammanepnkarsmrab;qñh ryccaersc. 3-KMnit (Concept) eyigcaemdwknamrtuvmankmnitercin erbikmnitkitkurbicarnaercincagerbibec kets. KMnitenATIenHsMedAeTA elikmnityut sarsþ. ebieyigcg;qñhsrtuv RtUvvaylukxagyuT sarsþ RtUvykQñHxagyuT sarsþ. kalna yut sarsþerkamek etahcafñak;rbtibtþikar fñak;klyut QñHk¾eday EtenAEtcaj;eKdEdl. edim,iegayebj smtßpabcaemdwknam RtUvecHtaMgBIfñak;bec kets rhutdl;fñak;yut sarsþ. QñHKMnit KWQñHGIVTaMgGs;. KMnit)an mkbikarsiksabigñkr)acj bnðit RsavRCavBIk,Ünc,ab;Km<Ir. emdwknamrtuvsvhesvgrkkmnitegayercincagek tamry³karsiksarsavrcav CaBiess KWkarGanesovePAl TaMgTgnigKMnitdwknaMFM² duccayut sarsþ kardwknam neya)ay esdækic c,ab;caedim. 4-karTMnak;TMng (Communication) kartmnak;tmngrvagemdwknamniggñkerkambgáab; CaktþasMxan;Nas;edIm,IeGayGñkeRkambgÁab;sÁal;BI ckçúvis½y. BIeRBaHfa ebigñkerkambgáab;mindwggmbickçúvis½y efviegaykardwknamenahexsay. emdwknamrtuvbgðajxøün egayekexij efivegayekemilral;kic kartamglay. kartmnak;tmngsmxan;elibukálwklkçn³pþal;xøünrbs;emdwknam EdlGacsMrbxøÜn)aneTARKb;sßankarN_TaMgGs; man\riyabfvic mancmebahbukáltamglay. emdwknamedlman 29

45 RbsiT PaBkñúgkarTMnak;TMng RtUvCaGñksþab;eGaymanRbsiT PaB karsþab;gñkdétedayykcitþtukdak; yl;gtßn½y ehiybeba jnuvkayvikar \riyabfvic man Caktþal smrab;tmnak;tmng. niyaypasal CaPasaelIkTwkcitþ CaPasaniyaymanGtßn½yxøwmsar manrbeyacn_dl;gñksþab; manekaleda mantwsedac,as;las;. RtUvKitfa PasaniyayCaPasaKaMRT GBüaRkitüb RbqaMg. ebisinca kartmnak;tmngtamsmburt b GIuEm:l emdwknamrtuvrbug Rby½tñcMeBaHkarsresreGay)anl RtUvdwgBIeKaledAEdlRtUvsresr efivbba IsresrcMNucsMxan;² RtUvmanKMnit c,as;las;enakñúgkarsresr erobcmkmnit PsþútagKaMRTKMnit minrtuvsresrrcbukrcbl; kñúgvkánimyyrtuvejkkmnit smxan;epsg²kña erbirbeyakxøimann½yrkb;rkan; c,as; nigcak;lak; erbibakürtwmrtuv vká Xøa karsnñidæan ehiyrtuv BiinitüEktMrUvsareLIgvij. emdwknamefivcarkubergon efivcagñkbgwvkek CaviFIgayRsYlTMnak;TMngbMput. karbba úhbba Úl CaktþasMxan;sMrab;karTMnak;TMng edaybgðajbiehtupl bgðajbigtßrbeyacn_epsg² bgðajbi sar³smxan; nigkar)at;bg;plrbeyacn_rbs;ekcaedim. kartmnak;tmngenh efivegayduccarcva:k; kmuegay dac;garmμn_tamg 6 eliy. 5-karbuinRbsBV (Talent) GñkecHdb;minesμIGñkRbsBVmYy. karbiunrbsbvsmedaeligñkmanbtbiesafn_ Føab;eFIVkargarenaH ecakc½y. enhminemnmann½yfa GñkecHKμanRbeyaCn_enaHeT EtGñkEdlbiunRbsBVGaceFIVkargargayRsYl ehiyl Cag eloncag cmenjtamgeblevla nigfnfan. ducenhkarbiunrbsbvrbs;emdwknam EdlCabuKÁlGcäriy mancriklkçn³ etbekaslürbs;ekbikmenitetmþg. emdwknamedlgcäriy manlkçn³rbmcaemdwknam tamg BIkMeNIt lkçn³sm,tþixagerka kayvikar criklkçn³ citþkmnit PaBqøatevogév ehiycagñkeron qab;ech qab;cam. CabuKÁlEdlebIkKMnitTUlayTTYlKMnitfμI² mankarekarbrab;ganbirkb;mcädæanmnusstamggs;. 6-karBüakrN_ (Forecast) ÉkeTskñúgkarBüakrN_ mann½yfa emdwknamgacbüakrn_dwggmbignaktkal BüakrN_dwgGIVEdlnig ekitmanelig. emdwknamgacbüakrn_dwgfa brac½y b ecakc½y. emdwknamgacemilexij GIVEdlenAkñúgTIggwt GIVEdleKlak;)aMgedayeRbIcarkmμeGayykBt man b tamjanbiess. emdwknamgacsþab;b GIVEdleKminniyay ecjmk. CaBiess emdwknamgacdwggmbiepnkarsm at;rbs;srtuv)an eblenahehiyemdwknamgacbüakrn_)an RKb;ya:g. 7-karéqñRbDit (Creative) KMnitécñRbDit CacMNucsMxan;sMrab;emdwknaM edayminrgcam b gab;rklacametbba a b efivtamspavkti efivgivdedl²et. emdwknamrtuvefivgivedlxøünkitfa l RtwmRtUv manrbeyacn_ edaymincam)ac;smukargnubaøateliy erbahfa karsmukargnubaøatbi)akcagbaküfasmuetas. emdwknamrtuvefivkic karedayxøünég edim,ismercekaledaeday mincam)ac;syr b ENnaMBIGñkd¾éT. karécñrbditekitecj BIkareronKit eronefivedayxøünég. etinrnamyyedlnwk sμanfa ExSRTmanEt 2 esah EteKGacécñRbDitelgePøg )anercinrab;mings;enah enhcakarécñrbditrbs;gñk elg. enarbetseconelon ekerobcmkmμvifisiksaegaysisseronkit RbDiteFIVkic karedayxøünég cab;tamgbituc 30

46 duccakaeronkuskmnur nigbegáitkic kar smnyrepsg²ebøk bergonmnusscas; b enacamyymnusscas;edlman btbiesafn_kargar. eyigrtuverobkmnitmnussegayl Camunsin enahkic kargiv²nigl CaeRkay. 8-GBÖnþr³jaN (Tuition) emdwknamrtuvmanr)acjaevogéveliscntamgbyg edaykitexijpøam²nuvgivedlcg;edahrsay CaCnEdlqøat qab;ech qab;cam yl;dwgbbaðatamgbyg. emdwknammanjanmyybiessgacdwgbiehtukarn_fanigmangivekitelig. janenhemdwknamrtuvrksatukegay)an erbahcalkçn³biess EdlGacdwgsßankarN_munCanic ehiyenaebl EdljaNenaHbeBa jegayeyigdwggmbieroggivmyy eyigrtuvefivtamjanenah edim,iegayjanenah enacab;ca myyeyig. kalbienaekμg² esμrføab;manbtbiesafn_enhcaercindg CaBiesseBlEdlenAkMBugsikSa esμrgac TsSTaydwgfa elakrkurtuvecjvibaøasartg;cmnucnamyy ehiycak;esþg vibaøasarecjcmgivedlesμr)ankittuk. enaqñamrblgsbaøb½rtbzmpumi esμr)anebikesovepaknitvitüa nigesovepacivvitüa ehiyjan)anr)ab;fa emeronenhrtuvecj lmhat;enhnigecjeblrblg. esμr)anr)ab;mitþp½rketkμannrnamñak;ykcitþtukdak;eliy EteBlEdlviBaØasarRbLgecjmkdUcebHbiT emeron nig lmhat;edlesμr)anemilnigr)ab;mitþp½rk EdleFIVeGay esμryl;gacefiv)anrtwmrtuv ehiytibmputesμr)anrblgcab; EdlesμrmankþIeRtkGrya:gxøaMg. 9-karpþÜcepþIm (Initiative) KMnitpþÜcepþImmansar³sMxan;sMrab;emdwknaM efivegayemdwknammanpabskmμ svahab; efivegaykargar rs;revik. kalnaemdwknammankmnitpþücepþimercin efivegayrbetscatirikcmerin GgÁkardwknaMenaHrIkcMerInskmμ. ehtuducenhehiy etibekkmnt;gntþiemdwknam BIeRBaHfa ebisincaeyigtukemdwknamdedlenah egayenadwknam efivegaykargarywt kargarminrs;revik kargarminskmμ BIeRBaHemdwknaMGs;KMnitpþÜcepþIm nigmanqnþ³exsay kalnaqnþ³exsay efivegaykardwknamexsayetatamenahedr. emdwknamcagñkerbikmnit ducenh emdwknamrtuv mankmnitpþücepþimercincagek. emdwknamkitrkbegiátepnkarfμicanic efivya:gnaegayrkb;vis½ytamggs;dmenir karskmμrikcmerintamggs;. KMnitpþÜcepþIm CaKMnitEdlecjmkfμI ehiyebøkdac;xusbiek EdlGñkdéTminGac niwksμandl;. 10-KMnitfμI (Innovative) emdwknamrtuvrkkmnitfμimkdak;xøüncanic tamry³karsiksarsavrcav tambnñal½y tamgiuntaent tam ryhkarganesovepaepsg² tamry³karculrymsikçasala karerontameglicrtucnic karerontamsalabnþ kartssn³kic siksatamrbetsrikcmerin.l. karrbwksacamyybnðit GñkR)aCJepSg² edim,iykcakmnitmk efivkar BicarNa. KMnitfμIminEmnekIteLIgedayÉkÉgenaHeT EtekIteLIgBIkarsikSaRsavRCavbEnßmfμI² b bnþkarsiksa etot. emdwknamrtuvefivya:gnaegaykmnitrbs;xøünenafμicanic. karsiksaeronsurt RtUvedIrTnÞwmKñanigkardwknaM. 31

47 CMBUkTI2 32

48 sßankarn_rbetsexμr I>ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrrIkcMerInrugerOg (Factors which Become Khmer Empire) RbeTsExμrFøab;CaRbeTsmhaGMNacrugerOgmYykñúgstvtSTI12 EdlGñkRbvtþisaRsþCaeRcIn)ancg RkgTuk CaBiessmanPsþútagdUcCaR)asaTGgÁrvtþ nigr)asatcaercin Edl)ancarwkTukCaPsþútagsMrab;;kUnecAExμr CMnan;eRkayeGay)andwg exij nigmanematnpab faexμrføab;cacrkpbmyyedlrugerogbigtitkal. GaNa crkexμr cab;epþimrikcmerinrugerogcab;bistvtsti 9 kñúgracü surüvrμ½nti 2 mkdl;stvtsti 12 rc kalrbh)at C½yvrμ½nTI 7 erkayebledlexμr)anttylékracübirbetscm,a: nigbba b;srgáam. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )anefiv egayrbetsmanékpab nigsamkáipabkñúgrgvg;catiexμretmyy Exμr)anrYbrYmkmøaMgKña GPivDÆn_GaNacRkrbs;xøÜn egayrikcmerinya:gxøamg TaMgxagvis½yesdækic eyafa nigsgámkic. dmnak;kalrugerogrbs;ganacrkexμr manry³ebl 3 stvts. sm½yenahcrkpbexμrmantwkdifmtulmtulay esdækic CatirugerOg RbkbeTAeday zamblxøamgxagepñkeyafa nigsil,³smng;ggár. sm½ymhankrexμrmantwkdifmefg latsn wgelirbetsexμr bc úb,nñ ExμreRkam Lav éf ercayma:layucaedim. kalenahexμrmanrbmrbtl;xagecigcab;niwgrbtscin xagliccab;rbets ma:layu xagt,úgcab;smurt xagekitcab;rbetsyyn. GriyFm Exμrnasm½yenaH rugerog erbob)anduccagriyfm Rkic r:um kalbism½yburanedr. R)asaTEdlRbkbedayk,Úrk,ac;rcnaCaeRcIn Cavtßú mantmélkñúgelak )anbnsl;tukcasñaédnigekrþ tmenlegaykunecaexμrcmnan;erkaycaspþútag nigmanematnpab d¾gs arüsmrab;catiexμreyig. TwkdI R)asaT TaMgGs;enHCakMNb;RTBümhasalrbs;buBVbursdUntaeyIg ksagtuk egaycatiexμrtamgmul CaGcäriyvtßúmYy EdlRbeTsd¾éTminGaceFIV)andUc nigcaematpabbmput smrab;catiexμreyig EdleyIgTaMgGs;Kña CaCatiExμr RtUvnaMKña karbar EfrkSaTuk. emilexijsñaédd¾fmefgenh ebimin)ansag RbeyaCn_GIVmYYyCUnCati sumcyyrksakarbar EfRbeyaCn_sagsñaéd EdlenAsl;eGayKg;vgS kmuegaybrets denþimplrbeyacn_ RtYtRtaeyIg ducsbvéf EdleyIgCaCatiExμrrgkarQWcab; BIkarekobsgát;CiHCan; RbCaBlrdæ ExμrCaGñkTn;exSay. etirblwgdunta bubvbursexμreyig)anesaysuxb et? ebikunecaexμrcmnan;enh RtUvrgTukçevTna edaysaretemdwknammyycmnyntuc k,t;;]tþmkti lk;cati suxcitþbmeriplrbeyacn_egaybrets EdlCasñaéd rbs;duntaeyigxitxmksagtukmk. ktþamyycmnynedlnamegayexμrmangriyfm rikcmerinrugerogmanducteta³ 1-emdwknaMl esñhacati smtßpab nigefivkmrunammux lhbg;rkb;ebbya:g 2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü 3-karRKb;RKgrdæl 4-sm,ÚrFnFan 5- KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs 6- karculrymbirbcablrdæexμr ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg 7-KitplRbeyaCnCatiFMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl 33

49 TwkdIExμr kalbiexμrca crkpbggár 1-emdwknaMl ( Good Leaders) duc)anerobrab;enakñúgesovepaemdwknamcatiexμrpak 1 EdlniyayGMBIemdwknaMl emdwknamesñhacatiexμr BitR)akd. emdwwknamedll CaemdwknaMEdlEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_ esckþisuxsupmgálbit² CUn Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμr edayminemnsuxéf enh smrab;søab;éf Es kenahet RtUvsuxCanirnþ CaCatiExμr. CaemdwknaMEdl mankunfm mansmtßpabrkb;rkan; mansuxpabl TaMgpøÚvkaynigpøÚvcitþ GaceFIVeGayRbeTsrIkcMerInrugerOg RbCaBlrdæmanesckþIsux suxpmgál duckalkñúgrc kalrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti 2 RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 nig surüvrμ½nti 2 CaedIm. RBHmhakSRtTaMgGs;enH manlkçn³sm,tþikb;rkan;caemdwknam edayecjbismtßpabxøamgbuek man suxpabl mankunfm TsBitraCFm esñhacatimatupumi ha nlhbg;rkb;ebbya:gedim,idwknamrbetscati egayrik cmerinrugerog KYrCaTIeKarBbUCa minemncarbhmhaksrtelapln; GMNac ehiyelikbnþúbedaybretsenaheliy. RBHraCanasm½yenaH CaBiess RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )anerbineya)aybrgybbrgymcati ÉkPaBCati samkáipab épþkñúgrbmulrbcablrdæexμrtamgegaysißtenaerkamkardwknamrbhggáetmñak;. enaelipñmkueln RBHGgÁR)arB efivbifi etvrac edaycat;tukrbhggáca RBHGaTieTB EtminxøacjejItcMeBaHsRtUv EdlyayIBIxageRkA RBHGgÁegIbbHe)ar CamYycam efivsrgáamvaylukrhut)anékracü EdlenAkñúgraCRBHGgÁesayraCBIqñaM RBHmhakSRt ExμrPaKeRcInkan;liTi etvrac RbCaBlrdæExμrcat;TukRBHraCaCaRBHGaTieTB. emdwknamexμrtukplrbeyacn_catiexμr esckþisuxrbcablrdænigplrbeyacn_safarn³fmcaggiv²tamggs; karbarplrbeyacn_ CUnCatmatuPUmi ya:g muhmut Gg;Gac køahan minegayxμamgsrtuvdenþimeliplrbeyacn_exμr QøanBan rmelapeligfibetyüexμr eliy. RBHmhakSRtExμreFIVCaKMrUl nammuxrkb;ebbya:g esñhacatimatupumiexμr lhbg; kmøamgkaycitþ eblevla GayuCIvit edim,ikarbartwkdi BUCsasn_ RbCaBlrdæ nigkarikcmerinrugerogrbs;rbets edaysißtenaerkam emdwknametmñak; EdlRbwgERbgrYbrYm ÉkPaBKña mineqøahrbekkehkhyr rvagexμr nigexμr G;teGanGaFüaRs½y RsLaj;Kñaya:gs itrmyt minelapln; muxmat;gmnacpþal;xøüneliy. Cak;Esþg RBH)aT C½yvrμ½nTI7 suxcitþgn; cmebahcatiexμr mineqøah kab;cak;rvagcatiexμrxøünég edim,ietgmnacracblø½gáet EtRBHGgÁsuxcitþrgcaM»kas 34

50 QøanBanrbs;breTs cam eblenahcam)anefivkt;esþcexμr etibrbhggáegibelig\txøacjejit rmedahexμrecj putbikarkan;kab;rbs;cam. cm,amgenaeblenahmankmritxøamgenamþúmr)asat)ay½nnig R)asaTbnÞayqμar. RBHGgÁ )anbbylesþccamc,amgvayluk rhutdenþim)annkrcm,a:efivcacmnuhetotpg. RBHraCaEdlmansmtßPaBxøaMg man RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI2 C½yvrμ½nTI3 \RnÞvrμ½nTI1 yesavrμ½nti1 hassvrμ½n GIusvrμ½nTI2 C½yvr½μnTI4 hssvrμ½nti4 racrnþvrμ½nti2 C½yvrμ½nTI5 ]TayTitüvrμ½n TI1 C½yvrμ½nTI1 surüvrμ½nti1 ]TayüTitüvrμ½nTI2 hsvrμ½nti3 C½yvrμ½nTI6 dara:n; \RnÞvrμ½nTI1 surüvrμ½nti2 dara:n; \RnÞvrμ½nTI2 yesavrμ½nti2 RTihUva:NaTitüvrμ½n nigrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti7. RBH)ansUrüvrμ½nTI2 nigrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti7 EdlCaRBHraCa )anksagr)asatggár KμannNadwgBIkalbriecäT c,as;las;et EttamGñkRsI ma:dweln sðwtu fa RBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI2 esaytivgátcenøahqñam 1150 nig 1155 cmenkrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti 7 esaytivgátenaqañm ebledl RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 esaytivgátenah RbeTsCitxagmin)anTTYlBt manenahet b:uenþcaercinqñamerkaymk etibekdwg. eqøot»kasedlrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti 7 cultivgát; edaymancmnyybibyk m:ug ekal esomcab;epþimeribmr:h egibeligpþac;xøünecj begiátcardæékracü suexat½yeligenastvtsti13. emdwknamexμrsm½yenah mansmtßpabxøamgxageyafa GacdwknaMT½B c,amgqñh srtuvqøanbanmkbirbetscitxag. emdwknamexμrefivegaymanékpabcati samáipabmyyya:grwgbwug egaytémø etaelikarbit KW sc ³ egaytméleligñkesñhacati GñkR)aCJ bnðit BwgelICMhrxøÜnÉgCaedIm. RBH)aTsUrüvrμ½nTI 2 nig RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 CaRBHraCaEdlykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHsuxTukçRbCaraRsþRBHGgÁxøaMgCageKbg s; CaRBHraCa RbkbedayKuNFm nigtsbitracfm. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 EtgEteFIVsmaFiCaerogral;éf efivegayrbhggáman citþrtcak; manmenayit i nigmanr)acjaqøatevogév GacdwknaMRbeTsExμreGay)ansuxsniþPaB Rbkbeday ckçúvis½yevgq ay smøwgexijgnaktc,as;las; duccasagr)asatcaercintukrab;ban;qñamsmrab;kunecacmnan;erkay CaedIm. efivkic karbc úb,nñ)anecakc½yrbkbedayyut sarsþ tamk,ünxñat Km<Ir RtwmRtUv edayrbhggá)an GnuvtþkardwknaMtam RTwsIþRBHBuT sasna nigrbhμbaøsasna. emdwknamexμrnasm½yenah EtgEtRbEmRbmUl Gñk R)aCJCatiExμrTaMgGs; nigrbetscitxagegaycgrkgcakm<irk,ünxñatedim,icapøúv smrab;exμrcmnan;erkayrab;ban; CMnan;eTotGnuvtþn_tam EtGkusledayesom)anvayRkuglEgVk nig)andenþimykkm<irk,ünxñatmkrbets ekgs;. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 7 RtUvRbCaBlrdæExμr fvayrbhnamfaca RBHmhavir³kSRt ExμrEtmYyRBHGgÁKt; KμanBIr EdlxitxMeFIVeGayvisalPaBExμr l,ixþrxþarelibipbelak. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 eligrkgracüenarbhcnμayu 60 qñam ÉksaxøHfa RBHCnμ 56 enaqñam RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 dwknamrbetstampøúvrtuvkøaycamhabursén RbvtiþsaRsþ KμanesþcGgÁNaeRbobesμIr)an. 2-neya)aydwknaMÉkraCü (Independent Politics) k-neya)ayerkarbets (Foreign Politics) GaNacRkExμrCaRbeTsmhaGMNacmYy EdlmanGriyFm rugerogduc RbeTseGhSIb nigrkugr:um. neya)ayerkarbetsexμrkalenah Exμr)aneFIVsRgÁamvatTITwkdI ykrbetscitxagcacmnuh Etcgsm<½n PaBCamYy RbeTsFM ducca PUma cin nig\nðacaedim. RbeTstUc²ykmkeFIVcMNuH tmruvegaypþl;syysargakr mnuss GñkR)aCJeGaymknKrExμr. RbeTsExμrmanTMnak;TMngBaNiC kmμ TMnak;TMngCamYycin \NÐa nig eghsib erbahkal 35

51 enahexμrgacmanplitplksikmμ efiverskñúgmyyqñam 2-3 dg niggacefivsib,kmμetotpg. RbeTscm,a: nig GaNÑamCacMNuHrbs;nKrExμr. RbeTsCitxagminTan;man»kasmkdeNþIm nigtrnþanplrbeyacn_exμret. ekahcva)anføak;exsayenakñúgracsniþvgs bnþalmkbisrgáamcamyyrbetsganañm yyn. RbeTsCitxagmin Tan;mankMlaMgRKb;RKan;vayluknKrExμrenAeLIy kalenahcam)ancat;tukyyncasrtuvtimyyrbs;ek. cmené RbeTsesomenACakulsm<½n énrbetscinpakxagt,úg tmbn;yynanénrbetscin. RbeTsesomnasm½y enahmin Tan;ekItCardæenAeLIy rhutdl;stvtsti13 etibekitcardæmyyelig EdlesþcExμr rama: )anefivkarpþac;xøünecj begiát)ancardæékracü suexat½y. cmenkérbetsyynmintan;rycbigananikmn_rbetscinenaeliy duecñhrbets enhmintan;)anertomxøün erobcmrbetsegay)anl Cab;c,aMgCamYyRbeTscm,a: minerbineya)ayvatti TwkdIenAeLIy. GaNacRkExμrmanTMnak;TMngl CamYyRbeTsmhaGMNac RbeTstUc² xøbxøacsmuefivcacmnuh ÉRbeTsCVa)anrUbrYmenACMuvijeRkamRBHmhakSRtExμrEtmYyRBHGgÁ. erkaybirbetsyyn)anttylékracübicin enabak;knþalstvtsti10 yyn)ancab;epþimkmerikelig ehiyefivsrgáamcamyyycam rhutyynelbyktwkdirbets cm,a:)anenaqñam srubmk GaNacRkExμreRbIneya)ayBRgIkTwkdI nigvayykrbetscitxag dak;cacmnuh karerobcmkgt½b [)anxøamgbuekcakic karmyycm,gkñúgcmenamkic kardétetotnasm½yenah. lkçn³xøamgbuek edaymantahan ercinnigyuet abkrn_ bribun ehiyl ²elIssRtUvCitxag. kgt½bcagñkcyyeliksþüygriyfm [eligx<g;x<s; kgt½bmanreboberobry k,ünyut sa sþ nigtwkcitþesñhacati EpñkeyaFaxøaMgekItmaneLIg)an k¾gars½y edaykarerobcm karhat;hvwkhvwn kargb;rm kmμvifisiksa smöar³siksa nigkunpab nigkmrul GMBIemdwknaM EtsMrab;bc úb,nñ RtUvmanFnFanmnusS yut sarsþ nigbec kvitüa. x-neya)aykñúgrbets (Local Politics) GaNacRkExμrenAkñúgmhanKrd¾rugerOg Rbkan;neya)aybRgYbbRgYmCatiExμrEtmYy ÉkPaB samkáipab épþkñúg TaMgemdwknaM nigrbcablrdæexμrrtuvykplrbeyacn_catiexμrcafm. kargnuvtþn_neya)ayenh cab;bi GaNacRkExμrerIbMrHrYcBIkarkan;kab;rbs;cam. kalenahrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti2 enakñúgstvtsti )an R)arB BIFIeTvraCenAPñMKUeln edim,irbmulrbcablrdæexμrtamggs; enacmuvijetrbhggámñak; ekalbmngeribmr:h ecjbikarrtytrtarbs;cam cugerkayrbhggá)ansuktenarlys. emdwknamnigrbcablrdærtuv)anbnþúhqnþ³ca GñkesñhaCatiExμrdUcKña ehiyrbwgerbg eribmr:h efivsrgáamcamyycamtamggs;kña rhutttyl)anékracü. erkaybi )anékracü putbisrgáammk RBHraCa)ancab;epþImerobcMRbeTsCati edayepþatsmxan;etaelikargpivdæn_vis½ygb;rm suxmalpabrbcablrdæ nigkargpivdæesdækic RbeTs. kargpivdæn_esdækic epþateliksikmμcaktþagtipab nig BRgwgvis½ykarBarCatiedIm,ITb;sáat;sRtUvQøanBanBIxageRkA. kalenahrbcablrdæexμrmancmnynrbman 10 lannak;. kñúgcmenamvis½ytamggs; manetvis½yeyafaetedlrwugmamxøamgcagvis½yepsg²etot. ExμrmankgT½B ercin køahanmuhmut RbkbedayR)aCJa CMnajeyaFac,as;las; hwvkhvwnrtwmrtuv nig]bkrn_swkrkb;rkan; mant½bdmri esh niggavufyut P½NÐman sbvsarebi niges,ogmöúbgaharbriburn_. karsamkái nigékpabrwugbwug rbs;exμrcab;epþimmanbi RBH)aT\RnÞvrμ½nTI1 mkdl;c½yvrμ½nti2. kgt½bexμrnaeblenah )aneliksþüyegay 36

52 mangriyfm rugerog nigmanvin½ysnþab;fñab;erobcml. RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 )aneliksþüyegaymansasnatamgbir KW RBhμBaØsasna nigrbhbut sasna. karttylykegaymansasnatamgbirenh efivegayrbets)ansux RbeTss b;kμankarbhe)ar nigminebk)ak;épþkñúg. RBHraCasm½yenaHmanGMNacxøaMgNas; GMNacTaMgGs; sißtenaelirbhraca KW GMNacnitibBaØti GMNacRbtibtiþ GMNactulakar. RBHraCaCatMNagRBHGaTieTB. karepþatsmxan;elivis½yksikmμ nigkarefivbanic kmμtameqñrsmurt EdlplitplnaMecjeBlenaH manplitpl érbeqi duccapøúkdmri xñayrmas Es,kstV degáarrkvaj xøwmc½nþ.l. ehiyplitpltamggs;enah manetgñk enakñúgérbet cmenkgñkrbma:j;)anmkrtuvlk;fvayesþc nignamwunmrnþiedlcagñkmansiti nigmefüa)ay namecjniglk;ecjetaerkarbets. KμanGIVEdleKGacplitenAkñúgRkugenAeLIyeT esdækic sißtenaeliesdækic FmμCatienAeLIy. emdwknam)anbegiát RbB½n FarasaRsþxVat;ExVg CIkRsH CIkRbLayTwkbBa ÚlERs edim,ica kargayrsyldl;dmnamksikmμgacplitrsuv)ancaercindg TTYl)anTinñplx<s; ehiyelisbitmruvkarrbs; RbCaBlrdælk;ecjeTAeRkARbeTs. ekexijmancik)aray_d¾fmefgcaercin ducca )arayn_twkføa b )aray xaglic )arayn_ \RnÞatdak )arayn_ rhal; )arayn_ yesafrtdak edim,iyktwkegayrbcablrdæerbir)as; nigedim,ipþl;twkdl;erscmkar nigdmnamdamduhnanapg. ekexijmansupasitexμrmyyniyayfa efiversnigtwk efivswk nig)ay efivneya)aynigcmenhdwg. EtkardwknaMRtUvGnuvtþtamRTwsIþfμIRtwmRtUv EdleFIVeGayRbeTsCati rikcmerin BitR)akd duccakarefivers RtUvmanbec ketsksikmμ bec kvitüaefmetotedaypøas;bþúrkmnitcas;min rikcmerinecj. cmenkefivswkvij k¾eyigminrtuvbwgeteli)aymyymuxedr KWeyIgRtUvhVwkhat;ÉkeTseyaFa tamgbifñak;bltahan dl;fñak;embba akar egayechbitr)akd mansmöar³swkrkb;rkan; es,og nigmanyut sarsþrtwmrtuv. 3-karRKb;RKgrdæl (Good Governance) karrkb;rkgnasm½yenah KW karrkb;rkgrebobmcäkar GMNacsißtenAelIfñak;kNþal KW esþc. karsmerc kic karepsg² RtUvecjBIGMNackNþal RBHraCa. ebieyigerbobefobmkrbb½n bc úb,nñ RbB½n RKb;RKgEbbenH ekehafarbbn RKb;RKgEbbpþac;kar. kardwknamykrbhracacafm RBHraCaCaGTieTB EtRBHraCanasm½yenaH KitplRbeyaCn_CatiFM esñhacati ykcitþtukdak;suxtukçrbcablrdæ RbkbedayKuNFm nigtsbitracfm. rdæ)alépþkñúgmanemkrnþajrbcamextþnimyy² EdlkalenaHExμrmanextþcMnYn 64 kmbulr)asat)ay½n 64 tmnagegayextþexμr. karrikcmerinxagesdækic edayvis½yksikmμ nigxagvicirtsil,³ k,ac;rcna k¾rikcmerin xøamgduccaksagr)asatburancaercin R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlRbkbedayk,ac;rcna\tex ah. RbCara sþexμrman CMenOelIGTieTB nigesþcfacagñkmanbunü. sar³smxan;éngriyfm ExμreyIgRtUv)aneKrMlwkeLIgfa CaGriyFm myyl CageK mungriyfm rbs;ganacrkr:umamg EdlenAEtmanlkçN³RbesIrCagGriyFm énganacrkcin. RbeTscinsm½yenaH mintan;gacplitgiv²)anrkb;y:agedayxøünégenaeliyet b:uenþganacrkexμrgacplitvtßú epsg²)anedayédxøünég)an. mhankrexμrsm½yburanrikcmerinrugerog manktþacaercingnuerkahducca manrtbüsm,tiþ FmμCatibribUrN_ vtßúfatuedim stv RTBüelIdIeRkamdI stvrkb;rbept RbCaBlrdæmancMnYntic Et 10 lannak; rs;enaelitwkdifmlwvgelivyrbkbeday]tþmpab. kalsm½yenahrbhracaexμr )anksagrdæfaniggárfm sagsg;pøúvfñl;smrab;dwkcba Ún plitplksikmμ sagsg;pþhsmnak;)ancmnyn 121 nigmnþiebtücmnyn

53 KμanRbeTsNamYyén]b,TIVbenH GacBRgIkesdækic )an ducganacrkexμrnasm½yenahet erbahkarbrgikesdækic RtUvkarvtßúFatuedIm. GaNacRkExμrkøayCaCMBUkRbeTsEdlman PUmisaRsþmansßanPaBRbesIr nigkmnt;ya:g twgetg kñúgkarrbnammgrbecgxagmhagmnac. RbCaBlrdæ)ansßitenAkñúgsniþPaBeBjCaeRcInTsvtSedayKμan karercoterckbixagerka CaBiesskñúgsm½yrugerOgdl;kMBUlcugeRkay erkamkarrkb;rkgrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti 7 CaRBHraCaeKarBFmμaFibetyü mkdwknamrbetscati. 4-sm,ÚrFnFan (Plenty of Resource) FnFanenATIenHsMedAeTAelIFnFanFmμCati nigfnfanmnuss. RbCaBlrdæExμrRbkbeTAedaykaréqñ RbDitx<s; TwkdIFM érbeqicaticmrkdl;stvérbrkb;rbept dimantwkdi mancicati mantwkersacrsbdmnamksikmμ bribun_ smburcmnigaharstv edaysarepøogfaøk;ecakcamrtcak;rtcmudl;pldmnam manepøpáal. FnFanEr:enARKb;TI kenøg manmasebrc Ekvkg R)ak; s<an; Edk nigvtßúmantmélcaercinetot EdlExμreyIgminTan;)anRsavRCavGs;. pøúvtwk bwgbyr xvat;exvg efivegaysm,úredayrtienakñúgbwgtenøsab smrab;pát;pág;elisbiesckiþrtuvkarrbs; RbCaBlrdæ. RbCaBlrdæmanCIviPaBFUrFar sb,ayrugerog minxvayxvl; niggiveliy. FnFansmÖar³mYycMnYn )anmkbiegaysyysargakrénrbetscitxag EdlCaRbeTscMNuH. cmenkepñkxagt,úgénrdæenh BwgEp ket elikardutérbefivcmkardamrsuvcamuldæan Rbkbrbrb)aj;bRgÁb;hUb. 5-KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs (Without Foreign Interference) RbeTsExμrmanÉkraCü sniþpab KμankareRCotERCkBIbreTs KWeRkayBI RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 2 )annam RbCaBlrdæegIbeLIgbHe)areFIVsRgÁam rmedahexμregayrycecjbikarkan;kab;rbs;cam. BIeBlenaHmk GaNa crkexμr mankarékpabmyyya:gtulmtulay edaysßitenaerkamemdwknametmñak; EdlxøaMgBUEk ehiycat;tuk facagñkmanbunü etvrac. GaNacRkExμrman»kas ksagrbetscatiegayrikcmerin TaMgxageyaFa esdækic ehdæarcnasm<½n CaeRcIn. karedlkμanbretsercoterckenh mkbikardwknamkalenah minemnerbiyut sarsþkarbar et EteRbIyuT sarsþvayluk. RBHraCaExμrEtgEtelIkT½BeTAvayRbeTscm,:a nig RbeTsGNaÑam edaymintuk»kas egayekvaylukmuneliy. 6-ExμreGaytMélelICatiExμrxøÜnÉg (Raise up Khmer Value) ExμreGaytMélxøÜnÉgenH Rtg;fa ExμrecHRsLaj;Kña CYyKñaeTAvijeTAmk ÉkPaBKña rybrymkña minsþab; eyabl;efivtambrets EteGaytMélelIExμrKñaÉg sþab;eyabl;exμrkñaég minecobakübretsxagerka namegayexμr Ebk)ak;enaHeLIy. ExμrsuxcitþbUCaRKb;Ebbya:g edim,ikarbarcatimatupumi ebikalnasrtuvculqøanbanyayi. EtExμrrs;edaysuxsnþiPaBCamYysgÁmRKYsarExμrdUcKña. 7-KitRbeyaCn_CatiFMCagRbeyaCn_buKÁl (Care more about national interest than individual interest) TaMgemdwknaM kgt½b RbCaBlrdæ)antMkl;plRbeyaCn_CatiCacMbg FMCagplRbeyaCn_buKÁl. plrbeyacn_smedaetaeli TwkdI GFibetyüPaB RbCaBlrdæ neya)aydwknam rdæapi)alcaedim. ebisin CaktþaTaMgGs;enH )at;bg;plrbeyacn_ xucxat RtUvdUrecjEkERbecj. emdwknam)anegaytmélelicnesñhacati 38

54 matupumi sc ³Fm yutþfm KuNFm ehtuenhehiybukálmñak;²xitxmksagsñaéd efivrbeyacn_cuncatimatupumi. bubvburseyigsuxcitþlhbg;qamrss; sac;rss; edim,iefrksakarbar TwkdI vtßßúmantmélepsg² edayminsux citþenaerkamkarrtytrtarbs;brets b tbtcamyysrtuvqøanbanedayminxøacjejit edim,iegaykunexμrcmnan; erkay )anrs;enaya:gsuxsanþelikmnb;maskmnb;r)ak;d¾mhasalenh k¾erbahetbykkat;tamgenahkitbi pl RbeyaCn_CatisMrab;eyIgCaExμrCMnan;eRkayenHÉg. karsnñidæan (Conclusion) karerobrab;evkejkmkxagelienh min)anl itl n;l et EtCaRKwHsMxan;² KMnitsMxan;² smrab;gñksiksa RsavRCav yketasiksabenßmgmbigriyfm GgÁr. RKwHneya)ay KWÉkPaB nigsamkiácati rymedaykgt½bmyyxøamg ehiyerobry RKwHesdækic KWneya)ayTwkd¾biunRbsBV ksikmμgtipl sib,kmμ nigbanic kmμerkarbets ehiyeyig)anrab;bba ÚlkñúgRKwHTaMgenHnUvktþaxøHeTot manktþamrtkbigtitkal ktþamnuss nigrbcablrdæ nigemdwknam b:uenþetieyiggaccat;tukfarkb;rkan;ehiyb ena ebieyigenaxvhktþacamuldæanmyyetot KWRKwHvb,Fm )anesckþifakarechdwgsbvsarebiedlfmμtartuvecj BIkareronsURt nigkargb;rm BIKm<Irk,Ünxñat BIGñkR)aCJbNÐit nigsasnacamøb;smrab;bwgbak;gars½y nigcapøúvedir. CaBiess RtUvykKMnitécñRbDitrbs;GñkR)aCJExμreyIg eblenahedlsagnkrerbagrbat erobcmekécñrcnabfbretsmyycmnynegaymanlkçn³caexμr. 39

55 II.ktþaEdlnaMeGayRbeTsExμrFøak;cuH (Factor Cause Khmer Failed) bnþab;birbh)atc½yvrμ½nti7 cultivgáteta enaqñam 1219 crkpbexμr)ancab;epþ ImregÁaHregI Ár edaysar karercoterckbixagerka esom nigcam karebk)ak;épþkñ úgsrgáamsasna srgáamdenþ ImGMNac nigktþaepsg² Edlnwgerobrab;xageRkam. GaNacRkExμr)anFøak;cuHdundabCabnþbnÞab; edaysarsrgáamvwkvrminechcb; srgáam sasna bgáedayrbh)atc½yvrμ½nti 8 nigcab;birc kalrbh)atnibvanþ)atstvtsti 14 rhutdl;stvtsti 19 Edl manry³ebl 5 stvts efi VeGayTwkdIGaNacRkExμrrYmtUc RbCaBlrdærgTukçevTna )at;bg;]tþmpab kitüanupab ya:gxøamgrhutmkdl;sbvéf enh. enacenøahstvtsti14 nig stvtsti19 GaNacRkExμr)anFøak;cuHdundab ya:gxøamg KWCasm½ykald¾exμAggwtrbs;Exμr. emdwknamexsay elapln;gmnacbwgbrets mçagbwgyyn mçagbwg esom efivsrgáamehkhyrexμr nig Exμr edim,ietgmnacracblø½gá sþab;brets tamkarjúhjg;rbs;ek neya)aydwknam minékracü karrkb;rkgrdæexsay karqøanbanbibrets yyn cam esom Ebk)ak;épÞkñúg vibtþiracvgs karmintukcitþexμrnigminegaytmélexμrkñaég.l. ktþatamggs;enahefivegayexμrføak;cuh bgávinasskmμ RbCaBl rdæ Exμrsøab;)at;bg;Civit køaycarbetsmyytn;exsayrkirkcaekelibipbelak. TwkdIExμrEdlFMlwVgelIVy \LÚvenHenAsl;Et KILÚEm:Rtkaer: manettyelx EdlRtUvyYnRtYtRta KUsvasneya)ayBIeRkay xñgetot. 1-kMesayemdwknaM (Poor Leaders) emdwknamedlkμanlkçn³sm,tþirkb;rkan; GaceFIVeGayRbeTsCatiFøak;cuHGnþray edaysaretkarkitxus efivxus KYbpSMneya)aydwknaMKμanÉkraCüsßitenAeRkamKMnabbreTs Caplvi)akmYyya:gxøaMgcMeBaHkarsMerccitþ elikic karneya)ayepsg² efivegay)at;bg;twkdi )at;bg;plrbeyacn_catirbs;xøün. karrkb;rkgedlminmank,ün xñatc,ab;c,as;las; kardwknamrkb;rkgtamrebobspavkti minsegátemilrkkmnitfμitamrbetsrikcmerin. emdwknam EdlminelIkTwkcitþeGaymankarRbkYtRbECgKña edim,ierciserisemdwknaml bmputsmrab;rbets enhcacmnucexsay énrbb½n dwknam RKb;RKgRbeTs. karefivsrgáamercoterckbibrets nigebk)ak;épþkñúgdenþimgmnackña eday erkamyut sarsþbrets bretscagñkerobcmepnkar KUsvasyuT sarsþegayexμrlg;kñúg])aykl,. Ca»kas egaybretseqøotyktwkdiexμr denþimplrbeyacn_biexμreyig ebik»kasegayekerobcmrbets GPivDÆn_RbeTs rikcmerineloncagrbetsrbs;eyig. emdwknamgtμaniymkitetplrbeyacn_pþal;xøün denþimehkhyrrtbü sm,tþicatimkdak;rtbüsm,tþiibukál min)anefivplrbeyacn_egaycati edaykþivegvgniggmnac bunüs½ká luykak; RTBüsm,tþienaHCaerOgsMxan;CagplRbeyaCn_CatiExμr ktþatamgenhehiycaedimehtuefivegaycatiexμrføak;exsay. emdwknamkμansmtßpab Etcg;)anGMNacRKb;RKgRbeTsCati efivegayebk)ak;racüvgs mþgehiy mþgetot eqøahrbekkkña bgsmøab;b Ún b Únsmøab;bg \tqb;qr karehkhyrkñarvagexμr nigexμr edim,iracblø½gá tamkarlabbn rbs;bretssgxag EdleFIVeGayExμrEbk)ak; kab;smøab;kñaég x IédExμrsmøab;Exμr egayebk)ak; samkái Qb;KitKUrsuxTukçlM)akRbCaBlrdæ.. karebb)ak;épþkñúgenh Cakarpþl;»kaseGaysRtUv hucdgkambit egaysrtuv begiát»kasegaysrtuvmankmøamgxøamgcag mkcihcan; efiv)abdenþimykplrbeyacn_rbs;exμr 40

56 nigdenþimyktwkdiexμr. emdwknamminegaytméletaelicatirbs;xøünég sþab;brets BwgbreTsedIm,IGMNac. enakñúgrbvtþisarsþexμr )anbba ak;fa Exμrcab;epþImmansRgÁam kñúgrc kalrbhraca RBHnamfa RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI 8 min)anerbineya)aybrgybbrgymcati edaylubecalrbhbut sasna ehiykan;etrbhμbaøsasna CaehtueFIVeGay mankarbhe)arelig ekitsrgáambmpøajrubsmnaksasna RBHBuT ekaslubrubrbhbut ecal ducmankarekaslub cmøak;enatamsrsrr)asatggárvtþ EdlCasñaédrbs;RBH)aTC½yvrμ½nTI7 CaedIm. edaymancmnyybibykm:ugekal esom)anegibbhe)areligpþac;xøünecjrbqamgnigganacrkexμr begáitcardæékracümyyeqμah suexat½y enastvts TI13 edayesþc RsI\RnÞTwtüa esom)anbnþefivsrgáamcamyyexμrbnþetot edayelikbnþúb emdwknamfμi EdlminEmnCaBUCBgSvrμ½neTot eqμahta Rtsk;Ep m EdlRbvtþisaRsþExμrRtUv)anlubbM)at; ehiyman erognitanmyyekitelig EdlminEmnCaRbvtþisaRsþBitR)akd KWerOgtaRtsk;Ep m. bnþab;mkganacrkexμrk¾føak;kñúgsrgáamvwkvr denþimrackña edayesþcbwgelibretscitxag mçagbwgyyn mçagetotbwgesom. esþcexμr)anetabwgyynegaycyyc,amg CamYyesþcExμrGgÁepSgeTot edim,irbhracbl½gáman duccaesþcggásu GgÁtn; GgÁc½nÞ GgÁnn; GgÁGwm GgÁTg ramafibti nig GgÁmuI cmenkksrtedletabwgesomxøhenaerkam\ti Blesom ehiy c,amgcamyyesþc EdlBwgyYnenaH manesþc RsIsureyaBN FmμraCaTI 3 GgÁs Ün GgÁeGg GgÁGwm GgÁDYg GgÁeBA CaedIm. erkaymkefivegayexμrqb;tukcitþexμrkñaég edaysaretsrgáamdenþimgmnaccuheligenh efivegay)at;bg;cmenoecocak;dwknamrbetsedayxøünégrhutdl;rac rbs;rbh)atggádyg. RBHGgÁxVayxVl;GMBIkar)at;bg;RbeTsExμr edaykarelbtwkdi karqøanban BIRbeTsCitxag minechcb; RBHGgÁk¾rkmeFüa)aydak;RbeTseGaysßitenAeRkamGaNanIKmn_)araMg EtenAkñúgraCRBHGgÁminTan; )ansmercet erbahkartmnak;tmngmin)ansmercerbahesþcesomcab;smburt EdlRBHGgÁepJIeGay)araMg)an. etib mkdl;rbh)atneratþmcaburtc,grbs;esþcggádygetibkartak;tgcamyy GñkpSaysasna)araMg)ansMerc ehiy)an cuhhtßelxarbkl;egay)aramgkan;kab; 11 siha RbeTsExμr)ansßitenAeRkamGNaniKm)araMg cab;bi eblenah rhutmkdl;)aramg)anelikbnþúbgtitesþc sihnu egayeligesayracüenaqñam 1941 ebledlrbhggá kmbugeronenaérbnkr. k-neratþm sihnu (Norodam Sihanouk) esþc neratþm sihnu RbsURtenAéf TI31 Extula qñam1922 CabuRtrbs;RBH)aT suramrmit nig RBHmataRBHnamkusm³. RBHGgÁ)ansikSaeronsURtenAviTüal½ysIusuvtß nigbnþkarsiksaenaérbnkr TwkdIExμr km<úcaerkam. eblrbhggákmbugsiksaenavitüal½ysasulu)aérbnkr )aramgelikbnþúbrbhggáegayeligesayracü enarbhcnμ 18 RBHvsSaenAqñaM1941. erkamkarrtytrtarbs;)aramg mankarbhe)arrbqamg niggnanikm )aramgekitelig edim,itamtarékracü enaqñam 1942 edaygacarü Ehm ecov nigebafi kme)ar EdleKehafa srgáamq½rt. )aramg)anbba aegay esþc si hnu cab;gacarü Ehm ecov b un can;ml; niggñkmyycmnynetot etadak;kuk enaekahrtlac. enaeblenahclnaexμr\ssr³ dwknameday swug g:ukfaj; k¾rbqamgcamyyrbhggáedr. enaqñam 1945 ebledlcb:unefivsrgáamqñh)aramgena GasIuGaeKñy_ swug g:ukfaj;eligefivcanaykrdæmrnþi 41

57 EteBlEdlCb:uncaj;sRgÁamelIkTI 2 eblenah semþc sihnu)an GnuBaØateGay)araMgRtYtRtaRbeTsExμrsarCafμI ehiyrbhggá)anrtuv)aramgelikegayesayracüetot. dl;enaéf TI 4 Exmifuna qñam 1949 )aramg)ankat;twkdiexμr erkametaegayyyncapøúvkaretmþg. RBHGgÁmanTIRbwkSa PaKeRcInCaCnbreTsdUcCa hsakma:ey )aramg RBHGgÁ minsuvtukcitþexμrb:unμanet Cak;Esþg bc úb,nñrbhggámanggárkscncatikuer: b cincaedim ykrbbn carkmμ yyn m:unic CaedIm CaBiesskñúgnamRBHGgÁCaesþc RBHGgÁminEdlsresrGkSrExμreT RBHGgÁsresrEtPasabreTsPasa )aramg ehiykg;enaetbrets Kg;enAcin kuer:xagecig RBHGgÁminEmnCaesþcExμreT RBHGgÁCaesþcbreTs. semþc sihnu )ankuhke)akr)as;exμr farbhggácabitaékracü CaGñkeFIVkaMePøIgeQIedj)araMgecj EttamkarBitRbeTs CaeRcIn)anTTYlÉkraCüeRkayBIsRgÁamelakelIkTI2 )anbba b; EtExμrvij)araMg)anRbKl;ÉkraCüeTAeGayyYn EdlCaGñkeFIVsRgÁamQñH)araMg yyntmnag\nðúcin bnþab;biyyncuhhtßelxa elisn isbaøagnþrcatienahswenv éf TI 20 kkáda sumcyybicarnartg;cmnucenh. erkaybi)anékracü kñúgnamcaesþcepndi KμanKMnitdwknaM RbeTsCati RsLaj;GMNac dak;racüetaefivneya)aybegiátknbkssgámrarsþniymenaqñam 1955 dwknam RbmaN Cag 5 qñam RbeTs)anFøak;kñúgsRgÁam BukrlYy esdækic Føak;cuHedaysarcaj;e)akyYn. bukálwk lkçn³semþc si hnu CabuKÁlcecs rwugrus minsþab;eyabl;gñkd¾ét CaBiess semþcsgçrac CYn Nat CaGñkR)aCJ GñkesñhaCati )anhamminegayrbhggáefivkumμúynisþnamegaycativinas Etsemþc si hnu minrbm etacuhhtßelxas at;²camyy yynpþl;twkdiegayeyokkugdak;t½bcmnyn 5 extþ enaex emsa b:uenþerkaymk semþcsgçrac CYn NatRtUv suktedaygaf km)amg. si hnu CaesþcelμaPRsIeRcIn culcitþsb,ay ercog nigsil,³ Cak;EsþgRBHGgÁman mehsirsisñmrab;ry ercog semþgelçan EdlxusBIcriklkçN³emdwknaM. kardwknamrbetskμanepnkarc,as;las; edayefivtamgarmμn_nwkexij nigefivtamkarkusvasrbs;bykkumμúynisþ cin nig yyn. cmnucsegçbgtit esþc sihnu manducxagerkametot ³ RBHGgÁRtUVv)anEtgtaMgeday)araMgeGayeLIgesayraCüenARBHCnμ18 RBHvsSaenAqñaM bnþúhbnaþlenarkughanuy TwkdIkm<úCaeRkam. RBHGgÁ)anGHGagfaRBHGgÁTTYlÉkraCüBI)araMg b:uenþkat;)anefivmindwgminb BIkic RBmeRBogkat; TwkdIkm<úCaeRkameGayyYn 4 mifuna TMnak;TMngsm at;camyyyynegayeyokkugculmktamgt½benakñ úgrsukexμr EdlRbeTskm< úcakal sm½yenahcarbetsgbüarkitü minqrxagkumμúynisþ nig minqrxagesri. RBHGgÁ)anGnuBaØateGay s>r>g Tmøak;RKab;EbkenAkm<úCa edayminpþl;dmnwgegayrbcacnexμr dwgedim,i)anekcq aybikenøgtmøak;rkab;ebkenh. enaedimqñam1970 neratþm sihnu )anefivbutcaqw ehiyyagetarbets)aramg b:uenþtambit etarbhggá)anekcbibbaðaedlxøünrbhggá)anbegiátelig nigmingacrkb;rkgelievotkugedl manvtþmanelitwkdiexμr nak;eTA nak;. 42

58 ln; Nul nig srimt³ )aneta)aramgehiysmuegayrbhggáyagrtlb;mkvij b:uenþrbhggá )anbgçm etacamyygkámehsirbs;rbhggávij bnþab;mkrbhggá)anculruymcamyyexμrrkhmbieb:kamgmk begiátrnsirsrymcatikm<úca 23 mina RBHGgÁCa emexμrrkhm. karkamrtyynrbs;rbhggá)ansmlab;rbcacnsø ÚtRtg;Cag 2 lannak; rab;bba ÚlTaMgbBaØvnþ 20 kare)aheqñatenaqñam1993 EdlmankarKaMRT nigrtytbinitübiggákarshrbcacati cmnayfvika Gs; 2>8 ekadiduløa kalenahrbcacn 90 )anecjetae)aheqñat etahbimankarkmramkmehg dl;civit nigkarbmpitbmp½yk¾eday. b:uenþmþgetot GtItesþc sihnu)anbmpøajecalsubinþ rbs;rbcacnedaygnubaøategay hu n Esn kan;gmnacbnþ ehiyedjggákarshrbcacati egayecjbitwkdiexμr. ehtuplenh edaysarrbhggámankarcuhhtßelxasm at;camyyhu n Esn CakUnGukyYn enaqñam1987. RBHmhakSRtneratþm sihnu mangkámehsicapøúvkarcmnyn5 pat; kn úl siu suvtißbgsmunñi siu suvtißmunieksn semþcrbhrac neratþm nrlksn_ m:m munñivnñ nig mñag munic muninaf sihnu ehiynigmanrsisñmepsg² etot CaeRcIn RBmTaMgmanbuRtcMnYn 14. semþc sihnu )ankamrt h un Esn 100 PaKry elik h un Esn Cavir³burs sarubmkgtitesþc sihnu CaesþcRkhm Edlgb;gl;menaKmn_kumμúynisþ minkitkurbigayucivit RbeTsCati plrbeyacn_rbetscatixøünég edim,ietgmnacracblø½gá. RBHGgÁdwknaMRbeTsCatinaMeGayFøak; mhnþray søab;mnussrab;lannak;kñúgsm½yexμrrkhm RbeTsCatiexÞcxÞIedaysarsRgÁam nig)at;bg;twkdicaedim. eyigsegátexijfa GtItesþcsIhnuenH minkitkurbisuxtukçrbs;rarsþrbcaeliy Kg;enAEtbreTs. karedlbmpus bmpulegayexμrtamggs; cat;tukfa sihnu CaGñkmanbuNü sihnu CabuKÁlGs arü CaBakübMpusrbs;BYkkumμúynisþ EdlkMBugeRbIedIm,IykeQμaH sihnu e)akr)as;rbcablrdæexμr egaylg;ecogivedlminbit ecoxül; edim,ituk»kas egaybykkumμúynisþdenþimplrbeyacn_exμr RtYtRtaExμr smercepnkarrbs;ek kñúgkarelbyktwkdiexμr eday vifirtcak; neya)aycitþsarsþ TIbMputExμrmanEtsMbkRbeTs ExμrmanEteQμaH ExμrCaCnCatiPaKtic RtUvyYn RtYtRtaRbeTsedayRsYlbMput. tambakürbs;bnðitnarbaøkiritirt suxcitþegaygñks b; erbah niyaykarbit R)ab;Gñk CaCagGñkRsLaj; Edl niyaykuhkr)ab;gñk. sihnu minemncaemdwknam BitR)akdeT BIeRBaHGIVEdl Kat;eFIVxus ehiyxusetot EtKat;minRBmlatRtdagkarBitBIkMhusrbs;xøÜn b smuetas RbCaBlrdæExμresaH kmhussihnumanducca duccakat;dwknamrbetsegayføak;culsrgáam efivegayexμr søab;rab;lan nak; Kat;xitxMlak; kmhusminrbmecjmkttylxusrtuv EbCaTMlak;kMhusdak;GñkenH GñkenaHCaedIm. ebisinca eyigmin)ansiksa GMBIneya)ay RbvtþisaRsþExμr nigpabcagñkdwknamegay)ansiucmeraetenah eyigmingacvaytmélfaya:gna cmebahsgámcatiexμr)anet? BIeRBaHGñkFMEdlmanGMNacEtgeFIVGIVRtUvTaMgGs; bitsiti esripabminegayniyay karbit bitbt man minegayttyl)ankarbit EtGñktUceTaHCaeFIVRtUv esñhacatiya:gnak¾eday EtRtUveKTMlak; kmhusdak;ecatfak,t;cati ehiycab;dak;kuk b smøab;ecaletotpg TegIVGs;enH RbeTsCati mingacrikcmerin)anet emdwknammcatiexμrcmnan;erkay² RtUvecosevogcMNucTaMgGs;enaH. cmnucexsayrbs; RBH)aTneratþmsIhnu 43

59 KWminmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan;CaemdwknaM rab;tamgbismtßpab KuNFm CaedIm erbahgtμaniym efivgivtamgarmμn_ l;g;menakmn_kumμúynisþyyn cin dwknamkμanckçúvis½yc,as;las;. sihnu nig pam va:n;dug x-ln; nl; (Lon Nol) elak ln; nl; ekitenaéf TI 13 Exvicäkar qñam1913 enaextþérbevg. Kat;)ansikSaenAsalaviTüal½ysIusuvtß ehiybnþab;mkbnþkarsiksaenashrdægaemrik. elak ln; nl;manéketsxageyafa CabuKÁlEdlesμaHRtg; cmebahsemþc neratþm sihnu. Kat;Føab;eFIVCanaykrdæmRnþI nigcaesnarbmuxenarbbsgámrarsþniym. erkaymk Kat;RtUv)aneKEtgtaMgeFIVCa GKÁnayknKr)al CaembBa karkgt½b CardæmRnþIRksYgkarBarCati efivca naykrdæmrnþi. Kat;)aneFIVCaRbFanaFitI erkaybiefivrdærbhar enaéf TI 18 Exmina qñam1970 kñúgrbbsafarn³rdæ Exμr. elak ln; nl; KWCaGñkesñhaCatiExμrmYyrUb Edl)aneFIVsRgÁamtbtCamYyyYneyokkug EdlQøanBan RbeTsExμr. ebledlkat;efivcarbfanafibti Kat;min)aneRtomxøÜnrYcral;kñúgkardwknaMrbbsaFarNrdæ b karerobcm neya)ayrbetset BIeRBaHsßankarN_RbfucjúctMrUv. dmnak;kalenahkumμúynisþgnþrcati kumμúynisþyyn kmbugetrikduhdal. elak ln; nl; )anføak;exsayepñksuxpab edaymancm Wsøab;mYycMehogxøÜn ehiy)an eta Büa)alenA haév: Gs;ry³eBl Cag 2 Ex k¾rtlb;mkrbetsexμrvij. elak ln; nl;cagñkecoelimnþgakmn_ GUmGam edaycmnayr)ak;caercinelicmenoenh. kardwknamrbs;kat; eksegátexijman GMeBIBukrlYyCaeRcIn edaykarerobcmmin)anl erbahfamrnþirackarmyycmnynedlefivkarenakñúgsarfarn³rdæ EtKaMRTrNsirSrYbrYmCati km<úcadwknameday esþc sihnu. TIbMput kumμúynisþedldwknamedayyyneyokkug QñHenAéf TI 17 emsa 1975 ehiy)anbmbak;c½ycmnhenhetaegaybykkumμúynisþexμr EdldwknaMeday sihnu ehafaexμrrkhm. eblenah elak ln; nl; )aneposxøünetahaév: nab:unμanéf muntahan b:ul Bt culkan;kab;tirkugpñmebj enaéf 17 emsa Kat;nigRkumRKYsar)aneTArs;enAhaév:rhUtdl; qñam1979 etibkat; )anpøas;bþúretars;ena xliv:kja: rhutdl;ttyl mrn³pabenaqñam elak esnarbmux ln; nl; 44

60 K-b:ul Bt b saluút sr (Pol Pot ) or Salot Sar elak b:ul Bt ekitenaéf TI 25 Ex]sPa qñam1928 enaextþkmbg;fm EdlmaneQμaHedImfa sa Luútsr. Kat;man»kassikSaenAviTüal½yneratþm enaextþkmbg;cam. b:uenþerkaymk Kat;TTYl)anGaharrUbkrN_eTA siksaenarbets)aramg BIeRBaH mþaymigrtuvcagñkramr)am)ael sñmrbs; esþc sihnu. enarbets)aramg Kat;sikSaEpñk GKÁIsnI EteBlEdlkMBugsikSaenATIenaH Kat;)ansikSaneya)ay edayebjcitþnigmenakmn_kumμúynisþ rbs;kal ma:ks ehiy)anrbqamgrbbracaniymrbs;esþc sihnu. erkaymk semþc sihnu )ankat;pþac;garharubkrn_ ehiykat;)anrtlb;mkkñúgrbetsexμrvij edaymintan;)aneroncb;enaeliy. b:ul Bt )anculefivkarts URbqaMg rbbskþipumi rbs; sihnu kñúggmlúgqñam erkaymkkat;)anbegiátsalabergoneqμahfa km<úcburt. Kat; CamnusS EdlmankarKitKUrEvgq ay manlkçn³sm,tþirmtmü supabrabsabmput nig manr)acjasþk; manevaha CamnusSmanrUbrags at)atkyregaycab;citþ BaJjwm rysray minsuvniyaysiþ EdleFIVeGayKat; manrbcarbiy cmebahnissittueta. Kat;mandMeNIrrh½srhYn KWCabuKÁlmñak;EdlBUEkTak;TajcitþhVÚgGñksaþb;. erkaybiman )atukmμekiteligenasmlút efivegaysihnuxjal; bba aegaysmøab;)atukr xøhrtuvkat;kgs;rab;mwunnak; rdæapi)al sihnu )anrbkasedjcab;bykedlrbqamgrbhggáman salútsr exovsmpn h U nwm h Uyn;CaedIm. saluútsr )anculetacamyybkskumμúynisþrbcacnkm<úcaenaqñam1951 enacamyytursamut EdlenAeRkambkSkumμúynisþrbs; yyn. erkaybirdærbhar 18 mina 1970 b:ul Bt RtUvbgçMcitþedaysar yyn nig cin)anegay culrymcamyysemþc sihnu begiátcarnsirsrybrymcatikm<úcaena éf TI 23 mina eblenah b:ul Bt CaembBa akarkgt½brmedah CYrmux. b:ul Bt CaGñkdwknaMmYyrUbyklMnaMtamrbb havsius pþac;kar xvhkunfm EdlTTYlkarerobcMbNþúH bnþal elikgmnaccunedayyynkumμúynisþ éf TI 17 Exemsa qñam1975. TaMgsemþc sihnu nig b:ul Bt edirkñúgl,ickl,yyn. b:ul Bt lg;kñúgmenakmn_vic akumμúynisþ rymcamyysihnu RbqaMgCamYyBYkesrI EdlCaGñk EdlesñhaCati efivegayxucrbeyacn_exμrya:gxøamg epøckitbiyut sarsþ siksaegaysiucmera KitBIGayuCIvit RbeTsCati plrbeyacn_cati GayuCIvitRbCaBlrdæ. enhcasmþisarpabrbs; b:ul Bt Edl)anniyayeday mindwgxøün lg;ecoyyn etibetpjak;xøünerkaybiebledlefivdmeniretacyb el yn; enahanuy. Kat;)aneFIVdMeNIr efμireciggs;ryhebl 2 ExknøH. ebletadl; el yn; )anpþl;éksaregayemil Kat;emIledayl itl n; ryctajsnñidæanfa { )anexijtamgbiqñam 1930 dl;qñam 1965 ÉksarTaMgGs;rbs;bkSkumμúynisþevotNam )anniyaybibksbdivtþrbcacnkm<úca niglav duccaemkfagrbs;bksevotnam. bkstamgbirgnuvtþn_c,ab;mak a neya)ay nigyut sarsþrbs;bksevotnam. munnig )anexijéksartamggs;enh edaypþal;xøün ecotukcitþ elievotnam. b:uenþerkaybiganéksartamggs;enaheta Qb;eCOelIeKehIy exijfa ek)ancat;tamgggákar bksenakñúgrsukeyig edim,ismerctwsedayut sarsþetmyy KW shb½n \NÐÚcin. ek)anbegiátbksetmyy edim,itmnag egaytwkdi bba ÚlKñaEtmYy.} Rtg;cMNucenH emdwnamerkay²rtuvcamfa Qb;BwgbreTsCitxag RtUvBwgExμrxøÜnÉg ecoexμrkñaég. 45

61 ebledlyynculqøanban enaéf TI 7 mkra 1979 Kat;)aneKcmktamCayEdn ehiyvaytbt CamYyyYnQøanBan. rhutdl;kic RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs enaéf TI 23 tula Etmin)ancUlmke)aHeqñateT erbahkat;emilexijfa yyn)anbgáb;enakñúgknbksrbcacn enakñúgtwkdiexμr. ExμrRkhm)aneFIVkarts UCamYy KNbkSRbCaCneTotrhUt dl;qñam 1997 etibefivsmarnkmμ. elak b:ul Bt )anculmrn³pab enaéf TI 17 emsa 1998 enakñúgxþmmyy edaysarerakbüafienatmbn;gnøg;evg. sa Lútsr ehab:ul Bt X-h un Esn (Hun Sen) h un Esn ekitenaéf TI 4 Exemsa qñam enaextþkmbg;cam eqμahedim Nal; Edlman»BukeQμaH nag ExSRsLay cin kat;yyn nig mþayeqμah b:uk manrbbn yyn eqμah b un ehog ERbeQμaHCa b un ra:ni sbvéf. h un Esn CasisSeronfñak;TI 7. bnþab;mk)anculefivcatahanexμrrkhm tamkargmbavnavrbs;esþcsihnu. eblculefivtahanexμrrkhm CaemRkum EdlRtUvyYnkumμúynisþ)an bnþúhbnþal enakñúgérbma:ki. erkaybikarkab;smøab; ExμreGayclacl yyn)anpøas;bþúrneya)ayfμi KWyYn)ancUlmk QøanBanExμr naéf 7 mkra 1979 edayelikbnþúb h un Esn smrab;bmerineya)ay. enaqñam 1979 yyn)anelik h un Esn efivcardæmrnþirksygkarbrets erkaymkebledl Eb:n suvnñ RtUvyYncab;dak;KukenA hanuy nig can; siu RtUvyYncak;fñaMsmøab;. sumcmrabfa ekalkarn_eris bkscnrbs;yyn ekerisetgñkniymculcitþyyn. naqñam 1985 h un Esn RtUveKEtgtaMgCanaykrdæmRnþI kñúgrbbsarfarn³rdærbcamanitkm<úca EdlCarbbxusc,ab;eRBaH minttylsáal;edayggákarshrbcacati. enaqñam 1987 h un Esn )anetacrcarcamyysihnu enatirkug hsakata RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nigefivcabnþbnþab; ehiyqanetarkkic RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs EdlmanGñkRsI musuxhyr CaCMnYy kñúgerogenh. rhutdl;kare)aheqñat 1993 erobcmedaygcjafrbenþahgasnñ GgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;km<úCa eblenahknbksrbcacn h un Esn )ancaj;eqñat edayeqñat)anqñhxagknbkshvwunsiunbiuc dwknameday neratþmrnrit. h un Esn)anRbkaspþac;xøÜn efivgb,kmn_enaertiyxagekittenøemkgá b:uenþedayman esþc sihnu edirtyrcagñkpshpsar begiátrdæapi)alehiyrbkl;egayman naykrdæmrnþibir neratþm rnriti naykrdæmrnþi TI 1 h un Esn naykrdæmrnþiti 2. enaéf TI 5-6 kkáda qñam 1997 h un Esn )anefivrdærbhar smøab;bykgñkesñhacati GñkRsLaj;RbCaFibetyüenAkñúgKNbkShVinsiunbiuccMnYn 280nak; EdldEgðtamesþckumμúynisþ sihnu ehiyelik GMNacÉk]tþm Giug hyt CMnYs. GñkRbCaFibetyü GñkesñhaCatimYYycMnYn EdlenAesssl;)anrt;enAtMbn; 46

62 GUsμac; EtRtUvneratþmrNriTi ehaculmkvij ehiyrtuv h un Esn smøab; cab;dak;kukcabnþbnþab; edayecatrbkan; nig begiátrbwtþikarn_epsg² edim,iecatrbkan;etot ducca siuegvegv KN³kmμkarCMnajTI 14 clnamhankr CaedIm. h un Esn efivcanaykmrnþicabnþbnþab;mk minemnrbcablrdæexμre)aheqñat ecjbiwqnþ³bitr)akdet vacakaerobcmrbs;knbksrbcacn h un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg. ducenhebieyigvipaklkçn³sm,tþi emdwknamrbs; h un Esn minxusnigsemþc sihnu nig tartsk;ep mb:unμanet erbahkμanlkçn³rkb;rkan;caemdwknam rab;tamgbi suxpab duccabikarepñkmçag KμanKuNFm esñhacatixøünég ehiyrtuvbrets yyn elikbnþúbgmnac egaysmrab;bmerineya)ayduc semþcsihnu nigtartsk;ep medr. h un Esn Gtμaniym elapln;gmnac lycnig lk;rtbüsm,tþicati ykmkdak;casm,tþibukál nigegaybrets denþimehkhyrrtbüsm,tþiexμr edaysuxcitþ sßitenaerkamgananikmn_yyn. CaBiess CakUnGktBaØÚ efivegaymþaybegiátrbs;xøünsøab; edayrcanegaydyl b:hk,alnigekagi Føak;xøÜnQIrhUtdl;mþaysøab; edaysarkamrka. lkçn³sm,tþisegçb h un Esn manduc xagerkam³ 1-yYnelIkbnþúb h un Esn efivcacarkmμbmerineya)ayegayyyn edim,iefivcarnamgbit)amgexμrbmp½nþexμr. 2-h un Esn cuhhtßelxakat;twkdiegayyyn niggnubaøatiegaynikmn_yynmkrs;enarbetsexμrtam sni sbaøa 25 qñam nigsn isbaøa h un Esn GnuBaØateGayyYnkab;éRBeQI rwbgusrtbüsm,tþiexμr. 4-h un Esn efivtambba ayyn cab;exμrbba ÚneGayeTAsøab;enAtMbn; k 5. 5-eRkamelsGPivDÆn_ h un Esn cuhhtßelxaegaydism,tanegayyyncmnyn 99qñaM tmbn;gpivdæn_ RtIekaNenA rtn³kiri mnðlkiricaedim diyynya:grsyl. 6-h un Esn suxcitþegayyynrtytrtarbetsexμresþirrkb;vis½y. 7-h un Esn BMumansuxPaBRKb;RKan;eT KWCamnusS)at;sésRbsaTeRBaHxVak;EPñkmYycMehog KWCamnusS eqvqav kmeralcul Ck;)arI nig erbierkogjan. 8-h un Esn CamnusSKμansmtßPaBdwknaMBitR)akd GMNacyYnelIkeGay. 9-h un Esn CaCnpþac;karKμanKuNFm efivtambba ayyn. yynesom QremIlsb,aycitþ eblexμreqøahkña efivsrgáamexμrkñaég h un Esn 47

63 2-neya)aydwknaM (Political Leadership) k-sgámrarsþniym erkaybittyl)anékracübi)aramgenaéf TI 9 Exvicäka qñam RbCaBlrdæExμrsgÇwmfa)ansuxsnþiPaB ÉkraCü nigsupmgál erkamkardwknamrbs; semþc neratþm sihnu. KNbkSneya)ayepSg²cUlmkkñúgKNbkS sgámrarsþniymetmyy edayrbcarbiyrbs;kat;fa CabitaÉkraCü denþimékracübi)aramg erkaybisnñisit )an;dugenaqñam 1955 nigkarerbihwgsaeliknbksrbcafibetyücaedim. enaéf TI 21 emsa 1955 si hnu )andak;racüefivneya)ay edaysnüafamineligrkgracüvijetotet. sihnu eligrkgracüsarcafμi b:uenþéf TI 24 ExkBaØa qñam1993. rbbrkb;rkggmnacsßitenaelimnussetmñak; erbahkalenah RBHGgÁCaRbmuxrdæpgnig CanaykrdæmRnþIpg. spasißtenaerkamgmnacrbs;sihnu enaebledlspaminefivtamneya)aysihnu spartuv EtrMlayecaleRCIstaMgfμI² duccakñúggantþirbs;naykrdæmrnþi Eb:n nut ebledlrbhggáyagetaeb:kamg enaqñam 1968 Rsab;Etman)atukmμekIteLIgenATIRkugPñMeBj eblrbhggáyagmkvij RBHGgÁ)anrMlaysPaecal eday ecatfa dwknamminekit. enarbbsgámrarsþniym spartuvrmlayecalcaercinelik. sihnu )andak;racümkefiv neya)aybegiátcabkssgámrarsþniymenaqñam 1955 EdlCabkSmYypþac;kar pþülrmlmknbksneya)aydétetot edaykl,icepsg² kñúgekalbmngkan;gmnacpþac;mux CaBiess ykrbcarbiypabékracübi)aramg Edltamkar BitCaÉkraCü Edl)araMgRbKl;eGayyYn eday)aramgcaj;yynena edon ebon PU erkaysrgáam\nðúcinelikti 2 cuhsn isbaøa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enaéf TI 20 kkáda karxitxmts Urbs;GñkesñhaCati myycmnynedl)antva:tamget BIesþcsIhnuenAkñúgraCblø½gÁeRkam )aramgrtytrta. CMnYykarrbs;esþc sihnu man 3 nak; sm sari ln; nl; nig GU FYn. kare)aheqñatenaqñam 1955 RbCaBlrdæ)ane)aHeqñateGay KNbkSsgÁmraRsþniym Edlman esþc sihnuu CaRbmux. RbeTs)ans b;kμansrgáam Gs;ry³eBlCag 10 qñam. ExμrminTan;rIkcMerInxagbec kvitüa nigfnfan mnussxøamgenaeliyet EtyYneyokmij )anbgáb;efivskmμpabs at;² enarbetsexμrcab;tamgbi qñam 1946 emøh tamcmkarekas UkMBg;cam nigtamsmlút. bnþab;mkrbetsexμr RtUvFøak;kñúgePIøgsRgÁam vinasexøacpsarqwcab; nirarsþrbat;r)as; Em:«bgb Ún jatisnþancatirslaj; søab;)at;bg;civitrbcablrdæexμrrab;lannak; srgáam\nðúcinti 2. sm½ysgámrarsþniym RbCaBlrdæExμrmanEt cmnyn 6lanknøH ebiefobetanigrbetsyynman 40 lannak; nigrbetsesommancmnyn 30lannak;. enacenøah eblenahkwcadmnak;kal énsrgáamrtcak;rvag kumμúynisþnigesri. cmenkrbetsexμrerkamkardwknamrbs; si hnu )ancab;ykneya)aygbüarkitü KWsnñisiT )an;dugenarbets\nðúensiu qñam1955 EdleBlenaHBiPBelak RtUvmanb:Ul 3 KW suevot cin nig shrdægaemric. RbeTsExμrRbkasneya)ayGaBüaRkitmann½yfamincUl xagesri nig kumμúynisþ. EtenAExemsaqñaM 1965 semþc si hnu )anlyccuhhtßelxas at;² CamYyyYnxageCIg yynkumμúynisþ CaehtubegIát»kaseGayyYncUlmkdak;T½BenAkñúgTwkdIExμr cmnyn 5extþ efivsrgáamena elitwkdiexμr lmegogetarkkmμúynisþ. srgáamcab;epþimeqh enarbetsexμrcab;biqñam 1965 enaebledlyyn kumμúynisþyktwkdiexμrefivcasmrpumi TIlanRbyuT efivegayexμr søab;rab;lannak;. 48

64 esdækic Føak;cuHcab;taMgBITsvtSTI1960 edaysargmebibukrlyy GesßrPaBneya)ay edaysaryynefivviecät kmμesdækic duccae)ahbum<luyekøgkøaymktij mðúbgahar Ggár edayegaytméléføcardæ EdleFIVeGay)at;bg; cmnulfvikardæ GtulüPaBesdækic begiátvibtþisgám elgel,gkasiunu EdlsBVéf køaycasnæakar ExmbUDiya: Na. CaBiess yyn)anefivegaysßankarl k;kkr bgárcavibtþiépþkñúgelig edaymçagxageyokkug ExμrRkhm nig sihnu nig mçagxagetotexμresri ln; nl;. mrnþirackarpakercinrbrbwtþgmebibukrlyy edayesdækic cab;føak;cuh cab;tamgbiqñam 1960 erkay BIyYne)aHBum<luyEkøgkøaymkTij eka nig RsUvGgáreTAciBa wmt½byyneyokkug. RbCaBlrdæExμrenAmancMnYntic mancmnynrbman 6>5 lan nak; ebiefobetanigrbetscitxag EdlRbCaCn ekman 30 lan eta 40 lannak;. RbCaBlrdæPaKeRcIncMnYn 90 PaKry CaGñkeFIVERscMkar nigmancmenoeta elirbhbut sasna Rbkbrbrksikmμtam TMenomTMlab; RbéBNI BIdUnta duccaefiverscmkar edayerbi]bkrn_buran mnuss nigstv CaedIm. TinñplksikmμmankMritx<s; nigsm,úretaedaysm,tiþfmμcatirkb;rbept efivegay BYkKat;manCIvPaBFUrFar Etmin)ansikSaeronsURteRCARCHeT CaBiessRsþI. RbCaBlrdæExμrPaKticbMput Edlerondl;fñak;DIbøÚm ehiyk¾cagñkedlgs arübmput. erbahfaenaqñam 1955 RbeTsExμrenAminTan;manskl vitüal½y enaeliyet GñkeronPaKeRcIneTAeronenAéRBnKr nigetaeronenarbets)aramg rhutdl;qñam 1960 etib RbeTsExμr mansklvitüal½y 1 elig KW sklvitüal½ypuminþpñmebj. enatamcnbtrsukers RbCaBlrdæman EtsmÖar³ EtxVHkarcMeNHdwgeronsURtx<g;x<s;. RbeTsExμrCaEdndIsuvNÑPUmi sm,úredayepakrtbüfmμcati ducca érbeqi RtI stvérb Er: nigfnfansmurt EdlCacMNIrbs;RbeTsCitxagcg;elbRt)ak;. karedlsmbureday FnFan FmμCatienaH)anbgárGMeNaydl;ksipl mantinñplx<s; GacnaMecjeTARbeTseRkA. karsmbureday vtßúfatuedimenhehiy efivegayeyiggayrsylkñúgkarrkvtßúfatuedimedim,iykmkplit. diedlmancicatipþl;nuv Tinñpl ksikmμya:gx<s;enhehiy efivegayrbcablrdæexμrmancivpabfurfar nigkμanxvl;xvay. RbCaBlrdæExμr ercinetefvismrab;etrkysar minemnplitsmrab;namecjerkarbets. BaNiC kmμnamecj ercincagnamcul efivegay esdækic mankarrikcmerin. karedlmanepakplfmμcatiercin ehiymanrbcablrdætic efivegayrbetsmantmruv kartic ehiyrtbüsm,tiþhurehor elisesckiþrtuvkarenah begiátegaymancivpabfurfardl;rbcablrdæ Etkar efvsrbehsgmbikardwknam nigrbs;emdwknam kñúgkarefrksabi)ac;rbs;;rtbüegaykg;vgs RtUvyYnerobcMEpnkar vaylukculmkkñúgrbetsexμr kkursßankarn_egayføak;culkñúgsrgáam. RbeTs)anTTYlÉkraCüeBjelj rycbikarykbnæedlcabnþúkd¾f n;myy smrab;rbcacatiexμr BIGaNaniKmn_)araMg. b:uenþtnþwmnigkarsm,úrsb,ay sniþpab )anetcmnyn 5qñaM erkaymkrbetsexμrcab;epþimmanvibtþiesdækic Faøk;cuHnigGMeBIBukrlYyekItmanCa bnþ bnþab;. karføak;cuhesdækic bnþalmkbi eyokkugculmktamgtilmenakñúgrbetsexμr ehiyefivegayexμrgesßrpab nig yyneyokkug efivviecätkmμesdækic e)ahbumöluyekøgkøay Tij RsUvGgár nigekarkbiexμretaciba wmt½brbs;yyn rymtamgmaþyekμk semþc sihnu CaGñkrksIuCamYyyYn cmenj 250 duløakñúgmyyyqñam efivegayesdækic ExμrFøak;cuH ya:gkmhuk. TahaneyokkugmancMnYn nak;)anmktamgtienakñúgtwkdi RbeTsExμr PaKxagekIténRbeTs. cab;tamgbieblenahmkrbetsexμr )anfaøk;culetakñúgepiøgsrgáam edaysaryynmindkfyecjbitwkdiexμr EfmTaMg lukluyculercaeta²mkkñúgtwkdiexμr. karedlsi hnu CYyyYneyokkugCasm at;enh KW si hnu cg;erbineya)ay 49

65 erbisbir cg;niyayfa RtUvCamYyxagkumμúynisþedaysm at; EtCacMhr Rbkan;neya)ayGBüaRkitü minkan;xag kumμúynisþ nigesri. mann½yfa sihnu KWkumμúynisþ kumμúynisþ KW si hnu. edaysmøwgexijfabykesri mingacqñhkumμúynisþ)anet TaMgenA\NÐÚcin niggnþrcati BIeRBaHeBlenaH KWCasRgÁamRtCak; Edlkumμúynisþ kmbugetrikraldalya:gxøamg KW manrbetscmnyn 97 CaRbeTsRbkan; rbbkumμúynisþtam m:aks elnin. cmenk si hnu kan;ykrbbkumμúynisþebbcin EdlbegáItsnñisIT)an;Dug ena ya:kata dwknamedayelak RbFanaFibetyü si kanu GMBI sniñsitminculbkssm<½n semþcsihnu Gn;citþ CamYYyGaemricEdlminykcitþTukdak;. EtcMeBaH snñisit )an;dug CU eglay s UkaNU )anthédgbgr ya:gkgrmbg. karedlerbineya)aygbüarkitenh cg;beba os srgáamrvagkumμúynisþ nigesri. edaysmøwgexijfa kumμúynisþkmbugetrikraldal kumμúynisþgacrksagmnac bl½øgáegayrbhggá etibrbhggácyyyyn eyokkug edaysm at; edayerbil,icegaysrtuvvaykña. EtpÞúyeTAvij neya)ayenh)anedirerkamyut sarsþ neya)aykumμuynisþyyn Edlfax IpøÚv edim,ielamb½t ykburi TwkdI. erbahfa ebledlyyndak;t½belitwkdiexμr tambenþayrbmednexμr yynenahmann½yfa yyn)anerbil,icxi pøúvexμr edir. yyn)ancmenjtwkdi EdlyYndak;T½B ehiyerbir)as;ykesdækic Exμr efivegayexμrgsniþsux bgá mhnþray dl;rbcablrdæexμr nig RTBüsm,tiþExμr efivegaytwkdiexμr CaTIlanRbyuT søab;mnussgs;rab;lannak;. ebledl yyn)andak;t½belitwkdiexμr eblenah yynmin)andkt½becjet RBmTaMgeRCotcUlbnþicmþgmkkñúgTwkdIExμr ehiy hucimij)ansmøab;xøün enaéf TI 9 Ex kbaøaqñam 1969 edim,idutqnþ³egayrbcablrdæekxitxmefivtamepnkarhu CImij egay)ansmercdl;ekaleda minemn hu CImij caj;neya)ay si hnu ducbykcarkmμ kumμúynisþ edirniyayenahet. kaledl hucimij søab; KWedIm,IbM)at;snüarvag sihnu nig hucimijedl sihnu GnuBaØateGayT½ByYntaMg TIenAelITwkdIExμr. duecñh l,icrbs; si hnu enaerkaml,icrbs;yyn. ehtuenhehiy)ancaexμr RtUvvinasGnþray rhutmkdl;eblenh. x-safarn³rdæexμr (Khmer Republics) cab;biéf TI 18 ExmIna qñam1970 KWCaéf cab;epþimsrgáamrvagbykkumμúynisþeyokkug EdlkMBugEtratt,at enaelitwkdiexμrpakekiténrbets edaymant½brbman eta80000nak; EteRkayeBlEdl semþc sihnu begiátrnsirsrybrymcatikm<úcaenarkugeb:kamgéf TI 23 mina 1970 edim,i bit)amggnþrcatiegayexijfaenh CasRgÁamsIuvileTAvij ExμrsIhnu b:ul Bt enaxagkumμúynisþedlmancincagñkkamrtxagkartut smöarhswk nigyyncagñkcyybgðat;bergonklyut kgt½b nigmenakmn_neya)ayepsg² edim,iefivsrgáamedjbykesriecj man ln; nl; esrimt³ EdlKaMRTedayshrdæGaemrik. GñkEdlQrxagesrI Edlmanéf nigeyoknamxagt,úg CaedIm. ducenhehiy eyigexijfa Exμrmçagkumμúynisþ ExμrmçagxagesrI vaysmøab;exμrkñaég edaykμanrtarbni CaBiessRkumkumμúynisþEdllg;kñúgmenaKmn_kumμúynisþyYn. eyigsegátexijfa srgáamena\nðúcinelikti 2 nig TI3 sut EtmankarKaMRTedaykumμúynisþ cin nigr:ussiú. srgáam\nðúcinelikti 1rvagyYneyokmij nig)aramg edim,iegayynedj)aramgecjbi\nðúcin k¾cincagñkkamrtyyn. srgáam\nðúcinelikti 2 yyn niggaemrikkamg k¾ KaMRTedaycinEdr EteBleRkaybBa b;srgáam\nðúcinenaéf TI 30 emsa 1975 yyn)anduretarkcmnyy BIshPaB suevotvij. srgáamcab;biqñam 1970 ln; ln; QrenAxagesrI smöar³swk hirbaøvtßúkamrtedayshrdægaemrik 50

66 efivsrgáamcamyyyyneyokkug edim,ikarbartwkdi BIkarb:unb:gvatTITwkdIrbs;kumμúynisþyYn EdlcUllukluy TwkdIExμr tamkargnubaøatrbs; esþc sihnu EdlQrenAxagkumμúynisþyYn nigcin. vacakarlm)akbmputsmrab; ]tþmesniy_ nl; nl; naeblenah BIeRBaHfa karerobcmkgt½bmyyd¾xøamgehiyrwugmampøam² mingacefiveta)an EtKYrCaTIemaTnPaB cmebahkmøamgesñhacatiexμr edim,ibubvehtukarbartwkdi BIkarQøanBanrbs;yYn RbCaBlrdæExμr RKb;rUbPaKeRcInTaMgnisSit bbaøvnþ etahca min)anhat;eronvic akgt½begay)ansþat;cmnajk¾eday k¾køahanegib eligedaymintk;søút c,amgvaylukedjyyn eyokkug EdlmanbTBiesaFn_xageyaFaya:gsem,Imrab;sibqñaM. virpabd¾gg;gackøahanenh CaKMrUEdldk;Cab;enAkñúgRkeGAebHdUgGñkesñhaCatiExμr kunexμrcmnan;erkayrkb;rub egaymankmøamgcitþ edim,ikarbarcatitwkdirbs;xøün BIkarb:unb:grMelaPQøanBanelICatiTwkdIExμrBIbreTs. karebik RbtibtþikarswkEdlmaneQμaHfa ecnla )anefivegaykgt½bsafarnrdæexμr søab;ya:gercin BIeRBaHkgT½BPaK ercinmin)anhvwkhat;rtwmrtuv ekμgx I RbyuT CamYykgT½BeyokkugEdlmanbTBiesaFn_sRgÁamCag 20 qñammk ehiyenah. EtedaykmøaMgesñhaCati karbaticati matupumietahcabucacivitk¾minesaksþayeliy. ekaleda rbs;yynkwefivsrgáamvattitwkdi nigsmøab;srsrrtugexμregaygs;b skl; EdlRsbeTAnigneya)ayGnþrCati EdlmhaGMNackumμúynisþ nigmhagmnacesri kmbugetsßitenakñúgsrgáamrtcak; shpab suevot EdlCa emkumμúynisþrbs;xøünenah KW yyn)anbrgik\ti BlkumμúnisþenAelI\NÐÚcinEtmþg. yynkumμúynisþerobcmyut sarsþ efivegayrbetsexμrman PaBvikvr RcbUkRcbl; edaysarepiøgsrgáamqabeqh esdækic Føak;dundab mnuss søab;rab; lannak;. b:uenþesrimingacqñhkumμúynisþeliy edaysarkalenah TaMgkumμúynisþcin suevot enakmbugmankmøamg xøamgxøa mincg;egayesriculmkdenþimplrbeyacn_ena\nðúcinetot cincagñkenabierkayxñgyynya:gebjtmhwg kñúgsrgáamtamgbirelikenah. Gaemrik)andkkgT½BecjBI\NÚÐcin edaysarnissit 4 nak;)ansøab;edaykarefiv )atkmμedim,iegaygaemrikbba b;srgáamena\nðúcin. eblenahca»kasrbs;bykkumμúynisþqñhelibyksafarn³rdæ enaéf TI 17 emsa ehiyenaéf TI 30 emsa 1975 CasRgÁamrvagyYnxageCIg nigyynxagt,úg k¾cb;duckña EtExμrmin)ancb;eLIy edayvegvg nigkarkab;smøab;kñacabnþbnþab;. eblenahmancmnyyrbs;suevot mkcyyyynxagecig nigcmnyygaemrikmkcyyyynxagt,úg cmenkécmnyyrbs;exμr nigrtbüsm,tþicaercin RtUv)an yynrbmulrwmgusetarbetsektamggs;. b:ul Bt KaMRTedaycin cmenkyynkamrtedaysuevot EdlCaehtunaM egayexμrrkhmmçagyyn mçagxagcin)anefivsrgáamcamyyyynetot BIeRBaH cin nig suevotk¾man CemøaHenAtam CayEdn. edaymankarkmramkmehgbi suevot etsiuvebg )angaketarkgaemrik. K-rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü (Cambodia Democractic Regime) rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü EdlbgáeGaymanRbCaBlrdæExμrsøab;rab;lannak; edaygyutþifm enh eyigmin GacelIkmkniyayRtwmEtqñaM 1975 enahet. EteyIgRtUvEvkEjkbkRsay vipakrbwtþikarn_neya)ay tamgbiedimkmenitbkskumμúynisþ\nðúcinbegiáteligna éf TI 3 kumö³ 1930 EdlCaedImehtueGaykumμúynisþekIt eligenarbetsexμr. neya)aybipbelakrbs;rbetsmhagmnac kareqøot»kasrbs;rbetscitxag CaBiess yyn EdlmanmhicätaelbTwkdIExμr erbimenakmn_kumμúynisþbmebkexμregayebk)ak;tamcrnþneya)ayrbs; srgáamrtcak;rvagkumμúynisþ suevot nig elakesri shrdægaemrik erkaysrgáamelakelikti 2 bba b;. 51

67 ducenheyig RtUvsikSaEvkEjkrkb skl;rbs;va tamdmnak;kalrbwitiþkarn_neya)aynimyy² EdlCaedIm ehtunamegayekitman rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyüenhelig. nrnacagñkerobcmegaymanrbbenhelig. eyigexij fa ebisincakμansrgáameyoknamekitelig ehiyeyokkugenabasebjtwkdiexμr EdlykeQμaH si hnuetaerbi k¾rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü EdlmanmnusSsøab;rab;lannak; mingacekitelig)anedr erbahsmtßpab b:ul Bt ducerobrab;xagerkammingacykc½ycmn³)aneliy ebiminbwgyynkumμúynisþenah. etiktþagivxøhedlefivegayman karkab;smøab;enakñúgrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü?. dmnak;kardmbug eyigrtuvsiksagmbikumμúynisþevotnam EdleK cat;tukfacakumμúynisþtmenib ehiyttyl)anecakc½ysmrab;cncatievotnam. enamundmnak;kalénsrgáamelakelikti 2 EdlCadMNak;karsßitenAkñúgvibtþiesdækic BiPBelakenAqñaM 1930 nigkarrbtajrbtg; denþimplrbeyacn_ RbNaMgRbECgKña rvagrbetsmhagmnacedldak;gananikmn_ elirbetstuctac RbeTsTaMgbIenATwkdI\NÐÚcin)ansßitenAeRkamGaNaniKmn_)araMg eblenah RbeTseyokNam CaRbeTsRkIRkmYyEdlmanRbCaCnyYneRcIn ehiytwkdituc BMumanskþanuBlesdækic l smrab;ciba wmcatirbs;xøün egay)anrwgbwugmammyn. yyn)ansmlwgexijmkpakxagt,úgedlman TwkdIExμreRkam nigtwkdiexμrcaedim. CemøaHrvagRbeTsFM² srgáamelakelikti 1 nigelikti2 efivegayb:hbal;dl;rbetstuc² EdlenAeRkamkar RtYtRtarbs;eK duccarbets Exμr Lav yyn CaedIm. eqøoteblenah hu CImij )anecjdmenirtamk)a:l;rbs;)aramg edayekøgxøünefivcacugepa edim,iecjetasiksabibretsmkcyygpivdæn_catirbs;ek edaymunniwgecjbirbetsyyn eta)aramg hu CImij )anrbkasr)ab;rbcacnekfa eknigetasiksabibrets ehiyrtlb;mkcyyersacrsg; RbeTsCati nigrbcacnevotnamvij. hu CImij )anetadl;rbets)aramg efivcacugepaenatienah nigsiksabirbets enah. bnþab;mkecjbirbets)aramgetaefivcagñke)assmramenarbetsgg;ekøs. hu CImij ecjbirbetsgg;ekøs etashrdægaemrik ehiycugerkayecjmkrbetsr:ussiú EdlCakEnøg hu CImij )anculcasmacikbks kumμúynisþgnþrcatirbs;ma:kselninenatienah. bnþab;mk hu CImij culmkefivcacagb:hkg;enarbetséf nig byscarbhsgç ehiyrtlb;culetaenarbetscinvij. enarbetscin hucimij )anbegiátclnaneya)ay enatienahcasm at; Edlman pmava:n; dug v: egvonya:b; CaGñkcUlrYmkñúgbdivtþn_enaH. manclnacaercinbegiátelig EtclnaEdlmanRbCaRbiyCageK KWCaclnaneya)ay EdlbegIáteday hu CImij. hu CImij RtUvcincab;dak;Kuk myyry³enakñúgrbetscin. EteRkaymkRtUvcinedaHElgvij eday hucimij )ansnüa CamYycinfaedj)araMg ecjbi\nðúcinegay)an ehiycincagñkkamrt. bnþab;mkhucimij)anbegiátbkskumμúynisþ\nðúcinenaéf TI 3 kumö³ 1930 enatirkughugkug. hu CImij maneqμahtamggs; 19 ehiyeqμahedimeqμahfa egvog égkuk. hucimij)an RbmUlRbCaBlrdætamCnbT egaykamrt edim,iefivkarts Uedj)araMg bþúrrbbesþc )av éd ecjenaqñam1945. kñúgenahtamgexμr niglav )anculrymcamyyyynkñúgbkskumμúynisþ\nðúcin edayyyn exasnafa ts UedIm,Iedj )aramgecj. ehtuenhehiy eyigsegátexijfa rbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü Edlmankarkab;smøab; ekitecjbikar erobcmepnkarbiyynkumμúynisþ Edlman hu CImij Caemekøagrbs;bkSkumμúynisþ\NÐÚcin erkaybisiksacafμi ebl EdlemT½B ertog mijya:g esþc mij ma:g efivmin)ansmerc. cmenkexμrkumμúynisþedirtam CabkSbdivdþRbCaCn km<úca EdlyYn)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM 1951 Gacarüman swug g:ukmij CaRbFan. bksenhcasaxaenaerkam 52

68 kardwknamrbs;bkskumμúynisþ\nðúcin. erkaybiedj)aramgecjbi\nðúcin)anttylékracü bnþab;bi)aramgcuhsni sbaøa RbKl;ÉkraCümkeGay\NÐÚcin enahswenv enaéf TI 27 kkáda yyn)an erobcmefivsrgáambnþetot edim,iyktwkdiexμr efivcasmrpumi. yyn)ansmutwkdiexμrpakxagekit edaycuhhtßelxas at;² CamYy si hnu ena Exemsa qñam1965 edayykelsfaefivsrgáamrmedaheyoknamxagt,úg ehiysrgáamcab;epþimeligenaexmkra 1959 edayecatfa ega Dijyim Ca]bkrN_neya)ayrbs;GaemrikkaMg. bksbdivtþn_rbcacnkm<úcaedlyyn bnømxøünefivcaexμreqμah swug g:ukmij \LÚvenHkøayCaKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa. enaqñam 1954enaH TaMg swug g:ukmij TaMgevotmij nigexμr)anesøokbak;éksnæancaevotmij eligk)a:l;tambykevotmij etasiksamenakmn_bihanuy EtExμrEdleTAhaNYynaeBlenaH minfaxøünetaefiveliy. smacikbkskumμúynisþ eyokmijgs;sgçwm edayyyn ekniyayfa eblenhekqb;efivkarts UedayGavuFehIy ekefivkarts Uneya)ayvij. yynmin)anbgðat;bergon GIVeGayExμrecHBitR)akdeLIy yynegayexμrcametefivtambba arbs;ek ducbykh un Esn sbvéf Cak;EsþgenA sm½yenah ExμreFIVCaembBa akar Etkic karsmerc nigcat;ecgtamggs;ersc EtelIyYnEdleFIVGnuembBa akaretavij. l,icd¾edlenh RtUvyYnykmkeRbI eliexμrcabnþbnþab;rhutmkdl;sbvéf enh duccagmnacdwknamneya)ay RKb;RKgBitR)akdedayyYn EtelIk h un Esn tmnag tamgeqμah sihnu CaExlbiT)aMg. edayemilexijducenah TUsamut nigsalútsr)anrkpøúvrtlb;mkrkugpñmebjvij salútsr )anvilrtlb;mkvij enatampøúveday CECkCamYyyYn eqμah pam va:n; )ar EdlFøab;Gb;rMExμrfa yynnigexμr ducca mat;nigefμj EteBlenH yyn)an niyayfa {karts UGavuFcb;ehIy RtUvts Uneya)ayvij EdleFIVeGayBYkGñk ts UevotNamGs;sgÇwm.} Rtg;enaH ehiybba ak;egayexijkumμuúynisþexμr TaMg si hnu nig b:ul Bt KμanyuT sarsþneya)ayékracü edayxøünéget efiveligtamknøgyut sarsþrbs;yyncagñkerobcm edim,ietplrbeyacn_catieketb:uenñah. b:ulbt etibdwgpjak;xøün erkaybietacybcamyy el yn; enaqñam eyigkyrbicarnaemil ebib:ul Bt etaefivcaelxa rbs;tusa mut EdleRkamkardwknaMrbs;swug g:ukmij cuhrcnasm<½n KMnitdwknaMepSg² RtUvedIrtamGñkNa. cab;biqñam 1957 b:ul Bt nyn Ca EtgEtCYbCMuKñaenApÞHTU samut kñúgmyygatitü 2 b bidg edim,ibinitüspabkarneya)ay nigefivegay clnakmeriksaeligvij. b:ul Bt )anrkvifiedahédecj begiátneya)aymyyfμiegayékracü enaqñam 1960 EdlkalenaH b:ul Bt CaGñkerobcMlkçnþik³ ekalkarn_neya)aycamyy nyn Ca TU samut ehiyepjiretasaxa bksepsg²rbs;bks. snñi)aterisemdwknamfμi )anbegiáteligelikti1 enaqñam 1960 Edlman b:ul Bt TU samut nyn Ca edim,iekalkarn_neya)ayfμi kmnt;yut sarsþfμi namegaymankarebk)ak;cemøah CamYyyYn. eblenahb:ul BtCamnusSTI 3 elxabks b:ul Bt )anerobcmbegiátbksfμietotedl minegayyyndwg CamYynYnCa nigtu samut enhbgðajegayexijfa yynlukculya:gercaenakñúgkic karépþkñúgexμrtamgmunrbbkm<úcarbcafibetyüemøh ducbc úb,nñenhedr mancarkmμyynbgáb;efivkarenabasebjexμr mancagat sux Kg; cay samgyun huk LgDI b un sm ecig Ék b un ra:ni CaedIm. edaysarehtutamggs;enhehiy )ancamankarsmøab;vikvrebjrbetsexμr søab;cabnþbnþab;kñúgrdækm<úca k 5 rdærbha 5-6 kkáda )aj;smøab;bnþbnþab;mk edaykμanrkxatkr exijeliy. kñúgsrgáamrtcak;rvagkumμúynisþ nigesri. kardenþimkñartytrtabipbelak )anekiteligrikraldal efivegayrbetstuctacttylrgerkah CaBiessRbeTsExμrEtmþg. edayhu CImij manepnkarryccaersc hu CImij 53

69 suxcitþlhbg;civitrbs;xøün edim,irbetscatiek edaysuxcitþegayeksmøab;enaéf TI 9 ExkBaØa qñam1969 erkaybirbcmufñak;dwknamkmbul². karsøab;enh hu CImij bgðajbikarlhbg;civit edim,ibubvehtucati dutqnþ³egay CnCatiyYnkan;EtmanKMnitesñhaCatiEfmeTot bnþefivtamepnkarrbs;hucimij. müa:gvijetot hu CImijeFIVEbb enhedim,iedahédecjbicin EdlFøab;CYyBIeRkayxñg ehiygaketap ab;tmnak;tmngcamyyshpabsuevotvij nig edim,itukcaemax³nuvkic RBmeRBognanaEdlxatplRbeyaCn_cMeBaHCatieK Edl)anekIteLIg ebledl hu Cimij cuhkic RBmeRBog. eqøot»kasenakñúgsrgáamrtcak;rvagkumμúynisþnig esri r:usiu nig Gaemrik erkamekal neya)ayfarmedaheyoknamxagt,úg yynkumμúynisþ)ancab;epþimts UedayGavuFvij enaqñam1959 edayyk elsfa ega Dij yim Ca]bkrN_rbs;GaemriksMrab;QøanBan. hu CImij)anerobcMbMEbkExμr TaMgExμreRkamnig ExμrelI edim,iegayefivsrgáam smlab;exμrkñaég edaymçagqrxagkumμúynisþ eyokkug nigmçagqrxagesri eyoknamxagt,úg ega: Dijywm. eyokkugykeqμah si hnu etar)ab;exμrerkamfa efivsrgáamcb;edim,irmedah km<úcaerkammkvij. cmenkexμrenaxageliéenhvij mçagxagln; nl; mçagxagsemþc si hnu nigb:ulbt EdlRbCaBlrdært;cUléRBma:KI tamkargmbavnavrbs;semþc si hnu tamvitüúpsaybieb:kamgmk. b:uenþenaerkayxñg cin yyntamgbir TaMgkumμúynisþ nigesri enhcagñkerobcmel,gneya)ayedim,ibmebkexμrcabir x IédeGayExμrsmøab;Kña eqøahkña EdlplRbeyaCn_ cin yyn CaGñkcMeNj TaMgesdækic TwkdI eblrbcablrdæexμrsøab; Føak;exSay edaysaretsrgáam. eyigexijfaebledlgaemrikdkfyecj BI\NÐÚcintaMgBIcuHhtßelxaenAhSwENv sþibikar Qb;)aj;KñaenAqñaM1973 b:uenþsrgáameyoknamxagecig nigxagt,úgmintan;bba b;et eyokkugenaefivsrgáam CamYy ExμrsaFarN³rdæ. srgáamrtuvbba b; 13éf erkaymkkwenaéf TI 30 emsa 1975 erkayebl EdlyYn)anQñHelIExμrsaFarN³rdæ 17 mkra 1975 ehiyelikc½ycmnhenah elikgmnacegay si hnu b:ulbt ExμrRkhm. esadnakmμ)anføak;mkeliexμr edaysarexμrlg;menakmn_kumμúynisþedlyyn )ancab;etabnþúhbnþal nigexμreyokmijmyycmnyn bnþkab;smøab;exμretot edayepøckitbicatiexμr QamC½rExμr edaylg;menakmn_yynfa BYkbriva BYkRbtikiriya EtQamExμrCaGñkhUr ExμrGñkrgTukç ExμrEdl)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ cmenkyyn Qr»b édemil camttylplrbeyacn_biexμr bnþculmkqøanban kan;kab;twkdiexμr EtmþgenAéf 7 mkra rdæapi)alrbs; semþc sihnu )anrbkascab; cmnyn 34 nak; EdlkñúgenaHman sa Lútsr pgedr ehiy sa Lútsr )anrt;ecjbitirkugpñmebjtamgbiéf RbkasdMbUg ehiyrt;etaculkenøgts Urbs;rNsirSrMedaHeyokNam xagt,úg EdlenAtambeNþayRBMEdnPaKxagekIt tmbn;tanij enatienahcaérbedlkμanbnøwéf cul)an. enaqñam 1965 KN³kmμaFikarmCÄwm)ansMerceGaybkS efivkartmnak;tmngcamyyybks kumμúynisþeyoknamvij CamYyeL yn;. sa Lút sr )anrgcamkaryl;rsbbihanuy rhutdl; edimexemsa etibefivdmeniretahanuy tampøúv lmhucimij Gs;ry³eBl 2 ExknøH)aneTAdl;TIenaH. b:uenþ elyn;minrikray sb,ayb:unμanet edaysarkar CYbcrcar CamYysemþc si hnu rycehiy. el yn; )anpþl;éksaegay sa Luútsr emil ehiyeblenah sa Lútsr emiléksar ya:gm:t;ct; PJak;xøÜndwgfacaj;e)akyYn ehiytajesckþisnñidñanfa { )anexijfa tamgbiqñam 1930 dl;qñam 1965 ÉksarTaMgGs;rbs;bkSkumμúynisþevotNam )anniyaybibksbdivtþrbcacnkm<úca nig lav duccaemkfag rbs;bksevotnam. bkstamgbirgnuvtþc,ab; mak aneya)ay nig yut sarsþrbs;bksevotnam. 54

70 munnig )anexijéksartamggs;enhedaypþal;xøün ecotukcitþelievotnam. b:uenþerkaybi)anganéksa TaMgGs;enHeTA Qb;eCOelIeKehIy exijfaekcat;tamgggákarbksenakñúgrsukeyig edim,isermctwseda yut sarsþetmyy KW shb½n \NÐÚcin. ek)anbegiátbksetmyy edim,itmnagegaytwkdiedlbba ÚlKñaEtmYy.} sa Luútsr sñak;enatienah minmankarsb,aycitþet ehiy)anr)ab;m as;pþhekfacg;etacin Kat;enATIenaH )an 1 Ex ehiyebledletacin Kat;mankarsb,aycitþCagmun. enakñúgrbbkm<úcafibetyümanmenakmn_neya)ay epsg²kña EckecjCa 3 KW Gñkrwg ExμrRkhm GñkmFüm sihnuniym GñklMeGogkumμúynisþeyokNam Exμr eyokmij ExμrrMedaH. RkumExμrRkhmKWCaRkumEdlRbqaMgCamYyrbbskþiPUmirbs; sihnu BIqñaM 1950 EtKμan ekalkarn_ekaledac,as;las;et efivtametyut sarsþyyn TTYlmenaKmn_kumμúynisþrbs;ma:kSelnIn BIRbeTs )aramg edaykμanékracü BwgbreTs sþab;cinyynbgçmehiyculrymcamyy sihnu vij. RkumTI 2 CaRkummFüm EdlniymRsLaj;KaMRTsemþcsIhnu. cmenkrkumti 3 CaRkumEdllMeGogeTArkyYnkumμúynisþ ehiyttyl karbmbak;bmb:n menakmn_biyyn CaBiessRkumRbma:t;Rbm:g;EdlyYncab;eTAtaMgBIqñaM kalbi eyokmijefivskmμpab Casm at;enakñúgtwkdiexμr duccaefivkarenakñúgcmkarekas UenACb;emmat;kMBugcam nigtam smlút enaextþkmbt CaedIm. duc)anerobrab;mkehiy KMnitneya)ayrbs; hucimij mankmnitesñhacati ehiyerobcm efivbdivdþmyyfμi EdleKemIleXIjfa maneteditamliti kumμúynisþma:kselnin etibgacefivegaybdivdþn_ek)anttylecakc½y )an plrbeyacn_catiek rhutdl;ekcat;tukkumμúynisþevotnamcabdivdþn_edlttylecakc½y ehiymanlkçn³ TMenIb. hu CImij )anculbmericasmacikkumμúynisþgnþrcati edaymankar]btßmkamrt hirbaøvtßú BIkumμúynisþenH bkskumμúynisþ\nðúcin enhmancmnyybi cin TaMgsmÖar³sik bec kets hirbaøvtßú. kalenah hucimij CaGñk hvwkhat;kmμapi)alrbs;ekpþal; enapakxagecigénrbetséf enapakxagt,úgrbetslav nigenarbetscin. fñak;dwknamsmxan;² ekyketabnþúhbnþalenashpabsuevot. ducenhehiy Lav Exμr )anbegiátbkskumμúynisþedl enaerkamyyncaemekøag edim,iefivsrgáamqøb b srgáamt½b érbcamyy)aramgedj)aramgecjbi\nðúcin. )aramgman karkamrtbishrdægaemrik xagepñkesdækic. enakñúglkçnþik³rbs;bkskumμúynisþexμredlmaneqμahfa bksbdivdþn_ RbCaCnkm<úCa EdlRbkas enaqñam 1951fa TwsedArbs;bkSeFIVkarts Uya:gmwugma:t;dac;xat edim,ikmetc GaNaniKmniym)araMg Gaemrik nigbriva smedaeliexμrgñkesñhacati bbaøvnþ. CaBiessenAkñúgmhasnñi)at bkskumμúynisþ\nðúcinrrbs;yyn)anniyayfa {etahbicarbetstamgbi ekiteligedaybucsasn_epsgkña manpasa epsgkña RbéBNIepSgKña GtþcrwkepSgKña citþkmnit tamkarbitrtuvbegiátcarbetsetmyykt; edaymingacbmebk bdivdþedayelkbikña)aneliy. ehtuenh edim,irbqamg niwgsrtuvrbs;bdivdþn_ EdlrYmkmøaMgEtmYyenAkñúg \NÐÚcinTaMgmUl bkskumμúynisþ nigrtuverbikmøamg rbs;\nðúcinedim,itb;tl; edaysißtenaerkamkardwknamrbs; \NÐÚcin.} ducenh eyigrkan;etvipaktamtwsedaenh nwgrbwtþikarn_edlekitman exijfa yyn)anlukédya:gerca tamepnkaryut sarsþ kumμúynisþ\nðúcin mkkkurkkayépþkñúgenakñúgrbbkumμúynisþkm<úcarbcafibetyü duccarkmμ yynbnømefivenarbb h un Esn sbvéf edayykliti kumμúynisþcamefüa)ay. kgt½bexμrrmedah CakgT½Brbs;yYn CaGñkbegIátkgT½BExμrrMedaH PaKeRcInCaGñkenAéRBEvg nigeyokkug EdlBak;rUbesþc sihnu facakgt½bsihnu 55

71 niym EttamkarBitkgT½BenH TTYlbBa abihanuy. cab;biqñam 1975 mkrbetsexμr minttyl)ansnþipabedr karvaykñareb:s rb:syyn)anrkelscmemøahrbmedn kalenahcemøahrbmuedntwk EdlevotNamTamTaeGayExμrEk ERbRBMuEdnsmuRTenAEx ]spa qñam 1976edIm,Idak;sm<aF pþl;»sanvatmkeliexμr. yyn)anrmelapeligfibetyü bgácemøahrbmuedntwk tambityyn)ancuhhtßelxa TTYlsÁal;elIRBMEdnExSeRbvey: rycehiyrvag semþc si hnu rnsirsrmedaheyoknam xagt,úg edayekminkit samkáipab mitþpab ducgivedl si hnu nigb:ul BtKiteLIy. EtyYneK bdiesfedayminducgivedl sihnu KitBIKuNExμrCYyeKpþl;CMrk egayeyokkugenatamcayedn edayek niyayfakμanmuldæanc,ab;c,as;las;. 1 ExeRkay BI»sanvaTsRgÁampÞúHeLIgya:gxøaMgenAtamRBMuEdnsmuRT nig srgáamenatamcayednextþrkech. b:uenþekaledasmxan;srgáamrbs;exμrenaeblenah KWkarcrcarsRgÁamenaH k¾edim,icrcarkartutedr. enhcaemeronsmrab;gñkneya)ayexμrcmnan;erkay egaydwgbikardwknamneya)ay nig mehcätarbs;rbetscitxag BaküfamitþPaB shrbtibtþikarbs;yyn CaBakükarTUtEtb:ueNÑaH EteKaledABit R)akdelbRt)ak;TwkdIExμr dak;cmnuhshb½n \NÐÚcin. ebledlmancemøahenah cincagñkkamrtxagrbbkm<úca RbCaFibetyü edaycinføab;)ancyyyyn EtyYn)angakeTArkRbeTsrU:sSI ehiybnþsgát;exμrrkhmetot eday kalenah cink¾mancemøah CamYyshPaBsUevot enatamcayedn EdleFIVeGaycingakeTArkGaemrik edim,i kmuegaysuevotkmramkmehg. BYkkumμúynisþTaMgyYnxageCIg nigkumμúynisþexμr)anbba b;srgáam ehiybnþkab;smøab; Exμr GñkesñhaCatiEdlQrxagesrI edaybykvaecatfa BYkRbtikiriya RkumesGIuGarCaedIm. Exμrsøab;rab;lan nak;enakñúgrbbb:ul BtedaymanyYnbgáb;kñúgExμrRkhm. enaebledlexμrmanpabvwkvredaykar efivvt gsnarbs; yyn nigexμr eyokmij ExμrMedaH EdlbMBak;bMb:nBIhaNUy bba apþal;bihanuy manducca kyy FYn esa Pwm ehgsmrin h un Esn CasIum nigcaercinetot )anebikrbtibtþikarvaylukculrbetsexμr CabnþbnÞab;cab;BIqñaM 1977 mk. edim,iedahdurneya)ayfμi cmebahexμrkumμúynisþedllmegogcin egayetabykkumμuynisþniymyyn EdlxøÜn)an bnþúhbnþaltuk ducca ehg smrin Ca sium Ca sut say b U fg h un Esn can;siu edim,iefivegay RbeTsExμr cmnuhyynducsbvéf.l. X-saFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa (Cambodian People Republic) enakñúgrbbsarfarnrdærbcamanitkm<úca neya)aydwknamrbs;rbets minékracüet erbahrbetsexμr TaMgmUlsißtenAeRkamkarkan;kab;edaykgT½BeyokNam Edl)ancUlmkQøanBanExμrenAéf TI 7 Exmkra qñam karsmercneya)ayepsg² sißtenaeliyyncagñksmerctamggs;. sßanpabrbetsexμr nasm½yenah sißtenakñúgsrgáamvwkvr kab;smøab;bnþetot bnþab;birbbkm<úcarbcafibetyü edayyyn)ancab;exμregayefiv Tahanmkc,aMgCamYYyExμrKñaÉg Gñkts UtamCayEdn nigcab;yuvcnexμregaymkbmerikmøamgblkr Edlehafa 5 søab;rab;esnnak; enatambenþayrbmedn. RbCaBlrdæExμrxitxMeFIVERscMkar EtRtUvRbmUldak;rYm semahpab rycehiy yynrbmulyketarbetsrbs;va TaMgRTBüsm,tiþrbs;ExμrepSg²eTot. kartmnak;tmng PaKeRcIn Tak;Tg RbeTskumμúynIsþmYycMnYn ducca \NÐa shpabsuevot Kuy)a nig GahÁanIsßan CaedIm. ebledlt½byyn)anculmkqøanbanrbetsexμr edayelikbnþúbexμrmyycmnyn EdlmanyYnFøab;bNþúH bnþal egaybmerineya)ayegayxøün EteBlEdlelIk elak Eb:n suvnñ Kat;min)ancg;eFIVtamneya)ayEdl 56

72 kmnt;edayyynhanuyeliy edaycg;e)ahsnþúcrmlgpñm etatak;tgpþal;camyysuevot eblenah Kat;RtUv)ansay b Ufg nig h un Esn efivtambba ayyncab;kat;etadak;kukenahanuygs;ryhebl 10 qñam 52éf eyagtamelak Eb:n suvnñ EdlsmÖasenAviTüúGasIuesrI. yynbba ÚnCMnajkarrbs;eKmkeFIVkarRtYtRtaExμr ExμrKμansiTi smerckic kar GIVTaMgGs;rgcaMEtkarGnuBaØatBICMnajkaryYn erbahebledlnaykrdæmrnþibba aetafñak;erkam bba aenahkμan RbsiT PaBeT edayrgcamkaryl;rbmbicmnajkarsin. neya)aycgsm<½n PaB ducca rvagtirkugpñmebjcamyy TIRkug hucimij. extþtaekv CamYyextétnij erbahkalenahexμrsißtena erkamkarrtytrtayyntamgrsug. sum,ih un Esn RtUvyYnCaGñkesñIreGayEtgtaMgCa rdæmrnþirksygkarbretsedr. CnCatiyYn)anhUrcUlmkrs;enAkEnøg smxan;² ducca PñMeBj c,argmeba ehiyyyn )anrwbgusrtbüsm,tþi kab;eqiecjbirbetsexμr sum,ietensat k¾yynguscab;kunrtietarbetsvaerscetcitþ. Exμr)an)at;bg; plrbeyacn_caercinetot )at;bg;twkdi )at;bg; siti esripab edaysarbetssißtenaerkamkar kan;kab;rbs;yyn. yyngagelirbetsfm mankmøamgxøamgcag RbeTsExμr kmøamgxagt½b kmøamgxagcmnynrbcablrdæ Edlman suevotenabierkayxñg eblenahyyn)anerbicuggavuf QøanBanTwkdIExμr elikbnþúbrkumbksbdivtþn_rbcacnkm<úca nigegaycuhhtßelxakat;twkdiegayyyn ducca sni sbaøa EdleFIVeLIgeday ehg smrin nigh un Esn CamYy ehvog kufac; enaqñam CaedIm. CaBiess KWkic snüa 25 qñam rvag ehg smrin nig pan; va:n;dug EdlmanRbkarTI4 )aneføgfa {PaKITaMgBIr suxcitþedahrsaytamkic crcaedaysnþivifi nuvral;tmnas; Cayfaehtu kñúgtmnak;tmng etvpakirbs;xøün. PaKITaMgBIr nwgefivkic crcar edim,icuhhtßelxa elisn isbaøa smrab;rmlayrbmedncatiénrbetstamgbireday GaRs½yelIRBMEdnnabc úb,nñ ehiypakitamgbirsmerc citþmutmam edim,iekerbrbmednenhegayetacarbmedn énsnþipab nig mitþpab sißtesßr rvagrbetstamgbir. } tamry³kic snüaenh CabMNgR)afñarbs;yYn EdleFIVtamEpnkar hu CImij edim,ismercshb½n \NÐÚcin. yyn )ansmøab;exμr bursexμr EdlCassrRTUvCati TukGñkTn;exSay nariept pþac;bucsasn_exμr edim,iefivyynnub niykmμena elitwkdiexμrtamgmul. karbmbak;bmb:nmenakmn_kumμúynisþ kab;smøab;exμregayenasl;et 10 eta 20 PaKry )ansmercecakc½y ehiybnþculmkkan;kab;twkdiexμretmþg. RbeTsExμr erkayéf TI 7 mkra 1979 rhutdl; qñam 1989 )anføak;kñúgkumμúynisþyynrtytrtatamgrsug. GIVEdlyYnelIkbnþúb ehg smrin Ca sium h un Esn edim,icaexlbit)amg GMeBIeXareXA QøanBanTwkdI karbøn;ykrtbüsm,tiþexμr nigx IédExμredIm,Ibnþkab; smøab;exμr KñaÉgbnþreTotEtb:ueNÑaH. TahanyYnmancMnYn nak; nig RbCaCn 2lannak;. yynmanepnkar erobcmegayrbcablrdæexμrkøaycarbcablrdæpakticrbs;yyn duecñhehiyyyn)an dak;rbcacnexμrmyynak; yyn R)aM nak; enakñúgcnbt nig yyn 5 nak; Exμr 1 nak;enatamtirkug TIRbCMuCn nigtmbn;esdækic. cmnucmyyetot Exμr)anrgeRKaHbnþeTot enahkwepnkar k 5 EdlyYn)ancab;bBa Ún eknðrbcablrdæexμr enaqñam 1984 etaqñam 1987 RbtibtþikarsMrab;elIkTMnb; efivcarbgenaextþtamrbmuedncab;esom ducca )at;dmbg ebafisafi ]tþrmanc½y nigxagkñúgrbetsducca kmbg;fm esomram kmbg;s<w CaedIm. BlkrsMrab;kab;éRB tambenþaypøúv Edk bwg b Tenø. nigeliktmnb;cikrblay EdlmanRbEvg 800 Km tamrbmedn esom nig RBMEdnlav. efivrbg efivcba amgtamyut sarsþ h MuB½T RbeTsExμr edaykalenah RkumnImYy²manmnusSBI eta nak;. 57

73 EdlsßanPaBxøaMgCagrbbExμrRkhmeTot erbahmnussrtuvefivkarya:gticbmput 10 ema:g kñúgmyyéf edaymankar XøaMemIlBIkgT½B mðúbgaharminrkb;rkan; xøhsøab;edaysarrkab;min CaBiess søab;edaysarcm WRKuncaj; Edlelak egmira:l;da luysüúli )anpþl;catyelx ya:gehacnas; manmnuss nak; )ansøab;. cmenktyrelx EdlRKUeBTüRbKl;eGayenaH KW BI 5 PaKry eta 8 PaKry smrab;rkumnimyy km<úcakñúgtixmuxamg TMB½r enaeblenah manekit clnats UeRBagRBateLIg tamcayedn mancmrmganesh bksicamrkug RBMuvit GMBil Ngcan GUbuk EdleKEbgEckCa 3 FM²mkKW hviun siunbuic dwknamedaykg;siulas; EteRkaymkRtUvepÞr egaysemþc sihnu ehiyenaqñam 1982 k¾epþregay neratþm rnrit CaGñkdwknaMvij. km<úcarbcafibetyü EdldwknaMedayexovsMpn. rn³sirscatirmedahrbcablrdæexμr dwknameday elak swn san. clnats UTaMg enahexμrrkhmmankarkamrtbicin cmenkrn³sirsrmedahrbcablrdæexμr RtUv)anyYnvaysm at tamcayedn edayrbtibtþikarrduvr)amg enaqñam 1984 efivegaygñkts U)anrgeRKaHya:gxøaMgBIkarvayRbharenH. enaqñam1982 etibexμrtamg 3 PaKIbegIátCardæaPi)alnireTseRkARsuk Edlmanéf nigcin CaGñkKaMRT. éfkamrtbierbahykexμr efivcarbgkmuegaykumμúμúnisþculmk cmenkyynvijbnþsmøab;exμrrhutexμr)aneposxøünmkdl; RBMEdnsayFU enaqñam cmnucenhminxuskñakalbisrgáamqñam 1970 EdlyYn)anx Iéd egayexμrerkamsmøab;exμrkña edaymçagxag eyokkug mçagxagyynesri. bnþab;biexμrmçagenaxageyokkug ExμrRkhm nig ExμrmçagenAxagesrI ekerbivifid¾edl edim,ismøab;exμr RKan;EtdUrrUbPaBEtb:ueNÑaH ExμrxagyYn ducca ehg smrin h un Esn ExμrGñkts UxagsWn san rnrit. dl;qñam1993 ekefivcacrcarsnþipab cab;exμresñhacatiedlena kñúgrtugrsab;smøab;tamkarecatrbkan; epsg². Etdl; qñam1987 etibmankarcyy BICMnYyBIshrdæGaemrikcMnYn 5 landuløa edaysiksabicmnuc exsaygñkts U EdlxVHbec kets nigyut sarsþkñúgkarefivsrgáamcamyyyyn etibcab;epþimefivkarhwvkhat;kgt½b enakøamg dug TwkdIRbeTséf. ehiyefivkarvayluketaeliyynenaelitwkdiexμrvij. edaygñkts UmaneRbobTaMg kartut manerbobtamgkmøamgt½b elikgt½byynenakñúgrbetsexμr CaBiess ebledlshpabsuevot)andylrlm caj;shrdægaemrik shpabsuevot)anqb;pþl;cmnyydl;yynetot erbahshpabsuevotcybnigvibtþiesdækic Gs;hirBaØvtßúBIkñúgTunbMrugeTot CaehtueFIVeGay ku)aquv )anduryut sarsþgaketarkshrdægaemrikvij. RbeTsyYn )anenaékekabiqakgnþrcati edaymankarekobsgát;kartut BIcin BIGas an nigshrdægaemrik erbahyyn )anqøanban)anelikt½bculmkluyrbetsexμr Edlxusc,ab;GnþrCati sþibikarrmelapgfibetyüpab ÉkraCüPaB rbs;rbetsexμr. RbeTsyYnRtUv)aneKh umb½t esdækic edayshrdægaremric nigrbetselakesri EtRbeTsyYn manshpabsuevotenabierkayxñg nigpþl;cmnyyrkb;ebbya:g. shpabsuevotxatcmebah neya)ayena elitwkdi\nðúcin EtsUevotcMeNjBIxagGwur:ubxagekIt edim,itrutat;nigkarxatbg;enh. shpabsuevot)andk GaNaniKmn_rbs;xøÜn ecjbiirbetsgakanisßan cmenk\ti Blkumμúnisþ)anFøak;exSay CabnþbnÞab;enAelIBIPBelak ehiy\ti BlkumμúynisþyYn)anFaøk;exSayenAelITwkdIExμr Edlmanrdækm<úCaCarbbmYYyxusc,ab;. ebledlyyn emilexijcaj;erbobxagkartut nigesdækic yyn)anbþúr\riyabf duryut sarsþfμi edaysnüadkt½becjbi RbeTsExμreGayGs;enAqñaM 1988 edaymingnubaøategayggákarshrbcacati RtYtBinitüeLIy erkamels 58

74 famkcyyexμr. EdleBlenaH yyn)anefivrubragducdkkgt½b EtyYn)anTukT½BEdlesøokBak;sIuvilenAkñúg RbeTsExμrbnþeTot ehiyerbiegay h un Esn CakUnGukmkeFIVkarcrcarCamYy si hnuena hsakata )a:taya: EdlbgðajeGayeXIjfaCasRgÁamsIuvil ducyyncin efivkalbiqñam1970. yyngacedahédya:grsylbikar efáaletasfaqøanbanexμr. PaKITaMg byn EdlmansaFarN³rdæRbCamanitkm<úCa tmnageday h un Esn húvinsiunbiuc tmnageday si hnu km<úcarbcafibetyü tmnagedayexovsmpn rn³sirscatirmedahrbcablrdæexμr tmnageday elakta swn san QaneTArkkic RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs éf 23 tula 1991 Edlman RbeTs\NÐÚensIu nigrbets)aramgefivcashrbfan nigmanrbetscmnyn 19 CahtßelxI. EdlGacQaneTArk kare)aheqñatmyyedlerobcmeligeday GCJaFrbeNþaHGsnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatisMrab;RbeTsExμrenAqñaM1993 GMNacenAEtFøak;elIBYkkumμúynisþdEdlrhUtmkdl;sBVéf ehiyyynenaetkan;kab; RtYtRtaBIeRkayxñg duckal BImundEdl. si hnu nig h un Esn CaTIemagsMrab;eFIVtamEtExSjak;rbs;yYnEtb:ueNÑaH. ducenh ebigñk neya)ayexμrenaetedirtamknøgdedl² erkam\ti BlbreTs CaBiessGñkCitxag ehiykμankmnitdwknameday ÉkraCüxøÜnÉgeT RbeTsExμr Cati sasna RbeTsCatiExμr nigkμanesckþisux supmgál BitR)akdeLIy erbahfa yynminedlmankmnitl egayexμreyig)ansuxeliy. ebiisincags;elakgñkgantamggs;cg;c,as; sumcuhetasiksa emilsßanpabcak;esþgenakñúgrbetsexμrenahbitcadwgr)akdcaminxan. si hnu neratþm rnrit i exov smpn h un Esn swn san 59

75 g-rbhracanacrkkm<úca (The Kingdom of Cambodia) cab;biqñam 1993 RbeTsExμr)anpøas;;bþÚrmuxmat;fμI bnþab;bisrgáamcag 2 TsvtS rvagrkumclnats U nig rbbrdækm<úca edjyynecjbirbetsexμr EdleKehAfasRgÁam\NÐÚcinelIkTI 3. kic RBmeRBogTIRkug)a:rIs)an CMrujeGayyYndkkgT½BecjBIRbeTsExμr nigmankarerobcmkare)aheqñatmyyy EdlmankarRtYtBinitüBIGgÁkar shrbcacati EtxagPaKIkm<úCaRbCaFibetyümin)ancUlrYmkñúgkare)aHeqñateT edaysmgagfamant½byynenakñúg RbeTsExμr. lt plénkare)aheqñatenh)anecakc½yeliknbks hvú nsiunbiuc EdlmanRBHGgÁma s; neratþm rnrit CaRbFan EtKNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCa Edlman h un Esn CatMNag)anTTYlbraC½ykñúgkare)aHeqñatenH. h un Esn )anefivkartva:rbqamgetaniglt plénkare)aheqñatenah edaybegiáttmbn;gpikmenaextþeb:kxagekittenøemkgá EdlkalenaH manneratþmcrkbgs CaGñkdwknaMbegIáttMbn;GPiKmn_enH. karminyl;rsbcmebahlt plénkar e)aheqñatenh h un Esn )anefivegaymankarramgsþhcmebahkarerobcmrdæapi)almyy EdlminGacedaHRsay)an erbahgagkgt½byynbgáb;. sihnu CaRbFan]tþmRkumRbwkSaCatiCan;x<s;)anecjmkeFIVGnþraKmn_ eday)anedj GgÁkarshRbCaCatieGayecjBIRbeTsExμr edim,irbhggáedirtyrpshpsarcati EdlpSHpSarEckGMNaceGayBYk kumμúynisþ RbeTsmYymannaykrdæmRnþI2 neratþmrnriti naykrdæmrnþiti1 h un Esn naykrdæmrnþiti2. rdæfmμnuubaøénrbets)antmruvegayrbets CaRbeTsraCaniymGaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaØ LayRBhsßelxa enaéf TI 24 ExkBaØa qñam1993. RbeTskm<úCak¾kaøyCa RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa EdltamrdæFmμnuBaØ RbCaFibetyü esribhubks racaniym GaRs½yrdæFmμnuBaØ. karedl sihnu edjggákarshrbcacatiecj ehiyeckgmnacegay KNbkSRbCaCnenH edim,ibnþ»kasegaybykkumμúynisþrs;ranbnþetotenaelitwkdiexμr erbahfa sihnu k¾cacn kumμúynisþ Kat;KitEteFIVya:gem:ceGayraCblø½gÁenAKg;vgS ehiybit)amgkarbitnuvral;kmhusqágrbs;rbhggá knøgmketmin)ankit KUrdl;plRbeyaCn_RbeTsCatisMrab;eBlGnaKtfaya:gNaenaHeLIy. ebisincatuk egayggákarshrbcacati edahrsayeblenah ExμrRtUvman»kaspøas;bþÚrneya)ayeTACaRbeTsesrI EdlerIput BI\Ti Blrbs;kumμúynisþyYn nig Epnkarrbs;yYnEdlcg;elbykTwkdIExμr ehiyrbetsexμrnig)ansuxsnþipab rikcmerin erbahfa srgáamedlekiteligenaelitwkdiexμrtamgbitsvts 60 mk si hnu minedlnwkexijxøac RbCaBlrdæExμr Edlsøab;CabnþbnÞab;enaHeT b:uenþ si hnu suxcitþcyyyyn efivtamcin egaybgásrgáamvinas hinehac. luhdl;ebledlexμrrtuv erixøünegayrycbiyyn EbCa sihnuecj mkkarbarkumμúynisþyyn nig h un Esn etavij. edaysaremilexij si hnu CakUnGukya:gsMxan; smrab;kumμuynisþtamgbir KWcin nig yyn smrab;erbir)as; ehtuducenhehiy TaMgyYnTaMgcin)aneRbIR)as; si hnu CaerogrhUtmkedIm,IplcMeNjTaMgcitþsaRsþneya)ay ducedl)an siksavipakknøgmk. eyigexijfa neya)ayrbs;semþcsi hnu tamgbisgámrarsþniymrhutmkkwkμan EpnkarGIVc,as;las; efivtametknøgyut sarsþrbs;kumμúynisþyyn nig cin EdleKKUsvaseGay edaykμancmenjgiv )anplrbeyacn_givdl;catiexμreliy manetegayexμrevtnaedaysarkumμúynisþyynbnþrtytrtaetaetotrhutmk dl;sbvéf EdlsMerctamEpnkarshB½n \NÐÚcinrbs;hUCImij. ebikalnarbhggátukegayh VúnsuIn biucerobcmrdæa Pi)alEtmñak;Ég enahmann½yfa RBHGgÁhuckaMbiteTAeGayxagesrI bkgarkatrbhggá edim,iminegayrbhggá maneqμah CamhavIr³kSRt RBHbitapSHpSarCati b ÉkraCüCaedIm erbahenakñúgknbkshviunsiunbiuc mangñk 60

76 esñhacaticaercin ehtuenhehiy)ancabykkumμúynisþrkvifismøab;cabnþbnþab;mketot edayefivrdærbharsmøab; GñkTaMgenaH enaéf TI 5-6kkáda 1997 EdlPaKeRcInCaGñkesñhaCati Gñkts URbqaMgyYntaMgBIqñaM 1979 ducca hu sux eca sm,tþi RkUc eyom Ca rit IQut nigmyycmnynetotsarubcag200nak;etot. RtUvdwgfa RBHGgÁCa Cnkumμúuynisþ cmenkknbksh VúnsIunbiucPaKeRcInCaGñkesrI nig RbCaFibetyü EdlmanGñkxøHeKniyayfa emta EtbeNþIrkUnman;. karedlrbmulgñkts UeGaycUlkñúgRTugtaml,ickl,crcarenH Gñkneya)ayesñhaCatiExμr TaMgGs;RtUvcg;caMTukfakumμúynisþyYn nigbykgay:g ekminkitfa eyigcaexμr manqamc½rcaexμr KitKUr plrbeyacn_catiet EtelμaPGMNac lg;menakmn_yyntamgenah efivtametrkuyynrbs;va edim,iegayetgmnac enakg;vgsetb:uenñah. cab;biebledlg untak;dkecjeta GñkesñhaCatidUcCa stvenakñúgrtug EdlRtUvema:g eksmøab;eblnaerscetcitþ edayecattmøak;kmhusdak;tametl,icrbs;bykva. semþc si hnu nig h un Esn)an RbmUlGñkesñhaCatieTAsmøab;ya:gRsYlTukeGaykumμúynisþrwugbwug yynculculmkrbetsexμr efivkarkñúgcyrb:ulis Tahan erkampøak KNbkSRbCaCn nigmanesþccakmrb edim,icyylak;)amggmebi]rkidæ si hnu h un Esn nigbykkumμúynisþefivknøgmk nigrycputbikarefáaletas. etivasnagnakttwkdiexμr vasna Cati sasna RbCaCatiExμrnigeTACaya:gNaenAeBlxagmux. erbahkmhusrbs;kumμúynisþedlefivegayexμrsøab;rab;lannak; kalbirbbkm<úcarbcafib etyü nigexμrsøab;edaysarsrgáamcabnþbnþab;enakñúgrbb h un Esn EdlyYnkan;kab; enaetkμannnamyy h anecjmklatrtdagenaeliy erbahbykkumμúynisþcagñkqñh ehiyenakmbugetman GMNacral;éf EtsUmkMuePøcfa RbvtþisaRsþkMBugEtkt;RtaBYkemdwknaMEdlGsmtßPaB elμapgmnactukegay kunecaexμr)andwgb Caminxan. duecñhehiyeyigsegátexijfa kare)aheqñaterkay²mk CakarerobcMqakelçanrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn km<úca edim,ibmp½nþegayexijfa mankare)aheqñatedlrsbetaniwgekalkarn_rbcafibetyü lt plminemn CalT plecjbiqnþ³rbs;exμret CalT ple)akr)as;. eyiggacsegátemilrbb½n Bt mank¾minékracü tulakar minékracü edaysßitenaerkamgmnac h un Esn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg. mankarkab;smøab; manet bbaðaekiteligminechcb; bbaðaekitmanbimyyetamyy duccagmebibukrlyy nitnþpab tulakargyutþifm kar kat;etasexμrrkhm TMnas;dIFøI TMnijeLIgéfø CemøaHR)asaTRBHviharCaedIm edim,ibegvkarcab;garmμn_ rbs;rbcablrdæ bbaðaekitmanminechcb;enakñúgrbetsexμr EtKμandMeNaHRsay. ducenhetiib skl;bbaðabit R)akdenAÉNa? duc)anerobrab;cunxagelimkehiyfa b skl;bbaðaenah KW shb½n \NÐÚcin kumμúynisþ\nðúcin EdlyYnCaGñkerobcMEpnkaredIm,IRtYtRtaenA\NÐÚcinenHÉg EtRbCaBlrdæExμr CaGñkrgeRKaH rgtukçevtna RkIRk QWcab;karCiHCan; GyutþiFm epsg²kñúgsgám. karbegiátbbaðaedlcacitþsarsþneya)ay edim,ibegvkarcab; GarmμN_rbs;RbCaBlrdæ enhminemncaqnþ³neya)aybitr)akdet. neya)ayrbetsexμrerbobduccagñkcm W egds_ Rtdrrs;edIm,IesckþIsøab;nigmkdl;Etb:ueNÑaH. ducenh esμrsumelikykbriyakasneya)ay nigbbaða myycmnyn mkvipakcakmnitducteta³ 61

77 g-1-briyakasneya)ay (Political Environment) karrkb;rkgsßankarn_ nigyl;dwgtamggs;gmbirbwtiþkarn_neya)ay EdlkMBugekIteLIgenAkñúgRbeTsExμr b erkarbets CaBiess dmenirvivdæn_neya)ayenakñúgrbetsexμr. bc úb,nñenh ebieyigemilrbetsexμrbismbkerka eyigexijknbksrbcacn EdlmanyYnenABIeRkayxñg kan;gmnackumμúynisþpþac;kar EtyksMbkRbCaFibetyü mkbak;pøakbnømrbcablrdæexμr. tamkarbitdmenirkarneya)ay nigrbb½n RKb;RKgTaMgGs;EbbCakumμúynisþ EdlsßiteRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYnBIeRkay. tamkardkrsg;ecjbivibsay yufub (Youtube) h un Esn niyay sarpabpþal;fa { niyayrtg;etmþg KWfa Gay:gyYn \LÚvmanTahanyYnCasIuvil nak; enakñúg RbeTsExμr}. karedlyynerobyut sarsþegaymanrbhmhaksrt KNbkSRbCaCn h un Esn nig sasnarbhbut enhrkan;etktþacitþsarsþneya)aymyy smrab;efivcakmrbbit)amgexμr edim,iegayexμrgs;citþfa GIV²TaMgGs;Carbs;Exμr ExμrÉkraCü ExμrmansnþiPaB k¾b:uenþ plrbeyacn_catiexμr TwkdIExμrTaMgmUlnwgRtUvFøak;elIkNþab;yYn CatiExμr nwgsøab; erbobduccadgáúvdygvaculsiurugdl;bnþúleqi ehiytibmputeqienahrtuvsøab;égetmþg. yynculmk RbeTsExμrrs;enAeRscEtcitþ rhutdl;fμi²enhyynmincam)ac;mantidækar denþimplrbeyacn_exμr RtYtRtaExμr efivevecätkmμepsg² kab;smøab;exμr edaybnømefivcaexμr mangtþsbaøanb½nñcaexμr nigmansiti e)aheqñat EtExμrenA elidixøünég ExμrmYycMnYnRtUv ek)aj;smøab;edaysaredirerisc½rekas U edim,icib awmcivit hak;duccacivitblrdæ ExμrKμantMélesμIrnigC½rekAs UeLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrBitR)akd RkIRk rehmrham smutanek ehiyxitxmefivkar Ca bmeriek CakmμkrsMNg;epSg² TTYlR)ak;ExtictYc min)anrkb;rkan; xøhetotrt;mksmutanek xøhefivcakmμkrena erkarbetsetotpg. RbeTsExμrsißteRkamGaNaniKmn_kumμúynisyYn Edlman KNbkSRbCaCn h un Esn nig esþc CarnaMgbiT)aMg g-2-knbksneya)ay (Political Parties) KNbkSRbCaCn KWCaKNbkSEdlyYnCaGñkbegIáteLIg manry³ebl 57 qñammkehiy dmbugyyn)an dak;eqμah bksbdivtþrbcacnexμr enaqñam1951 b skl;rbs;vaekitecjbibkskumμúynisþ\nðúcin EdlyYn hu CImij begiáteligducerobrab;bkrsayxageli. ehtuducecñh KNbkSRbCaCn CaGñkbMerI nigefivcagay:ggnuvtþtam neya)ayrbs;yyn. BYk h un Esn bmeriplrbeyacn_egayyyn edim,igmnaclyccati lk;catiég Etb:ueNÑaH. BYk h un Esn Ca sium nig ehg smrin enhcamnussrbs;yynedl)anelikbnþúbegaykan; GMNackalBITsvtS 1980 ebledlyynculmkqøanbantwkdiexμrenakñúgsrgáam\nðúcinelikti3 GMLúgeBl srgáamrtcak;. ebisinca h un 62

78 Esn minefivtamneya)ayyyn vasnarbs;bykenh nwgduc can; siu cak;fñamsmøab;eliynþehah Eb:n suvnñ yyncab;etadak;kuk enahanuy Caminxan. ehtuduecñh ehiy )ancayynbegiát CaeKalkarN_neya)ay mitþpab snþipab nigshrbtibtiþkarrvagyyn nigexμr edim,ibmp½nþrbcablrdæexμrfa yyncagñkmankuneliexμr. EttamBit ExμrenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;yYn. yynerbil,ic smøab;tamgexμrerkam TaMgExμrsBVéf ExμrminmanÉkraCü ExμrKμan siti esripabebjelj Exμr)at;bg; plrbeyacn_caercin ducca kat;twkdiegayyyn cuhhtßelxa sn isbaøa bmebjbenßmcamyyyyn enaéf TI 15 Extula qñam 2005 elisti sbaøaxusc,ab; qñam ExμrKμansiTi kñúgkarniyay sþiebjelj GMBIRbeTsCati RtUvyYneRbI h un Esn KMramsmøab;tamRKb;meFüa)ay TaMgesdækic sμarti niggayucivit. CnCati yyn culmkrs;enakñúgtwkdiexμrkrkwkkerkg begáitsmakm 19 extþrkug begiátknbksneya)ay KNbkS cmerinexμr KNbkSRbCaFibetyü CaedIm. yyn)anerbibykyynedlechexμr b erbiexμrxøhegaytijdi denþim diedayrsbc,ab; BIRbCaBlrdæExμreRkamelsfa vinieyak niggpivdæn_. kar )at;bg;diføienh )anefivegayb:hbal;dl; CIvPaBRbCaBlrdæExμrya:gxøaMg BIeRBaHfa RbCaBlrdæExμrsgwÇm elitwkepøog nigmandierscmkarbnþicbnþüc EdlCaqñaMg)ayedIm,IciBa wmrkbh. ebledlekrmelapkmram denþim difiørbs;kat;ehiy etirbcablrdæexμr)angivsmrab;ciba wmcivit cmegtrkbh edim,irs;tetaetot. duecñh BYkCn kumμúynisþ vabuekxag PUtPr kuhk bmp½nþepñkegayrbcablrdæexμr yl;rclmvegvgnas;. erbahvasmøab;gñk echgs;ehiyenasm½yb:ul Bt GñkEdlenArs;CaGñkEdlmin)ansikSaeronsURteRCARCH ehiyrtuvlg;kñúg menakmn_rbs;yyn EdlvaerobcMmk. vaefivgivrkb;ya:gtamekalkarn_neya)ayrbs;yyn c,ab;efivelig edim,i karbargmnac nigplrbeyacn_gñkmangmnac minemnkarbarplrbeyacn_catiexμret. c,ab;manetelirkdas EtvaminGnuvtþtameLIy niyayegaycm ebigñkesñhacatiexμrnaedlh anrbqamgneya)ayyyn BYkvaRtUvbBa a egaykungukva KW h un Esn tamcab;brgáabsmøab;pøam ]TarhrN_dUcCa Ca vic a RBHetCKuN sm b unefon GñkkarEstExμr KIm smbur RBHsgÇExμreRkam smacikknbkssmrgsi nigsmacikknbkssiti mnuss edaykμan rkxatkrexijet rhutmkdl;bc úb,nñ. EtebIyYnsøab;enAelITwkdIExμrvij h un Esn nigbksbykerskekþg² tamrbdab;bmbgsemøg xvayxvl;xøamgnas; egayrkxatkr ykmkpþnþaetasegay)an. cmenkknbksneya)ayepsg² EdlCaGñkesñhaCati niggñkrbcafibetyü yynvabba aegay h un Esn rkvifismøab;tamvifiepsg² tamrebobpavrkmμ bmebkbm)ak;exμrexþcxiþ Cak;EsþgdUcCa RBwtþikarN_EdlBYkkumμúynisþ h un Esn )anrbditeligedim,icab;tmlak;kmhuseliexμrgñkesñhacatienaéf 2 mkra 2009 duccacab; elak esam Ék niggñkesñhacatimyycmnynetot. h un Esn elμapgmnac nigrtbüsm,tiþ lg;menakmn_kumμúynisþyyn epøckitgmbicatiexμr nigqamexμrduckña efivtamyynerbil,icduc sm½y b:ul Bt Edlva)an smøab;exμrrab;lan nak;knøgmk. efivya:genh KWeFIVeGayExμreyIgTn;exSay RKb;Ebbya:g tamgbiesdækic R)aCJa nigsμarti Xøan exøa xøac edim,igayrsylyynrtytrta denþimplrbeyacn_exμr ehiytibmputyynelbyktwkdiexμrtamgmul edayvifi RtCak;bMput. yynrkan;etelikbnþúbbyk elμapgmnac bunüs½ká muxmat; smöar³ BYklYcCati edim,iplrbeyacn_xøün egayefivcakmrbbit)amg CatiExμr RbCaCatiExμr niggnþrcatietb:uenñah. duecñh KμannrNaGacCYyExμr erkabiexμrcyyexμr xøünégeliy. 63

79 KNbkSRbqaMgTaMgGs; RtUv)anKNbkSRbCaCn h un Esn erbil,ickumμúynisþbmebkcaknbkstuc² EdlminGacykC½yCMnHelIKNbkSrbs;va)aneLIy erbahknbksrbcacnmankgt½b TahanyYn nigrbcacn yynsmrab;cyy. KNbkSRbCaCnmaneRbobxagesdækic xagexasna edaysarbykvalk;cati niglycbicatiexμr CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy. RbB½n Bt mansißtenaerkamgmnac nigkarrkb;rkgrbs;bykva Bt manminékracü Bt man efivtamneya)ayrbs;bykkumμúynisþ. BYkeK)anbiT)aMg RbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaydwgkarBitbiTsiTi esripab RbCaBlrdæExμrmineGaytva:CaedIm. duecñhebieyig vipakeliknbksdétetot mingacykqñheliknbksrbcacn EdlbMerIneya)ayeGayyYneT Etvak¾Gacbg ak;dmenirneya)ayyyn nigcyyegayexμrpjak;rlwkmyycmnynedr. ebisincaknbksnamyyqñheqñaterkabibksrbcacn k¾yynbba aegay h un Esn efivvt gsnaeday mankargnþrakmn_cmnyybi esþc si hnu b rdærbhar duckalbi h un Esn caj;eqñatkalbiqñam 1993 ehiy)anefivrdærbharsmøab; GñkesñhaCatiExμr enaéf TI5-6 Exkkáda qñam1997 bnþetottamepnkaryyn. ehutenh KNbkSneya)ayepSg²eTotenaH begáiteligrkan;etsmrab;cmenjneya)ayyyn nig h un Esn egayrbcablrdæexμremilexijfa CaRbeTsÉkraCü manrbcafibetyü snþipab Etb:ueNÑaH. b:uenþebieyigca GñkesñhaCatiExμrBitR)akdrYbrYmKñaCaFøúgmYy etibeyiggacqñhyynkumμúynisþ. erbobductwkhurrymbiéd TenøepSg² culsmurtedlkμangivmkraramg)aneliy. ebiknbksna b GñkesñhaCatiExμrNacg;eFIVneya)ayenARbeTsExμr RtUveFIVitamKMnUsneya)ayrbs;KNbkSRbCaCn erkamkarrtytrtarbs;yyn Edlvas;kMriteGayniyay egaygnuvtþ. erbahyynmanepnkar tamyut sarsþmingactukegay KNbkSNaykC½yCMnHelIva)aneLIy. eyigemilexijya:gc,as;fa RbeTsExμrsBVéf CaRbeTskumμúynisþ sißtenaerkamgananikmn_yynebbfμi. duecñhehiy vasnagnaktcatiexμr nwgduccm,a: nig km<úcaerkamminxaneliy ebieyigmints UerIbMrH., RbFanbkS smrgsi RbFanbkS siti mnuss RbFanbkS neratþmrnriti KNbkS RbCaCnkm<úCa g-3-kat;etasexμrrkhm (Khmer Rough Tribunal) salakþiexμrrkhmenh begiáteligrkan;etcael,gneya)ayrbs;bykkumμúynisþ Edlman h un Esn KNbkSRbCaCnCakUnGuk ehiylak;)amgkmhus si hnu TukeFIVCarnaMg smrab;ekaledacugerkayrbs;yyn Edlcg; elbyktwkdiexμrb:uenñah. varwtetefivegayexμrkan;etvegvgercaeta mingacrkxatkrbitr)akdexijetotpg. EteyIgCaCnrgeRKaHExμrRKb;Kñadwgc,as;fa XatkrBitR)akd KWBYkkumμúynisþyYn \NÐÚcin Edl)anerobcM nigbmbak;bmb:nlti enheligegayexμr Rkhm efivegayrbcablrdæexμrsøab;rab;lannak; TaMgExμreRkam nigexμr bc úb,nñ ehiyyynbba ÚnBlrdæxøÜnmkCMnYs efivcaexμrfμielitwkdiexμrvij. si hnu nig h un Esn CaCnkumμúynisþ 64

80 bmerineya)ayegaykumμúynisþ edim,igmnac nigplrbeyacn_pþal;xøünégnigbksbyketb:uenñah EtCnkumμúynisþ TaMgenH min)anbmeriplrbeyacn_egaycatiexμr nigrbcablrdæexμret. ehtuduecñh kmusgçwmfa salakþiexμrrkhm nigttyl)anyutþifm BitR)akd erbahfa salakþienhedirkñúgkmnabneya)ayrbs;knbks RbCaCnEdlman yyncaemekøag. yynvamincg;rkyutþifm egaycnrgerkahexμrbitr)akdet. b:uenþ salakþienh CayuT sarsþ neya)ayrbs;bykkumμúynisþyyn CaGñkcMeNjb:ueNÑaH 1-ExμrenAEtEbk)ak;Kña QWcab;nig Exμr Rkhm b:ul Bt 2-dwgKuN 7 mkra yyn h un Esn 3-RbCaBlrdæExμr enaetmindwgkarbit fanrnacaxatkrbitr)akd 4-ebIk»kaseGayyYnkumμúynisþRtYtRtaExμrbnþ. salakþienhekiteligehiy EtGUsbnøayBnüaeBl varkan;etcafñambnsabefivegayrbcablrdæexμr EdlCa CnrgeRKaHGs;citþTaMgGyutþiFm b:uenñah erbahkarbitenaetmin)anlatrtdagegayrbcablrdæexμr dwgc,as; eliy fanrnacaxatkrsmøab;exμr mann½yfakambitmingaccitdgxøünégeliy. éf 17 emsa 1975 KWBYkkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkGMNaceGayExμr Rkhm duckñanig éf 7 mkra 1979 EdlBYkkumμúynisþ yynqøanban elikbnþúbgmnacexμr h un Esn Ca sium nig ehg smrin Edr cmenké si hnu EdlFøab;eFIVCaemExμRkhm begiátexμrrkhm k¾minh anecj mksarpabttylkmhusetot. duecñh salakiþenhefivegaycmenjneya)ay 7 mkra rbs;yyn EdlEtgEtelIkeLIgfa yynmkcyy rmedahexμr nigrwtetefivegayexμrvegvgkan;eterca kñúggnøg;menakmn_kumμúynisþ. RbeTsExμrenAEtsißtenAeRkam knþab;édrbs;bykkumμúynisþ EdlmanyYnCaemekøag. cmenkgnþrcatiedlcg;;rkyutþfm egayrbcablrdæexμr nigcg;bm)at;nitnþpab )ancmnayluy\trbeyacn_mkegaybykcnbukrlyy. CnTTYlxusRtUvkMBUlCafñak; dwknamexμr Rkhm BitR)akd min)anykmkpþnþaetaset efivlb;elr e)akr)as;rbcablrdæexμr egayrgtukçevtna edayrbbkumμúynisþ EdlyYnelIkbnþúbdak;elIRbeTsExμr tamgbirbbexμrrkhmrhutmkdl;bc úb,nñ. srubmk ekaledaplrbeyacn_cugerkayénlti kumμúynisþ KWcMeNjeTAyYn Edlcg;elbykTwkdIExμr dak;rbetsexμr CacMNuHrbs;yYn. ebicg;rkyutþfm egayexμr RtUvkat;eTas b:ul Bt nig sihnu h un Esn yyn cin Edr 65

81 g-4-cemøahdifiø (Land Conflict) edim,iegaycatiexμrføak;exsaytamgxag esdækic eyafa neya)ay nigekrþi eqμahsmrab;efivegay yyngayrsylbmebjekaleda kñúgkarkan;kab;rtytrtaelbyktwkdiexμr)an yynetgeterbiyut sarsþ vaylukrkb; mefüa)aymkelirbetsexμreyigcabnþbnþab; duccayyncab;epþimdutegaymansrgáam enaelitwkdiexμrenaqñam efivegayexμrkab;smøab;claclenacenøahqñam culmkrtytrtaqøanban TwkdIExμr bøn;rtbüsm,tþibiqñam edayyyn)anrtytrtaexμr tamrubpab xøabak;es,kla. yynyk GavKNbkSRbCaCn RbCaFibetyü esþcbak;bmp½nþepñkrbcablrdæexμrrhutdl;bc úb,nñ. yynerbi h un Esn bnþdak;bbaðamkeliexμr CabnþbnÞab;minRBmedaHRsay ducca bbaðacngenþarbevsnþyyn bbaðabukrlyy TMnijeLIgéfø karsmøab;mþgmyycabnþbnþab; rwbgusdiføi nigkab;érbeqiyketarsukyyncaedim. yynykluy mkcmrittijdirbcablrdæexμredlrkirk edayykeqμahrkumh un Caelsfa vinieyak niggpivdæn_. bbaðatamggs; enh BYkRtYtRta h un Esn minrbmedahrsayet TIbMput TwkdIExμrTaMgenHnwgkøayeTACakmμsiTi yyn cmenkexμrman Etsm,kRbeTs eqμahfa km<úca Etb:ueNÑaH. yynmincam)ac;efivsrgáambgðúrqamdenþim ykdiexμrduckalmun² etoteliy enhehiyekehafa neya)ayrtcak;. tamrtwsþi s un s U GñkEdlBUEk xagyut sarsþ KWminEmnGñk Edlc,aMgQñH srtuvrab;rysmrpumienahet EtKWCaGñkQñHsRtUvedaymincaM)ac; RbyuT b QñHsRtUvedayKμan QamhUrmYydMNk; b QñHsRtUvedayminxUcxatsmÖar³GIVbnþicesaHeLIy. edim,iegayrbcablrdæexμrlk;diegayyyn yyn)anerbiyynedlechexμr b ExμrEdlbMerIva ykluy duløamktijdi dmeligdiegayéfø efivegaygñkmangmnacrwbgusdiksikrrkirk yketalk;egaybykva ebietahcamin cg;lk; k¾bykvaerbil,icepsg² edim,itij duccakmramegaylk; ebimingba wget varwbgusyktet². tamyut sarsþkumμúynisþyyn vakat;pþac;es,og kat;pþac;hirbaøvtßú luy nigkat;pþac; smöar³ BIsRtUv Exμr edim,iegayexμrexsay. ebirbcablrdæexμr minlk;diegaybykva Kat;xøac)at;bg;TeT ehtuducenh Kat;lk;TaMgsþay TaMgcitþexøacpSar erbahdienhehiycaqñamg)ayrbs;kat;. yynerbil,icerkamrubpabepsg²etot efivegayexμr FujRTan; edaybgábbaðaepsg²ducca ektijdiedlh MuB½T CMuvij dirbs;kat;ehiy etibekbgçmegaykat;lk; ebiminlk; Kat;KμanpøÚvcUleTAdIKat; bebaäategaypþiteméd fageba HGBa úh rycehiybykek)anelseqøiytmlak;kmhusfa RbCaBlrdæCaGñklk;dIeGayvavij b vabgáregaymancemøaherogra:vcaedim. ExμrRtUvpøas;ecjBItMbn;sMxan;² ducca tmbn;esdækic BaNiC kmμ neya)ay etakenøgedldac;rsyal kab;érbrs;enatamticnbtcaedim b BYkvaecaT KMramtamcab; tamsmøab;egayrt;ecalrbetscaticaedim. RbCaBlrdæExμrEdlmancMnYn 85 PaKry Caksikr kan;etrkirkya:b;ywun ERskehArkGñkCYyrkyutþiFm EtBYk h un Esn minedahrsaycunexμreliy. Cak;Esþg RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgekμgcas; )anedirtamgbiextþ)at;dmbgmkpþh h un Esn enataexμa extþknþal edim,iegaycyy EtTIbMputRtUvGgÁrkS h un Esn vayefiv)abebkk,al cmenké h un Esn vij EbeTAkarBarBYkQμÜj vinieyakyynvij edayniyayfa kmuniyayerogdiføi BIeRBaHxøacb:HBal;erOgCati. karedldieligéfømkbimankmeninrbcablrdæ b:uenþtambitkmeninenah vaminemncakmenincmnyn RbCaBlrdæExμreT KWkMeNInCnCatiyYn EdlvacUlmkenAkñúgtMbn;sMxan;² duccaesdækic bwgtenøsab PñMeBj 66

82 RkugRBHsIhnu kmbg;cam mat;tenøemkgá esomrab e)a:yeb:t EdlCaebHdUgExμr. BYkvaeron PasaExμreGayecH vapøas;bþúrbikenøgmyyetakenøgepsgetot efivcagñkcmnulexμrfμiedayexμreyigrsukerscmkarmin)anyl;dwgbibbaða enheliy. cmenkrbetsexμrmanrbcablrdæticrsab; vaerbineya)aypsbvpsayegayrbcablrdæexμr eyigbnüa kmenitetavij. enhehiyca neya)ayyynnubniykmμ enaelitwkdiexμr. g-5-gmebibukrlyy (Corruption) GMeBIBukrlYyCaCm WmYyya:gsahav EdlkMBuugratt,atkñuúgsgÁmExμrbc úb,nñ erbahcnpþac;kar kba HbreTs h un Esn elμapgmnacbmeriplrbeyacn_yyn KμanqnÞ³edaHRsaybM)at;GMeBIBukrlYyeGayGs;kúñgsgÁm ExμrTal; EtesaH. Cnpþac;kar h un Esn KμanectnaedaHRsaybBaðaEdlkMBugRbQmmuxcMeBaHsgÁmExμreT EfmTaMgbegIát bbaðaegaykan;etercinetotducca kardeniþmdifiørbcablrdærkirk ectnaefivducenh KWeKmanbMNgeGay RbCaCatiExμrkan;EtRk nigexsayeta² gayrsyl h un Esn bnþkan;gmnac bmpøajcati lak;)amgkmuhus emdwknam myycmnyn EdleFIVxuscMeBaHCatiExμrknøgmk CaBiess h un Esn manectnarksakarbarrbbkumμúnisþerkam \Ti BlyYneGaysißtesßrenAelIRbeTskm<úCaCaGmt³. GMeBIBukrlYyenHCab skl; efivegayrbcablrdæexμrsißtenakñúgpabrkirk ehiygñkrkkan;etrketa² CaBiess GñkRsukERscMkarkan;EtmanCIvPaBRkIRk KμanlT PaBeronsURteRCARCH mansμartitn;exsayeta² KitEterOgCIvPaB lg;ecokare)akr)as;rbs;bykpþac;kar h un Esn Edl)annwgkMBugbMpøajplRbeyaCn_Cati duccyybrgwggmnacegaycnpþac;karefmetotb:uenñah. GMeBIBukrlYyCaTunmYysMrab;BRgwgGMNacbkSBYk h un Esn egaykan;etruwgmam nigmancivpabfurfar EtRbCaBlrdæExμrkan;EtRkIRkeTA )ak;s,atmingacegibeligrbqamgttl;nigkarekobsgát; rbs;bykmangmnac EdlykkardwknaMtamrebobkumμúynisþ erkamgananikmyyn. GMeBIBukrlYyeFIVeGay)at;bg;fvikaCati kñúgmyyéf rhutetadl; 1 lan duløa ehiyebikitkñúgmyyqñam CamFümRtUv)at;bg;cMnYn 250landuløa eta300landuløa. etiluygs;tamgenahcarbs;nrna? luytamgenah Carbs;CatiExμr minemncarbs;bksbyk h un Esn enahet etiekmanr)ak;exb:unμan? )ancaman Lan vila nig RsIyYn cmenkmrniþrackar elakrku GñkRKU kmμkr EdlminEmnbkSBYk h un Esn R)ak;ExtictYc minrkb;rkan; ehiykan;rkirketavij. rdæapi)alpþac;kar h un Esn TTYl)anCMnYy nigxi bretsrab;landuløakñúgmyyqñam² etiluytamgenahbyk h un Esn yketana? luytamggs;enahcaluyrbs;catiexμr b Carbs; h un Esn Etmñak;Ég )ancanamkña lycykrtbü sm,tþicati yketadak;enafanakarerkarbetsrab;landuløa EtTukçevTnaRtUvFøak;elIRbCaBlrdæExμrTUeTA CaGñksg vij. duecñh RbCaBlrdæExμrRtUvCMBak;bMNulbreTs y:agehacnas; 1500 duløakñúgmñak;. bbaðatamggs;enh KWCaKMnitd¾exμARkxVk;rbs;Cnpþac;kar h un Esn bmeriyyn manectnaefivegaycatiexμr Rk nig exsay edim,ibnþgmnacpþac;karbmpøajcati nigbmeriplrbeyacn_egayyynetb:uenñah. 67

83 g-6-r)asatrbhvihar erogr)asatrbhviharedletibekiteligfμi²enh tambiteta vacacitþsarsþneya)ay EdlerobcMedayyYn egayknbksrbcacnbegáitelig edim,ibegvgarmμn_rbcablrdæexμregayepøcerogrkirk TMnij eligéfø denþimdiføi BukrlYy GyutþiFm epsg² edim,iegaymticati niggnþrcatiyl;rclmfa kardak;r)asatrbhviharculebtikpnð BiPBelak efivegayrbcablrdæexμrkamrte)aheqñategayqñh edim,ibnþgmnac h un Esn KNbkSRbCaCn tetaetot EtvaCakarerobcMrbs;KNbkSRbCaCnEtb:ueNÑaH. tamkarbitr)asatrbhvihaenh salakiþtirkugla eg)ankat;kiþegayexμrqñhesom éf 15 mifuna 1962 ducenhr)asatrbhviharcakmμsit iexμrrycetaehiy. b:uenþ sux Gan )ancuhhtßelxakat;diegayesom efivepntifμi bgácacemøahenhelig. karbegáitcemøaherogr)asat RBHviharrvagExμr nigesom Edlesomdak;T½BQøanBanTwkdIExμr edim,iegayexμrepøcyynpakxagekit EdlcUl mkebjrbetsexμr RbmaNCag 4 lannak;. yynefivegayexμrrcbukrcbl; manbbaðaminechcb; x IédExμreGay bgársrgáam GñkEdlrgeRKaHKWCatiExμr GñkEdl)anplRbeyaCn_ KWyYneTAvij. tamkarbitetatamgyyn nigesom tamgbigtitkal EtgEtelgEl,gq<inEPñkdak;Exμr edim,ietplrbeyacn_catiekb:uenñah. eyigcaexμrrtuvbinitü siksarbvtþisarsþexμregayc,as; eyigminrtuvbwgbak;tukcitþelicatisasn_dét CagCatisasn_xøÜnÉgeLIy. RbCaBlrdæExμrTaMgGs;Kña sumkmuepøcplrbeyacn_fm duccatwkdiexμrtamgmul EdlyYnkMBugEtRtYtRtasBVéf R)asaTGgÁrvtþ EdlyYn sux Kg; kmbugetekibluyyketaegayrdæapi)alyyncaedim. sumeyigbicarnafa ebledlesomqøanban etigas an b GgÁkarshRbCaCati CYyedaHRsaybBaða eyigb et? ducenhkmusmgagfamangas an Exμrmin)at;bg;plRbeyaCn_ )at;twkdienah erbahepnkargivrkb;ya:g ekefivrsbtamsßankarn_tamggs;. cmenkkarcrcar nigkardak;t½b vacael,gneya)ayq<inepñkexμret KμancMeNj GIVdl;Exμr erkabiexμr )at;twkdi Exμrclacl Gsnþisux nig P½yxøacb:ueNÑaH. R)asaTRBHviharExμr BN elog sux Gan kat;diegayéf 68