TsSTavdþIGPivDÆn_km<úCa

Átírás

1 qñamti12 elx 4 TsSnavdþI ISSN / ISBN qñamti12 elx4 Extula-FñÚ Éksare)aHBum<pSayrbs; qñam2008 vitüasßanbnþúhbnþal nig RsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa GPivDÆn_km<úCa tula - FñÚ qñam2008 témø 1>500¹ cmnakrsukrbs;yuvcn enakñúgrbetskm<úca edayelak lwm suvnñar:a 1> esckþiepþim cab;tamgbicugtsvtsr_1990 edaysarrbetskm<úca)an ebikcmhesdækic TIpSaresrI nigedaymankmeninesdækic x<s;cabnþbnþab; yuvcnv½yekµgenacnbtkm<úca )anefvi cmnakrsukkan;etercinmkkan;tirkug edim,irkkargarefvi. karpøas;bikenøgmyyetakenøgmyyetot remgmanhanip½y CaBiess cmebahkmµkrv½yekµgedlpakercinmankargb;rm muldæantab nigkµan rwmancmnajtictyc ehiybmuføab;cak ecjbipumikmenitesah. dmenirkarcmnakrsuk bnþaj epsg² lkçxnðrs;enanigefvikargar RBmTaMgplb:HBal; énkarepjir)ak;etapþh nigcmnakrsuk etaelirkumrkysar nig shkmn_ ekenamintan;)anesvgyl;egaysiucermaena eliyet. ÉksarenH siksagmbicmnakrsukrbs;yuvcn enatamcnbtetakan;tirkug RBmTaMgplb:HBal;énkar efivcmnakrsuketaelikarkat;bnßypabrkirk kñúgshkmn_ rbs;bykek edaybinitüemileli³ k savtaresdækic sgámkic énrkysarrbs;yuvcncmnakrsuk x ktþacmruj egaymancmnakrsuk K tynatiéntmnak;tmngsgámkñúg karsrmyldl;karefvicmnakrsuk X smahrnkmµén yuvcncmnakrsuketakñúgkarrs;enakñúgtirkug g R)ak;epJIeTApÞH nig plb:hbal;etaelikarkat;bnßypabrkirkkñúgrkysar nigshkmn_rbs; yuvcncmnakrsuk. karsiksamun²)anbgðajeligfa cmnakrsukenakñúgrbets manpl b:hbal;cavic man niggvic mandl;kargpivdæ nigkarkat;bnßypabrkirk. kmµkr pþ MKñaeronPasaGg;eKøs ú enaeblsmrakbikargarsmng; enaxm ue)a:yeb:t extþbnþaymanc½y smrab;rbcacnrkirkcaercin ehiyvak¾rymcmenky:agsmxan;dl;kmenin esdækic CatiEdr DFID karghgagenh )anttylkarkamrtbielak Laczko (2005) Edl)ancg úlbgðajfa cmnakrsukkñ úgrbets manskþanubl CYyCMrujkarGPivDÆ)aneRcInEbby:ag. tamry³r)ak;cmnulbenßm)anbi matika etahbicaplb:hbal;sut énkarefivcmnakrsuk enaetsißtkñúgkarbipaksaevk EjkkþI k¾karefivcmnakrsukenhgaccayut sarsþciba wmcivitd¾smxan;myy cmnakrsukrbs;yuvcn enakñ úgrbetskm< úca >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>1 suxumalpabshkmn_ nigclnarkysarenakm< úcaerkayeblbba b;cmemøah>>>>>>>6 snþ isuxsgám nigekalneya)aysgámenakm< úca >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11 * elak lwm suvnñar:a CaGtItGñkRsavRCavenAviTüasßan CDRI. GtßbT tamdanesdækic sßanpaberkarbets >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 17 enhcasegçbénkarrkexijknøwh BIkarRsavRCavBIcMNakRsukrbs;yuvCn sßanpabkñ úgrbets >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>19 nignkrubniykmµenakm<úca EdleFVIeLIgeday CDRI erkamkar]btßmöbi snþssn_esdækic >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 21 mulnifirbcablrdæshrdægaemrik enakm<úca. B½t manfµ I²BI vitüasßan CDRI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 24 1

2 kargarminemnksikmµenatamtmbn;tirkug RKYsarenACnbT)anbegáInRbPB cmnul nigrbmulbgármulfnrbs;xøün. kñúgry³eblxøi cmnakrsukgac efivegay)at;bg;hirbaøvtßú nigmulfnmnusskñúgtmbn; b:uenþk¾gacrymcmenk pgedrdl;kargpivdæry³eblevgéntmbn;cnbt. elisbienh R)ak;epIJ rbs;cncmnakrsukkñúgrbets Gacmansar³sMxan;sMrab;karkat;bnßy PaBRkIRkenACnbT. R)ak;epJI)anmkBIkargarenATIRkug vabmebjbenßm elir)ak;cmnulenacnbt ehiycyybegiáncmnayerbir)as;enacnbt CYy begáinr)ak;snsmrbs;rkysar RBmTaMgGacCMrujesdækic kñúgtmbn;. kñúgry³ eblevg shkmn_rbs;yuvcncmnakrsuk KWTTYlplcMeNjCasMxan; tamry³r)ak;epij. kñúgkrnipakercin cmnakrsukpþl;plb:hbal;vic man ercincagplgvic man. 2> savtaresdækic -sgámkic énrkysarrbs; yuvcncmnakrsuk lt PaBrkR)ak;)aneRcInCaktþaTak;TajsMxan;bMput ehiyr)ak;epjihak;duc CaplRbeyaCn_Etmü:ag EdlRKYsarrbs;yuvCncMNakRsukTTYl)an. karefivcmnakrsuk KYrEtCaskmµPaBrbs;GñkRkIRk nigrkirkbmput CaCag GñkmFüm niggñkman. pþúyetavij karsiksabgðajfa RKYsarrbs; yuvcncmnakrsukcmnyn 54 CaRKYsarRbePTmFüm 40 CaRKYsarRkIRk nig 6 RkIRkbMput ekebgeckrkysarca Gñkman mfüm Rk nig RkbMput. RKYsarGñkRk nigmfüm mandl; 94 énrkysarrbs;yuvcn cmnakrsuksrubedl)ansmpasn_. RKYsarRkIRkbMputlM)aknwgeFIV cmnakrsuk edaysarbykekminmanmulfnhirbaøvtßú nigsgámrkb;rkan;. kñúgkrnixøhetot ekµg²kñúgrkysarrkirkbmput RtUvenAEfrkSa«Bukmþaycas; Cra rwbikar ehiysßanpabenhbnþalegaymanpabrkirk. mü:agetot yuvcnkñúgrkysargñkmanminefivcmnakrsuket enapþh. RKYsarGñkman PaKeRcIn GacmanRbPBcMNUleRcInBIkarpþl;kMcIeTA»üGñkPUmi karcylrtbü plitkmµepsg² ducca Rtak;T½r ekaynþ nigm:asiunkinrsuv rwkarbegiát muxrbrtuc² enatampumirbs;bykek. skmµpabtamgenhgacefivegaybykek ecosputbihanip½y nigbbaðarbqmnanakñúgkarefivcmnakrsuk. 3> mulehtuénkarefvicmnakrsuk cmnakrsukkmlamgblkmµyuvcn bnþalcasmxan;biktþarujrcan nigttyl rg\ti BlBIktþaTak;Tajpg. PaBRkIRkraMuér: PaBKµandIFIø karhinehac FnFanFmµCati rwfnfanrtbürym kgvhkargarebjmyyqñam bmnul nig erkahfmµcati )anbgçmegayyuvcncaercinenacnbtkm<úca efivcmnakrsuk. tmruvkarx<s;nuvkmµkrkµancmnajkñúgvis½ykat;edr nigsmng; EdleRbIR)as; kmøamgblkmµercin RBmTaMgTsSn³l BIkargarmanR)ak;kMér nigesckþi sgäwmfanwgmancivpabrbesirelig vabegáit)ancaktþatak;tajegayefiv 2 cmnakrsuk. elisbienh yuvcnmyycmnyn)anefvicmnakrsukcamyy RKYsarBYkeK. kñúgkrnixøh kartak;tajxagsmpar³niymvaxøamgkøaebkmin GacTb;citþ)aneT smrab;yuvcncmnakrsukmyycmnynmkbirkysargñkmfüm EdlmankarhUbcukRKb;RKan; b:uenþcg;)anékracüxaghirbaøvtßú rwcg;)an R)ak;bEnßmsRmab;karkMsanþsb,ay. tamry³karsiksa yuvcncmnakrsukcit 50 )ansmerccitþefiv cmnakrsuk edaysarenakñúgpumirbs;bykek KµankargareFVI[)aneBjmYy qñam. kgvhkargarebjmyyqñam CaktþarujRcand¾sMxan;eqøIYytbnwgcMNUl citþrbs;yuvcnv½yekµg Edlmincg;eFIVkargarCaRbéBNI ducca efiverscmkar nigrkrti ehiyetarkkargarmanr)ak;kmérebjmyyqñamvij edaysarsøúgcitþ tamdmenirerogecakc½yrbs;sac;jati mitþpkiþ rwyuvcnepsgetot Edl)an efvicmnakrsukecjbipumi. yuvcncmnakrsuk 17 epsgetotniyayfa kgvhxatmðúbgaharcaktþanamegaybykekefivcmnakrsuk ehiy 10 etot famkbikµandirkb;rkan;. {karefivcmnakrsukedaysarbbaðarkysar} KWCa ktþatibyn b:uenþcmnucedlkyregaypjak;ep Il KWmanyuvCncMNakRsukRtwmEt 4/2 EdleqøIyfaBYkeKeFVIcMNakRsukedaysarktþaeRKaHFmµCati nig 3/2 eqøiyfa edaysarcmbak;bmnulek. 4> TMnak;TMngsgÁm nigcmnakrsuk RTwsþIsþIBITMnak;TMng )ankmnt;fa cmnakrsukpusecjbitmnak;tmngpþal;xøün TMnak;TMngxagvb,Fm nig¼rw sgámepsgetot. smrab;yuvcnedlkmbugrs;ena kñúgtmbn;rwrbetsxøün ekgacttylb½t mansþibikargar niglkçxnðrs;enakñúg tmbn;rwrbetsekaledacmnakrsuk tamry³tmnak;tmngpþal;xøün ducca mitþpkiþ niggñkcitxagedl)anefivcmnakrsuk. sac;jatirbs;cn cmnakrsuk Cajwkjab;CYyBYkeKeGayrk)ankargar nigechsrmbxøüneta nwgbriyakasrs;enafµi Oishi Nana 2002 dkrsg;bi Kim karpøas;tibikenøgmyyetakenøgmyyetot etahbietatamrduv rwetaca Gcié nþy_kþi KWmanhaniP½y nigmanbnþúkcmnayxaghirbaøvtßú nigsgám. B½t manttyl)anrtwmrtuv nigrkb;rkan; GacCYykat;bnßyhaniP½ykñúgkar cmnakrsuk)anercin nigbegáin»kasttyl)anecakc½y. karsiksabgðaj fa yuvcncakmµkrcmnakrsukpakercin TTYl)anB½t mantictyc rwkµan esahbikargarl karrs;ena nigbriyakaskargarenaétirkug. BYkeK BwgEp kxøamgelirbpbb½t manerkapøúvkar ehiygviedlbykekttyl)an muneblsermccitþefivcmnakrsuk KWCaB½t manbak;b½n nwgkargaredlgac rk)an minemnb½t manbak;b½n nwglkçxnðkargar rwlkµçxnðrs;enaet. Cit 50 ényuvcncmnakrsuk TTYl)anB½t mandmbugsþibikala nuvtþipabkargar GMBIsac;jati ehiy Cag 50 etot)andwgbismacikrkysar GñkCitxag GñkPUmi rwmitþpkiþ. cmnuckyrkt;smkal; KW RbB½n psbvpsay esþiretkµantynatigviesah kñúgkarpsbvpsayb½t mansþibikargardl;ticnbt

3 km<úca. cmnucenh)ankusrmelcbi TMnak;TMngsgÁmrvagkmµkrcMNakRsuk nigpumi¼rsukedimrbs;bykek. emkarsmng;mñak;kñúgpumisiksamyy Kat; EtgTUrs½BÞeTAPUmikMeNItrbs;Kat;enAeBlKat;RtUvkarkmµkrbEnßm. duecñh kmµkrkµancmnajpakercin CayuvCnmkBIPUmirbs;Kat;. duckñaedr GñkbeRmIRbus-RsIkñúgePaCnIydæanmYy ercinmkbipumikmenitpþal;rbs; m as;epacniydæan rwpumicit²pumienah. krnimanbgb Ún rwmitþpkiþmkbipumi EtmYy culefvikarenakñúgeragcrk epacniydæan rwkenøglagrfynþetmyy KWCakrNITUeTA. karsiksak¾bgðajbigvtþmanrbs;gnþrkari enakñúgclna cmnakrsukkñúgrbetsedr b:uenþcmebahcmnakrsukqøgrbetsvijgnþrkari edirtynatismxan;nas;. TMnak;TMng GacCaktþacMbgEdlkMNt;eCaKC½yeGaykmµkrcMNak Rsuk BIeRBaHTMnak;TMngl CYybegáIn»kasTTYl)ankargarmansuvtißPaB nigkat;bnßylt PaBRtUveKe)akR)as;. GvtþmanTMnak;TMngpøÚvkar nig vtþmantmnak;tmngerkapøúvkar KWCalkçN³sMKal;mYyéncMNakRsukrbs; yuvcnkm<úca. karsiksabgðajfa lkçn³tuetacagekéncmnakrsukrbs; yuvcn KWdMbUgmanyuvCnmñak; rwbirnak; efvicmnakrsukecjbipumi. myyqñam-birqñamerkaymk BYkeKRtLb;mkPUmivij ehiypsbvpsayb½t man BIkargar nigplrbeyacn_ttyl)anbicmnakrsuk. kñúgkrnipakercin yuvcnqanmuxtamgenh EtgeFIVCaGñksRmbsRmYldl;GñkPUmidéTeTot. kñúgsgámebbrbébniducenakm<úca TMnak;TMngsgÁmmanmUldæanenAkñúgPUmi nigrbtak;kñacasmnaj; b: uenþedaymancmnakrsukrbs;yuvcnecjbitmbn; CnbT ExSTMnak;TMngRtg;fµI²k¾cab;epþImcak;bJs edayp ab;tmbn;tirkug etanigtmbn;cnbt. TMnak;TMngfµIenH CYyCMrujdl;kareFVIcMNakRsukecj BICnbT. enaebledltmnak;tmngebbrbébnienamandedl EtcuHexSay bnþicenh TMnak;TMngfµIvakan;EtrwgmaMeLIg nigedirtyy:agsmxan;enakñúg cmnakrsukbicnbtetatirkug. GñkenAeRkAExSry³TMnak;TMngfµIenH RtUvCYbkarlM)akeRcInCagkñúgkareFVIcMNakRsuk. RbPBhirBaØvtßú tamgbiedimerogmk eketgcat;tukcmnakrsuk CavinieyaKmYyRbePT. enacnbtkm<úca CaTUeTAeKRtUvxMRbmUledImTun edim,iegaysmacikrkysar GaceFVIcMNakRsuk. Tak;TinnwgRbPBhirBaØvtßú manmyypakbi)aneqøiyfa )anbir)ak;snsmrkysar. RbPBTIBIr EdleKeqøIyR)ab;KW R)ak;snSMpÞal;xøÜn TIbI R)ak;km I nig TIbYn karlk;rtbüsm,tþi. mü:agetot man 5 TTYl )anr)ak;bisac;jati nig 3 TTYl)anR)ak;BIGnaKtecAhVaynay. erogcak;esþgedlman 37 )anx IR)ak;eK rwlk;rtbüsm,tþiedim,iefvi cmnakrsuk vacyybmpøwbimulehtuedlrkysarmyycmnynmancivpabkan;et dundabeta erkayeblbrac½ykñúgkarefvicmnakrsuk. enacnbtkm<úca GñkRk niggñkrkbmput xvhtunsum,ietsmrab;efvivinieyak 3 d¾tuc²bmput. CaTUeTABYkeKBwgEp kelir)ak;km I BIGñkcgkarR)ak; rwsßab½nmirkuhirbaøvtßú MFIs. karx IR)ak;BIGñkcgkarR)ak; CameFüa)ay buran riékarxi R)ak;BI MFIs EdleTIbEtcUleTAdl;tMbn;Cnbkm<úCana eblfµi² KWCaCeRmIsmYybEnßmeTotsMrab;GñkRk. R)ak;km I KWCakar sermccitþ d¾f n;f rmyysrmab;gñkrkenacnbt. CaerOy²GñkcgkarR)ak; minrtuvkarrbs;bba amet b:uenþbykekkitkarr)ak;x<s; minticcag 10 kñúgmyyexet. pþúyetavij MFIs KitkarR)ak;RtwmEt 3 kñúgmyyex b:uenþ trmuvegaygñkx Imandak;rbs;bBa am EdlFmµtaKWCadIERs. 5> smahrnkmµculkñúgbriyakastirkug karsmrbxøünculsgám eticncmnakrsukv½yekµgmkbitmbn;cnbt smrbxøün efvismahrnkmµ culetakñúgcivpabenatirkugy:agducemþc? yuvcncmnakrsukpakercin eqøiyfa karefvidmeniretarkkargarefvienatirkug KWCakareFVIdMeNIrelIkTImYy rbs;bykek. karsiksabgðajfa karefvismahrnkmµrbs;bykekculeta kñúgcivpabtirkug manlkçn³ {rak;kmepl} KYr[esaksþay. BYkeK)an sáal;mitþpkiþfµiedl mkbitmbn;cnbtepsgetoténrbetskm<úca CaCagGñk enatirkugedlbykekkmbugrs;ena. duecñhvacatmnak;tmnggñkcnbt nigcnbt CaCagTMnak;TMngrvagGñkCnbT niggñktirkug ehiytmnak;tmngrvagkmµkr cmnakrsukcnbt nigm as;pþhcyl k¾enamantictycedr. BYkeKrWrvl; kargarxøamgebk rwxøacebkminh anecjedirxagerka nigmincg;cmnayr)ak; edim,isáal;bitirkugeliy. tyy:agducca GñkbeRmItamePaCnIydæan EtgXuMxøÜnÉgenAEtkñúgkEnøgeFVIkar nigkrmecjetaerkanas; cmenké Gñklagrfynþk¾dUcKñaEdr. kmµkrsmng;pakercin sñak;enaetenakñúgxþm enakñúg rwenacmuvijkenøgsagsg; ehiykmµkrkat;edrk¾sáal;etpøúvetakan; kenøgefvikarb:uenñah. ebovtsr_ nigr)ak;cmnul CamFümkmµkrCayuvCncMNakRsukmñak; rkcmnul)an 307>400erol kñúgmyyex. cmnulcamfümenh mankrmitx<s;bnþicedaysarr)ak; ebovtsr_rbs;kmµkrkasiunucamfümkw 621>700erolkñúgmYyEx. cmebah muxrbrepsg²etot R)ak;kMér)antictYcCag. Gñklagrfynþ)an ebovtsr_camfüm 102>200erolkñúgmYyEx cmenkégñkbermirbusrsi enaepacniydæan KW 100>000erolkñúgmYyEx b:uenþbukrymnwgr)ak;edlepjóv [erkaetotenah FIb GacekInrhUtdl; 168>900erolkñúgmYyEx. kmµkrkat;edrrkcmnul)an 279>300erolkñúgmYyEx riékmµkrsmng;rk )an 292>700erol kñúgmyyex. Gñklk;dUrtUctac GñkGUsreTH nig Gñkrt;m:UtUDub rkcmnul)ancag 10>000 erolkñúgmyyéf.

4 karcmnay karcmnaycag 50 rbs;kmµkrcayuvcncmnakrsuk KWeTAelImð ÚbGahar. mðúbgaharsßitenalmdab;timyy smrab;karcmnayrbs;rkumkmrutagtamggs; elikelgetgñklagrfynþ EdlTTYl)anGahareday\tKitéføBIm as; yandæan. yuvcncmnakrsukcmnayrtwmet 1900erolkñúgmYyEx srmab;karefvidmenir Edlbgðajfa BYkeKmin)aneFVIdMeNIreRcIneTkñúgtMbn; EdleKrs;enA. cmnaycamfümelikarbriepakxagerkaenacugs)þah_ KW 7800erolkñúgmYyEx. srubmk CamFümyuvCnCakmµkrcMNakRsukmñak; cmnay 145>600erolkñúgmYyEx enatirkugedlkarrs;enamantméléfø. 6> R)ak;epJI karbipaksatamrkumekaleda EdleFVIeLIgCamYy«Bukmþay nigsac;jati rbs;yuvcncakmµkrcmnakrsuk )anbgðajfa PaKeRcInénkarseRmccitþ efvicmnakrsuk KWCakarseRmccitþrbs;RKYsar ercincagkarsermccitþrbs; CncMNakRsukpÞal;. duecñh yuvcncmnakrsukcakecjetarkr)ak;edim,i RKYsar ercincagsrmab;xøünég. KµanGIVKYreGayPJak;ep IleT EdlmankmµkrCayuvCncMNakRsukeRcIn elislb;dl;eta 93/4 )anepjir)ak;etapþh. mü:agetotkñúgcmenamgñk Edlmin)anepJIR)ak;eTApÞH manmyycmnynkmbugrs;enacamyyrkysarrbs; xøünrsab; duecñhpakrykmµkrcmnakrsukcayuvcnedlpþl;r)ak;dl;rkysar xøün KWswgEtdl; 100. GegátRKYsar )anpþl;lt plesþiretduckñatamgrsug ebalkwrkysar eqø IysMPasn_ 90/12 )anraykarn_fa )anttylr)ak;bismacikrkysarxø Ün Edl)aneFVIcMNakRsuk. RckepJIR)ak; kmµkrcmnakrsukepijr)ak;etapþhcaetogtat; ducenh karerciserisrckepij R)ak;EdlGacTukcitþ)an KWCabBaðasMxan;Nas;sMrab;BYkeK. karsiksa bgðajfa sßab½nmirkuhirbaøvtßúedirtynatitictyckñúgkarepjir)ak; edayman kmµkreqø IysMPasn_Et 6/26 b: uenñahedlerbir)as;rckenhedim,iepj IR)ak;. RckminpøÚvkar)anRKbdNþb;elIkrNIPaKeRcIn kñúgenh karepjitamsac;jati egayyketaedaypþal;enaebletaelgpþh karepijtammitþpkiþ nig karepjitamgñkpumi man 25 esµi²kña. yuvcncakmµkrcmnakrsukcmnyn 2/02 mansmacikrkysarenaépumi eligmkykr)ak;edaypþal; ena kenøgedlbykekefvikar. mulehtuedlsßab½nmirkuhirbaøvtßúedirtynatitictyc KWedaysarvaman éføesvax<s; nigmantmrg;ebbbtsamjamu. pþúyetavij karepjir)ak;tamrfynþ tak;siu nigtamesvahagturs½bþ manpabqab;rh½s nigebbbtsambaø EdlCa mulehtunamegaybykekerciseriskarepjitamvifienh. karerbir)as;r)ak;epjimkpþh TMnak;TMngrvagPaBRkIRk nigcmnakrsukenaetsµúksµajcaxøamg. BitehIy PaBRkIRkKWCaktþad¾sMxan;mYyEdleFVIeGaymancMNakRsuk ehiycmnak Rsukk¾CaktþaCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRkEdr. karyl;dwgbirebobedl RKYsaryuvCncMNakRsukeRbIR)as;R)ak;epJI KWsMxan;Nas;edIm,IEsVgyl;fa eticmnakrsukcyykat;bnßypabrkirk nigeklmgsuxmalpabrkysar¼ shkmn_)any:agducemþc. karerbir)as;r)ak;epjisrmab;ekaleda plitkmµ rwekaledaepsgetot vamanplb:hbal;ry³eblevgminrtwmet smrab;rkumrkysar rwshkmn_b:uenñahet b:uenþefmtamgsmrab;kmµkrcmnak RsukxøÜnÉgpgEdr enaeblbykekrtlb;mkpþhvij. KµanGIVKYreGayPJak; cmnyntwkr)ak;epjietapþh ep IleT EdlenAeBlBiPakSatamRkumeKaledA manyuvcncakmµkrcmnak kmµkrcayuvcncmnakrsuk )anepj IR)ak;eTARKYsarCamFüm 1>012>400 RsukmYycMnYnmin)andwgc,as;eTfa etirkysarrbs;xøünerbir)as;r)ak;edl erolkñúgmyyqñam EdlCacMnYnR)ak;d¾eRcInsRmab;RbCaCnenAtamCnbT xøünepjietapþhenahy:agducemþc. km<úca ehiykñúgkrnixøh R)ak;enHGacpÁt;pÁg;RKYsar)anTaMgRsugeTotpg. karsiksaelitinñn½ygegátkmµkrcmnakrsuk niggegátrkysar )an R)ak;epJI manbi 779>200erolkñúgmYyqñaM R)ak;epJIrbs;RkumGñkbeRmI bgðajfa ekerbir)as;r)ak;epjicasmxan;timyysmrab;tijmðúbgahar nigtibir dl; 2>739>700erolkñúgmYyqñaM R)ak;epJIrbs;RkumkmµkrkasIuNU. smrab;tijrtbüplitkmµ ducca RKab;BUC CI nigekarkbi. cmnay cmenkétinñn½y)anbigegátrkysar bgðajfa kmµkrcmnakrsukepjir)ak;ca kñúgmuxgarsgám ducca GaBah_BiBah_ nigsasna KWCamuxcMNayTIbI mfüm 918>900erolkñúgmYyqñaM etaegayrkysarrbs;bykek. kñúggegáttamgbirxageli erbahenacnbtkm<úca muxgarebbenhekitman CamFüm yuvcncakmµkrcmnakrsukepjir)ak;etapþhgs; 27/44 eligcajwkjab;nas;. cmnaymyyetotedlgaccat;tukfasmrab;plit éncmnulsrubrbs;bykek. PaKryenH ERbRbYlxøaMgGaRs½yelImuxrbr kmµry³eblevgedr KWcMNayelIkarsikSarbs;bg¼b ÚnbegáIt EdlCamux rbs;kmµkr edaymancab;bi 15/77 epjiedaybykgñkrt;m:utudub dl; cmnaytibynenakñúggegátbikmµkrcmnakrsuk nigmuxcmnaytir)amenakñúg 72/96 epjiedaybykgñklagrfynþ. cmnucenhbgðajmþgetotbi TMnak; GegátRKYsar. cmebahkarsgbmnul vacamuxcmnaytibyn enakñúggegát TMngy:agxøaMgrvagtMbn;RbPBedIm nigtmbn;ekaledaéncmnakrsuk nigkar RKYsar nigmuxcmnaytir)amenakñúggegátkmµkrcmnakrsuk. karsnsmman BwgEp krbs;rkysaréncncmnakrsuketaelir)ak;edlbykekepjietapþh. ticcag 4 kñúggegátbikmµkrcmnakrsuk ehiyticcag 2 kñúggegát 4

5 RKYsar. karcab;epþimmuxrbrfµi kartij¼brgikdiers karcysculpþh nigkar TijsMPar³eRbIR)as;yUrqñaM ducca TUrTsSn_ m:utu kg; >>> EdlenAEtCarbs; RbNitsMrab;RbCaCnenACnbT manticcag 1 enakñúggegáttamgbir. plb:hbal;énr)ak;epjietaelirkysar nigshkmn_ rbs;yuvcncakmµkrcmnakrsuk karsiksa)anbgðajc,as;fa RKYsaryuvCncMNakRsukPaKeRcInTTYl)an plrbeyacn_bicmnakrsukrbs;smacikrkysar b:uenþplb:hbal;éncmnak RsukeTAelIcIrPaBénkarciBa wmcivit rwkarkat;bnßypabrkirk enaetman lkçn³sµ úksµajxøamgenaeliy. cab;tamgbikmeniny:agkmhukéncmnakrsuk yuvcnbicnbtetatirkugenacugtsvtsr_1990 nigedimtsvtsr_ 2000 ekexijmanlmhurr)ak;epjiy:agercinbitirkugetatmbn;cnbt. BitehIy R)ak;epJI)anCYyrkSalMnwgkarciBa wmcivitenacnbtkm<úca b:uenþvamanninñakar minl myyedayrkysarenacnbtmyycmnyn )ancab;epþimbwgep kxøamgebk elicmnakrsukrbs;kun². enaeblefvigegátrkysar RkumGñkRsavRCav )angegátexij RKYsarmYycMnYnenAkñúgshKmn_yuvCncMNakRsukmin)an efvikargargvitamggs; ehiyrg;cametr)ak;epjimkbitirkug. kñúgkrnienh cmnakrsukminemncarbpbcmnulbenßmsrmab;rkysaret. vacarbpb cmnuletmyykt;smrab;rkysar. karsiksacaercinetotefvieligeday vitüasßan CDRI )anbgðajfa GñkRkGaccakputBIPaBRkIRk enaeblbykek manrbpbcmnulercin duecñhkare)ahbg;ecalkargarefvierscmkar ehiyrg; camr)ak;edlsmacikcmnakrsukepjimk Gacmanplb:HBal;GviC maneli sßanpabhribaøvtßúrkysar. bbaðasmxan;myyetotkw yuvcncmnakrsukpak ercincakmµkrkµancmnaj rwmancmnajtictyc duecñhkargarrbs;bykekminsuv )ancab;lab;l et ehiykarbwgep kxøamgebkelir)ak;epjigaccagnþak;myy. srubmk cmnakrsukrbs;yuvcnmanplb:hbal;vic many:agxøamgeli esdækic RKYsarrbs;BYkeK. ebisinrkkargarefvimin)an rwk¾rtuveke)akr)as; RKYsaryuvCncMNakRsukRtUvTTYlplb:HBal;GviC man b:uenþcmnakrsuk TTYlbraC½yEbbenHminekItmanjwkjab;dUc cmnakrsukqøgrbetset etahbikµantmnak;tmngsgámpøúvkar nigrbb½n karbarsmrsbkþi. RKYsar EdlmanyuvCneFVIkmµkrcMNakRsuk GacmansßirPaBhirBaØvtßúl Cag nig eblxøhgaceklmgsuxmalpabrkysar)anetotpg. b: uenþgñkrkbmput min EmnCaGñkEdlmanGRtacMNakRsukx<s;CageKenaHeT. R)ak;EdlyuvCn cmnakrsukepjimkpþh k¾manplb:hbal;vic many:agc,as;etaeliesdækic rbs;shkmn_edr. vacyycmeujesdækic muldæantamry³karbegáit GaCIvkmµ¼BaNiC kmµtuc²fµi²caercin nigkarbegáincmnayerbir)as;rbs; RKYsar. PUmiEdlmanyuvCneFV IcMNakRsukeRcIn EtgmanskmµPaBesdækic ercincagpumiedlmanyuvcnefvicmnakrsuktic. 7> esckþisniñdæan cmnakrsukkmøamgblkmµ manplb:hbal;y:agxøamg nigmantynatikan;et ercinkñúgkarkat;bnßypabrkirkenakñúgrbetskm<úca EdlsBVéf man RbCaCn 35 rs;enaerkamexsbnþat;pabrkirk nigrkcmnul)anticcag 0/50 duløar¼éf. R)ak;EdlCncMNakRsukepJ ImkpÞH mancmnynercinkyr[ kt;smkal; ehiykñ úgkrnixøhvagacpát;pág;rkysarenacnbt)anebj²myy qñam. kalbimunek)ancat;tukcmnakrsukcarbpbtibir rwtibi énr)ak; cmnulrkysar nigrkan;etcarbpbcmnulbenßmb:uenñah b:uenþsbvéf va)an køaycarbpbcmnulsmxan;cageksmrab;rkysarmyycmnyn. cmnakrsuk efviegaymanrbpbcmnulercin nigcyyegayrbcacnenacnbtgacsnsm R)ak;)anxøHedIm,ITukeRbIkarenAeBlmanvibtþiGVImYyekIteLIgPøam². smnyrcaekalneya)aysmxan;myykw eticmnakrsukkmlamgblkmµ GacCMnYseGaykarGPivDÆenACnbTkm<úCa)anEdrrWeT. cmnakrsukca dmenahrsayry³eblxøi rwmfüm CaCagry³eBlEvg. cmnakrsukkmlamg BlkmµminGacedaHRsay kgvhkargarminemnksikmµenatamcnbtkm<úca )anpøam²et. kargarrbeptepsgetotenacnbtrtuvetbegáitelig edim,i [kargpivdæenacnbtmancirpabl b:uenþkargpivdæetgpsarp ab;eday kmeninrbcacnenatirkug nig karfycuhcmnynrbcacnenacnbt. cmnak RsukRtUvEtmanlkçN³CaGcié nþy_edim,iegayrbetsriklutlas; b:uenþ cmnakrsukgcié nþy_minemnsut EtnaM[mankarGPivDÆenaHeT. GñkR)aCJ xaggpivdæn_caercinnak;mancmenofa vis½y]ssahkmµ RtUvEtmanskmµPaB xøamgkøa edim,igacrsubykcncmnakrsuk)anercin.i Éksareyag Department for International Development (2004), Migration and Development: How to Make Migration Work for Poverty Reduction, written evidence to the International Development Committee, House of Commons, sixth report, session , Vol. II House of Commons, DFID, the Stationery Offi ce Kim S.K. (2005), Rural-Urban Migration in Cambodia. A Case Study: Migration to Phnom Penh (Phnom Penh: Dept. of Sociology, Royal University of Phnom Penh). Laczko, F. (2005), Migration, Development and Poverty in Asia, International Organization for Migration. Geneva Oishi Nana (2002), Gender and Migration and Integration Approach Working Paper 49, (San Diego: University of California) 5

6 suxumalpabshkmn_ nigclnarkysar enakm<úcaerkayebls gáam 1 suxumalpabshkmn_ nigclna RKYsarenAkm< úca erkayeblbba b;cemøah 1 edaybnðit Brett Ballard 2 1> esckþiepþim kargpivdæsgám nigesdækic enabnþarbetsedlføab;qøgkat;pabvwkvr xagneya)ay nigcemøahhigsa ercinetywty:avcagenabnþarbetsman suxsniþpab nigsßirpab. b:uenþekenamintan;yl;c,as;las;enaeliyetbi cmngtak;tg enakñúgmuldæanrvagcemøah nigkargpivdæ. GtßbTenH man ekaledaeckrmelkkaryl;dwgbicmngtak;tgenh tamkarvipakbiebbbt EdlCemøaH nigkarttyl)ansnþipab vach\t ibletaeliktþaepsg²edl Cab;Bak;B½n nwgsuxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ nigclnaqaneligrbs;rkysar tampumicmnyn 9 enakm<úca. PUmiTaMg 9 xusebøkkñatamgbititamg niglkçn³gmenayplpumisarsþ. ktþatamgenh )ankmnt;biyut sarsþciba wmcivit nigsmtßpabrbs;rkysarkñúg karefivcmruhkmµrbpbcmnul nigkarttyl)an esvakmµ B½t man nigtipsar smrab;karefivbanic kmµ nigkargar. PUminImYy²Føab;qøgkat;CemøaHtam pøúvgavufkñúgkmritxus²kña ehiyk¾ttyl)ansniþpabenaeblxus²kñaedr. ebi emilmyyepøt PUmiEdl)anbBa b;cemøahtamgbimun rwenaedimrkaénkarsiksa ¼04 hak;duccamandmenirkarl Cag PUmiEdlmankar RbyuT KñaxøaMgCag niggusbnøayyurcag. b:uenþtamkarbinitül itl n; bgðajfa kalbriecäténkarbba b;cemøahtampøúvgavufminemncasucnakr d¾smxan;smrab;):an;sµanbi suxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ nigclnaqanelig rbs;rkysarenaheliy. EpñkxageRkamenH bgðajy:agsegçbgmbipumitamg 9 Edl)ansikSaelI 1 Psþútag nigkarvipakmyyepñkfmenakñúggtßbtenh dkrsg;ecjbir)aykarn_ rbs; CDRI sþibi karcakputpabrkirk?³ ninñakarsuxumalpabshkmn_ nig clnarkysarkñúgpumisiksacmnyn 9 enakm<úca FitzFerald, So et al GtßbT enhpþl;bt man nigkarvipakbenßmtak;tgnwgtynatiéncemøahkñúgkarkmnt;bi kmritsuxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ nigclnarkysarenapumisiksatamg 9. 2 bnðit Brett Ballard CaTIRbwkSaEpñkGPivDÆn_CnbT nigksikmµ enatipñak;gar GURsþalIsMrab;karGPivDÆn_GnþrCati enakm<úca AusAID. GtßbTenH CaesckþIsegçbénCMBUkmYykñúgÉksare)aHBum<pSayBI karsiksabikarcakput PaBRkIRkCasaklrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak Tak;TgnwgCemøaH nigclnarkysar. bniðt Ballard )ancgrkg GtßbTenH enaeblbmerikarcatirbwksaepñk RsavRCavCan;x<s;enAviTüasßan CDRI. eyabl; nigkarbkrsayepsg² Carbs;GñkniBn pþal; nigminemncarbs;rdæapi)alrbetsgu sþaliet. 6 karcakputpabrkirk MOPS. EpñkTI3 tamdanfa etivtþman rwgvtþman éncemøahtampøúvgavuf mantak;tgnwgktþasmxan;²tamg 4 EdlCH\T ibl elisuxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ nigclnarkysaredrb et. ktþatamg 4 man³ karttyl)andi niglkçn³dieblbba b;cemøah CMnYyGPivDÆn_ nigtitamg nigkarttyl)ancmnyyepsg². EpñkTI 4 sniñdæan edaypþl;karbipaksa elikarkmnt;gatipabtiseda nigdmnak;kalepsg²éncmnyygpivdæn_ kñúgshkmn_erkayeblbba b;cemøah RBmTaMgmeFüa)aynanaedIm,IFana cirpabenaebledlkargpivdæ)ancab;epþim {sþúhelig}. 2> PUminanakñúgkarsikSaBIkarcakputPaBRkIRk PUmicMnYn 9 kñúgkarsiksagmbikarcakputpabrkirk edimeliy)anercisyk enaqñam2001 smrab;karsiksamyy sþibikarciba wmcivitenacnbtedayep k tamtmbn;ksi-egkulúsiuepsg². enagmlúgqñam )anefvigegáteli 890RKYsarkñúgcMeNamRKYsarBIdMbUgcMnYn 1010RKYsar ehiybegiát)an CaTinñn½ymYyQut EdlCYyeGayGñkRsavRCavrbs;viTüasßan CDRI Gacvas;Evg)anBIkarERbRbYlxag suxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ nigclna rbs;rkysarkñúgry³ebl 3qñaM. ek)anebgeckpuminanaca 3 kba MúsuxumalPaB edayep kelicmnay erbir)as; cmnul niggrtapabrkirk. PUmiEdldMeNIrkarxøaMg mancmnul nigcmnayerbir)as; ekinelig RBmTaMgfycuHGRtaPaBRkIRk. CalkçN³ smkal; PUmiTaMgenHmanpøÚvcUleTAPUmil Cag PUmisaRsþGMeNaypl TMnak;TMngeTATIpSarl CagsMrab;BaNiC kmµnigkargar CMnYyGPivDÆn_eRcIn nigplitpabksikmµx<s;. PUmiEdldMeNIrkarbgÁÜr man kmenincmnul nig¼rwkmenincmnayerbir)as; rwk¾mankarkat;bnßypabrkirkxøh² manmyy Gt;mYy. etahcapumitamgenhmanlkçn³xusebøkkñaxøh²k¾eday b:uenþ CaTUeTAmanpøÚvecjcUlBi)akCag RtUvBwgEp kxøamgelifnfanrtbürym nig mandiføiefivksikmµticcag. PUmiEdldMeNIrkarGn;exSay BMumankMeNInGVI KYrkt;sMKal;eTAelIcMNUl cmnayerbir)as; rwkarkat;bnßypabrkirket. PUmienAdac;Rsyal RtUvBwgEp kelifnfanfmµcati mandiksikmµtic diføi minsuvmancicati nigttyl)ancmnyygpivdæn_ticcagekbg s;. RkahVik 1 bgðajbikarebgeckclnarkum enatampumiedl)an siksatamg 9. PUmiEdldMeNIrkarxøaMg manpumirksamg )ae)ag nig GNþÚgRtac nigmanrkysarmancivpabrkan;ebi nigrkysarfurfarercincag. PUmiEdldMeNIrkarGn;exSay manpumikmbg;etñat dgkþar nigxsac;cirs; nigmanrkysarføak;cuhrkirk nig RKYsarRkIRkrhUteRcInCag. enapumiedl dmenirkarbgáürtamg 3 KWPUmikBa r ERBkekµg nigrtbamgrbiy_ RKYsar hak;manclnapþúykña edaysarrkysaredlmancivpabfurfar nigrkysar EdlmanCIvPaBRKan;ebI KWmancMnYnRbhak;RbEhlKñanwg RKYsarEdlFøak; cuhrk nigrkysarrkirkrhut.

7 rubpabti 1>0³ karebgeckrkumclnanimyy²kñúgpumisiksatamg 9 PUmiRksaMg )at;dmbg 28% 29% 7% 15% 11% 2% 7% PUmi)ae)ag érbevg 32% 18% 11% 16% 8% 7% 8% PUmiGNþÚgRtac )at;dmbg 7% 17% 30% 7% 9% 5% 25% PUmikBa r RkecH 23% 10% 16% 20% 10% 9% 11% PUmiERBkekµg knþal 45% 9% 4% 13% 25% 2% 2% PUmiRtBaMgRBIy_ kmbg;s<w 2% 3% 42% 12% 3% 3% 34% PUmikMBg;etñat kmbt 44% 2% 1% 16% 31% 5% 2% PUmidgkþar kmbg;fm 10% 10% 15% 8% 10% 19% 29% PUmixSac;CIrs; kmbg;fm 11% 6% 11% 18% 22% 9% 23% PUmiTaMgGs; 24% 12% 13% 14% 15% 7% 14% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% FUrFar køaycagñkfurfar cakputbipabrkirk RkIRkbgÁÜr cuhrk cuhrkxøamg RkrhUt RbPB³ 890RkumRKYsar enaqñam2004¼05 3> CemøaH nigsuxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ tarag 1 )anebgeckpumitamg 9 etatamrbeptdmenirkarrbs;shkmn_ nigrbeptcemøah. cmebah PUmisißtkñúgtMbn;ébtg CemøaHtampøÚvGavuF)an bba b;tamgbimunebl rwenaeblcab;epþimdmenirkarsiksamkem:øh. cmenk PUmikñúgtMbn;Rkhm CemøaHtampøÚvGavuF)anbnþrhUtdl;GMLúgeBlsikSa. m:artis elikeligbitmnak;tmngmyycmnyn rvagsuxumalpabrbs;shkmn_ nigcemøahtampøúvgavuf. ]TahrN_ BIrPUmikñúgcMeNamPUmiTaMgbI Edl dmenirkargn; KWPUmixSac;CIrs; nigdgkþar sißtkñúgtmbn;rkhmedl tarag1³ m:artis éncemøah nigdmenirkarrbs;shkmn_ qñambba b;cemøah BN ébtg BN Rkhm PUmidMeNIrkarxøaMg )ae)ag 1984 GNþÚgRtac 1994 RksaMg 1998 PUmidMeNIrkarbgÁÜr ERBkekµg 1984 RtBaMgRBIy_ 1993 kba r 1998 PUmidMeNIrkarGn; kmbg;etñat 1993 xsac;cirs; 1997 dgkþar karrbyut KñaenAEtxøaMg niggusbnøayrhutdl;qñam1997 rw TnwÞmenH kñúgcmenampumitamgbiedldmenirkarxøamg man 2PUmi KWPUmi)ae)ag niggnþúgrtac sißtkñúgtmbn;ébtgeday)anbba b;cemøahrycral; tamgbimun rwenaedimrkaénkarsiksa. pþúyetavij m:artisbgðajfa PUmienAtMbn;Rkhm KWPUmiRksaMgman dmenirkarxøamg EtPUmimYyeTotenAtMbn;RkhmEdr KWPUmikBa rmandmenir karbgáürb:uenñah. PUmikMBg;etñat CaPUmienAkñúgtMbn;ébtg EtmandMeNIrkar Gn;exSay. krnienhbgðajfa CemøaHtampøÚvGavuF nigeblbba b;cemøah minemn CaktþaBüakrN_KYreGayTukcitþ)anc,as;las;BIsuxumalPaB shkmn_enahet ehiydmenirkarpumirtuvbwgep keli ktþacaercinetot. tetaenh CakarBinitüBIktþasMxan;²TaMg 4 EdlpSarP ab;cemøah CamYynwg suxumalpabshkmn_ nigclnarkysar KWmankarTTYl)andIniglkçN³dI eblbba b;cemøah CMnYyGPivDÆn_ nigtitamgnigkarttyl)ancmnyyepsg². 3>1> karttyl)andi niglkçn³di karttyl)andi KWCaRKwHsMrab;eGayRKYsarnanaRbmUlbgÁrRTBüFn efivcmruh kmµrbpbcmnul nigcaktáaknøwhsmrab;karqaneligéncivpabrkysar. enatsvtsr_1980 nigedimtsvtsr_1990 karebgeckdiføienatammuldæan

8 nigsmtßpabranykdirbs;rkysar )anttylrg\t iblmkbivisalpab )anmktamgtilmenakñúgqñam1992. CnmatuPUminivtþn_esIÞrEtTaMgGs; enaebl nigkmrit éncemøahtampøúvgavuf nigmkbikal³ets³énkarbba b;cemøah mkdl;mancivpabrkirk erbahkµandiføi nigmanfnfanhirbaøvtßútictyc. enatamtmbn;nimyy². ek)anbegáitelignuvrkumsamkáienakñúgpumitamg enaqñam1994 érblictwkedlkalbimunecjculmin)an erbahmankgt½b 9 ehiybnþab;mk k¾mankarebgeckdiksikmµeta[rkysarnanaedlca ExµrRkhm RtUv)anEbgEckeTAeGayCnmatuPUminivtþn_ edayrkysarnimyy² smacikrkumsamkái. enakñúgpumicmnynbir ek)angnubaøategayrbcacn TTYl)andIRbEhlmYyhikta. b:uenþrkysarcaercinbmumanfnfanhirbaøvtßú GacTTYl)andIEdlBYkeKkan;kab;munsm½yExµrRkhmeLIgvij. riéena rwmnuss edim,iranditamgenahet ehiyk¾)ancakecjbipumietavij. PUmieTot² ekebgeckdietatamcmnynsmacikrkysar. etahbirubmnþsmrab; EbgEckdIERbRbYlxusKñakþI k¾rkysaredlmansmacikercin EtgTTYl)an 3>2> eblbba b;cemøah diercincagrkysaredlmansmaciktic. enapumixøhetot RKYsarTTYl)an eblbba b;karvayrbyut Kña k¾ch\t iblxøamgetaelisuxumalpabrbs; cmenkdiesiµ²kña edayminkitbitmhmrkysareliy. mü:agetot GñkdwknaM shkmn_ nigclnaqaneligéncivpabrkysarnanaedr. TI1 eblevla enamuldæan k¾)anrbwgerbgebgeckdimankunpabrbhak;rbehlkñaeta bba b;cemøah vacab;bak;b½n dl;sniþsuxsafarn³. GñkPUmiesIÞrEtRKb;Kña egayrkysarnanaedr. )anraykarn_bibbaðaecarkmµ CaBiesskñúgGMLúgeBlGnþrkalrvagCemøaH smtßpabrbs;rkysarkñúgkarttyl)andibenßm tamry³karrandiérb nigsniþpab. PUmienAtMbn;ébtgmYycMnYn)anraykarN_fa ecarlyc RtUvBwgEp kelicmnyn nigclnakmlamgblkmµedlekman. RKYsarFM²Edl nigecarbøn; hak;duc)anekineligcab;biedimdl;bak;knþaltsvtsr_1990 GacTTYl)andIeRcIn²mkBIkarEbgEckdI k¾ercinmanlt PaBFMCagkñúg KWRBmKñanwgGMLúgeBlG untak;. cmebahpumienatmbn;rkhmvij ecarlyc karttyl)andiercinefmetotbikarrandiedr ebisinsßanpabmansnþisuxl nigecarbøn; exijmanbasebjenagmlúgeblvayrbyut Kña ehiykñúg GaceGayBYkeKrandI)an. ]TahrN_ enapumixsac;cirs;edlsßitkñúgtmbn; krnixøh²)anraldalkan;etxøamg bnþab;bikarvayrbyut )anbba b;. Rkhm GñkPUmiTTYlkarGnuBaØat[randIbEnßmeTot b:uenþcatueta mingac ]TahrN_ BYkGgÁPaBExµrRkhm)anmke)aHTItaMgkñúgtMbn;éRBEk,r efivduecñh)anet erbahmankarvayrbyut KñaxøaMgNas; nigmanminbgáb; PUmixSac;CIrs; ehiy)anefvirbtibtiþkarswkecjbitienah. erkayebl kñúgdiercin. cmebahpumiepsgetot GñkdwknaMenAmUldæan nigtahan )andak; manggápabcaercin)ancuhculcamyynwgrdæapi)al GgÁPaBEdlenAess kmhitelikaredirehirrbs;gñkpumi enakñúgtmbn;edltahanexµrrkhmgac sl;kñúgérb k¾køaycaecarbøn;. krnicak;esþgmyy KWenAPUmikBa redl efvi)ab rwgustajbykek. pþúyetavij enapumi)ae)ag GñkPUmi)anrandIbEnßm mankarrbyut KñaxøaMg cab;biedimdl;bak;knþaltsvtsr_1990. tamgbiedimqñam1980 mkem:øh. enabak;knþaltsvtsr_1990 GgÁPaBExµrRkhmmYycMnYn )ancuhcul GMeNayplPUmisa sþ ducca dimancicati nigtitamg k¾gackmnt;bi CamYynwgrdæaPi)al b:uenþggápabéetotenabnþkarrbyut ehiyerkay kmritedlrkysargacrbmulbgárrtbüsm,tþimanplitpab nigefivcmruh mkk¾køaycaecarbøn;. duecñh lmnaménkarbba b;cemøahkñúgpumitmbn;rkhm kmµrbpbcmnuledr. ]TahrN_ enapumixsac;cirs; didamduhmankunpab minemnsut EtkarvayRbyuT Kña)anbBa b;pøam rycsnþipab k¾ekiteligpøam² Gn;Nas; duecñhplitkmµcarymttyl)antinñpltic. ktþaenh)anbnüwt enahet. pþúyetavij CemøaHtamtMbn;Cak;lak;xøH)ankøayCabBaðasniþsux dmenirkarrbs;shkmn_ nigclnaqaneligéncivpabrkysarnana. ena duccamanecarbøn; EdlGacCH\Ti Bldl;smtßPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdækñúg PUmiRksaMg CemøaHtampøÚvGavuF k¾)anb:hbal;dl;karefiverscmkaredr b:uenþ karranykdifiµ nigefivbanic kmµ. minf n;f rducenapumixsac;cirs;et. dimancicati efivegayrbcacnttyl ktþati 2 Bak;B½n nwgrbwtiþkarn_enaxagerkaerkayeblkarvayrbyut )antinñplrbesirgmbidigacdamduh)an. RbCaCnk¾manTMnak;TMngl CamYy )anbba b; ducca erkahtwkcmnn; nig ramgs Üt nigsm,tanérbeqi. PUmiTaMg TIpSar EdlCYyBYkeKeGayeFIVCMnYj)anxøHEdr. ducenh dimankunpab 9 Føab;rgeRKaHedaysarTwkCMnn; nigkarramgs ÜtenAGMLúgBak;kNþalTI2 nigtitamgl GacsMral)anxøHnUvplb:HBal;énCemøaHtampøÚvGavuF CYyCMruj énkarsiksa. etahy:agenhkþi RKYsarenAPUmi)ae)ag niggnþúgrtac bnþab;bi shkmn_ egaymandmenirkarkan;etrbesir nigefivegayrkysargñkman CemøaHkñúgtMbn;enaHcb;Gs; BYkeKenAmaneBlRKb;RKan;edIm,IRbmUlRTBü RTBüFnGacRbmUlbgÁrRTBü sm,tiþ)ankan;etercin ducca ekaynþ FnmanplitPaB nigefivcmruhkmµrbpbcmnul EdlGaceGayGñkPUmi smrab;efivrbblvb,kmµksikmµ nigbegáinplitpab. Tb;Tl;)annwgplb:HBal;GviC manbierkahtwkcmnn;¼ramgs Üt)an. cmebah enatampumimyycmnyn kal³ets³énkarbba b;cemøahtampøúvgavuf PUmixSac;CIrs; nigdgkþar cenøaheblrvagkarbba b;cemøah nigkarekitman k¾smxan;nas;edrsmrab;karttyl)andiføi. enapumignþúgrtacedlcapumisßit erkahramgs Üt KWmanry³eBlxøINas;. RKYsarenAPUmiTaMgBIrBMumaneBl kñúgtmbn;ébtg nigmandmenirkarxøamg manrbcacneposxøüncag 100RKYsar RKb;RKan; edim,irbmulrtbümanplitpab BRgIkdIFøI niggpivdæehdæa 8

9 tarag 2³ GnþraKmn_GPivDÆn_ tamrbepténcemøah BIqñaM ¼05 PUmitMbn;ébtg rcnasm<½n muneblmanerkahramgs Üt)anenaHeT. CalT pl suxumalpab CarYmenAkñúgPUmi enaetdedl rwføak;cuh etahbimanrkysarmyycmnyngacttyl )anplcmenjxøhkþi. enaépumirksamg nigkba rvij dimancicati KWmaneRcInCag duecñhk¾cyy[gñkpumigactb;tl;nwgplb:hbal;énkar vayrbyut Kñay:agyUr nigcyyegaypumimandmenirkarrbesireligedr. PUmiCaeRcInk¾TTYlplBIkMENlMGkar)aneRbIFnFanFmµCati Edl efviegaygñkpumigacbrgikdiksikmµ nig¼rwrbmulpleqinigplitplérb epsgetot rwensatrti kan;etcmhcagmun. pþúyetavij enatam tmbn;ducca PUmidgkþar sm,tanikérbeqi)ankan;kab;rtytrtadiérbek,renahryceta ehiyenaeblpumittul)ansniþpab. ducenh kmhitelikarculetakan; tmbn;érb KWmanrYcCaeRsc Edl)ankat;bnßylT PaBGñkPUmikñúgkarkab; randiérb rwrbmulgnuplbiérb. srubmk kmhitbgáeligedaysarkar vayrbyut Kña KW)anCMnYsedaykMhitbgáeLIgedaysm,TanikeTAvij. cmnucxuskñakyrkt;smkal;bmputkw RbCaCnmYycMnYnGacTTYl)ankargar BlkmµsuIR)ak;QñÜlBIsm,Tanik riégñkxøhetotedirtyca Pñak;garedIrRbmUl kmlamgblkmµ. 3>3> CMnYyGPivDÆn_ ebiemiletmyyepøt kmriténcemøahhak;ducmantmnak;tmngy:agxøamgcamyy nwgcmnyngnþrakmn_gpivdæn_. 3 tarag 2 bgðajfa enagmlúgeblsiksa kñúgcmenam 4PUmienAtMbn;Rkhm man 3PUmi)anTTYlGnþraKmn_ GPivDÆn_tictYc riépumimyyenatmbn;ébtg)anttylgnþrakmn_gpivdæn_ 3 cmnyngnþrakmn_gpivdæn_ min)anqøúhbba amgbi visalpab nigtmhméncmnyyebb enahet duecñhehiybgðaj)anrtwmetrbhak;rbehlb:uenñah BIplb:HBal; skþanublcatuetaéncmnyy. 9 PUmitMbn;Rkhm vis½y )ae)ag ERBkekµg GNþÚgRtac RtBaMgRBIy_ kmbg;etñat RksaMg kba r dgkþar xsac;cirs; ksikmµ \NTan kareftamsuxpab Twks at pøúvfñl; kargb;rm srub bgðajbipumimandmenirkarxøamg ercincagekbmput. etahy:agenhkþi kmriténcemøahenatmbn;namyy nig eblbba b;cemøah minemnsut EtGacbgðaj[dwgBIkMrit nigrbepténcmnyy GPivDÆn_enaHeT. ]TahrN_ PUmiRksaMgEdlsßitkñúgtMbn;Rkhm knøgmk )anttylgnþrakmn_gpivdæn_ercincagekbmput riépumikmbg;etñatedlsßit enatmbn;ébtg KWmantYelxGnþraKmn_kMritTabCageKbMputeTAvij. visalpab nigtmhméncemøahtampøúvgavuf nigeblbba b;cemøah BitCamanplb:HBal;xøaMgeTAelIcMnYn nigrbepténgnþrakmn_gpivdæn_ enatampumixøh. PUmi)ae)ag EdlmansnþiPaB nigsßirpab tamgbiedim TsvtSr_1980 mk )anttylgnþrakmn_gpivdæn_myycmnynbirdæapi)al nig GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al edim,irtrtg;plitkmµksikmµ nigsuxpab safarn³. RkumRKYsarmYycMnYnenAPUmiRksaMg k¾hak;duc)anttylpl edayrbeyalxøh²bicmnyyrsedogkñaenh Edl)anpþl;eTA[PUmienAEk,r enah Edlman 80RKYsarmatuPUminivtþn_)anmktaMgTIlMenA. PUmienaH )anttylcmnyygpivdæn_enacugtsvtsr_1980 BIkmµviFImYyrbs;rdæaPi)al nigbiskmµpabggákarminemnrdæapi)almyycmnyn. Cak;EsþgenAPUmi GNþÚgRtac EdlCaPUmimandMeNIrkarxøaMgTI3 KWmanCMnYyGPivDÆn_ nigsagsg;eligvij )anpþl;egayrbcacn RbEhl 100RKYsar Edl efvimatupuminivtþn_mkbicmrmcneposxøünenatambenþayrbmednexµr-éf. PUmimandMeNIrkarxøaMgTaMg3 sut Et)anTTYlplBICMnYyEdlepþatcM ekaleda. enapumi)ae)agedlbmumancemøah rdæapi)algacefvignþrakmn_ GPivDÆn_taMgBIdMbUg²)an ehiyenapumignþúgrtac nigpumirksamgxøhedr KWmanGnþraKmn_GPivDÆn_CYydl;RbCaCnEdlvilmkBICMrMCnePosxøÜn erkayeblmancuhhtßelxaeli kic RBmeRBogsnþiPaB. kñúgkrnienh CMnYyGPivDÆn_hak;dUcmansBVRKb;Cag smrab;cyyrtrtg; plitkmµksikmµ nigesvasgám edaymanducca karsagsg;pøüvfñl; RbB½n Farasa sþ elikelgena PUmiGNþÚgRtac esva\ntan karpát;pág;twks at CaBiess

10 esvaeftamsuxpab nigsalaeron. visalpab nigtmhméncemøahtampøúvgavuf KYbpSMnwgktþaTItaMgnigkar TTYl)anCMnYyepSg² )anraramggnþrakmn_gpivdæn_ enaé 3PUmitMbn;Rkhm epsgetot ehiygaccyybnül;bimulehtuedlpumixsac;cirs; nigpumidgkþar kñúgcmenampumitamgbixageli )ankøaycapumidmenirkarexsay. PUmiTaMg BIrenH TTYl)anCMnYytictYc b KµanesaH smrab;plitkmµksikmµ nigesþir EtKµanCMnYyesaHsMrab;ehdæarcnasm<½n nigsuxpabsafarn³. duckña enhedr enapumikba rswgetkµangnþrakmn_cmnyygpivdæn_esah erbahvasßit enadac;rsyal nigmankarvayrbyut Kñay:agxøaMgkøa. PUmienAtMbn;ébtgmYycMnYn k¾min)anttylgnþrakmn_gpivdæn_gviercin Edr ducca PUmikMBg;etñatEdlmandMeNIrkarexSay RBmTaMgPUmiERBkekµg nigpumirtbamgrbiy_ EdlmandMeNIrkarbgÁÜr. enapumitamgbienh TItaMg RbEhlCaktþasMxan;kñúgkarkMNt;BIkMritCMnYy. ktþamyyetotgacmkbi PUmiTaMgenaHminsßitkñúg tmbn;ekaledarbs;shkmn_gpivdæn_ b k¾min)an bmebjlkçxnðsmrab;ttylcmnyy. enapumierbkekµg CMnYyGPivDÆn_ esþiretttyl)anedayécdnü enaebledlvitüasßan CDRI )anpát;pág; GNþÚgTwks atmyycmnyn bnþab;bi)ancuhrsavrcavenapumienah. 3>4> TItaMg nigpøúvtak;tg TItaMg nigkardwkcba Ún CH\T ibldl; CMnYj RckTak;TgTIpSar vtþman esvasgám RBmTaMgcMnYnnigRbePTCMnYyGPivDÆn_. enapumi)ae)ag EdlsßitkñúgtMbn;ébtg pøúvecjculminsuvl etenatsvtsr_1990 b:uenþ epsgetot Edlb:HBal;minl dl;cmnyydétetot. enapumidgkþar nigkba r pøúvfñl;edltp ab;bipumietakan;mcämnðlrdæ)alnigbanic kmµ mintan; ksagetrhutdl;qñam2002. BitEmnEtCMnYymantictYc ehiypøúvfñl; )anksagrycral;kþi b:uenþpøúvfñl;smxan;nas;kñúgkar tp ab;pumietanwgtipsar enakñúgmuldæan nigebiktvarttylskmµpabepsg². enaeblmanpøúvehiy ekrtuv cmnayeblercinetotedim,iefviepnkar nigrbmulfnfan munnwg GacGnuvtþKMeragGPivDÆn_epSg²eTot. 4> esckþisnñidæan snþipab nigsßirpab CaktþaCYyeGayPUmimYycMnYnmandMeNIrkarl BImYy qñametamyyqñam ebisinmanlkçxnðgmenaypl ducca dimancicati RckTak;Tgl etatipsar nigcmnyy]btßmöercinkyrsmsmrab;kargpivdæ sgám nigksikmµ. RKYsarnanaGacepþatkMlaMgelIkarRbmUlbgÁrRTBüskmµ EdlCYy[BYkeK GacTb;Tl;nwgeRKaHraMgs Üt¼TwkCMnn;naeBlGnaKt. cmebahpumiepsgetot TItaMgl dimancicati RBmTaMgmanCMnYyGPivDÆneRcIn )ancyykat;bnßyplb:hbal;bicemøahruamér:kñúgtmbn;. etahbicemøahedl kmbugekitman )ankat;bnßylt PaBRKYsarPaKeRcIn kñúgkarkab;ran nigefviksikmµelidiibenßmkþi b:uenþdimancicati nigtitamggayrsyltak;tg CYyeGayRKYsarTaMgenaHGacplit niglk;durplitpl )anercincagpumi ÉeTot kñúggmlúgeblmankarrbyut Kña ehiybykekk¾gactb;tl;nwgkar b:htgáicepsg² Cayfaehtu. enaeblcemøahtampøúvgavuf KYbpSMCamYynwgkal³eTs³minGMeNay pletotenah suxumalpabshkmn_ nigkarqaneligénrkysarnana KW BMumanbBaðasnþisuxraMgsÞHeLIy ehiyksikrenaetgacdwkplitpl etakan;tipsarcit²enah)an. TItaMgnigsßanPaBGMeNayplxagksiesdækic RBmTaMgsnþisuxnigsßirPaB )anefvi[pumienhmanlkçn³ Tak;Taj )ankat;bnßysmtßpabbrgikdikan;kab; nigefvi[rbcacncybkarlm)ak Bi)aknwgsMerc)anNas;. enatampumiebbenh CemøaHruaMér:nigGMeBIecarkmµ dl;tunvinieyakgpivdæn_. pþúyetavij RckTak;TgnwgTItaMgminl efiv[ kan;etxøamgelibbaðadikµancicati RBmTaMgkgVHTIpSar FnFanFmµCati nig PUmienAtMbn;ébtg epsgetot BMuGacTajykcMeNjBIGvtþmanCemøaH. CMnYyGPivDÆn_. ktþatamgenh)andak;kmhitdl;plitkmµksikmµ smtßpab Cak;EsþgenAPUmikMBg;etñat nigerbkekµg sßanpabpøúvgn; )anramgsþhdl; RbmUlbgÁrRTBüskmµ nigkarefivcmruhkmµrbpbcmnul ehiyefvi[cuhexsay TMnak;TMngTIpSar nigcmnyygpivdæn_enapumitamgbirenh. smtßpabtb;tl;nwgerkahramgs Üt¼TwkCMnn; EdlekItmanPøam² erkay TMnak;TMngpÞal;rvagTItaMg karttyl)ancmnyyepsg² nigcemøahtam eblbba b;s gáam. edaysarpumitamgenhenadac;rsyal nigmanrck pøúvgavuf GacBinitüeXIjenAkñúg 2 PUmitMbn;Rkhm EdlmandMeNIrkar ecjculbi)ak duecñhpumik¾ttyl)ancmnyygpivdæn_ ticcageketot. exsay KWPUmixSac;CIrs; nigdgkþar ehiynigenapumitmbn;rkhmman enaeblpumittyl)ansnþipab kic RbwgERbgrYmKñaedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaB dmenirkarbgáürmyy KWPUmikBa r. enapumitamgbienh kgt½bexµrrkhm )an RkIRk RtUvmankMNt;c,as;BITisedA niglmdab;lmedayéngnþrakmn_gpivdæn_ e)ahtitamgenakñúgérbercaedlbi)akculdl; edim,iekcbikgt½brdæapi)al. epsg² edim,ieliksþüyclnaqaneligéncivpabrkysarnana nigsuxumal cmebahpumixsac;cirs;vij RckTMnak;TMngeTAkan;TIpSarq ay² RtUvraMgsÞH PaBrbs;shKmn_. sßab½nrdæ sgámsuivil nigvis½yékcn nwgrtuvedir edaysarcemøah GMeBIecarkmµ nigkgvhpøúvecjcul. krnienhk¾ekitman tynatiy:agsmxan; kñúgkareklmgplitpab nigrcktak;tgtipsar. vis½y duckñapgedrcmebahpumidgkþar nigkba r. nimyy²etgman]tþmpaberbobefobmyycmnyn duecñhrtuvmankarsrmb CemøaHtampøÚvGavuF k¾b:hbal;pgedrdl;karefvidmenirecjculetapumi srmyledim,ifanafa GnþraKmn_GPivDÆn_nanavabMeBj[KñaeTAvijeTAmk.I enatmbn;rkhm eday)anbnüwt karksagpøúvfñl; nigehdæarcnasm<½n 10

11 snþisuxsgám nigekalneya)ay sgámenakm<úca eroberogeday elak Ca can;tum nig bnðit Hildegard Lingnau 1 1> sit icmebahsnþisuxsgám esckþirbkassklsþibisiti mnuss qñam1948 )anecgkñúgmarta22 fa {CnRKb;rUb>>> mansit ittyl)an snþisuxsgám} nig kñúgmarta25 fa {mansit ittyl)ansnþisuxkñúgrka KµankargareFVI mancmgw BikarPaB PaBeBaHm:ay¼emm:ay CraPaB b kgvhlt PaBciBa wmcivit edaysar kal³ets³edlsßitenaerka smtßpabrkb;rkgrbs;bykek}. sit ittyl)ansnþisuxsgám RtUv)andak;bBa ÚlCabnþbnÞab;enAkñúg sn isbaøasit imnussmyycmnyn CaBiesskñúg GnusBaØaGnþrCatisþIBIsiT i Epñkesdækic sgám nigvb,fm International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: ICESCR. marta9 éngnusbaøa ICESCR Ecgfa {CnRKb;rUbmansiTi TTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm kñúgenhmantamg karfana r:ab;rgsgámpg}. eyagtamkn³kmµafikarxagsit iepñkesdækic sgám nigvb,fm én RkumRbwkSasgÁmnigesdækic énggákarshrbcacati Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of the UN Economic and Social Council siti TTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm rab;bba ÚlTaMg sit ikñúgkarttyl)an nigrksatukgtßrbeyacn_edaykµankarerisegig edim,ifana)annuvkarkambar Tak;Tinnwg³ kgvhxatcmnulbikargar edaysarman CMgW BikarPaB matupab rbyskñúgeblbmebjkargar PaBKµankargareFVI CraPaB rw mrnpabén smacikrkysar. kareftamsuxpabmanéføx<s;hyslt PaB. karpát;pág;rkysarmin)anrkb;rkan; CaBiesssMrab;kumar nigmnuss ebjv½ykñúgbnþúk. erkabierkagkarcyyxøünég nigkmeragdmenirkaredayékcn enaman vifankarcaercinetot EdlRtUveRbIedIm,Ipþl;nUv GtßRbeyaCn_Casnþisux sgámsmxan;²ducca³ erkagkarkµankarculrymvipaktan rwerkagkarep kelikarfanar:ab;rg ducca karfanar:ab;rgsgám EdlCaTUeTARtUvmankarcUlrYmCa katbvkic BIsMNak;GñkTTYlpl nieyack nig eblxøhbirdæetotpg. 1 elak Ca can;tmu CaRbFannaykdæanEpnkarsgÁmkic ehiybnðit Hildergard Lingnau CaTIRbwkSaCan;x<s;énRksYgEpnkar. GñkniBn sumgrkun elak Julian Hansen, elak Gijs Koop, nig elakrsi Nina Siegert Edl)an CYypþl;B½t man. 11 erkagkarkµankarculrymvipaktansmrab;pþl;cmnyysgámcatueta rwepþat cmekaleda. smasfatuepsg²énsit ittyl)ansnþisuxsgámerbrbylxuskñaeta tamkal³ets³ nigsßanpabcak;esþg b:uenþkyrman 9EpñksMxan;² ebalkw kareftamsuxpab karqwfáat; CraPaB PaBKµankargareFVI rbysenaebl bmebjkargar karpát;pág;rkysarnigkumar matupab BikarPaB GñkrYcrs;CIvit nig kumarkmrba ibid: 5. rdætamggs;mankatbvkic sñúlmyykñúgkarfanagnuvtþ[)annuvsit ittyl )ansnþisuxsgámmyycmnyn EdlcaM)ac;² bmput ibid: 16. katbvkic enh tmruvegayrdæ ³ FanalT PaB)aneRbIR)as;eRKagkarsnþ isuxsgám Edlpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_ kñúgkmritgb,rmamyydl; bukálrkb;rub nigrkumrkysar efvi[bykekgac TTYl)any:agehacNas; kareftamsuxpabd¾cam)ac; TICMrk Gnam½y Twks at mðúbgahar nigkargb;rmcamuldæand¾cam)ac;myy. FananUvsiT ittyl)ansnþisuxsgámedaykµankarerisegig CaBiess smrab;bukál¼rkum EdlgayTTYlrgeRKaH nigmanzan³gn;exsay. karbarerkagkarsnþisuxsgámedlmanrsab; Tb;Tl;nwgkareRCotERCk minsmehtupl. Gnum½t niggnuvtþ yut sa sþsnþisuxsgám nigepnkarskmµpab rbs;catimyy. cat;vifankarcacmhan²nigepþatcmekaleda edim,ignuvtþerkagkar snþisuxsgám CaBiesseRKagkar smeedakarbarrkum¼cn gayttyl rgerkah nigmanzan³gn;exsay. tamdantmhmlt plsmerc)an kñ úgkargnuvtþsit ittyl)ansnþ isuxsgám. kñúgekalkmnittan;sm½ybic,ab;siti mnuss ekexijman katbvkic cmnyn 3 KW ibid: 13ff ³ katbvkic ekarb EdltMrUveGayrdæeCosvagcUleRCotERCkedaypÞal; rwedayrbeyal etakñúgkarerbir)as;siti TTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁm. katbvkic karbar tmruvegayrdætb;sáat;km uegaymancntibiculercoterck tammefüa)ayebbnamyy etakñ úgkarerbisiti TTYl)ansnþ isuxsgám. katbvkic bmebj[)an tmruvegayrdæcat;vifankarcam)ac;epsg² ducca kargnuvtþerkagkarsnþisuxsgám CaedIm EdlsMedAjúaMg[mankar Gnuvtþy:ageBjeljnUvsiT ittyl)ansnþisuxsgám. katbvkic bmebj[)an GacEbgEckCa katbvkic CYysMrYl katbvkic CMruj nigkatbvkic pát;pág;³ katbvkic CYysMrYl tmruvegayrdæcat;vifankarvic manepsg² edim,icyy dl;bukál nigshkmn_ egay)an erbisit ittyl)ansnþisuxsgám kar TTYlsÁal;siT ikñúgrbb½n c,ab;nigneya)aycati kargnum½tyut sa sþ CatisMrab;sniþsuxsgÁm nig EpnkarskmµPaBCatisMrab;snþisuxsgÁm CaedIm. katbvkic CMruj tmruvegayrdægnuvtþcmhannana edim,ifana[mankar

12 yl;dwgcasafarn³ nigkargb;rmsmrsb sþibisit i)anerbir)as;erkag karsnþisuxsgám. katbvkic pát;pág; tmruvegayrdæbegáiterkagkarkµankarculrymvipaktan rwvifankarcyy]btßmöxagsgám epsg² edim,ipþl;karkamrtdl;gñkedl mingacculrym)anrkb;rkan;kñúgkarkarbarxøünekpþal;. kñúgkarbitcak;esþg kargnuvtþsit ittyl)ansnþisuxsgám mankarrik cmerintictycnas; edaybc úb,nñrbcacn 80 elisklelak KµanlT PaB TTYl)ansnþisuxsgÁmCapøÚvkareT ibid: 3. 2> sßanpabcak;esþgenakm<úca RbeTskm<úCamanRbCaCnRbEhl 14lannak; EdlmanGRtakMenIn RbmaN 2 kñúgmyyqñam. RbCaCn km<úcarbehl 50 mangayu erkam 20qñaM. tmbn;cnbtkwcakenøgrs;enarbs;rbcacnrbehl 80 kñúgenhmanrbehl 90 énrbcacnrkirkenakm<úca. enaqñam2007 pss KitkñúgmnusSmñak; KW 594duløar ehiy RbCaCn 30/1 rs;enaerkamexsbnþat;pabrkirk Ministry of Planning karsiksaerbobefob EdlFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuI ADB )ancuhkic snüa egayefvi )anrkexijfa snþssn_kambarsgámkm<úca KW 0/18 efviegaykm<úca sßitenalmdab;fñak;ti25 kñúgcmenam 31RbeTsenAGasIu):asIuhVikEdlman KNnasnÞsSn_enH ADB & Halcrow Group 2007: 20. lmdab;fñak;enh TabCaxøaMgCagkMritmFümrbs;GasuI 0/36 b:uenþvarbhak;rbehlnwg snþssn_gpivdæn_fnfanmnuss niglmdab;fñak; pss KitkñúgmnusSmñak; rbs;km<úca. srubmk RbCaCnkm<úCaPaKeRcIn KµanRbB½n suvtßipabet ehiyenaeblqwfáat; BYkeKBMumanFnFanRKb;RKan; edim,ittyl)ankar Büa)ald¾smRsbeLIy } Cambodia Daily, 22 October CaerOy² RbB½n suvtßipabsgámetmüa:gedlrbcacnkm<úcapakercin GacBwgEp k)ankw RkumRKYsarrbs;xøÜn. enaqñam2006 GegátBIsuxPaB nigrbcasa sþenakm<úca rbs;racrdæapi)al RGC 2006 )anpþl;b½t man myycmnynbirkysarenakm<úca ducca³ RKYsarmansmaCikCamFüm 5nak; ehiyrkysarenacnbtmantmhmtuc CagRKYsarenATIRkugbnþic. RKYsar 25 manemrkysarca sþi. ekµggayuerkam18qñam RbEhl 79 rs;enacamyy«bukmþay. sþibmumansmelggviercinet kñúgkarsmerccitþelibbaðasmxan;²bak;b½n dl; xø ÜneK nigrkumrkysarrbs;bykek. sum,ietgabah_bibah_ k¾ercinetsmerc eday«bukmþay CaCagKUsVamIPriyaEdr BiessenAtMbn;CnbT ehiy siþ 52 min)anculrymbnþicesah kñúgkarerciserissvamirbs;xøün. karkambarsgámcapøúvkar nigkarpþl;esvasgámrbs;rdæ mantictyc Nas; ehiy {RbB½n snþisuxsgámcapøúvkar EdlCaxÞg;mYyd¾FMenAkñúgmux cmnaykambarsgámrbs;rbetséetotcaercin >>> )anpþl;gtßrbeyacn_ tictyc dl;gñkrk} ADB & Halcrow Group 2007: 20. smrab;gñkxvhxat 12 niggñkrk cmnaykambarsgámepþatcmekaleda KWmansar³sMxan;Cag. kñúgerogenh sßanpabmingarkk;duckarkitet. tamkarsiksarbs;fnakar ADB enakñúgcmnayelikarkambarsgámsrub 78landuløar 1/4 én pss manrbehl 60 48landuløar )anpþl;gtßrbeyacn_dl; GñkRk. ebiefobnwggrtapabrkirkrbman 30 enah ekexijfa kmµvifi cmnayxagsgámmankarepþatcmekaledacyydl;gñkrkkmritx<s; ibid. erkagkarkambarsgámpakercin BwgEp kcaxøamgeliggákarminemn rdæapi)al niggñkpþl;cmnyygnþrcati CaBiesskñúgEpñkEfTaMsuxPaB. sab½t man Cambodia Daily ecjpsayéf TI22 tula 2008 )anraykarn_fa RbCaCnEdlBMumanlT PaBbg;éføeRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMsuxPaB RtUvBwgEp k y:agxøamgeli mnþirebtüsb,úrsfm EdldMeNIrkaredayGgÁkarminEmn rdæapi)al. mnþirebtü nigmcämnðleftamsuxpabsafarn³ CYbkarlM)ak edayttyl)anfvikabirdæ R)ak;Ex nigr)ak;elikcitþtictycebk Edl)an b:hbal;minl dl;karpþl;esva RGC 2008a. b:uenþcap½bvl sbvéf man ynþkarpþl;hirbaøb,taneftamsuxpabcaercinkmbugpuselig nigriklutlas; ducca RbB½n mulnifismfm EfTaMsuxPaB smrab;cyygñkrk»üttyl)anesva EfTaMsuxPaB Health Equity Fund: HEF karfanar:ab;rgsuxpabep k elishkmn_smrab;vis½yminpøúvkar Community-based health insurance: CBHI nig karfanar:ab;rgsuxpabsgámcakatbvkic smrab;vis½ypø Úvkar Social Health Insurance: SHI. ynþkarenhsmxan;xøamgnas; BIeRBaHkarQIfáat; CamUlehtuFMbMputénkarFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRk World Bank 2006: xii. 3> ekalneya)aysgám erkagkarnigekalneya)aysgámkm<úcanabc úb,nñ sßiterkamsit igmnac rbs;rksygmyycmnyn. taragxagerkam bgðajfa ekalneya)aysgám km<úcaminrkan;etepþatelirkumnanaducmanerobrab;kñúg {EpñksMxan;²TaMg 9 énsnþisuxsgám} nig {RkumeKaledAsMxan;²TaMg 7 EdlRtUvTTYlkar KaMBarBIsgÁm} b:uenñahet b:uenþmanrymbba ÚlpgEdrnUv CnRkIRkTUeTA yuvcn CnrgeRKaHBIeRKaHFmµCati GtItyuT Cn GñkejónfñaM CnrgeRKaH BIkarlk;CYjdUr narirgerkah nigcnkµancmrk. etahy:agenhkþi mantmruy tictycnas;edlbgðajfa ek)ankitkurdl; CnKµankargareFVIeBjelj sþimankp sþietibsmralkun rwcnrycrs;civitbierkahfñak;. r)aykarn_rksygepnkarqñam2008 bgðajfa kñúgb:unµanqñamfµi²enh ekalneya)aysgám)anrikcmerinetamux ducca ³ enaqñam2007 GRtaPaBRkIRkFøak;cuHmkRtwm 30/1 efobnwggrta 34/7 enaqñam2004. karsiksarbs;fnakar ADB bba ak;c,as;fa {kmµvificmnayxagsgám)anepþatercineligñkrk ehiyvaqøúhbba amgbi kic RbwgERbgy:agxøaMgrbs; rdæapi)al GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nig Gñkpþl;CMnYyGnþrCatinana edim,itmrg;tiskmµvifikambarsgámetacyy GñkRk} ADB & Halcrow 2007: 20. ynþkarhirbaøb,tanxagsnþisuxsgám nigeftamsuxpabmyycmnyn kmbug

13 EpñksMxan;²TaMg9 énsnþisux sgám RkumRbwkSasgÁm nig esdækic én UN qñam2008 kareftamsuxpab RkumeKaledAsMxan;²TaMg 7 EdlRtUv TTYlkarKaMBarBIsgÁm ADB & Halcrow cmnucgatipabxagekalneya)aysgám enakm<úca kareftamsuxpabeday\tkitéfø smrab;gñkrk HEF CBHI smrab;vis½yminpøúvkar SHI CakatBVkic smrab; vis½ypøúvkar karqwfáat; GñkmanCMgW kareftamsuxpabeday\tkitéfø smrab;gñkrk HEF CBHI smrab;vis½yminpøúvkar SHI CakatBVkic smrab; vis½ypøúvkar CraPaB Cncas;Cra mulnificatismrab;snþisuxsgám National Social Security Fund: NSSF rw mulnifisnþisux sgámsmrab;m nþirackarsuivil PaBKµankargareFVI CnKµankargareFVI EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT sa sþcati CnminmankargareFVIeBjelj rbysedaykarbmebjkargar mulnifisnþisuxsgámcati National Social Security Fund: NSSF rw mulnifisnþisuxsgámsmrab;m nþirackarsuivil karpát;pág;rkysar nigkumar RKYsarmanRsþICaemRKYsar yuvnitism,ta nigsuxmalpabkumar matupab BikarPaB CnBikar CnBikar CnrYcrs;CIvit nig kumarkmrba kumarkmrba CnRkIRk CnRkIRk EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT sa sþcati karkmnt;gtþsbaøanrkysarrkirk-idpoor kumarmantmruvkarbiess yuvnitism,ta nigsuxmalpabkumar CMnYybnÞan;dl;CnrgeRKaHBIeRKaHFmµCati nigmhnþray epsg² ducca TwkCMnn; erkahramgs Üt b GKÁIP½y mulnifiesafnnivtþn_smrab;m nþirackar GtItyuT Cn GñkejónfñaM CnrgeRKaHBIkarCYjdUr narirgerkah CnKµanTICMrk

14 begáitelig nigbrgikefm naeblbc úb,nñ. kmµvifikmnt;gtþsbaøanrkysarrkirk IDPoor RtUv)anbegIáteLIg. esckþirbagc,ab;sþibi karkambar nigeliksþüysit icnbikar )anepjirycral; etardæspaedim,ismugnumti. smakmgtityut Cnkm< úcartuv)anbegá IteLIg edim,ieliksþ ÜysamKÁ IPaB karcyyeftamkñaetavijetamk nig CIvPaBrs;enArbs;GtItyuT Cn. kumarelµisc,ab;rab;ban;nak; GñkejónfñaM CnKµanTICMrk nigkumarrs;ena tamcieba Imfñl;rab;rynak; )anttylgtßrbeyacn_bi esvagb;rm¼eftam suxpab karbnþúhbnþalvic aciv³ nigkarerobcm[culrymrs;kñúg shkmn_vij. RBmCamYykarbegIátmCÄmNÐlsMrab;CnrgeRKaHBIkarCYjdUr mankar sþarlt PaBBlkmµ nigkarpþl;esvagb;rmeftamsuxpabedaykµaneris egigdl;kmµkr nigcnrgerkahbikarcyjdurpøúvept. cmnyngñkkµanticmrk )anfycuh. etahy:agenhkþi bbaðarbqmfm²enaetmanmyycmnyn CaGaT ³ GRtaRKbbNþb;sMrab;RkumeKaledAsMxan;² CaTUeTAmankMritTabKW ³ {GRtaRKbdNþb;sMrab;kmµviFICMnYysgÁm man 16 énrbcacnrkirk ehiygrtasmrab;rkumekaledasmxan;²éetotenatabcag 10 Edl bba ak;bigvtþmanénkmµvifismxan;²myycmnynsmrab;rkumtamgenah} ibid. bbaðarbqmfmbmputkw karpþl;esvaeftamsuxpab nigsnþisuxsgám dl;gñkrky:agercinnak;enah. bbaðarbqmbnþan;myy KWkarpþl;]btßmÖFn rwkarelikelgbn [cmmux plitplsmxan;² edim,icyytb;tl;plb:hbal;bikareligéfømð ÚbGahar. 4> karbkrsaylmgitbikmnitpþücepþimmyycmnyn kareftamsuxpabcacmnucmyyd¾smxan;bmputénsniþsuxsgám³ {PaKIrdæman katbvkic FananUvkarbegáIt RbB½n EfTaMsuxPaB edim,i[rkb;²kñaman lt PaBeRbIR)as;esvaEfTaMsuxPaBy:agRKb;RKan;. kñúgkrniedlrbb½n EfTaMsuxPaBmanKitbBa Úl EpnkarÉkCn rwepnkarcmruhpg EpnkarTaMg enahkyrmantmélsmrmü GaceRbIR)as;)an >>>} UN Economic and Social Council 2008: 5. RbeTskm<úCa )ancyb]bskácaercinkñúgkarefivhirbaøb,tansmrab;kar EfTaMsuxPaB nigkarpþl;karkambarsuxpabsgám edayerbifvikardæapi)al. CaCMhandMbUg RbeTskm<úCa)anGnum½tEpnkaremsMrab;karFanar:ab;rg suxpabsgámenaqñam2005 nig Rkbx½NÐyuT sarsþsmrab;pþl;hirbaøb,tan EfTaMsuxPaBenAqñaM2008. eksgçwmfa EpnkaremfIµmYysMrab;karKaMBar suxpabsgám RGC 2008a nwgnam[man RbB½n KaMBarsuxPaBsgÁmrYm bba ÚlKñaEtmYy nigesvaeftamsuxpabedlrkbdnþb;elirkb;kñatamggs;. KMnitpþÜcepþIm nigekalneya)ayepsg²xagsnþisuxsgám rymman HEF, CBHI, NSSF nig IDPoor. 14 4>1> mulnifismfm xagsuxpab karpþücepþimkmnitsmxan;bmputkñúgkarpþl;esvasgám GacCaRbB½n HEF EdlsMedACYyeGayGñkRk TTYl)anesvaEfTaMsuxPaBtamry³karbg;éfø [Gñkpþl;esva edim,iegayekpþl;esvaeftamsuxpabdl; GñkEdlBMuman lt PaBbg;kMérEfTaMsuxPaBtamFmµta)an. HEFs KWCaRbB½n KaMBar suxpabsgámcmbgek smrab;cyydl;gñkrk nigcngayrgerkah. knøgmkek)andkbiesafn_erbierkagkarrbeptepsg² Gs;ry³eBl CaeRcInqñaM. enaqñam1996 kargnum½t FmµnuBaØCatisþIBIhirBaØb,TanEf TaMsuxPaB )anpþl;nuvrkbx½nðc,ab;myysmrab;erkagkarhirbaøb,taneftam suxpab. enaqñam1997 mankarsakl,gykkmérgñkerbir)as;capøúvkar enatamkenøgeftamsuxpabrbs;rdæmyycmnyn. karykkmérbigñkerbir)as; enh manekaledabegiátr)ak;cmnulbenßmy:agetogtat; nigcyysmryl egaymankarrkb;rkgl. kñúgerkagkark¾manrbb½n elikelgmyy edim,i CYyeGayGñkRkbMput GaceRbIR)as;esva)an. nabc úb,nñ esvasuxpab safarn³esþirettamggs;sut EtykkMérBIGñkeRbIR)as; ehiyrbb½n \t bg;éfø mintan;mandmenirkarl KYrCaTIeBjcitþeT. edaysarmulehtuxageli enaqñam2000 RbB½n HEFs RtUv)anbegáIt eligedim,ibegáinlt PaB[GñkRk. GñkTTYlplEdlmansiT ittylrbb GnueRKaH RtUv)ankMNt; enakmritshkmn_muneblsamicnrtuvkaresvaeftam suxpab kmnt;gtþsbaøancamun rw enamnðlsuxpabtamry³smpasn_ kmnt;gtþsbaøancaerkay. GñkCMgWEdlmansiT i KWTTYl)anCMnYy TaMgRsugelIéføBüa)al nigcmnyymyycmenk rwtamgrsugsmrab;cmnayefv IdMeNIr nigcmnayepsgetotkñúgeblsmrakbüa)alenamnþirebtü. btbiesafn_ knøgmkbgðajfa RbB½n HEFs )anefvi[gñkrkttyl)anesvaeftamsuxpab kan;etercin. RbB½n HEFs )ankøaycasmaspakmyyyy:agsmxan;én Epnkar yut sa sþsmrab;vis½ysuxapi)al yut sa sþcatikat; bnßypabrkirk nig EpnkarGPivDÆn_yuT sa sþcati RsbKñaenH enaexkbaøa 2005 RksYgsuxaPi)al )an ksagrkbx½nðtamdanniggnuvtþ mulnifismfm Cati. mü:agetot enaexvicäika 2006 RksYgsuxaPi)al nig RksYgesdækic nighirbaøvtßú )anecjrbkasrymkñamyy smrab;karebgeckfvikardædl;bnþamnþirebtü Cati nigkariyal½yrsukrbtibtþi edim,ipþl;]btßmöfndl;esvaeftamsuxpab smrab;cnrkirk. karminykkméreliesvasuxpabsmrab;cnrkirktamry³rbb½n HEFs )an GnuvtþenA 37RsukRbtibtþ i efobnwg 17RsukRbtibtþ ienaqñam2004. Epnkar suxapi)alqñam smedabrgikrbb½n HEFs [)antutamg RbeTs. RbB½n HEFs manrbeyacn_nas; kñúgkarcyycnrkirkegayttyl )anesvaeftamsuxpab nig kargpivdæesdækic -sgámkic CaTUeTA. bc úb,nñ enh bbaðarbqmcmbg KWkarBRgIkRbB½n HEFs egay)andl;rbcacnrkirk enatutamgrbets.