siti kmµkrqøgrbets lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 85 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

Átírás

1 siti kmµkrqøgrbets sbvéf kmµkrqøgrbets RtUv)andwgB edaymnusscaercin edayehtufasmacik TaMgLayénRKYsarrbs;eKCakmµkrqøgRbeTs b kmµkrqøgrbetstmaglay)anrs;ena kñúgshkmn_rbs;ek. kmµkrqøgrbets kmbugetrtrtg;]ssahkmµtmaglayedl CaTUeTABak;B½n nwgkmlamgblkmµducca ksidæan nigeragcrkcaedim. kmµkrxøhefvikar enatamekhdæan. mankrnimyycmnyn vtþmanrbs;kmµkrqøgrbets manpabcam)ac; edim,iefvikargarxageliedayehturbetsnamyyenahxvhkmlamgkmµkrkñúgrbets. mankrnicaercin kmµkrqøgrbetsefvikarenakñúgrbetsmyyetmyyry³eblnamyy b:uenñah. kmµkrqøgrbetscaercin ebjcitþnwglkçx½nðkargarrbs;ek. Etk¾mankrNI CaeRcInEdr EdlkmµkrqøgRbeTsQWcab;edaykarrMelaPBIefAEk manduccalkçx½nð kargarlm)aklmbin efvikarmin)ankmér sßanpabrs;enalm)akevtnacaedim. kmµkrqøg RbeTsxøHk¾rgeRKaHedaysarGñkeRCIserIsxusc,ab;pgEdr. edaybicarnadl;pl RbeyaCn_EdlkmµkrqøgRbeTs)annaMmkeGay TaMgRbeTskMeNIt TaMgRbeTseFVIkar siti rbs;bykek RtUvTTYlkarkarBar. BYkeKsmEtTTYl)ankar]btßmÖsmrmü TMag Epñkfvika TaMgEpñkdéTeTot CafñÚrnwgkMlMagBlkmµd¾mantMélrbs;eK. cmngecigemeron ³ kmµkrqøgrbets kmritfñak; ³ mfümsiksatutiypumi muxvic a ³ siksasgám ekalkmnitsiti mnuss ³ siti edim,ilkçx½nðkargarrtwmrtuv nigyutþifm ry³ebl ³ myyem:agsiksa 1 vtßúbmng erkaykarsiksa sissrtuv)anrmbwgtukfanwggac ³ - erobrab;bisßanpablm)akrbs;kmµkrqøgrbetsenakñúgrbetsxøün nigrbets kñúgtmbn;. - niyayfamnussrkb;rubmansiti efvikargar mansiti manlkçx½nðkargarrtwmrtuv nigyutþifm. 2 Éksareyag smpar³ - marta 23 3 énesckþirbkascasklsþibisiti mnuss ³GñkeFIVkargar mansiti TTYl)anlaPedaysmFm nigebjcitþ edim,ifanagtßipabrs;ena rbs;xøünnigrkysar [smrsbnwgesckiþéføfñúrcamnussnigrtuv)anbmebjbenßm etotedaymefüa)ayepsg²énkarkarbarepñksgám RbsinebIcaM)ac;. - GtßbTsarBt man b TsSnavdþIsþIBIkmµkrqøgRbeTs bgðajcak;c,as;gmbi visalpabénskmµpabkmµkrqøgrbets enakñúgtmbn; b TUTaMgBiPBelak. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 85 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

2 - ÉksartamvIedGU b esovepabum< sþibikmµkrqøgrbets tyy:agéksartam viedguerog{ymsmgat;} CaedIm. 3 dmenirkarénkarbergon k> lmnmaepþim elak GñkRKUbgðajrUbPaBkmµkrsMNg; kmµkrksidæan niggñkbmeritampþh yk l GñkbMerICakmµkrqøgRbeTs EdlmankñúgRbeTs b kñgtmbn;. elak GñkRKUeGaysisSrayeQµaHRbeTskMeNItrbs;kmµkrenaH ehiyerob rab;bigviedlek)andwg GMBIRbeTsTaMgenaH. elak GñkRKUsresrcMelIy TaMgenaHenA RCugmççagénkþarexon b enaelirkdaspmþagfm ehiyniyayfaeyignwgvilmkemilvijena eblbba b;emeron. smkal; ³ cmnucsmxan;énlmhat;enh KWrkrUbPaBkmµkrqøgRbeTsenAkñúgRbeTs xøün EdlRsg;mkBIkarpSayBt mannigbirbpbbt manminpøúvkarnana. x> lmnamgpivdæ 1> skmµpabepþim elak GñkRKUBnül;sisSfarUbPaBrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTs EdlBYkeK)ankt;Rta GM)aj;mijenH GaceRbobeFobeTAnwgbTBiesaFTaMgLayrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTsEdl manenakñúgéksartamviedgu. elak GñkRKUbBa MagvIedGUerOg {ymsmgat;} b krnikµanviedgu elak GñkRKUniTan erogtamgtßbtxagerkamenh ³ segçberog {ymsmgat;} Gab;Dul CnCatiGasIuxagt,Úgmñak; efvikarenaeragpabynþmyy kñúgtirkugmyyén RbeTsmYyenAGasuIGaeKñy_. tmagbiebledlkat;)anbgðajlixitqøgednetaefaek rbs;kat; kalbi2qñammkenah Kat;min)aneXIjlixitenaHeToteT. efaekrbs;kat; GHGagfa lixitqøgednenahenaékariyal½ygenþáarbevsn_enaeliy. erogral;éf Gab;Dul RbfuyRbfannwgkarcab;xøÜnedayb:UlIs erbahetkat;mingacefviéksarpøúvkar NamYy duccalixitqøgedncaedim edim,ibba ak;bikarsñak;enarbs;kat; kñúgrbets eliy. RbeTsEdlGab;DuleFIVkar CalMenAbeNþaHGasnñrbs;kmµkrqøgRbeTsRbmaN 3lannak;.kmµkrTMagenaHmkBIRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ niggasiuxagt,úg edim,irbkbkargarciba wmciivit. CIvitCakmµkrqøgRbeTs minemncivitsuxrsylet. 2> karvipak elak GñkRKUsYrsMNYrdUcxageRkam ³ - etigab;dulttylkarqwcab;edaykarbmbanrbeptna BIefAEkrbs;Kat;? - etigñkmangarmµn_y:agnacmebahsßanpablm)akrbs;kmµkrqøgrbets? lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 86 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

3 - etikmµkrqøgrbetsrbqmmuxnwgbbaðagvixøh? - etisiti rbs;kmµkrqøgrbets KYrTTYlkarkarBardUcemþcxøH? elak GñkRKUsresrcMelIyrbs;sisSdak;elIkþarexon. 3> GrUbIkmµ elak GñkRKU segçbcmeliyrbs;sissedaysgát;f n;elisßanpabkargarepsg² rbs;kmµkrqøgrbets. elak GñkRKUBnül;fa tamrbb½n siti mnussgnþrcati {kmµkrqøgrbets} smeda dl;mnussedl {nwgcuhkic snüa b Cab;kic snüakñúgskmµpabrkkmérkñúgrdæmyy Edlmin EmnCaRbeTskMeNItrbs;xøÜn}. ducenhbakü {qøgrbets} smedadl;cnbrets rbs;rbetsmyy. elak GñkRKUk¾Bnül;pgEdrfaman{kmµkrqøgRsuk} Edlpøas;TIBI PUmiPaKmYykñúgRbeTs CaTUeTABICnbT etakan;pumipakmyyetot CaTUeTA KWTIRkug b tmbn;]ssahkmµ edim,iefvikargar CnTaMgenaHKYrTTYlkarrab;rkeGaydUcCaRbCa BlrdædéTeTotkñúgRbeTs b kñúgmuldæanpgedr. elak GñkRKUbnþeTABiPakSaelImaRta 23 3 énesckþirbkascasklsþibi siti mnuss. elak GñkRKUbBa ak;fakmµkrqøgrbets mansiti duckñanwgkmµkrdétetot EdredIm,I {TTYlkMérRtwmRtUv nigyutþifm EdlFana)ankarrs;enAedayesckþIéføfñÚr cmebahrubeknigrkysarrbs;ek ehiyttylkarbmebjbenßm kñúgkrnicma)ac; nuvmefüa)ay détetotgmbikic karbarsgám}. elak GñkRKUR)ab;sisSfa shkmn_gnþrcati EdltMNagedayGgÁkarsh RbCaCati )angnum½trycehiynuvkic RBmeRBogGnþrCatisþIBIsiTi rbs;kmµkrqøgrbets GnusBaØaGnþrCati sþibikic karbarsiti rbs;kmµkrqøgrbetstmaggs;rbmtmagsmacik TMagLayénRKYsarrbs;eK. sumemilkmnt;smkal;xagerkam. bnþab;mkelak GñkRKUBnül;fa RtUvmanRbB½n myyedim,icyyegaykmµkrqøg RbeTsTTYlRbeyaCn_BIkic RBmeRBogGnþrCatienH. 4> karrbtibtiþ elak GñkRKU egaysissetgsupasit b esckþirbkasdétetotedlek GaceFVI)an edim,ielikkmbs;siti kmµkrqøgrbets. 5> esckþibba b; elak GñkRKUR)ab;sisSfa kmµkrqøgrbetsk¾duccakmµkrdétetotedr ekman siti TaMgkñúgn½yTUeTATaMgkñúgn½yedayELk Cakmµkr. bc úb,nñmanbtdæansiti mnuss GnþrCatiRKb;RKan;EdlRtUv)anbegáItCaeRcInqñaMknøgmkehIy edim,ikarbar elikkmbs;nig efviegayr)akdelignuvsiti kmµkrqøgrbets. karcyyegaykmµkrqøgrbetssmerc )ansiti rbs;ek)anpþl;rbeyacn_minrtwmetcmebahxøünekb:uenñahet b:uenþefmtamgcmebah shkmn_edlekefvikarpgedr. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 87 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

4 4> rgvaytmél elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobrab;BIsiTi smxan;rbs;kmµkrqøgrbets nigmefüa)ay TMagLayEdlrdæaPi)alKYrerobcMeLIg edim,ikarbarsiti TMagenaH. 5> kic karefvienapþh elak GñkRKUeGaysisShat;sresrlixiteTAfñak;dwknaMrbs;sßab½nrdæaPi)al EdlTTYlbnÞúkkmµkrqøgRbeTs edim,irmlwkbivifankaredlgacgnuvtþ)ankñúgkar karbarkmµkrqøgrbets. Bt manbenßm enaexfñú qmña1990 mhasniñ)atggákarshrbcacati)angnum½tgnusbaøagnþr CatisþIBIkarkarBarsiTi kmµkrqøgrbetstmaggs; RBmTaMgsmaCikRKYsarrbs;eK. duc Kñanwgkic RBmeRBogsiTi mnussgnþrcatidétetotedr GnusBaØa)ankMNt;bTdæanEdl begáitcakmrumyysmrab;c,ab; ehiynignitivifirdæ)al nigvinicä½yrbs;rdænimyy². rdæapi)al énrdænimyy²edl)anpþl;sc anum½t b culcasmacik ykgnusbaøaetagnuvtþtamxmarta TaMgLaytamry³karGnum½tviFankarcMa)ac;nana. siti mnuss nigkmµkrqøgrbets kmµkrqøgrbetsminemncaplitplkñúgstvtsti20et. RsþI nigburs)ancak ecjbimatupumirbs;ekesvgrkkargarenatinamyyedldwgfamankarpþl;kmérdl;kmlmag BlkmµeRcIn. PaBEbøkkñúgbc úb,nñenhkwmankmµkrqøgrbetsercincagmunq aynas; efobnwgsm½ykalnanaénrbvtþisarsþrbs;mnusscati. bc úb,nñmanmnussrab;lannak; EdlkMBugRbkbkargar b kmbugrkkargarefvi CaCnbreTskñúgrdæEdleKsñak;enA. minmantvibna tmbn;namyykñúgbipbelakedlminmanrkummyycakmµkrqøgrbetset. ehtu GVIBYkeKcakecjBIRbeTskMenItxøÜn? PaBRkIRk nigkgvhlt PaBrkkMér b begáitplitplegay)anrkb;rkan;edim,ipát; pág;xøünég b RkumRKYsar KWCamUlehtucMbgénclnaEsVgrkkargarBIRbeTsmYyeTA RbeTsmYyeTot. TaMgenHminEmnRtwmEtCalkçN³sMKal;énkarpøas;TIkEnøgBIRbeTs RkIRkeTAkan;RbeTssþúksþmÖeT PaBRkIRkk¾CMrujeGaymanclnabMlas;TIBIRbeTs kmbuggpivdæmyyetakan;rbetskmbuggpivdæmyyetotpgedr Edlmankargarpþl; kþisgçwmtic b ercinrbesircagrbetsmyyetot. karefvitukçbukemñjmanmulehtudétetot EdlmnusSecjeTAeRkARbeTsedIm,I efvikargar. srgáam CMelaHkñúgRsuk Gsnþisux b bnþalmkbikarerisegigcmebahbuc sasn_ CnCati BN smbur sasna Pasa b TsSn³neya)ay TMagGs;enH rymcmenk egaymanclnaénkmµkrqøgrbets. Éksar ³ Fact Sheet No.24, The Rights of Migrant Workers,UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland; website: lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 88 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

5 kumartamcieba ImpøÚv kumartamcieba ImpøÚv )ankøaycatidæpabfmµtaedayelkmyy kñúgtirkugnana. BYkeKcuHeLIgtampøÚvedIm,IRbkbrbrciBa wmcivit duccakarxat;es,kecig karlk;)ari nigsárrkab; karkaykmnrsmram nigkarsmutan. kumarxøhkøaycagñkrgerkahedaygñkcyj erkogejón b Rbkan;ykTMlab;hitkavb siuqñülrbrbwtþ]rkidækmµ. kumartamcieba ImpøÚv RbEhlCasubineTArkCIvPaBd¾smrmümYy EdlminmanCYbkarxVHxat. CaGkusl minman»kasercinsmrab;bykek edim,iecjegayputbisßanpabenheliy. BYkeKmansiTi duckumartamglayedlminrs;enakñúgcivpablm)akduecñhedr. BYkeKmanbuBVsiTi TTYl karkarbar k¾duccattylesvakmµ EdlGacCYyeGayBYkeKrs;enACamnusSeBj lkçn³. cmngecigemeron ³ kumartamcieba ImpøÚv kmritfñak; ³ mfümsiksabzmpumi muxvic a ³ BlrdæviC a ekalkmnitsiti mnuss ³ siti rbs;kumarrkb;rub edim,ikarkarbarrbqmag nwgkarekgrbv½ba Epñkesdækic ry³ebl ³ myyem:agsiksa 1 vtßúbmng erkaykarsiksa sissrtuv)anrmbwgtukfanwggac ³ - Bnül;fa kumarrkb;rubmansiti rs;enakñúgcivpabsmrmümyy ehiymanesri PaBrYcputBIkarekgRbv½Ba NamYy b BIskmµPaBbgáeRKaHfñak;. - kmnt;rkvifi nigmefüa)aycyysergáahkumartamcieba ImpøÚv. - BiPakSaelIkar]btßmÖrbs;rdæ rdæapi)al edim,icyyegay«bukmþay b GaNa Büa)alRsbc,ab;rbs;kumartamcieBa ImpøÚvyl;dwgGMBIsiTi kumar. 2 Éksar- smpar³ - marta 32 éngnusbaøasþibisiti kumar ³ 1> rdæpaki TTYlsÁal;siTi karbarkumar RbqaMgkarekgRbv½Ba esdækic nigkar[ kumarefvikargarrbkbedayerkahfañk;; b EdlGacb:HBal;dl;karsikSarbs; kumar b EdlGacbMpøajsuxPaB b kargpivdæragkay stibbaøa sµarti silfm b sgámrbs;kumar. 2> rdæpaki RtUvcat;víFankarxagnItibBaØtiþ rdæ)alsgám nigkargb;rm edimi,fana dl;kargnuvtþmartaenh. kñúgtisedaenh nigeyagtambtbbaøtþibak;b½n nwg lixit]bkrn_gnþrcatiepsgetot rdæpaki CaBiess ³ lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 89 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

6 k RtUvkMNt;GayuGb,brmamYy b GayuGb,brmaeRcInsRmab;cUleFIVkar. x RtUvEcgbTbBa asmrsbsiþbiem:agebl nigl½kçx½nðkargar. K RtUvkMNt;eTas b TNÐkmµsmRsbepSgeTot edimi,fanadl;kargnuvtþ RbkbedayRbsiT PaBnUvmaRtaenH. - GtßbTdkRsg;ecjBIesovePA Children of the Dust - GtßbTGMNan {kumarsumtan} 3 dmenirkarénkarbergon k> lmnmaepþim elak GñkRKUeGaysisS GanGtßbTxageRkam ³ CIvittamcieBa ImpøÚvmankarRbfuyRbfanCaeRcIn. Gñkrs;mYyéf edim,imyyéf. GñkmanesrIPaBmYyxN³ b:uenþenatibba b;gñkefviegayxøüngñkgs;stiedayxøünég. )anlycrbs;rbrcaercin kaledl rs;tamcieba ImpøÚv. minedldwgfa køayca mnussgarkk;kmritnaet rhutmktl;nwgebledl smerccitþfaqb;rbrbwtþ. ry³ eblenah dwgfaebhdug s ÜteRkomBak;kNþal enamanebhdugetbak;knþal etedlenal Rss;. cg;sergáahgv IEdlenAesssl;GMBIeBlenHrhUteTAmux. GtItkumartamcieBa ImpøÚvGayu 16 qñma dkrsg;bi Ngo Kim cuc and Mikel Flamm, Children of the Dust,World Vision International {Bangkok: 1996} page 5 bnþab;mketot elak GñkRKUeGaysisSKitGMBIkuumartamcieBa ImpøÚv EdlBYkeK )anrbthexijenakñúgshkmn_rbs;ekpþal; ehiyerobrab;fa etikumartamgenah)anbüa yamkitbignaktrbs;ekducgtitkumartamcieba ImpøÚvxagelIenHEdrb et. x> lmnamgpivdæ 1> skmµpabepþim elak GñkRKUbBa MagExSPaBynþmYy sþigmbikumartamcieba ImpøÚv b egaysiss GanGtßbTxageRkam ³ kumarsumtan san;ti CakumartUcmñak;manGayu 10qñMa. ekemiletaduccaminmansuxpabl et ehiymansmelokbmbak;ryikryak. )atédekeligbg² ehiyes,kekmancmgw. san;tiniyayfa «Bukrbs;eK)ansøab;edayCMgW Gs;ry³eBlCaeRcInqñMamkehIy. mþayrbs;ekciba wmbi)ac;kun7nak;etmñak;ég edaymanmuxrbrlk;)arienakñúgpsar. sbvéf bgrsiercinnak;rbs;ek etaefvikarenaextþepsg. san;ti mingaccmnma)anfa ek mkbitinaeliy erbahkaledlekcakecjbipþh ekenaekµgebk. san;ti )anniyayfa ekmktirkugcamyyduncas;mñak; EdlminEmnCasac;jati rbs;eket. ekniyaybnþetotfa bursmanlanmñak; cab;ykekbikñúgpumiehiynamek eq<ahmkkan;tirkug. duncas;)anbgçmsan;tiegayedirsumtan tmagbirblwmrhutdl;knþalgrfart. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 90 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

7 san;tirtuv)aneknamyketatikenøgcaercin edim,isumtan. ekminsáal;eqµahkenøg TaMgenaHeT. ekrtuvetrkr)ak;egay)anrkb;cmnyncarbcamerogral;éf ebirkmin)anet ekrtuvduncas;vay. san;ti niyayfa duncas;ykr)ak;tmaggs;etaelgel,g. { s b;kat; erbahkat;vay erogral;éf. CYnkal Büayamlak;R)ak;xøHkñúg Gav b:uenþkat;rkexijehiykat;vay y:agf n;. cg;rt;ecjbikat; b:uenþ mindwg etatina. cg;rtlb;etapþhenacamyyrkysar b:uenþmindwgefviy:agnaet}. san;ti niyayfa maneblmyy san;ti nigduncas;rtuvb:uliscab;xøün ehiyxumxmagenasñg karb:ulis Gs;ry³eBl 10éf. bnþab;mk ektmagbirrtuv)anbba ÚneTAPUmirbs;eKvij. b:uenþmin)anb:unµanpg duncas;;)annamsan;tirtlb;mktirkugvij ehiyskmµpabgarkk; k¾)ancab;epþimcafµi. smrylbi Santi a 10-year-old Cambodian Boy Begging in Bangkok, Child workers Asia,vol.14,nos.1-2,January-August 1998,Page 38 2> karvipak elak GñkRKUeGaysisSeFVIkargardUcxageRkam ³ sresrkñúgxþg;timyyéntarag GMBIkarBN nasßanpabrbs;san;tiegay)an 5sßan PaB. bnþab;mksresrkñúgxþg;tibiréntarag GMBItMrUvkarCamUldæanrbs;san;TI EdlRtUv xkxanmingacbmebj)an. ]TahrN_ ³ sßanpabrbs;san;ti BN nagmbisßanpabrbs;san;ti tmruvkarcamuldæanrtuvxkxan 1> RtUvbgçMeGaysuMTan. 1>»kaselgkMsanþ b erbieblevla edim,icarbeyacn_ b edim,iécñbegáitgvimyy. 2> RtUvbMBanelIragkay. 2> suvtßipabpøúvkay. 3> sßanpabragkay manpabrtudertam. 3> kar]btßmöfñamebtü GaharRKb;RKan;. 4> RtUvenAhaléf ral;éf. 4> karkarbar BIFatubgáeRKaHfñak; ducca kmedaéf b ]s½µnbeb ajbiyanynþ. 5> min)anetaeron. 5> karsiksa. smkal; ³ enaebldak;egaysissbmebjtaragenh minmansmenr kñúgxþg;tmagbiret. bnþab;biefvikmenelikic karxageliehiy elak GñkRKUsYrsisStamsMNYrxag erkamducteta ³ lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 91 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

8 - etinrnatajykrbeyacn_bisßanpabrbs;san;ti? - etisßanpabenhekitelig ducemþcxøh? bnþalmkbigvi? - etinrnamankatbvkic bmebjtmruvkarrbs;san;ti? cmeliyrmbwgtuk ³ «Bukmþay sac;jati bukálbak;b½n. - RbsinebI«Bukmþay b sac;jatidétetot mingacbmebjtmruvkarrbs;kumar)an etinrnagaccyyek)an? cmeliyrmbwgtuk ³ rdæapi)al GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al GaCJaFrmUldæan nigsßab½n sgámnana. - etisan;ticg;)angvixøh? - etimþaytamglaykyrefvigviedim,ikyn? etirdæapi)alkyrefvigviedim,ikumar? elak GñkRKUkt;cMelIyTaMgGs;rbs;sisSdak;elIkaþrexon bnþab;mkefviesckþi segçb. elak GñkRKU niyaysgát;f n;elisßanpabrbs;san;tifacakrniekgrbv½ba edim,irbeyacn_esdækic rbs;gñkdét. san;timin)anttylsuvtßipabpþal;xøüneliy. 3> GrUbIkmµ elak GñkRKU Bnül;GMBIsiTi TTYlkarkarBarBIkarekgRbv½Ba Epñkesdækic eday Ep kelimarta 32 EpñkTI1 éngnusbaøasþibisiti kumar. elak GñkRKU bba ak;fa GnusBaØasþIBIsiTi kumar manekalbmngcabzmfana]tþm RbeyaCn_rbs;kumar EdlCamnusSmanGayueRkam 18qñMa. ]tþmrbeyacn_rbs;kumar RtUv)antMkl; tamry³kargnubaøategaykumarmankarlutlas;epñkrubragkay stibbaøa sµarti EpñksIlFm nigsgám. Gacniyaymü:ageTot kargpivdæskþáanubl rbs;kumarrtuvttyl)ankarrtrtg;egaygs;lt PaB. elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa mulehturyménkarxkxanrbs;kumarkñúgkargpivdæskþáa nublebjeljrbs;ekkw PaBRkIRk. elisbienhetot PaBRkIRkbgáeGaykumarenA Cab;kñúgskmµPaBEdlbgáeRKaHfñak;cMeBaHsuxPaB suvtßipab nigkarlutlas;rbs;ek. elak GñkRKU Bnül;pgEdrfaedayehtufaPaBRkIRk efviegaykumarefvikargaredim,i CaRbeyaCn_dl;xøÜneK b RkumRKYsareK edaymingacecosryc etibmarta 32 éngnusbaøa)andak;ednkmnt;énsßanpabenh. kumarminrtuvttylkarekgrbv½ba edim,iekalbmngesdækic et. karcyyrbs;ekenakñúgskmµpabesdækic RKYsarGacCa karcma)ac; b:uenþminrtuvsßitkñúgkmritedlbgáegayekmanerkahfñak;eliy. ebiminduc enahet KWmann½yfaCakarekgRbv½Ba edim,iesdækic. GnusBaØaemIleXIjfa karekg Rbv½Ba edim,iesdækic CakarrMelaPsiTi kumar EdlrYmmansiTi TTYlkarGb;rM kareftmasux PaB suvtßipabpøúvkay nigkarsmrakkmsanþ. GnusBaØaCMrujeGaymankarKaMRTBI«Buk mþay GaNaBüa)aleBjc,ab; sßab½nnana rdæapi)al k¾duccashkmn_gnþrcatii kñúgkaredahrsaybbaðad¾lm)akenh. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 92 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

9 rdænimyy²rtuvmanmartac,ab; EcgGMBIGayuGb,brma cmnynem:agefvikar nigsßan PaBkargar EdlnwgRKb;RKgsßanPaBTMagLayrbs;kumarEdleFVIkar. benßmelienh rdænimyy²rtuvmanetasbbaøtþicmebahkarrmelapeliesckþitmruvkartmagenah. tamvifienh karekgrbv½ba edim,iesdækic GMBIkumar GacRtUvbgáarCamun. elak GñkRKU k¾niyaybba ak;pgedrfa GnusBaØaTTYlsÁal;siTi rbs;kumarkñúgkar smedgmtieyabl;rbs;ek nigkñúgkarculrymenakñúgkarrbwgerbgedim,ikarbarek b smrylkarlutlas;rikcmerinrbs;ek. c,ab;kargarénrbhracanacrkkm<úca CMBUkTI8 marta177 EcgBIBlkmµ kumar ducxagerkam ³ 1>GayuGb,brmaEdlGacGnuBaØateGaybMerIkargarykkMér)an KWRtÚvkMnt; Rtwm15qñaM. 2>GayuGb,brmaEdlGacGnuBaØateFVIkargar rwbmerikargarrbeptnamyyedl GacbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;suxPaB rwsilfm rbs;yuvv½y KW18qñaM. RbePTénkar bmerirwkargaredlmanecgenakfax½nðti1 RtÚvkMnt;edayRbkasrbs;RksYg EdlTTYlbnÞ úkkargar edaymankarbierkahcamyykn³kmµafikarrbwksakargar. 3>edayminKitBIxEdlmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐTI2xagelI RksYgTTYlbnÞúkkargar edaymankarbierkahcamyykn³kmµafikarrbwksakargar Gacpþl;siT idl;kar begáitmuxrbr rw kargarsmrab;yuvv½yedlmangayu15qñam nigelis15qñam kñúglkçx½nðedlmuxrbr rwkargarenah mankarfanatamgrsugdl;suxpab suvtßipab silfm nigedlefviegaybykekgacttyl)ankarbgðat;bergon rwkarbnþúhbnþalvic aciv³rkb;rkan; nigcak;lak; Bak;B½n nwgvis½ykargarenah. 4>edayminKitBIxEdlmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐTI1xagelI kumaredlmangayubi12 qñam dl;15qñam GacRtÚvCYleGayeFVIkargarRsal²eday ³ k>kargarenahminpþl;erkahfñak;dl;suxpab rwbbaøasµarti nigkarlutlas;pøúvkay rbs;bykek. x>kargarenahminb:hbal;dl;vtþmanetogtat;enasalaeron rwkarculrymrbs; BYkeKkñúgkmµviFIENnaM rwkarbnþúhbnþalvic aciv³edlttylsáal;edaygacjafr mansmtßkic. 5>RbkasEdlecjedayRksYgEdlTTYlbnÞúkkargar edaymankarbierkahca myykn³kmµafikarrbwksakargar RtÚvkMnt;GMBIRbePTénkargar nigbegáit lkçx½nðkargar CaBiesscMnYnem:ageFVIkarGtibrma EdlmanEcgkñúgkfax½NÐ TI4xagelI. 6>bnÞab;BI)anBieRKaHCamYyKN³kmµaFikarRbwkSakargar RksYgTTYllbnÞúkkar gargacpat;ecjtamgrsug rwedayepñk nuvrbeptmuxrbr rwkargarmyycmnyn lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 93 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

10 ecjbikargnuvtþmartaenhrbsinebikargnuvtþmartaenh etaelirbeptmuxrbr rwkargar TaMgenaH begáitegaymankarlm)akkyrbicarna. 4> karrbtibtþi elak GñkRKUeGaysisSbMeBjxÞg;TMagLayEdlmankñúgtaragxageRkam tamsmnyrfa ³ edim,icyydl;kumartmaglay ducca san;ticaedim etigñknwgefvigvixøh? ]TahrN_kñúgtaragCaCMnYysµartIsMrab;elak GñkRKU. karcyydl;san;ti Qb; cab;epþim bnþ kt;smkal;vtþmankumartam cieba ImpøÚv enakñúgshkmn_. siksabirbvtþirbs;ekehiy syreyabl;ekgmbivifieklmg sßanpabrbs;ek. esñidl;pñak;garrdæapi)al EdlTTYlbnÞúkkmµviFIGb;rM kumargmbikarcyykumartam cieba ImpøÚv. efivmindwgminlw cmebahkumar tamcieba ImpøÚv. Binitütamdan kñúgshkmn_ edim,iegayexijfa etisßan PaBkumartamcieBa ImpøÚv mankarpøas;bþúrb et. 5> esckþibba b; elak GñkRKU bba b;em:agsiksa edayrmlwksissgmbisubinrbs;kumarefvikar. elak GñkRKU niyayfakumartamcieba ImpøÚvTMagLay smetttyl)annuvsiti rbs;ek tamry³karrbwgerbgrbs;ekpþal; nig rbs;gñkdétcabiess KW «BukmþayeK. 4> rgvaytmél elak GñkRKU GanGMBIsßanPaBTMagLay kñúgxþg;xageqvgéntaragxagerkam ehiyegaysisspþl;cmeliykñúg xþg;ti 2 TI 3 nigxþg;cugerkay ³ sßanpab siti RtUveKrMelaP TMnYlxusRtUvrbs; Pñak;garTTYlxusRtUv «Bukmþay kumarefvikar siti TTYlkarGb;rM bba ÚnBYkeKeTAsa laeron kumarsámsámag kumarmansmelokbm Bak;rEhkryIréy: lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 94 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_ salardæ edim,i siksakµanbg;éfø

11 kumaredkerkamedim eqib edktamtub lk;\v:an;kñúgpsar kumaretaeronebléf ehiyefvikareblyb; smkal; ³ karbmebjkñúgxþg;epþktimyy KWRKan;EtCa]TahrN_. 5> kic karefvienapþh elak GñkRKU dak;kic karegaysissefvienapþh tamkarennamducxagerkam ³ k¼curgñksmpascamyykumartamcieba ImpøÚvkñúgshKmn_rbs;GñkedIm,IeGaydwg fa ehtugiv)ancaekføak;kñúgspabebbenh etiekmanerogra:vya:gnaxøh? x¼curefvibrgaglixitmyyedim,iepjietapñak;garmyy rbs;rdæapi)al b minemnrdæa Pi)al EdlGacCYydl;kumarTaMgenH. K¼cUreFVIr)aykarN_GMBIkic smpasehiyelikbgðajbrgaglixitenaema:gsiksa erkay. X¼sßanPaBrs;enAdUcsan;TI nigsßanpabrs;enacamyy«bukmþayedayrtuvcyy efvikarkat;xøh etigñkyl;fa sßanpabmyynarbesircag? erbahgvi? lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 95 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

12 siti mankarcylrym RbB½n c,ab;bc úb,nñrbs;sgám manbba ak;bigmnacrbs;rbcablrdækñúgkarrtrtg; rdæapi)alrbs;ek egaymantmnylxusrtuvcmebahskmµpabrbs;xøün. KMnitTaMgLayman ducca GPi)alkic l TMnYlxusRtUv nigtmlapab )anelikkmbs;tssn³enh. kñúgn½y Cak;Esþg RbCaBlrdæmansiTi CabuKÁl nig smuhpab edim,idwgfa etimanekalneya )aykmµvifi nig skmµpabgvixøhrbs;rdæapi)al EdlbMerIeGayplRbeyaCn_saFarN³. BYkeKGacQanmYyCMhaneTAmuxeTot kñúgkarrymcmenkcamyyrdæapi)altamry³ karefvibrgagesckiþennamgmbivifieklmgrbb½n TaMgLay b pøas;bþúrgatipabtamglay rbs;rdæapi)al. BYkeKk¾GacbMeBjskmµPaB duccaerobcmbakübnþwggmbim niþ rdæapi)alcaedim edim,iefviegaym niþrdæapi)alttylsáal;tynatismxan;rbs;xøüncmebah esvakmµsafarn³enakñúgkargarrbs;m niþrdæapi)altamggs;. siti mankarculrym Ca siti muldæanrbs;mnuss bmeriplrbeyacn_rbcablrdæxøünég nigplrbeyacn_sgám TaMgmUl. cmngecigemeron ³ fvika nig RbB½n Bn darcati kmritfñak; ³ mfümsiksatutiypumi muxvic a ³ esdækic siksasgám ekalkmnitsiti mnuss ³ siti mankarculrym nigttylbt man ry³ebl ³ myyem:agsiksa 1>vtßúbMNg erkaykarsiksa sissrtuv)anrmbwgtukfanwggac ³ - vaytmélbitulüpab b GtulüPaB rvagcmnulfvika nig cmnayfvika rbs;cati. - TTYlsÁal;fa RbCaBlrdæmansiTi culrym nig siti TTYlBt mansafarn³. - kmnt;rkmefüa)ay EdlRbCaBlrdæGaccUlrYmkñúgkarerobcMfvikaCati. 2>Éksar-sMPar³ - marta 21 1 énesckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss ³mnusSRKb;rUbman siti culrymkñúgkardwknamkic karsafarn³énrbetsrbs;xøünedaypþal;b tam ry³tmnag Edl)aneRCÍserIsedayesrI. - rubpabpþamgfm EdlmansresrBIFatucMbgkñúgfvikaCati cmnulfvika nig cmnayfvika nigbrimanbak;b½n rbs;va. - GtßbTGMnan ³ fvikacati lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 96 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

13 3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon k- lmnamepiþm elak GñkRKU bgðajpþamgrubpabsresrbifvikacmnulrbs;rdæapi)al nigkarcmnay epsg². elak GñkRKUR)ab;sisSfa bba IenH bgðajbifvikacati. x - lmnamgpivdæ 1- skmµpabepiþm elak GñkRKUeGaysisSGanGtßbT EdlmancMngeCIgfa fvikacati b ÉksardéTNamYyBnül;BIfvikaCati ry³ebl 10 nati. fvikacati fvikacatimyymanbirepñkkw fvikacmnul nig fvikacmnay. fvikacmnulrymbba Úl ral;kmérrk)anrbs;rdæapi)al tamry³rbpbepsg². cmenkfvikacmnay KW karcay vayedlrdæapi)alrtuvr:ab;rgelimuxcmnayepsg². RbsinebIfvikacMnayrbs;Cati ercincagfvikacmnulrbs;rdæapi)al enah»npabfvikacatinwgekitmanelig. fvikacati)anrtuverobcmcaerogral;qñam. KMeragfvikaCati )anrtuvrbageday RksYghirBaØvtßúEp kelikmeragbrgagfvikaedlesiñedayrksyg nigsßab½nrdæapi)al TaMgGs;. KMeragfvikaCati)anRtUvyl;RBmedayGgÁkarrdæBIr KW GgÁnItiRbtibtiþ tam ry³rdæapi)al nigggánitibbaøti rdæspa RBwT spa. rdæspamancmnajedayelk elikarrsavrcavegayexijfa etikarebgecktamkmeragfvikamanpabsmrsbb et. rdæspagacsmerccitþkñúgkarebgeckeligvij edaybegiánfvikaetaegayrksygna EdlRtUvGnuvtþkargarCaGaTiPaB nigcabnþan;. karcmnaycagatipab cmnayedlrtuvpát;pág;ercincagek )anrtuvkmnt; edayrdæapi)al Ep kelisßanpabrbetscati. rdæapi)alrtuvrkfvikacmnuledim,ipát;pág;karcmnay kñúgvgvg;fvikacati. rdæapi)al rkcmnulbirbpbepsg² manduccabn cmnulcaedim. bukál nig Rkumh unbg;bn CUnrdæaPi )alerogral;qñam b tamry³eblcak;lak;rbcamqñam Ep kelibrimanfvikacmnulrbs;ek. erkabibn cmnulebbbukál nig smuhpab rdæapi)algacrkcmnulbirbpbepsg etotmanducca ³ - lk; b CYlsm,tiþCati ducca eragcrk b shrkas disafarn³ nigérb eqicaedim. - Bn elikarerbir)as;pøúvfñl; Gakasyandæan nigmefüa)ayerbir)as;érbsniy_ nigturkmnakmn_. - karbg;éføesvakmµrbs;rdæapi)almanducca karecjlixitsñamepsg² lixit bba ak;gabah_bibah_ niglixitgnubaøatepsg²caedim. fvikacatikwcarbpbedlrdæapi)alerbir)as;edim,ibmebjmuxgarpþl;esvadl; RbCaBlrdæ. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 97 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

14 2-karviPaK elak GñkRKU egaysissbinitüeligvijpþamgrubpabgmbifvikacati ehiysyrsmnyr ducxagerkam ³ k etirbcablrdæmansit idwggmbireboberbir)as;fvikarbs;ek fvikabg;bn Edrb et? x etikarcmnaycagatipab KYrCakarcMnayelIEpñkGVI? K GMBIrebobeRbIR)as;Bn rbs;rdæapi)al etigñkyl;rsbb et? X etigñkmaneyabl;y:agna etaelikarekerbfvikacati? curbnül;. g ehtugvi rdæapi)alrtuvkarcmnul? c etirbcablrdæmankrniykic y:agnaxøhedim,icyyegayrdæapi)almanfvika cmnul? q etirbcablrdækyrculrymkñúgkarerobcmfvikacatib et? ehtugvi? C etimanrbcablrdæb:unµannak;edl)anculrymerobcmfvikacati? elak GñkRKUsresresckIþsegçbéncMelIyTaMgGs;dak;elIkþaexon. 3- GrUbIkmµ edayerbir)as;esckiþsegçbedl)ansresrelikþarexon elak GñkRKUQaneTA bgðajsiti mnussedlbak;b½n manducca siti mankarculrym nigsiti TTYlBt mansa FarN³. elak GñkRKU sresrxøarbeyak ducxagerkamdak;elikþaexon ³ mnussrkb;rubmansiti culrymkñúgrdæapi)alénrbetsrbs;ekedaypþal; b tam ry³gñktmnag Edl)aneRCIserIsedayesrI. elak GñkRKU Bnül;faesckIþenHdkRsg;BIesckIþRbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi mnuss. siti enhsmedadl;karculrymgmbirbcablrdækñúgrdæapi)altamvifiepsg² manedaypþal; b edayrbeyal. RbCaBlrdæGaccUlrYmkñúgrdæaPi)aledaypÞal;tamry³ rbbkargar (Mechanism) smrsbduccaculrymkñúgkarrbcmurbs;rdæapi)al rymtamgsvnakar erobcmedayrdæspa b culrymkargarrdæapi)al culefvim niþrackar. karrbcmunanarbs;shkmn_muldæangmbibbaðasafarn³ k¾catmrg;myyén {karcul rymkñúgrdæapi)al} Edr. karculrymedayrbeyal GacsißtkñúgTMrg;énkare)aHeqñat. BYkeKGace)aHeqñateGaymnusSTaMgLayNa EdleKeCOCak;fanwgGnuvtþtamKMnit eyabl; nigesckiþr)afñarbs;bykek. elak GñkRKUerobrab;fa sßiterkaméksarc,ab;siti mnussmyyetot xmartarbs; esckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnussenh )anrtuvbba ak;benßmetot. marta 25 k éngnusbaøagnþrcatisiþbisiti Blrdæ nigsiti neya)ay )anelikeligfa ³ BlrdæRKb;rUbmansiTi nig»kas edaykµankarebgeckrbeptnamyyedl)an lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 98 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

15 erobrab;kñúgmarta2 nigeday Kµankardak;kMhitminsmRsbnana ³ k culrymkñúgkarcat;ecgkic karsafarn³ edaycmebah b tamry³karercis erisgñktmnagedayesri. elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa xmartaenh )anrtuvbkrsayedim,ibba ÚleTAkñúgkarcUl ryme)aheqñat k¾duccakarculrymkñúgkarerobcm niggnuvtþekalneya)ayrbs;rdæapi)al. elak GñkRKUk¾RtUvbBa ak;pgedrfa siti edim,iculrymenh tmruv[mankarpsay Bt manedayesritak;tgnwgbbaðasafarn³pgedr. elak GñkRKU P ab;xmartasiti mnuss etanwgbbaðafvikacati edaybnül;fa Bn darnigkarerbir)as;edayrdæapi)al KWCabBaðasaFarN³ EdlRbCaBlrdæGacelIkyk etaedjedalcmebahrdæapi)al. elak GñkRKUeFVIesckIþsniñdæandUcxageRkam ³ siti culrymkñúgkarcat;ecgkic karsafarn³man karculrymrbs;rbcablrdæ kñúgdmenirkarrbs;rdæapi)al kñúgkarerobcmfvikacati. cmebahrbcablrdæ edim,ierbir)as; siti enhegaymanrbsit PaB siti TTYlBt mansafarn³k¾rtuvmanpgedr. rdæapi)al mankatbvkic psbvpsaybt mansmxan;²casafarn³ duccaéksarsiþbifvikacati nig»kasedlrbcablrdægacsmedgtssn³rbs;bykek GMBIfvikaCatienaH. karman»kassmercbikarerbir)as;r)ak;bn KWCasiTi rbs;rbcablrdæ. 4- karrbtibtiþ RbsinebImaneBl elak GñkRKYsYrsMNYrEtseGaysisSeqøIykñúgfñak;. EtebI minmaneblet elak GñkRKUGacdak;kargareGaysisSeFVIenApÞH. smnyr ³ k curerobrab;bitulüpab b GtulüPaBkñúgfvikaCati rvagfvikacmnay nig fvikacmnul. x cmebahqñamenh eticmnaygatipabrbs;rdæapi)alerbietaeligvi? K RbsinebIGñkCasmaCiksPa etigñknwgpþl;eyab;gvixøh etaelitulüpabrvag fvikacmnay nig fvikacmnulrbs;cati? 4>esckIþbBa b; elak GñkRKU rmlwksissegaycgcamkmnitbicarnaducxagerkam ³ karbg;bn nigkarculrymkñúgvifierbir)as;fvikabn dar CatMélmYyEdlRtUvRTRTg; edayrbcablrdærkb;rubedim,ikargpivdæesdækic kñúgrbets. 5>rgVaytMél elak GñkRKU GaceRbIR)as;meFüa)aysmRsb edim,ivaytmélkmrityl;dwgrbs; sisselikarculrymkñúgkic karsafarn³. rgvaytmélgacefvieligmunesckiþbba b;. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 99 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

16 niymn½yénvakss½bþ siti neya)ay ³ siti rbs;bukálbak;b½n nwgkarculrymrbs;ekkñúgrdæapi)al. siti culrym ³ siti culrymkñúggpi)alkic nigskmµpabsgám. siti TTYlBt mansafarn³ siti esiñegayrdæapi)alpþl;bt mangmbikic kar safarn³ dl;rbcablrdæ. Bt manbenßm ktikasbaøagnþrcatisiþbisiti Blrdæ nigsiti neya)ay KWCaÉksarc,ab;Gnþr CatiEdlGnuvtþxmaRtaénsiTi Blrdæ nigsit ineya)ay kñúgesckiþrbkasca sklsiþbisiti mnuss. mhasnñi)atggákarshrbcacati)angnum½tktikasbaøaenh enaéf TI 16 ExFñÚ qñam1966. ktikasbaøa)anrtuvgnuvtþenaéf TI 23 Ex mina qñam 1976 edaybnþarbetsedl)anefvisc ab½n. CaFmµta karefvisc ab½nmann½yfa yl;rbmedayspatmnagénkarcuhhtßelxaelikic RBmeRBogedayRbtiPUrdæaPi)al. RbeTsenAGasIuGaeKñy_RbeTskm<úCa hivlibin éf nigevotnam )ancuhhtßelxa nig efvisc ab½nelikic RBmeRBogenH. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 100 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

17 siti TTYlkarkarBar btdæansiti mnussgnþrcati KYrRtUvbkRsaykñúgc,ab; nigrebobrbbkargarrbs; Cati. RbB½n tulakar rymman ecarkm RBHraCGaCJa nig emfavi KWCarebob rbbkargarmyyedlch\ti Bldl;siTi mnuss. RbB½n edahrsaycmelah enafñak;pumi k¾carebobrbbkargarmyyedr. nitivifimyycmnyngacrtuverbienadmnak;enh. mankrni énkarrmelapsiti mnusscaercin ekitmaneligedaysaretkgvhkaryl;dwggmbinitivifi EdltMrUveGaymankarkarBar b erbir)as;siti TaMgenaH. ducenh cmenhdwggmbinitivifiman sar³smxan;cmebahsiti mnuss. cmngecigemron ³ nitivifi kmritfñak; ³ mfümsiksatutiypumi muxvic a ³ siksasgám ekalkmnitsiti mnuss ³ sit ittylkarkarbar ry³ebl ³ myyem:agsiksa 1>vtßúbMng erkaykarsiksa sissrtuv)anrmbwgtukfanwggac ³ - smkal;)angmbisiti CnCab;ecaT. - BN nabinitivifibak;b½n kñúgkarkarbarsiti CnCab;ecaT. - GnuvtþdMeNIrc,ab;kñúgkaredaHRsayTMnas;. - edahrsaytmnas;myy tamry³dmenirc,ab; nig mefüa)ayghigsadétetot. 2>Éksar-sMPar³ - esckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss. - smpar³bergon ³ rubpabbba amg b pþamgrubpab GMBImaRtaénesckIþRbkasCa sklsiþbisiti mnuss. - rubpabbba amg GMBIeKalKMnitKuNtMél. - esckiþdkrsg;biesovepatamglaysiþbinitivifi. 3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon k> lmnameepþim elak GñkRKU niyayfa³ {enakñúgnitirdæ bukálkyrefvikargarrkb;y:agedayrsb tamc,ab;. mnussmñak;edlcab;ecatkñúg]rkidækmµ b kmhusnamyy RtUvEtTTYleTas RbsinebItulakarrkeXIjfa mankmhustamkarecatrbkan;. b:uenþ etahbic,ab;)anrtuv GnuvtþRbkbedayRbsiT PaBk¾eday k¾cmelahnigkarrmelapc,ab;enaetekiteligcajwk lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 101 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

18 jab;rvag mitþpkiþ sac;jati niggñkcitxag. dmenirc,ab;rtuvekerbir)as;edim,iedah RsayTMnas;TaMgenaH. x- lmnamgpivdæ 1- skmµpabepþim elak GñkRKU esiñegaysissbmebjtaragtamkarennamducxagerkam ³ curgñksresrgmbirbeptepsg²éncmelah nigkarrmelapc,ab; EdlekItmaneLIg kñúgshkmn_rbs;gñk. elak GñkRKUGacsresr]TahrN_mYy b BIr elikþarexon ³ karlyc karbøn; nig kare)akr)as; karelglh karbgçúcekrþ eqµah kart nþanculpþh b dikmµsiti GñkdéT Xatkmµ CMelaH nig karrmelapc,ab; karbgárbyssñam kareqøahrbekk kardeniþmgmnacrvaggñkdwknamshkmn_ karerbigavufxusc,ab; karcab;cmrit-l-. 2- karvipak elak GñkRKU syrsmnyrducxagerkam ³ k kñúgbnþabbaðaedlgñk)ansresr etibbaðanamyyedlgñk)ancybjwkjab;? x etibbaðaenahpþl;plvi)aky:agna? K RbsinebICMelaH b karrmelapc,ab;ekitmankñúgrkysarrbs;gñk etigñknwgedah Rsayy:agNaxøH? X etigñknwgmangarmµn_y:agna RbsinebIkarrMelaPc,ab;mankarekIneLIgkñúg shkmn_rbs;gñk? etigñknwgedahrsayy:agna? 3- GrUbIkmµ elak GñkRKU P ab;karsiksaetaxøwmsaremeron ³ GhigSaskmµ KWCakareqøIytbmYyedIm,IedaHRsayTMnas;edaymeFüa)ay snþipab. siti Rbkan;PaBs at;es óm ehiybdiesfkarcuhhtßelxa eblmintan; BieRKaHCamYyTIRbwkSac,ab; KWCasiTi myyrbs;cncab;ecat. nitivifi)anrtuverbir)as; edim,ikarbarmnussrkb;rubrbqamgnwggmebihigsa GmnusSFm b karrmelapbmban. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 102 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

19 siti rbs;cncab;ecat mnussrkb;rub RtUvcat;faesIµPaBKñaenAcMeBaHmuxc,ab;. c,ab;mingnuerkahcmebah GMeBIGmnusSFm rbs;cnnamñak;et. c,ab;karbarcivit esckiþéføføúr nigkitiþysrbs; bukálmñak;². karkat;kiþegaycab;etas karcab;xøün b karxmuxamgbukálnamñak; RtUvGnuvtþRsbtamc,ab;. CnCab;ecaTGMBIbT]RkidæNamYy mansiti rksaksi nigemfaviedim,ikarbarxøün. enaebledlb:uliscab;xøünmnussmñak; b ekahehaegayekculetatulakar ekmansiti syrrkdikacab;xøün b dikaekahrbs;tulakar nigbinitürkeqµahxøünelilixitenah. kñúgsßanpabenh CnenaHKYrrkSaPaBes óms at; ehiymincuhhtßelxanamyyet rhut dl;ebl)anbierkahcamyyemfavi. karcmritr)ak; karbmp½y b karerbihigsakyrray karn_dl;emfavicabnþan;. RbsinebIRTBüsm,tþi nigfnfanrbs;mnussmñak; RtUvrwb GUs CnenaHmansiTi esiñegayb:ulisecjbgáan;édrayeqµahrtbüsm,tiþ b FnFanEdl )anrwbgusenah. b:ulisgacxmuxøüncncab;ecat luhrtamandikaxmuxøünbitulakar. siti rbs;emfavi emfavicyyerogkiþmyykñúgtulakar erkaybicncab;ecatesiñsmuegayelak elakrsikarbarkiþ. kñúggmlúgeblénkarkat;etas emfavigacr)ars½ytak;tgca myycncab;ecat. RbsinebICnCab;ecaTminmanlT PaBCYlemFavIeT ecarkmnwgcat; tamgemfavimñak;egaykarbarcnenah. CMelaHenAfñak;PUmi CMelaHrvagGñkCitxag b sac;jatikñúgpumigacbnþalmkbimulehtu NamYy xagerkamenh ³ 1- karbgçúcekrþ eqµah 2- karelglh 3- CMelaHbgárbYssñam 4- karrmelappøúvept 5- karvaytb;kñaedayrsvwg 6- karvaydmmnussmñak; 7- KMnabsgát;minRtwmRtUvBIbuKÁlmanGMNac 8- GMeBIbøn; 9- El,gsIusg 10- Xatkmµ 11- CMelaHdIFIø-l-. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 103 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

20 dmenahrsaybbaðakñúgpumikyrerbimefüa)ayrbkbedaysniþpab ehiyepþatetarkkar pshpsar. GaCJaFrmansmtßkic KYrCYbR)aRs½yCamYyPaKITaMgBIrEdlCab;Bak; B½n nwgcmelah ehiyrihrklt PaBedIm,IeFVIkarpSHpSarenAdMNak;kaldMbUg. m niþfñak; PUmiEdlTTYlbnÞúkedaHRsaybBaðaRtUvmanqnÞ³ nigmanpabminlmegog Tn;Pøn; supab rabsa nigrysrayrak;tak;. m niþtamgenah RtUvmanBiesaFn_Epñkc,ab; edim,ittyl)an TMnukcitþBIsaFarNCn. BlrdæEdleFVIkarecaTRbkan; RtUvbgðajPsþútagénkarecaTRbkan;rbs;eK. BlrdæEdleKecaTRbkan;fa CaGñkbgáCMelaH KYrman»kasniyaybkRsay b karbar xøün. kñúgkrnimingacpshpsar)an erogkþirtuvbba ÚneTAtulakar. elak GñkRKU egaysissgangtßbtxagerkamenh ³ edim,ikarbarsnþipab snþisux suxumalpab nigsuvtißpabrbs;mnussrkb;rub RbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; nigrbcacatitamggs;rtuvekarbesckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss. bnþab;mk elak GñkRKURtUvENnaMsisSeGayGanxmaRtamYycMnYnénesckIþ RbkasCasklsIþBIsiTi mnuss Edl)anelIkeLIgCaPasasamBaØ ³ marta5 ³ KµannrNamñak;mansiTi efvitarunkmµeligñket. marta6 ³ GñkRtUvTTYlkarkarBartampøÚvc,ab; tamvifiduckñarkb;tikenøg nigduc GñkdéT. marta7 ³ mnussmantmélesµikñacmebahmuxc,ab;. c,ab;rtuvgnuvtþduckñacmebah mnusstamggs;. marta8 ³ GñkGacrkCMnYypøÚvc,ab; enaebledlsiti rbs;gñkrtuvekrmelap. marta9 ³ KµannrNamñak;mansiT iykgñketadak;bn nakar XMuXaMg b nirets GñkedayGyutiþFm b KµanmUlehtuRtwmRtUveT. manrta10 ³ GñkRtUvcat;Tukfa KµankMhusrhUtebIKµanPsþútagbBa ak;fagñkman kmhus. ebigñkrtuvekecatgmbibt]rkidænamyy GñkmansiTi karbarxøüncanic. KµannrNamñak;mansiTi dak;etas nigefvitarun kmµeligñk edaysareterognamyyedlgñkmin)anefvieliy. Éksar ³ ABC - Teaching Human Rights, United Nations (New York : 1989) lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 104 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

21 4- esckiþbba b; elak GñkRKU esiñegaysissrkpasit b BaküesøakTaMgLayNaEdlmann½y Tak;TgnwgkarkarBarsiTi rbs;xøün. ]TahrN_ { eyigmingacrtuvh MuB½T edayesckiþp½y xøacet eyigrtuvetamuxehiyrtuvrt;ecj rycertomxøünrbkyt}. 4>rgVaytMél elak GñkRKUeGaysisSKUssBaØayl;Rsb enakñúgxþg;edlekyl;fa niyaygmbisit i b katbvkic rbs;cncab;ecat emfavi nig ecarkm ³ siti nig katbvkic tulakar emfavi CnCab;ecaT 1-sYrrkdIkacab;xøÜn 2-rkGñkkarBarkIþ 3-eFIVBakübNþwg 4-pþl;karRbwkSadl;CnCab;ecaT 5-esIñeGayb:UlIsecjr)aykarN_rwb GUsRTBsm,tiþ 6-bBa ak;elidikacab;xøün 7-BinitüBakübNþwg 8-mincuHhtßelxaelIÉksarNamYy edaykµankarbierkahcamyyemfavi 9- RtUvcab;xøÜnedaymandIkaBItulakar 5>kic karefvienapþh elak GñkRKUeGaysisSrknItiviFIcMeBaHerOgkIþmYyGMBIecarkmµ EdlGñkPUmimñak; CaCnrgeRKaH)andak;BakübNþwgeTAtulakarrYcehIy. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 105 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

22 siti mankargpivdæ PaBRkIRkGacnaMmknUvkarrMelaPsiTi mnuss. CnRkIRkgaynwgkøayCaGñkrg erkahedaykarrmelapsiti edayehtueksßitkñúgsßanpabgayrgerkah nigmanrbmkmrit. Cajwkjab; CnRkIRkminmanlT PaBrkdMenaHRsayenAeBleKrgeRKaHedaykarrM elapsiti et erbahekmangarmµn_fa xøüntn;exsay. sßanpabesdækic rbs;mnuss mankarb:hbal;d¾xøamgkøadl;karkarbar nigkar GnuvtþsiTi rbs;xøün. mnusskan;etrk kan;etttylkarrmelapsiti mnuss. duckñaenhedr RbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay gayrgerkahedaykarttyl)anrbeyacn_tictycbiesdækic rbs; RbeTsxøÜn EdlsißteRkamkarRbkYténRbB½n esdækic b hirbaøvtßúgnþrcati. PaBRkIRkkan;EtCabBaðaelIkeLIgCacMbgrbs;GgÁkarshRbCaCati. GgÁkar shrbcacati )angnum½tesckiþrbkasstvtsedim,iefviegay ³ {siti mankargpivdæ TTYlkarFanasMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb nigrmedahmnusscati egayecjputbipabrkirk}. GgÁkarshRbCaCati emilexijfavdænpabrtuvep keli karlutlas;canirnþr_eliepñkesdækic EdleKRtUvykcitþTukdak;dl;CnRkIRk edayyk siti mnusscamcämnðl. vtßúbmngénesckþirbkas KWkarelIkkMBs;viFIsa sþd¾tulm TUlaymYy ehiynigyut sa sþsmrbsmrylmyykñúgdmenahrsaycmenatbbaðacaercinedl mancmebahmuxrbmkña. esckiþrbkasrtuvkar karkat;bnßycmnynrbcablrdæsrubedlmancmnylfvika erkam 1 duløakñúgmyyéf egayenartwmbak;knþal enaqñam karrbwgerbgenhk¾ mantak;tinpgedr nwgkaresvgrkdmenahrsaycmebahkargt;xøan kgvhgaharubtßmö nig CMgWtMkat; karelikkmbs;smpabeptnigsiti GMNacrbs; siþ karfanakargb;rmmuldæan smrab;tamggs;kña nigkarkamrtrebobvar³énekalkarn_21 énkargpivdæcanirnþr_. kar ]btßmöedaypþal;birbetsgñkman tamtmrg;cmnyybanic kmµ kmci nigkarvinieyaktunrtuv pþl;edim,icyydl;rbetskmbuggpivdæ. 1 cmngecigemeron ³ kargpivdæ nig siti mnuss kmritfñak; ³ mfümsiksatutiypumi muxvic a ³ siksasgám ¼ esdækic ekalkmnitsiti mnuss ³ siti mankargpivdæ ry³ebl ³ myyem:agsiksa 1>vtßúbMNg erkaykarsiksa sissrtuv)anrmbwgtukfanwggac ³ - BiPakSaGMBIviFIeFVIkarGPivDÆedayeRbIR)as;FnFanpÞal;xøÜnrbs;RbCaBlrdæ. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 106 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

23 - niyayfa mnussrkb;rubmansiti esiµkñakñúgkarcylrumgpivdærbetscati. - rkmefüa)aynamyy EdleKKitfardæaPi)alGacGnuvtþ)an edim,icyydl; kargpivdærbs;rbcablrdæ. 2>Éksar-sMPar³ - marta22 énesckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss ³kñúgzan³CasmaCíkén sgám mnussrkb;rub mansiti TTYl)ansniþsuxsgÁm nigmanbubvsiti sermc)an siti xagesdækic sgámkic nigvb,fm EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;esckIþéføfñÚr nigkarrik cmerinedayesriénbukáliklkçn³rbs;xøün tamry³karxitxmrbs;cati nigsh RbtibtiþkarGnþrCati nigedayeyagetatamkarerobcm nigfnfanrbs; RbeTsnImYy². - marta28 énesckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss ³mnusSRKb;rUb mansiti TTYl)annUvsNþab;Fñab;sgÁmnigGnþrCati EdleFVI[siTi nig esripab Ecgkñúg esckþirbkasenh GacseRmc)anedayeBjelj. - c,ab;rdæfmµnubaørbs;rbets. - rubft b rubkmnurgmbirkumepsg²énrbcablrdæ. 3>dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon k- lmnamepþim elak GñkRKU bgðajdl;sissrubft b rubkmnur EdlmanrUbPaBdUcxageRkam ³ RbCaCnRkIRk RbCaCnGñkman pþhfm² tmbn;rs;enarbs;mnussrkirk ekµgtuk t mnusssuxpabl mnussmancmgw pþhrbnit pþhetaky:ak.l. bnþab;mkelak GñkRKUeGaysisSbgðajkaryl;eXIjcMeBaHrUbPaBnImYy². x- lmnamgpivdæ 1- skmµpabepiþm elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobrUbft b rubkmnurxagelicarkum Rkum {k} nigrkum {x} elikþarexon b elirkdaspþamgfm. bnþab;mkelak GñkRKU sresrbaküsmxan;²edlcacmngecigénrubpabnimyy² eday tmerobtamrkum {k} nig {x}. ]TahrN_ Rkum {k} Rkum {x} Gñkman GñkRk mnussmansuxpabl GñkCMgW pþhfm pþhtuc GaharRKb;RKan; GaharminRKb;RKan; smelokbmbak;s at smelokbmbak;kxvk;. elak GñkRKU syrsmnyrducxagerkamegaysisseqøiy ³ lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 107 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

24 - etigñkyl;rsbetfa RbCaBlrdæxøHman RbCaBlrdæxøHRk? - etimulehtugvi EdlbNþaleGaymanGñkman nig GñkRk? cmeliygars½yelikmritsmehtuplrbs;siss. - etigñkculcitþgñkman b GñkRk? - etigñkkyrefvigviedim,icyygñkrk? elak GñkRKU sresrcmeliysisselikþarexon. 2- karvipak bnþab;mk elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobKñaCaBIrRkum edim,ibipaksaevkejksmnyr ducxagerkam ³ etirbpbfnfanedlmanbc úb,nñgacpát;pág;rbcablrdæd¾ercin)anedrrwet? RbCaBlrdæxøHmaneBk xøhrkebk eticacmenatbbaðaedrb et? ehtugiv? erkaykarpþl;cmeliy elak GñkRKUsYrsisSfaetIBYkeKeBjcitþnwgsgÁmEdl manmnussrkb;rubmansmpab b ebjcitþnwgsgámedlmangñkmannigmangñkrk? bnþab;mketot elak GñkRKUeGaysisSKitBicarNaGMBIxøÜnÉg elibbaðaduc xagerkam ³ etigñkculcitþcyygñkrkb EckrMElkdl;mitþPkiþRkIRkEdrrWeT RbsinebIGñkman RTBüsm,tiþFnFanelIsBIesckIþRtUvkar? elak GñkRKU eqøiytbetanwgcmeliytamggs;rbs;siss edayniyayfa manrbkarmyy KWkarEbgEckedayKµanyutiþFm nuvfnfanedlmankñúgrbets nigkñúg RbB½n BiPBelak EdlbNþaleGaymanPaBRkIRk ]TahrN_ sm,tþicatirtuveterbi R)as;CaRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæTUeTAkñúgRbeTs. RbeTsmYycMnYn Edlcat;Ca RbeTsbribUredayFnFanFmµCati KWmincaM)ac;ehAfaCaRbeTsGñkmanrWeTebIRbCa BlrdæénRbeTsenaH BitCaRkIRk. 3- GrUbIkmµ elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa esckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss )anecggmbisiti myycmnynedltak;tgnwg ³ - karkan;kab;rtbüsm,tiþ - karmanmuxrbr nigmankarttylkmér l½kçx½nðkargar nig plrbeyacn_dét etotd¾rtwmrtuv - karbegiát b culrymkñúgshcibbanic kmµ - karttyl)ansniþsuxsgám - karmancivpabrs;enasmrmü mangahar smelokbmbak; pþhsmebg esvakmµ suxpab esvakmµsgámepsgetot. - kargb;rm. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 108 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

25 elak GñkRKU bgðajfa esckiþrbkascasaklsiþbisiti mnuss marta22 )an pþl;egaymankargnuvtþsiti mnussenahbnþicmþg² edaybicarnaexijfarbets myycmnyn RbEhlCaminTan;manFnFansMxan;²sMrab;CYydl;RbCaBlrdæRkIRkenA eliy. elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa KMnitenHCamUldæanénsiTi fiµmyyedlmanecgkñúgéksar GgÁkarshRbCaCatiqñaM 1986 GMBIesckIþRbkassiTi mankargpivdæ. bnþab;mkelak GñkRKU bgðajbt manedl)andkrsg;biéksarggákarshrbcacati 2 ³ esckiþrbkasbisiti edim,ikargpivdæ marta1énesckiþrbkassiþbisiti mankargpivdæecgfa { siti mankargpivdæ KWCasiTi EdlminGacpþac;ecj)an ebalkwgars½yedaysiti enahehiy EdlbuKÁlRKb;rUb ehiynigrbcablrdætamggs;mansiti culrym rymvipaktan nigmankargpivdæesdækic sgám vb,fm nig neya)ay EdlkñúgenaHsiTi mnuss nig esripabcamuldæantamggs; GacsMerc)anedayeBjelj. } siti enahmanrab;bba Úl³ - GFibetyüPaBeBjeljelIFnFanFmµCati - karsmerccitþedayxøünég - karculrymrbs;rbcablrdækñúgkargpivdæ - smpabén»kas - karbegiátlkçx½nðsmrsbkñúgkargnuvtþsiti Blrdæ neya)ay esdækic sgám nig vb,fm. mnussrtuv)ancat;tukfa CaGñkTTYlplGMBIsiTi mankargpivdæ k¾duccasiti mnusstamggs;. siti mankargpivdæ GacRtUvykmkeRbIR)as;edaybuKÁl nigrbcablrdæ. siti enhdak;katbvkic etaegayrdænimyy² egayfanasmpab nigpabrkb;rkan;énkarttyl )anfnfansmxan;² nigdak;katbvkic etaegayshkmn_gnþrcati egayelikkmbs; ekalneya)aygpivdæedayyutiþfm nigkic shkargnþrcatirbkbedaysnþipab. 4- karrbtibtiþ elak GñkRKUeGaysisSerobKñaCaBIrRkumedIm,IBiPakSa nigrayeqµahsmas Fatu3énRbB½n esdækic GnþrCati nigbnül;faetismaspaktamgenahkamrt b efviegayeta CaemaX³nUveKalKMnitGMBIsiTi edim,ikargpivdæ. elak GñkRKUeGayeKeLIgerob rab;lt plbipaksaenakñúgfñak;. 5- esckiþbba b; elak GñkRKU bba b;emeronedayniyayfa ³ siti mnussedahrsaytmruvkarkñúgkarlubbm)at;pabrkirktamry³karrbwgerbg lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 109 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

26 rbs;rbcablrdæ rdæapi)al nigshkmn_gnþrcati. kmµvifigpivdærtuvpþl;plrbeyacn_ Cabzmdl;RbCaBlrdækñúgRbeTsedaykareFVIeGaysMercsiTi mnussrbs;ek EdlTak;TgnwgtMrUvkarCamUldæan mangahar smelokbmbak; lmenasßan kareronsurt sni þsuxsgám kargargacib esvakmµsuxpab kñ úgbnþatmruvkardétetot. KMeragGPivDÆ RbeTsCatiBIGtItkal mingacedahrsaybbaðatamgenah)anet. ducenhehiy ekal KMnit GMBIsiTi edim,ikargpivdæmansar³smxan;kñ úgkarrmlwkrdæapi)algmbikatbvkic RTRTg; karttyl)ansiti TaMgenH. enakñ úgeblcamyykñaenh k¾mankarttylsáal;fa RbCaBl rdæmansiti efv IkarGPivDÆrbs;xø ÜnedaypÞal;pgEdr edayerbir)as;fnfanpþal;xø Ün. 4>rgVaytMél elak GñkRKU GaceRbIR)as;meFüa)aysmRsbNamYyedIm,IvaytMélTsSn³ rbs;sissgmbigñkman niggñkrk nig sñaédkic karefvienapþh. niymn½yénvaküs½bþmyycmnyn GFibetyüPaB ³ siti GMNacdac;xat nig ÉkraCPaBmYy. siti minpþac;ecj)an ³ smedadl;siti Carbs;mnusSRKb;rUb ehiymingacrtuvhutecjbi mnussnamñak;)ankñúgsßanpabnamyy {manduccasiti mancivit esripabrycputbitarunkmµ esripabrycputbipabca bmeri b PaBCa kba H esripabrycputbikardak;bn nakardaysarbmnul esripabrycputbic,ab;rbhµtnðerkagacjayukal (retroactive penal laws c,ab;edlman\ti BlcMeBaHGMeBIEdlekIteLIgmun eblc,ab;enahculcafrman siti edim,ikarttylsáal;fa Ca mnussmñak;enacmebahmuxc,ab; esripabénkmnit sm,cbaø³ b sasna CaedIm.} karsmerccitþedayxøünég ³ karsmerccitþedayrbcablrdæénedndimyy GMBIGnaKtneya )ayrbs;ekpþal; edaykµankarbgçitbgçm BIGMNacTaMgLayEdlenAeRkAEdndIenaH. RbPBÉksar ³ The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles, Clarendon Press (Oxford : 1993) Nancy Flowers, editor, Human Rights Here and Now, Human Rights Educators Network, Amnesty Internatioal USA (Chicago : 1998) SALAG, Understanding Human Rights, Structural Alternative Legal Assistance for the Grassroots (Makati : 1989) kmnt;smkal; 1 RbPBÉksar ³ http : //millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/mi/ mi_highlights.asp 2 RbPBÉksar ³ lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 110 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

27 siti mnusstamggs;edim,itamggs;kña Caerogral;qñaM TivasiTi mnuss)anrtuvr)arb efvielig. éf 10 FñÚ CaTivasiTi mnuss. enaéf 10 FñÚ1948 mhasnñi)atggákarshrbcacati)angnum½tesckiþrbkas CasklsIþBIsiTi mnuss. bnþab;bikargnum½tenahmk ÉksarsiTi mnuss)anrtuvpsbv psaycaercinpasa. bc úb,nñesckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss)anrtuvbkerbcag 103PasaTUTaMgBiPBelak. ÉksarsiT imnuss RtUveKcat;TukfaCaÉksarmankarbk ERbCaeRcInenAkñúgBiPBelak. ekgacegaytmélcmebahkarrbwgerbgefviegay esckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss psbvpsayetadl;mnussrkb;rstab;vnñ³enaesiþr EtRKb;knøúkkenøóténBiPBelak CaPasarbs;eKpÞal;. esckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss GMBavnaveGayRbCaBlrdæ nigrdæapi)al TaMgLayeFVIkaredIm,IelIkkMBs;karkarBar nigkarsmerc)ansiti mnusstamggs;edim,itamg Gs;Kña. BIeRBaHsiTi mnussmangtßn½ysmrab;mnussrkb;rubedaykµankarerisegig. siti mnusscaekalkmnitskledlrtuvgnuvtþcaskl ehiyvacatmnylxusrtuvcaskl rbs;eyigpgedr. cmngecigemeron ³ siti mnussmanlkçn³skl kmritfñak; ³ mfümsiksatutiypumi muxvic a ³ siksasgám ekalkmnitsiti mnuss ³ sklpabnigpabmingacebgeck)anénsiti mnuss ry³ebl ³ myyem:agsiksa 1>vtßúbMng erkaykarsiksa sissrtuv)anrmbwgtukfanwggac ³ - Bnül;fasiTi mnusscaekalkmnitskl. - bgðajkmnitfa mnussrkb;rubkyrefvikargarcamyykña kargarcarkum nigekarb esripabrbs;kñaetavijetamkkñúgkarelikkmbs; niggnuvtþsiti mnuss. 2>Éksar-sMPar³ marta1 énesckiþrbkascasklsiþbisiti mnuss ³ mnusstamggs; ekitmkman esripab nigsmpab kñúgepñkesckþiéføfñúrnigsit i. mnuss manvícarn jannigstism,cbaø³cab;bikmenit ehiykb,irbrbwtþcmebahkñaetavíj etamk kñúgsµartipatrpabcabgb Ún. marta2 mnussmñak;² GaceRbIR)as;siTi nigesripabtamggs; EdlmanEcgkñúg esckþirbkasenh edaykµankarrbkan;ebgeckebbnamyy manca GaT BUCsasn_ BN sm,úr ept Pasa sasna mtineya)ay b mti lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 111 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

28 epsg²etot edimkmenitcati b sgám RTBüsm,tþi kmenit b sßanpab dét²etoteliy. - esckiþrbkas nigkmµvifiskmµpabenatirkugvieynna (Vienna) esckiþsnñidæanrbs;sikçasalaelikti11 siþbikic shkarfñak;tmbn;edim,ikar elikkmbs; nigkarkarbarsiti mnusskñúgtmbn;gasiu)a:siupic GIusøam:a)at (Islamabad) )a:kisßan ExkumÖ³ qñam >dMeNIrkarénkarbeRgon k- lmnamepþim elak GñkRKUeGaysisSnwkKitkñúgcitþGMBIRTg;RTayénBiPBelak. elak GñkRKU R)ab;sisSfa emeronsmrab;éf enh niyaygmbikuntméltamglayedlcam)ac;rtuvman edim,iefviegaybipbelakkan;etmanpabrikray nig snþipab. x- lmnamgpivdæn_ 1- skmµpab elak GñkRKUeGaysisScUlrYmkñúgskmµPaBdUcxageRkam ³ skmµpabti1 elirkdasmyysnøwk sissmñak;²kurrubrgvg;myy tmnagbipbelak Edlman RBYj3 )aj;ecjerka. elirbyjnimyy² sisssresrcmenatbbaðamyyedlbykekcg; egayvaecj)at;bibipbelak. ]TahrN_ ³ karbmpøajbrisßan PaBRkIRk karrmelapsit imnuss bnþab;mk elak GñkRKUeGaysisSbEnßmeyabl;edaHRsaycMeBaHcMenaTbBaða EdleKkMnt;rkeXIj. sisssresrcmenatbbaða nig eyabl;edahrsayedlek)ankmnt;rkexijena elikþarexon. skmµpabti2 elak GñkRKUeGaysisSeRcInnak;KUrrUbPaBGVIk¾)anelIRkdasmYysnøwk. siss mñak;cab;epiþmkurkmnurmyy bnþab;mkgñkéetotkurbenßmelikmnurenahgmbigviedlekcg;kur. bnþab;bi)ankurrkb;kñaehiy elak GñkRKUelIkbgðajlT plsñaédrym. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 112 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

29 2- karvipak elak GñkRKU syrsmnyredltak;tgnwgskmµpabtamgbirxageli ³ - eticmenatbbaða nig eyabl;edahrsaytamglayrbs;sisstamggs;manpab RsedogKñab et? - etisñaédkmnurrymkñaenhl b et? ebiminl et etirtuvbenþasgñkna? - etinrnaxøh Edl)ancUlrYmviPaKTankñúgsñaédsil,³enH? - etigñkmankarkitebbna cmebahsñaédsil,³enh? - tameyabl;rbs;gñk ehtugvi)ancarbcablrdæmantssn³rsedog²kñacmebah BiPBelak? ]TahrN_ etigñkculcitþs gáam b sniþpab? - enaebledlgñkkurkmnur etigñk)ankitdl;kenøgtmenrsmrab;egaysissdét KUrEdrb et? - etigñk)anegaytmélkmnuredlmitþrymfñak;)ankurmungñkedrb et? - etigñkkitfabipbelakcarbs;mnussrkb;rub b mnussbirbinak;? elak GñkRKU srubcmeliytamggs;edayepþatelipabrsedogkñaéncmenatbbaða EdlsisSelIkeLIg TMnak;TMngkñúgbNþakarcUlrYmviPaKTanBIbuKÁlmñak;²kñúgsñaéd - sil,³ ehiyniggtßipabénkic shkarrvagbykekkñúgsñaédsil,³. 3- GrUbIkmµ elak GñkRKU Bnül;eKalKMnitGMBIsmPaB edayep kelimarta1 énesckiþrb kascasklsiþbisiti mnuss. elak GñkRKU sgát;f n;elikmnitsmxan;birkñúgmarta1 ³ mnusscatitamggs;mansiti mnussduc²kña ehiyekrbrbwtþcmebahkñakñúgsµartibgb Ún. elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa marta1bgðajbimuldæanrkwhénsiti mnusstamglay KWfa siti mnusstamglayep kelimnussfm rymrbs;eyig ebalkw mnusscatitamggs;man esripab nigsmpabeliesckiþéføfñúr nigsiti tamgbikmenit. elak GñkRKU bba ak;fa tammarta2 mnusstamggs;edaykµankarebgeckgmbi RbePTNamYy mansiti nig esripabtamggs; Edl)anEcgkñúgesckIþRbkasCaskl siþbisiti mnuss. RbkarenHmann½yfa siti mnussmingars½yelirbvtiþrbs;mnusset manduc CaRbvtiþneya)ay sgám esdækic vb,fm BUCsasn_ Gayu b RbePTdéTeTot CaedIm. elak GñkRKU segçbmarta 2 edayniyayfa Gtßn½yénmaRtaenHdkRsg;ecj BIPasit {siti mnusstamggs; edim,itamggs;kña} Edl)anGnum½tenArvagqñaM 1993 kñúg snñisitbipbelaksþibisiti mnuss. esckþirbkasenavieynna (Vienna) 1993 Ecgfa ³ siti mnusstmaggs;manlkçn³skl mingacebgeck)an GaRs½yeTAvijeTA mknigmantmnak;tmngnwgkñaetavijetamk. shkmn_gnþrcatirtuvgnuvtþsiti mnuss TaMgGs;Kña tamlkçn³yutþifm nigesµipab kñúgcmhrduckña nigtmgn;duckña. RBmCa lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 113 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

30 myykñaeenah krniykic énrdæcapakitmaglay RtUvbNþúHsµartIeKarBPaBedayELk² rbs;cati nigtmbn; ehiynigvis½yrbvtþisarsþ vb,fm nig sasnaepsg²kña edaymin KitGMBIsm<½n neya)ay esdækic nigvb,fm rbs;bykek edim,ielikkmbs; nigkarbarsiti mnuss nigesripabcamuldæantmaggs;. vkáti 5 EpñkTI 1 elak GñkRKU Bnül;fa enaerkamesckþirbkasrbs;rdæapi)altamglaynaqñam 1993 enatutamgrbets siti mnussrtuv)anbba ak;cafµifamanlkçn³skl mingac EbgEck)an GaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigmantmnak;tmngkñaetavijetamk. siti mnuss manlkçn³skl erbahsiti mnussenahenacab;nwgmnusscati. ducenh vaerbi)ansmrab; TMagGs;Kñay:agskl. siti mnussk¾mingacebgeck)anpgedr erbahvatak;tgnwg vis½yepsg²éncivpabmnuss. ekmingacbmebksiti mangahar ecjbisiti smedgmti )anetbierbahvacaepñkénektnp½nðfmµcati. siti mnussgars½ykñaetavijetamk BIeRBaHsiTi TaMgGs;manPaBcMa)ac;cMeBaHCIviiteBjeljrbs;mnusS. ekmingacmansiti e)aheqñat nigmanesripabrycputbitarunkmµ edaykµansiti mangahar nigsiti TTYlkar Gb;rMenAeBlCamYyKñaenaHeT. enaeblsiti myycmnynmin)anbmebj siti détetotk¾man karb:hbal;edr. elak GñkRKU Bnül;pgEdrfa rdæcapakitamggs; tamry³rdæapi)al mankrniy kic duckña kñúgkarelikkmbs; nig karbarsiti mnusstamggs; etahbimanbribtrbvtþisarsþ Cativb,Fm nigsasna k¾duccarbb½n neya)ay esdækic nig vb,fm epsgkñak¾eday. elak GñkRKU segçbbt]etþs edayminniyayfa shkmn_gnþrcati)anrbm erbogfasiti mnusscaekalkmnitskledlep kelikarttylsáal;pabcamnusstueta rbs;eyig. elak GñkRKUbEnßmfasiTi mnusscma)ac;rtuv)ancat;tukfa CakareqøIytb etanwgbiesafn_bigtitkalnigbc úb,nñénkardkhutrtbüsm,tþimnuss ehiycynkal dkhutcivitpgedr. ekalkarn_rbmerbogcagnþrcatienh RtUv)anFanaGHGageLIgvijCafµIeday rdæapi)alpakercinenagasiu)a:siupic. enasikçasalanatirkuggiusøam:a)at RbeTs):a KIsßan kumö³ qñam 2003 rdæapi)altamglay)anrbkasfa BYkeKkMBug FanaGHGagCafµInUvsklPaB PaBminGacEbgEck)an PaBGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmk nigpabtak;tgetavijetamkénsit imnusstmaggs; mancagat siti Blrdæ siti vb,fm siti esdækic siti neya)ay siti sgám nigsiti mankargpivdæ. ehiybykekttylsáal;fa kargb;rmsiti mnussrtuvttylrbeyacn_bikuntmél rbs;vb,fm ehiynigrbébnitmaglay EdlCMrujeGaymansklPaBénsiTi mnuss kñúgbmngelikkmbs;karyl;dwggmbibhuvb,fm rbs;siti mnuss. 4> karrbtibtþi elak GñkRKU egaysisserobkñacarkumehiysresrelirkdaspþamgfmgmbi lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 114 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

31 ekalkarn_sklpab PaBminGacEbgEck)an PaBGaRs½yKñaeTAvijeTAmknigPaB Tak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmkénsiT itamglay. bnþab;mk elak GñkRKUdwknaMsisSEklMG ehiyegaysissykrkdaspþamgfmenahetabitenakþarexonpsaybt manrbs;salaeron nigtikenøgsmrsbdétetotkñúgsalaeron. 5> esckþibba b; elak GñkRKU bba b;eblsiksaedaynitanerogmyyegaysisssþab;ducxagerkam kalbierbgnay enarbetscinmanrsþicas;mñak;manbbaøaévqøat. mnusscaercin )anxitxml,gbbaøakat;. sm½yéf myy manekµgrbusmñak;büayamsakl,gbbaøarbs ;RsþIcas;enaH. ekµgrbusenah kan;kunbksimyyenaédehiylak;erkayxñg. ekkitkñúg citþfa eknwgsyrrsþicas;enahfa etikunbksikñúgédekenahrs; b søab;. RbsinebIRsþIcas; eqøiyfavaenars; eknwgrc)ac;vasmlab;edim,iegaykat;xus. ehiyrbsinebirsþicas; eqøiyfavasøab; eknwgrbelgva edim,ibgðajfavaenars;et. KiitehIy ekµgrbusenahk¾syretarsþicas;fa {etikunbksikñúgéd enh rs; b søab;?} RsþIcas;k¾eqøIyfa{ bksienakñúgédrbs;gñk manetgñketedlcagñksmercegayvars; b søab;}. bnþab;mkelak GñkRKU niyayr)ab;sissducxagerkam ³ siti mnusssßitenakñúgédrbs;gñk Gñkkan;kab;va. manetgñketcagñksmerc fagñkcg;egaysiti mnussrbs;gñkr)akdmanelig b RtUvbMePøcecal. ehiyeday ehtufa siti mnusscarbs;mnussrkb;rub karrbwgerbgrymkñarbs;mnusstamggs; CaktþasMerccugeRkayénkarR)akdeLIgsiTi mnusstmaggs;. 4>rgVaytMél elak GñkRKU GaceRbIR)as;meFüa)aysmRsbNamYyedIm,IvaytMélkaryl; dwgrbs;siss GMBIeKalkarN_CamUldæanénsiTi mnuss. rgvaytmélgacefvi)anmun esckþibba b;. lmennamkarbergonsiti mnuss 115 smrab;salaerongasiugaekñy_

32 rubpabbikumarkm<úca

33 ÉksarBieRKaH escki þrbkascasklsþ IBIsiT imnuss GnusBaØasþ IBIsiT ikumar GnusBaØaRbqaMgkarerIseGIg kñ úgvis½ygb;rm esckþ IbgðajcMeBaHkareRbIR)as;bec k s½bþsit imnuss