rksasit RKb;ya:geday kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati 2006

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2 rksasit RKb;ya:geday kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati 2006 Éksare)aHBumÖpSayenHRbEhlCaRtUv)ane)aHBumÖmþgeTotTaMgRsug b edayepñkenakñúgekal bmnggb;rm b minrkr)ak;cmenj edaykμankargnubaøatibiessbigñkrksasit i edaypþl;esckþieføg GMNrKuNcMeBaHGñkcgRkgÉksar. UNEP nwgekatsresirkñúgkarttyl)annuvéksarnamyy EdleRbIR)as;Éksare)aHBumÖpSayenHCaRbPB. KμankareRbIR)as;Éksare)aHBumÖpSayenHsMrab;Cakarlk;eLIgvij b smrab;smrab;ekalbmng BaNiC kmμ edayelisbikargnubaøaticamunkñúgtmrg;calaylkçn_gksrbi UNEP. esckþigmnhgmnag rebobrcna nigkarbgðajenakñúgéksare)ahbumöpsayenhminbba ak;bikmnitenaeliepñkénkmμvifi brisßanshrbcacati Tak;TgeTAnwglkçxþik³rbs;RbeTsNamYy EdndI TIRkug b tmbn;edndi b Tak;TgeTAnwgkarkMNt;RBMEdn b RBMRbTl;. elisbienhetaetot TsSn³enHbBa ak;bipabmin cam)ac;edltmnag[karsmerccitþ b karghgagbiekalneya)aykmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati b k¾ KμankardkRsg;eQμaHBaNiC kmμ b dmenirkarbanic kmμrymcamyynwgkarefivbdiæelxeliy. 2ISBN-10: ISBN-13: ISBN: (Delft UT) (Delft UT) (UNEP)

3 karrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpab yut sarsþgnuvtþsmrab;rbetskmbuggpivdæn_ 1

4 DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILIGY A PRACTICAL APPROACH FOR DEVELOPING ECONOMIES Delt University of Technology UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC Quai André Citroën Paris CEDEX 15, France Tel: Fax: unep.tie@unep.fr Internet: DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGN ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN Landbergstraat CE Delft The Netherlands Tel: Fax: dfs@tudelft.nl Internet: International Weliterbildung und Entwicklung Capacity Building International, Germany With financial support from INWENT-INTERNATIONAL WEITERBILDUNG UNd Entwicklung ggmbh CAPACITY BUILDING INTERNATIONAL, GERMANY Friedrich-Ebert-Allee Bonn Germany Tel: +49 (0) Fax: +49 (0) Internet: On behalf of the FEDERAL MINISTRY FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATONA AND DEVELOPMENT, Germany 2

5 esckþieføggmnrkun GñkRKb;RKg EklMGbec kets nigkamrt Ms. Garrette Clark, UNEP DTIE, France GñkniBn Dr. M.R.M. Crul and Mr. J.C. Diehl Delft University of Technology,The Netherlands Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering RkumRtYtBinitüxagCMnaj nigvitüasa sþgnþrcati Mr. Smail Al-Hilali, MCPC, Morocco Prof. Dr. Han Brezet, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Dr.Tijani Bounahmidi, LASPI, Morocco Mr. Lelisa Daba, NCPC, Ethiopia Mr. Bas de Leeuw, UNEP DTIE, France Prof. Dr. Patrik Eagan, University of Wisconsin- Madison, United States of America Mr. Juan Carlos Espinosa, Universidad Los Andes, Colombia Mr. Leonardo Guiruta, MNCPC, Mozambique Mr. Jens Hönerhoff, CEGESTI, Costa Rica Mr. Evert Kok, UNIDO, Austria Mr. Samantha Kumarasena, NCPC, Sri Lanka Mr. Nguyen Hong Long, NCPC,Vietnam Ms. Sophie Loran, UNEP DTIE, France Dr. Diego Masera, UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Carribbean, Mexico Dr. Desta Mebratu, UNEP Regional Office for Africa, Kenya Mr. Zhao Ming,Tsinghua University Beijing, China Mr. Sergio Musmanni, CNPML, Costa Rica Dr. Kasimoni Patrick Mwesigye, UCPC, Uganda Ms. Maria Amalia Porta, CGPML, Guatemala Mr. Peter Repinski, UNEP Regional Office of North America, United States of America Mr. Alex Saer Saker, ODES, Colombia Dr. Nurelegne Tefera,Addis Abbaba University, Ethiopia Mr. B.S. Samarasiri, Moratuwa University, Sri Lanka Prof. Dr. John Turyagyanda, Makerere University, Uganda Dr. Sonia Valdivia, UNEP DTIE, France Gñkrcna nigkurbøg; Ms. Ana Mestre and Ms. Graça Campelo, SUSDESIGN, Portugal GñkftrUb Mrs. Carmen van der Vecht,The Netherlands and SUSDESIGN Portugal GñkKaMRThirBaØvtßú InWEnt - Capacity Building International, Germany 3

6 bubvkfa vac,as;nas;fasßanpabkarerbir)as; nigplitkmμbc úb,nñ KWminmancirPaB. dmenirkarya:gelonénsaklpahubniykmμ nigesrikmμbanic kmμ edaysaretkarlutlas;ya:gelonenakñúgepñkbec kvitüab½t man va)anpøas;b þúrmuldæanetspabénvis½yékcnenakñúgrbetsgpivdæn_ nig RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_TaMgGs;edayp þl;[nuvkalanuvt þpab nigbbaðarbqmfμi. Rkumh untuc nigmfüm)anrbwgerbgya:gsmebimkñúgkareqøiy tbetanwgbbaðacirpabcamyynwgkarep þatetaelibbaðaedlekitmaneligbifñak;erkampþal;. TsSn³karrcnam:Ud edim,i[mancirpab (D4S) man sk þanublkñúgkareklmgrbsit PaB KuNPaBplitpl nigkalanuvt þpabtipsar TaMgkñúgRsuk nigeliqakgnþþrcati ehiyenaeblcamyy KñaenaH vagaceklmgsßanpabbrisßan)anpgedr. enakñúgrbetsgpivdæn_caercin edaysarmankmritkaryl;dwgx<s; efvi[karrbwgerbgeli TsSn³ D4S mantmnak;tmngcamyytssn³d¾tmlmtulaymyyénesvakmμplitplculkña karekerbrbb½n fμi nigkarrbwgerbgelimuldæan Ebbvd þcivit. enakñúgrbetsesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ edaysarmankaryl;dwgtictyc duecñhtamtar[mankarkamrtepñkbec ketscabnþan;myykñúgkaren namtssn³ D4S. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday kargnuvt þn_rbkbedayecakc½yéntssn³ D4S TamTar[mankareFVIkargarkñúg PaBCaédKU. esovepaenhkwca]tahrn_myyénkarrbwgerbgmyyebbenah. karcab;garmμn_edl)anekineligcmebahtssn³ D4S enhkwwcasmit iplrymmyyénkargarrbs;kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati UNEP s þibiplitkmμs at RbB½n RbsiT ipabbrisßan]ssahkmμ nigkarrkb;rkgebbvdþcivit. vakwcacmhanbnþab;enakñúgkarkarbrgik[mankarecon eloncalmdab;myyénecigemxénkarkarbakarbmbul karbrgikmyyedl)anbikarep þatelidmenirkarplitkmμedlmankmritmyy plitkmμs at edayrymbba ÚlTaMgbBaðaplitpl karrcnam:udedlkitkurdl;brisßan RbB½n plitpl D4S edayrymshkarcamyykarkamrtepñkdwkcba Ún karrbmulplitpledlqb;erbir)as; nigerbir)as;smaspabxøheligvij b karekécñvtßúfatuedim xøheligvij nigkarekerbrbb½n fμi. kñúgkarbrgiksñaédrbs;saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft énrbetshulg; nigrkumcmnajkarxagkarrcnam:udedlkitkurdl; brisßanepsgetot UNEP )ane)ahbumöesovepas þibikarrcnam:udedlkitkurdl;brisßaneligtamc,ab;edim EdlenHKWCayuT sa s þmyyeqøiy tbetanwgtssn³énkarerbir)as; nigplitkmμmancirpabenaqñam TsSn³énkarrcnam:UdplitpleLIgvij)anrIkraldaltaMgBIeBl enahmk enaebledl\lúvenh mancmnynesovepaenh nigesovepas þibivis½ycak;lak;epsgetotrtuv)aneke)ahbumöcaercinpasa. CalT pl nigep kelibtbiesafn_edlttyl)an karrcnam:udedlkitkurdl;brisßan)anvivt þetamuxtamry³tssn³fμiénkarrcnam:udedim,ibrisßan (DfE) eq<ahetarktssn³d¾tulmtulaymyyén D4S EdlTsSn³enHRKb;dN þb;elibbaðaebbsmaspabcirpabsgám nigesck þirtuvkarkñúgkargpivdæn_ tamrebobfμi edim,ieqøiytbetanwgtmruvkarrbs;gtificnenakñúgreboberbir)as;fnfantictyc. kargnuvt þn_tssn³ D4S KWRtUveFVIya:gNaedIm,I plitplitplmyyedlkitkurdl;brisßan ehiy\lúvenhrtuvbüayameqøiytbetanwgtmruvkarrbs;gtificntamry³vifisa s þedlmanlkçn³ca RbB½n myymancirpabmyy. skmμpabrbs; UNEP enakñúgepñk D4S rymmankargpivdæn_énesovepatmenibfμi²calkçn³sakls Mrab;Gñkrcnam:Ud niggñkman CMnajepSgeTotEdlkMBugeFVIkargarenAkñúgvis½yénkarGPivDÆn_plitpl]sSahkmμ nigsmrab;gñkd¾étetotedlp þl;[nuvkarennam nigkamrt dl;karvivt þéntssn³ D4S. vamanrbeyacn_smrab;gñkedletibetcab;ep þimkargarbak;b½n nwgkarrcnam:udedlkitkurdl;brisßan ebalkwgñk Edlmankarcab;GarmμrN_xøaMgkñúgkarEkERbplitplfμIedIm,I[mancirPaB. yut sa s þcak;esþþgsmrab;kargpivdæn_esdækic enh KWBwgEp kelitssn³d¾fmmyyyénkarrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpab EdlenHKWCakarEN namcasaklmyy b:uen þepþateteliesck þirtuvkarcak;lak;rbs;rkumh untuc nigmfümenakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_. CamYynwgPaBrIkcMerInTaMg Gs;enAkñúgTsSn³ D4S kic xitxmrbwgerbgedl)ankmnt;ekaledarycmyycmnynrtuv)anefvieligsmrab;efvikarennambiplrbeyacn_én D4S cmebah BaNiC kmμ nig Gn þrkaribanic kmμkñúgkargpivdæn_esdækic. ]t þmpabénkarsþg;mtirbs;mcämnðlmyycmnyn)anbgðajfa D4S 4

7 KWCaRbePTesvakmμmYyEdleKGaclk;eTA[]sSahkmμ. karekinelignuvkarykcitþtukdak;énkic xitxmrbwgerbgkñúgkarrkb;rkgkarpát;pág; tamexsbn þajelikareklmgkarerbir)as;fnfan)anbrgwgbenßmdl;esckþirtuvkarenh. enarbetsgpivdæn_c,ab;rkb;rkgsmnl;enaebl beba j)anp þl;nuvkareliktwkcit þsmrab;rkumh un edim,i[efvikarkiteligvijnuvgvi nigrebobedlbykekkmbugetrcnam:udplitplehiyenarbets manesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ral;plitplmanninñakaretarkm:udkmru cmlgtam m:udedlmanrsab;enaelitipsar. Rkumh unmankarrbyy)armö GMBIkarnaMcUleTAkan;TIpSarRbeTsGPivDÆn_. BYkeKRtUvEtBicarNaelIs þg;dartipsarfμiedlrtuvnameta. CaTUeTA mankgvhxatkaryl;dwgtueta enakñúgrkumh un GMBIrebobEklMGRbsiT ipab nigrebobek lmgbrisßanenaebletmyy. RbeTsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_manesck þirtuvkarepsg²kña nigbnþan;efmetot. karyl;dwggmbikargnuvt þn_énkarerbir)as;fnfan Tak;TgnwgRbsiT ipab b brisßankwenamankmrittab. karefvitmnak;tmngcamyyrkumh unenarbetsgpivdæn_gacefvieta)and¾rbesirtamry³gn þr kariduccakarbegáitmcämnðl ]TahrN_ mcämnðlplitkmμs atcatirbs;ggákargpivdæn_]ssahkmμshrbcacati nigkmμvifibrisßan shrbcacati b tamry³exsbn þajpát;pág;edlmantmnak;tmngcamyyrkumh unfm²rymtamgrkumh unedlmancmruhcatisasn_. karrbyy)armö cmebahkarkat;bnßypabrkirk nigbmpøajbrisßand¾qab;rh½s)ankusbba ak;bisk þanublenakñúgrbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_kñúgkardak; bba ÚlKñanUvTsSn³ D4S etakñúgkargpivdæn_banic kmμ. TsSn³ D4S KWCayuT sa s þmyyedlmansmtßpabelatrmelagelifnfan niglmnam énkargpivdæn_edlbegáit[mankarbmbuledlvaetgetekiteligenarbetsgpivdæn_. edaymangantþikwrtuvefvikarcasaklkñúgkarkarbar brisßan nigkat;bnßypabrkirk CaBiessenAtambNþaRbeTsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ UNEP KWCasßabn½mYykñúgcMeNamsßab½nGnþrCati smxan;²edlmankarcab;bak;b½n kñúgkargpivdæn_yut sa sþenh. BRgagÉksarényuT sa sþ D4S enhkwrtuv)anerobcmeligcakarsakl,g nigrtuv)aneklmgedayep k elilt plénvkábnþúhbnþal myyedlkamrteday InWEnt enaextula qñam 2005 EdlmantMNagmkBI 9 RbeTs. kare)ahbumöenh)anennamgmbitssn³ D4S nig)ankus bba ak;birebobgnuvtþvaenakñúgrkumh un. yut sa sþenhgacrtuvekerbir)as;enakñúgrkumh un EsVgrkkic xitxmgnuvtþyut sa sþ D4S enaxagkñúg Rkumh un tamry³bnþajpát;pág; b Rkumh unékracümyy nigrtuv)anerbir)as;edaygnþrkariedlefvikarcamyyrkumh un. KMnitpþÜcepþImpSBV psaydmbugéntssn³ D4S nigrtuv)anefvieligtamry³mcämnðlplitkmμs atcatikamrteday UNIDO-UNEP EdledIrtYnaTICasßab½nbegÁal kñúgkarksagsmtßpabenakñúg 30 RbeTs. edim,ittyl)anbenßmetotnuvéksarsmrab;bnþúhbnþal ]TahrN_Bak;B½n nigkrnisiksa myycmnyn nigrtuv)anerobcmeligedayep kelikmμvifikmeragkmruedl)angnuvtþenarbets Costa Rica nigrbets Morocco enaqñam btbiesafn_edlttyl)anbikmeragtamgenhnigrtuv)andak;bba ÚlKñaCar)aykarN_RbcaMqñaMCaPasa)araMg nigegs,ajedlniggacdak;bba Úl pgedr etakñúgekhtmb½rrbs; UNEP enaqñam UNEP )angeba Ij édkuduccarkumh unsmakm]ssahkmμ tmnagrdæapi)al sa sþacarüedim,iculrymcakic shkarkñaedayerbir)as; smpar³enakñúgkmμvifibnþúhbnþalpþal;xøünrbs;bykek nigkarbegáitesckþiennameliplitplcak;lak; nigtamvis½ycak;lak;benßmgmbirebob efviepnkarsmrab; niggpivdæn_esvakmμ nigplitplcirpabbenßm. CaBiess eyigsumsvakmn_pgedrnuvbtbiesafn_ nigrbtikmμénkrnisiksa BIrebobGnuvtþRbesIrbMputnUvTsSn³ D4S enakñúgkargnuvtþn_cak;esþg. karpøas;bþúrtmlab;plitkmμ nigkarerbir)as;kμancirpabbc úb,nñgacttyl)annuvplrbeyacn_ercinbiyut sa sþ D4S. eyigsumrbemil emilfacalt plryménkic xitxmrbwgerbgrbs;édkubak;b½n TaMgGs;esovePAenH nwgculrymcmenk[mankarvilrtlb;énninñakargvic man na eblbc úb,nñ. Monique Barbut Director UNEP DTIE 5

8 Sus Design Lgo Sto Antoninho, Lisboa Portugal Tel l Fax: info@susdesign.org Photos by: Carmen van der Vecht carmen-v@dds.nl bbaøatiénkarrcnam:udrkahvik D4S karrcnam:udrkahvik D4S rbs;kare)ahbumöpsayenhep ketaelibbaøatiedaycirpab nigkarkitkurbifatubi ducca RbCaCn plcmenj nigpbepndi. karrcnam:udrkahvikrymmanrbfan nigbn cmnynbi edim,i]tahrn_bifatutamgbienah. RbCaCnRtUv)anelIk]TarhN_edaykarbgðajBImnusSEdlmanvb,Fm nigcatisasn_epsg². PBEpndItMNag[smasFatuFmμCatiepSg²rbs;PBEpndI ducca Twk fμ edimeqi xsac; nigrukçcati. plcmenjrtuv)anbgðajedaytidæpabbrisßanrbs;smng;gkar EdldkecjBI]TahrN_énRbeTs GPivDÆTUTaMgBiPBelak. karrcnam:udrkahvikrtuv)angpivdæeday SUSDESIGN EdlCasßab½nelIkkMBs;karrcnam:UdedaycirPaB nig RtUv)anbgðajCamYynwgrUbftrbs; Carmen van der Vecht nig SUSDESIGN. karrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpab 6

9 EpñkTI 1 etigvica D4S? ehtugviekgnuvtþ D4S? 1- esck þiennam 1>1 TMnak;TMngénTsSn³karrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB D4S >2 etiesovepaenheqøiytbgñkna? >3 etiesovepaenherobcmeligedayrebobna? karrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpab ( D4S ) 2>1 plitpl nigcirpab >2 plitpl nigtidæpabbrisßan-tmnak;tmngcamyypbepndi >3 karkitbiktþavdþcivit nigkarefiv[rbesirelig >4 plitpl nigtidæpabsgám-tmnak;tmngcamyyrbcacn >5 ehtugiv)ancarkumh unrtuvemiletaeli D4S? karbegáitplitplfμi 3>1 karbegáitfμi >2 kmriténkarbegáitfμi >3 dmenirkargpivdæplitpl >4 karbegáitekalneya)ay >5 karbegáitkmnit >6 karttylsáal; >7 kargpivdæn_plitplenakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_

10 EpñkTI 2 rebobgnuvtþ D4S? 4- t muvkarvaytémøelikermag D4S 4-1 krmit 1 ³ KeRmag krmit 2 ³ sßanpabesdækic Cati krmit 3 ³ krmitrbs;epñknimyyy² (Meso) krmit 4 ³ krmitrbs;rkumh un t muvkarkarvaytémøkermagskmμpab D4S karrcnam:udfiμ D4S CMhan 1 ³ karbegiátrkum nigkarefviepnkarkermag...68 CMhan 2 ³ karerbir)as; SWOT nigekalbmngsrmab;rkumh un...70 CMhan 3 ³ karerciserisplitpl...72 CMhan 4 ³ karerbi D4S srmab;erciserisplitpl...73 CMhan 5 ³ karvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S...73 CMhan 6 ³ kargpivdæn_karrcnam:udsegçb D4S...78 CMhan7 ³ karbegiát nigkarerciseriskmnit...80 CMhan 8 ³ kargpivdæn_tssn³...83 CMhan 9 ³ karvaytémø D4S...84 CMhan 10 ³ kargnuvtþn_ nigkartamdan KMrU D4S 6>1 esckþiepiþmkarefvikmru D4S >2 sar³rbeyacn_énkarefvikmru D4S >3 karefvikmru D4S kñúgkargnuvtþn_karefvikmeragkmrukñúgeragcrkfm² >4 eti tuvgnuvtþkermagkarefvikmru D4S edayrebobducemþc? >5 karefvikmru D4S CaCMhan² >6 KMrU D4S srmab;rkumplitplcak;lak;

11 EpñkTI 3 ÉksareyagBI D4S 7- t muvkarvaytémøelikermag D4S 7>1 karksagrkum D4S ena Fabrica Venus Guatemala >2 SWOT karvipakeliplb:hbal; nig yut sa sþ D4S ena Talleres Rea Guatemala >3 KMeragExSsgVak;;plitkmμenARkumh un Hacienda el Jobo, El Salvador >4 TidæPaBsgÁméncirPaB³ KMeragksagBIsMNl;GaCIvkmμEr:enAkñúgGaRhVikxagt,Úg >5 plitplfμi nigkarerbir)as;eligvij ³ RAGBAG enakñúgrbets\nða nigena Netherlands >6 karrcnam:udplitpleligvij³db)aøsþikenarkumh un Microplast Costa Rica >7 karrcnam:udplitpleligvij³ ]ssahkmμevcx b; MARKSS enatirkug KAMPALA RbeTs UGANDA >8 karbegáitplitplfμi³ GMBUlePøIgeRbIfamBlRBHGaTitüsMrab;TIpSarRbeTskm<úCa >9 karrcnam:udplitpleligvij³rethrujsmrab;mefüa)ay dwkcba ÚnksiplCnbTenAkñúgRbeTs GHANA >10 Tinñn½yeRbobeFobsMrab;TUrTwkkkéneragcRk]sSahkmμ Waiman RbeTs Costa Rica >11 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Intermech Cassava Grater Tanzania >12 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Philips Computer Monitor >13 ]TahrN_BIkmμviFIKaMRTKMerag D4S CaGnþrCati³ Rkumh un InWEnt vifiefvitamkarbiesafn_rbs; D4S karbegiátbec kets ÉksarsMrab;GanbEnßm

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15 EpñkTI 1 etigvica D4S? ehtugviekgnuvtþ D4S? 13

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17 esck þiennam sumsvakmn_cmebahkare)ahbumöpsayrymkñarvagkmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati UNEP nigsaklvitüal½ybec k vitüa Delft s þibikarrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpabedlcayut sa s þmyysmrab;gnuvt þenarbetsmanesdækic kmbug GPivDÆ. enakñúgcmbukesck þiennam enhtmnak;tmngéntssn³ D4S smrab;rbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæ KWRtUv)anelIkykmkKUsbBa ak;. CMBUkbnÞab;RkumeKaledAénesovePAenH RtUv)ankMNt;ehIyrcnasm<½n TUeTAénesovePAenHRtUv)anelIkykmkBnül;. 1>1 TMnak;TMngénTsSn³karrcnam:UdedIm,I [mancirpab D4S karefvikmenerbplitpl Rkumh unenatutamgbipbelakrtuvkarkan;etekin eligkñúgkarekerbplitplfμi nigdmenirkarrbs;bykek edim,ieqøiytb[tan;eblevla etanwgsmbafénkarrb kytrbecgedim,ibegáinplitpabenakñúgtmbn; nigbipb elakedim,ikarbar nigbrgikpakh untipsar nigedim,i begáitsmtßpabtak;tajvinieyakbrets. etahbica ya:gnak¾eday Rkumh unenakñúgrbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_gacrtuv)anekrab;bba ÚlenAkñúgrgVg;enH etsmrab;pabxuskñaénehtuplrcnasm½<n nigesdækic. yut sa s þekerbm:udplitplfμikmbuget)ankøay etacacmerisyut sa s þmyykñúgcmenamcmerisyut sa sþ smxan;caercinsmrab;rkumh unbn þajpát;pág; nigvis½y ]ssahkmμ Edl)anRbmUlp þúmtamggs;enakñúgrbets manesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_edim,i[mankarrbkytrbecg kan;etrbesirenakñúgtipsarsaklelaknaeblbc úb,nñ ebietahbica kareconelonxagepñkb½t man KmnaKmn_ nigehdæarcnasm½<n TIpSarCati niggn þrcatikmbugetman karrbkytrbecgnigbbaðarbqmmuxkñakan;etercinelig EdltMrUv[Rkumh untamggs;bnsmetatam. karcab; GarmμN_cMeBaHyuT sa s þekerbm:udplitpl)an nig kmbugekineligya:gqab;rh½s enakñúgry³eblb:unμan TsvtSknøgmkenH. ]ssahubniykmμ karebikcmhr TIpSar tmruvkar xagkunpab x<s;bigtificn nig kmeninénkarrbkytrbecgrvagrkumh unkñúgrsuk nig sakl)anbegáit[mantmruvkard¾f n;f rmyysmrab;dmenir karrcnasm½<n cmebahkarekerbm:udplitplenakñúg ]ssahkmμ. ]ssahkmμmingacdmenirkar)ankñúg ry³eblyurgegvg)anet ebisincakμankarekerbm:ud plitplduccaepñkdmenirkargpivdæn_plitpl nig EpñkRKb;RKgTaMgmUl. ]ssahkmμgn þrcatimanrbti kmμtbetanwgdmenirkargpivdæn_enh eday)anbegáit EpñkEkERbm:UdplitplpÞal;rbs;eK b edaymankar BieRKaHeyabl; CamYYyCMnajkarxagEkERbm:Udplit plxagerka. Rkumh unfmb mfümcaercinya:gtic k¾mancmnajkarxagekerbm:udplitplmñak;enakñúgrkum EpñkRKb;RKgrbs;eKEdr. enarbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ sar³ smxan;ényut sa sþekerbm:udplitpl KWkMBugEtekIn eligya:gqab;rh½spgedr. Ca]TahrN_enARbeTs \NÐayuT sa s þekerbm:udplitpl )ankøayetacacm enhdwgya:gsmxan; CaBiessbnÞab;BITIpSar\NÐa)an ebikcmhr[mankarrbkytrbecgcalkçn³gn þrcati. 15

18 ]ssahkmμtuc nigmfüm (SMEs)nwgRtUvyk cit þtukdak;pgedretaelikargpivdæn_m:udplitpl. CagenHeTAeTot cmebahgñkekécñplitplenatampþh KWGaceFVIkarpliteTA)anedayshkarCamYyGgÁkar EdlBak;B½n tamvis½yenah b GeBa IjCMnajkarBIRkum h unbierkaheyabl;xagerkabisaklvitüal½y nigbi mcämnðledlmancmnajepsg²etot. plitpl nigcirpab esck þirbyy)armöcasaklgmbibbaðabrisßankmbug EtekIneLIgdUcCakarERbRbYlGakasFatu karbmbulnig kar)at;civcmruh ehiyniggmbibbaðasgámtak;tgnwgpab RkIRk suxpab kal³ets³kargar suvtßipab nigpab Gyut þifm EdlbBaðaTaMgenH)anCYyKaMRT[manyuT sa s þcirpabsmrab;]ssahkmμ.enakñúgqakneya)ay Gn þrcatiducedl)anelikeligenakñúgsnñisitkmbulbipb elaksmrab;kargpivdæn_rbkbedaycirpab rdæapi)al Epñk]sSahkmμ nigsgámsuiviltamggs;)anttylyk nuvbaküs½bþ {plitkmμ nigkarerbir)as;rbkbeday cirpab}. kareklmgelikarrcnam:udplitpl EdlCa TsSn³mYyRtUvKñaeTAnwglkçN³vinicä½yRbkbedaycir PaBKWTsSn³énkarrcnam:UdedIm,I[mancirPaB D4S EdlenHKWCameFüa)aymYy kñúgcmenammefüa)aysm xan;bmputsmrab;shrkasnigrdæapi)aledim,iedahrsay CamYynwgkarRBYy)armÖTaMgenH. TsSn³ D4S rym mantamgtssn³ Edlmandak;kMritbEnßmeTAelITsSn³ énkarrcnam:udedlkitkurdl;brisßan (Ecodesign) b TsSn³énkarrcnam:UdedIm,Ibrisßan (Design for Environment). enakñúgrbetsgpivdæn_caercin TsSn³ D4S mantmnak;tmngya:gcitsñitetanwgtssn³ EdlmanlkçN³d¾TUlMTUlayCagenH duccatssn³én RbB½n esvakmμplitplrbkbedaycirpab TsSn³én karekerbrbb½n nigtssn³énkarxitxmrbwgerbgepsg etotedlep kelivd þéncivit. enakñúgrbetsmanesdæ kic kmbuggpivdæn_kgvhxat énkaryl;dwgenaetca ]bskámyy. niymn½yd¾tulmtulaymyyéntssn³ D4S KWfa]sSahkmμRtUvcat;TukbBaðasgÁm nigbrisßanca Fatud¾sMxan;mYyenAkñúgyuT sa sþekerbm:udplitpl ry³eblyurgegvgrbs;bykek. enhmann½yfarkumh un RtUvdak;bBa Úlkt þakargpivdæn_plitpl [)anebj myyvd þciviténplitpl ebjmyyexsbn þajpát;pág; nig edayekarbetatambrisßanesdækic sgámrbs;ek tamgbishkmn_muldæansmrab;rkumh untuc²rhutdl;ti psarsaklelaksmrab;rkumh uncmruhcatisasn_. kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati UNEP nig saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft esovepaenh)anbrgageligedaykmμvifircnam:udedim,i [mancirpabénsaklvitüal½ybec kvitüadelftsmrab; EpñkplitkmμnigkareRbIR)as;énnaykdæanbec kvitüa ]ssahkmμ nigesdækic rbs; UNEP. sßab½ntamg BIr)ancUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgkarpSBVpSayTsSn³rcna m:udplitplrbkbedaycirpabtamgbitssn³rsedog KñaenHRtUv)aneKENnaMenAkñúgkMLúgTsvtSqñaM mansßab½ncaercin)anbegáitmefüa)ay nigyut sa s þcaercinedim,icyydl;rkumh un ehiygñktamg enah efvikarcamyyrkumh un edayefvikarkiteligvij BIrebobrcnam:Ud nigrebobekécñplitpledim,ieklmg [manplrbeyacn_benßm niglkçn³rbkytrbecg nig edim,ikat;bnßyehtub:hbal;brisßanenakñúgeblet 16

19 myy. enaqñam 1997 UNEP edaymankarculrymbi saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft nigcmnajkarepsg etotxag Ecodesign )ane)ahbumöesoveparbcamqñams þi BI {Ecodesign KWyuT sa sþedlgacmanecakc½ymyy cmebahkarerbir)as; nigplitkmμmancirpab}. TsS³én plitplebb Ecodesign )anraldaltamgbimankar psbvpsayr)aykarn_rbcamqñammyycmnynenh nigéksar KaMRTxagvis½yCak;lak;epSgeTot EdlmanCaeRcIn Pasa. CalT pl nigep kelibtbiesafn_ Ecodesign mankarbak;b½n etanwgbbaðaedlsßitenakñúgrgvg;fmmyy énsmasfatusgámedlmancirpab nigtmruvkaredim,i GPivDÆn_meFüa)ayfμI edim,ismerctamesck þirtuvkar rbs;gtificn kñúgebobmyyedlmankarerbir)as;fn Fantic. TsSn³ D4S efvieligedim,iefviya:gna [TTYl)annUvplitpl Edlminb:HBal;dl;brisßan ehiy\lúvenhefviya:gna[kan;etrbesirelig edim,i smerctamesck þirtuvkarrbs;gtificn EdlmancirPaB EfmeToteTAtamkMritmYyCaRbB½n. skmμpabrbs; UNEP enakñúgtssn³ D4S mankarerbrbyl. cmnucsñúl KWkarGPivDÆn_énesck þi ENnaMCasklfμImYysMrab;Gñkrcnam:Udplitpl nig ]ssahkmμedlp þl;karkamrt nigkarennams þibikmnit vivt þén D4S esck þiennamcasklsþþibikarrcnam:ud plitpledim,i[mancirpabrbs; UNEP qñam vamanrbeyacn_nas;smrab;gñkmankaryl;dwgfμi² cmebah Ecodesign ebalkwgñkedlmankarcab; GarmμN_kñúgkareFVIkarEkERbfμIedIm,I[mancirPaB.esc k þiennamenh KWCalT plénkic shrbt ibtþþikarry³ eblevgrbs;cmnajkargn þrcatixag D4S mkbi RbeTshULg; s uyegd GIutalI GaløWm:g; Cbu:n niggu s þali UNIDO the Swedish EPA nig 17 InWEnt rbs;rbetsgalwøm:g; ehiynigkareqøiy tbetanwgbdivt þéntssn³enh tamgbiesck þiennamdmbug enhrtuv)anekbegáiteligenaqñam1997. etahbicaya:gnak¾edaybbaðatamrbetsnimyy ² nigtamvis½ynimyy²rtuvkar[mankaredahrsay. enakñúgrbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_plitplman ninñakaretarkplitplkmrunamyy {CakarcMlgtam{ BI plitpledlmanrsab;enaelitipsar.rkumh uncaercin mankarrbyy)armöcmebahtipsarrbs;rbetsgpivdæn_. BYkeKRtUvkar[mankarykcit þtukdak;etaelisþþg;dar éntipsarrbs;rbetsgpivdæn_ edim,i)annuvkargnubaøati [namcul. CaTUeTA vaetgetmankgvhxatkaryl; dwgtamgrsugenakñúgrkumh ungmbirebobeklmgrbsit ipab nigkareklmgdmenahrsayxagbrisßanenaebletmyy. CalT pl UNEP )ankamrtdl;karbegáitesov epaenhkñúgkarp þl;cavifisa s þ CaCMhan²d¾samBaØmYy Edlep þateliesck þirtuvkarrbs;shrkasfntuc nig mfümcabiessenakñúgrbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæ. UNEP )angeba IjédKUdUcCa xagrkumh un smakm ]ssahkmμ m n þirdæapi)al niggñkgb;rm[culrym nig shkarkñakñúgkargpivdæn_karevcx b;tamplitplmyy ² nig¼ b tamepñkepsg²etotedim,icmrujtssn³ D4S [kan;etxøamgkøaefmetot. kmμvifi D4S rbs;saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft enarbetshulg;manbtbiesafn_ya:gercinena kñúgkarefvikmenerbplitpl[mancirpab enakñúgrb etsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_caercin. kmμvifikmen ERbplitplCaeRcInRtUv)anGnuvt þenaga hvik GasIu niggaemriklatincagdb;qñamknøgmk ehiykmeragfμi² CaeRcIneTot)ancab;ep þimcaetogtat;. KMeragTaMgenH RtUv)anGnuvt þelig erkamkic shkarya:gcitsñitca

20 myyédkumkbiepñk]ssahkmμrkumh un Edlqøgkat;Rb ets saklvitüal½y rdæapi)al nigggákarerka rdæapi)almyycmnyn. KMeragrbs;Rkumh unmyycmnynrtuv )anykmkerbir)as;cakrnisiksaenakñúgesovepaenh. 1>2 etiesovepaenheqøiytbgñkna? esovepaenhrtuv)anerobcmeligsmrab;gn þrkari EdleFVI karcamyyshrkastuc nigmfümtamglayenakñúg RbeTsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ duccamcämnðl ]tþmpab duccamcämnðlplitkmμs atcatirbs; UNIDO-UNEP ) smakmbanic kmμ GñkBieRKaH eyabl;b saklvitüal½y. bnþab;bign þrkari esovepa enhgacrtuv)anerbir)as;pgedr edayrkumh unedlca édkuenakñúgkmμvifi b KMerageFVIkMENERbplitpl. CMBUk s þibirebobefvikarrcnam:udplitpltamebb D4S nig tamplitplkmrunamyy KWRtUv)anerobcMeLIgya:g BiesssMrab;kareRbIR)as;rbs;RkumKMeragéntMNagRkum h un niggn þrkariedim,irbtibt þikmeragefvikmenerbplit pl. yut sa s þ D4S GacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;ya:g viess enakñúgdmenirkic shkarcamyyédkucaercinsm rab;gñkedlesovepaenhgacbmericavifisa s þeyagmyy nigcarbpbb½t man nigbtbiesafn_. 1>3 etiesovepaenherobcmeligedayrebob Na? esovepaenhmanbiepñk ehiyepñknimyy²manbicmbuk. EpñkTI 1 eti D4S KWCaGVI ehiyehtugvirtuv Gnuvt þva? CMBUkTI 1 dl; TI3 EdlBiB½N nagmbi TsSn³ D4S ya:gbis þar niggviedlcmruj[rkumh unena kñúgrbetsmanesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ttylykva. CMBUkTI 2 p þl;nuvtidæpabrymmyyéntmnak;tmngrvagcir PaB nigkarefvikmenerbplitpl EdlbN þal[ekit mantssn³ D4S enh. ehtupl nigkalanuvt þpab smrab;shrkastuc nigmfümenakñúgrbetsman esdækic kmbuggpivdæn_rtuv)anbnül;bkrsay. smrab; Rkumh unedl)anbak;b½n enakñúgkmerag D4S vagacca eblevladmbug EdlBYkeK)ancUlBak;B½n enakñúgdmenir kargpivdæn_plitplcarbb½n myy. duecñhcmbukti 3 p þl;nuvb½t mancamuldæans þibitssn³énkarefvikmenerb plitpl nigbnül;gmbicmhanéndmenirkargpivdæn_ plitplmyy. karyl;c,as;las; EdlTTYl)an BICMBUkenHGacCYydl;Rkumh un niggn þrkariedlefvikar CamYyRkumh un kñúgkarkmnt;gt þsbaøanyut sa s þ[ )ansmrsbedim,ikargpivdæn_plitpl nigcirpab. EpñkTI 2 rebobgnuvt þ D4S Cak;Es þg CMBUkTI 4 dl;ti6 KWCaeRKagq wgxñgénesovepaenh. va)an Bnül;BIyuT sa s þcacmhan²cak;es þgbikñúgkargnuvt þn_ KMerag D4S myyenakñúgrkumh unmyyy. CMBUkTI4 D4S RtUvkarkarvaytMéledIm,IbgðajBIrebobvaytMél tynatiesdækic rbs;rkumh unmyy nigbirebobkmnt; GaTiPaBvis½y]sSahkmμ edim,ikmnt;ekaledaénkar erciserisrkumh uncakmeragkmru. CMBUkenHerobcMeLIg smrab;gn þrkariedlcg;begáitkmμvifi b KMerag D4S myy. CMBUkTI 5 KUsbBa ak;biyut sa s þcacmhan²kñúgkar Gnuvt þn_kmeragkarrcnam:udplitpleligvij D4S myyedlmanbmngbgðajbidmenirkarcirpab nigkar EklMGbEnßménplitplEdlmanRsab;. enakñúg CMBUkTI 6 yut sa s þ D4S nigyut sa s þykkmrutam plitplnamyyrtuv)anbgðaj. srubmk yut sa s þ 18

21 þ enh KWRtUveRbIR)as;kic xitxmrbwgerbgrbs;kurbkytrb ECgedIm,IplitplitplfμI². yut sa s þenhkw smrmü CaBiesscMeBaHRkumh unedlplitplitpl edaybwg Ep kelikarefvirtab;tamplitpledlmanrsab;.yut sa s þykkmrutamplitplnamyy nigkarrcnam:ud plitpleligvij KWCakarbEnßm[KñaeTAvijeTAmk ehiygacrtuv)anekerbir)as;kñúgkardak;bba ÚlKña. smrab;yut sa s þnimyy²ényut sa s þcak;esþgtam gbiénepñkti 2 KWmantaragkargarmYyQutenAkñúg CD-ROM EdlP ab;mkcamyyenarkbxagerkay énesovepaenh. taragkargartamgenhkwcaéksar eyagenakñúg GtßbT. enakñúgepñkti 3 B½t maneyags þibi D4S EdlCa B½t manbenßmrtuv)anp þl;[ EdlvaGacKaMRTdl;karRb tibt þiénkmerag D4S. CMBUkTI 7 p þl;[gñkgancamyy nwgkrnisiksa D4S BIRbeTsmanesdækic kmbug GPivDÆn_. krnisiksatamgenh KWCa]TahrN_sMrab;Ca yut sa s nigdmnak;kalcak;lak;edlrtuv)anbnül; enakñúgepñkti 2. CMBUkTI 8 bgðajbic,ab;smrab; Gnuvt þkmerag D4S. TaMgenHKWCadMbUnμanCamUldæansM rab;gñkbicarnaenaeblefvikarkmnt;gt þsbaøancmeris EklMGplitpl[mancirPaB. CMBUkTI 9 bgðajbi TidæPaBrYmmYyénbec ketsrbkbedaykarécñrbdited lgacgnuvtþ)anedayrkumkargar D4S kñúgkmlúgebl GnuvtþKMerag edayp ab;mkcamyynuvdmenahrsayfμi ehiyebøk nigrbkbedaykarécñrbditsmrab;bbaða EkERbplitpl. cugerkay Gnusasn_sMrab;Gñk GanbEnßmeTotRtUv)anbgðajCUn. enartg;cmnuccaercinenakñúggtßbt manéksar eyagetanwgesovepaepsgetot edaydak;eqμahgñk nibn nigqñaménkare)ahbumö. ÉksareyagTaMgenH 19 nigéksareyagepsgetotgacmanenakñúgepñk{fnfan nigkarganbenßm} bnþab;bicmbukti 9 énesovepaenh. esovepaenhmanpgedrenakñúgekhtmb½r esckiþsegçbbiéksare)ahbumöpsaymanenakñúgrub PaB1

22 esckiþsegçbbiéksare)ahbumöpsay esckiþsegçbbiéksare)ahbumöpsay 20

23 D4S enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæ CMBUk 1 esckþiepþim CMBUk 2 karrcnam:udedim,i;[mancirpab ( D4S ) CMBUk 3 begáitplitplfμi ÉksarsMrab;GanbEnßm CMBUk 4 t muvkarvaytémøelikermag D4S CMBUk 5 karrcnam:udedim,icirpab ( D4S ) CMBUk 6 KMrU D4S CMBUk 7 krnisiksa D4S enakñúgrbetsesdækic kmbuggpivdæ CMBUk 8 vifiefvitamkarbiesafn_rbs; ( D4S ) CMBUk 9 karbegiátbec kets rubpab 1- esckþisegçbbiéksare)ahbumöpsay N RtUvkarvaytMél R karrcnam:udeligvij S - KMrU B½t manbenßmmanenakñúg CD nwg ekhtmb½r 21

24 22

25 karrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpab ( D4S ) D4S Ep ketaelibnsménkarbegáitplitplfμi nigcirpab. enakñúgcmbukenh tynatiéncirpabnig sarsmxan;rbs;vaenakñúgkarbegáitplitplfμirtuv)anbkrsay.fatuknøwhbiéncirpabkwpbepndi RbCaCn nigplcmenj. TMnak;TMngrvagFatuKnøWHBIrdMbUg-TidæPaBbrisßan nigsgám-nigkar begáitplitplfμirtuv)anbnül;. TidæPaB plcmenjnwgrtuv)anbnül;enakñúgcmbuk 3. mulehtu nigkalanuvtþpab faetiehtugiv)ancarkumh unkyretbinitüeli D4S [)anlmgit. 2>1 plitpl nigcirpab KMrUénkareRbIR)as; nigplitkmμbc úb,nñenhr)akdca KμanesßrPaB. dmenirkarekineligénsaklpavubniy kmμ nigbanic kmμesrikamrtedaybec kvitüab½t man vitüatmenib )anpøas;bþúrmuldæanrkwhéntssniypabepñk ÉkCnenAkñúgesdækic énrbetsgpivdæn_ nigkmbug GPivDÆn_kMBugpþl;kalanuvtþPaBfμI nigkarrbkytrbecg edim,iefiv[cirpabrbesirelig. Rkumh unfm nigtuc)an xitxmkyr[cab;garmμn_ edim,ielikeligbibbaðacirpab tamgbiepñkerkam. tamry³karrkb;rkgexscgvak;pát; pág; r)aykarn_sarcivkmμ nigkarttylbtdæan GnþrCati Rkumh unkmbugbegáinrbsit PaBénplitkmμ bc úb,nñ nigkarrcnam:udplitpl nigesvakmμfμiedim,i [RsbtamtMrUvkarrbs;GtifiCn. yut sarsþkartmrg;tisetarkplcmenjdmenir karedayeqμahcaercin. karrcnam:udplitpleday cirpab RtUv)aneKsÁal;pgEdrfa karrcnam:udeday cirpab b D4S rab;bba ÚlTaMgbBaØatiepSgeTotén karrcnam:udedayminb:hbal;dl;brisßanedlrtuv)anek TTYlsÁal;CasaklBIviFI EdlRkumh unefivkaredim,i begáin RbsiT PaB KuNPaBplitpl nigkalanuvtþpab TIpSar kñúgrsuk nignamecj enaxn³ebledlrtuv begáindmenirkarbrisßandmnalkñapgedr. enakñúgrb etsgpivdæn_caercinedaysaretkaryl;dwgbiskþanu nublrbsit PaB nigkarrbyy)armöbibrisßankmritx<s; kic xitxmrbwgerbgbi D4S RtUv)anpSarPa b;etanwg bbaøatitulmtulayducca PaBcMruHénplitpl esvakmμ karbegáitrbb½n fμi nigkic xitxmrbwgerbgepsgetoteday Ep kelivdþcivitplitpl. enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ karkamrtbec kvitüakmritmfümkwrtuvkar edim,ibba ÚlBI TsSn³ D4S. GgÁkarCaeRcIn)anGPivDÆn_]bkrN_ nigvifisa RsþCaeRcInedIm,ICYyRkumh un niggñkedlefivkarcamyy Rkumh un [KiteLIgvijBIrebobrcnam:Ud nigplit plitpledim,ibegáinplcmenj nigkarrbkytrbecg nigkñúgeblcamyykñaenah edim,ikat;bnßyehtub:hbal; brisßan. CalT pl nigedayep ketaelibtbiesafn_ EdlTTYl)an karvivtþn_énkarrcnam:udedayminb:hbal; dl;brisßanedim,irkbdnþb;elibbaðafmcagenh ducca FatuéncirPaBsgÁm nigtmruvkaredim,igpivdæn_vififμi [RsbtamtMrUvkarGtifiCntamviFIeRbIR)as;FnFantic. D4S dmenirkarenaerkamrubpabénrebobbegáitplit plébtg TsSn³EdlRbkan;ykBIrebobRbesIrbMput [RsbtamtMrUvkar-sgÁm esdækic nigbrisßanetatam kmritcarbb½n. FatuKnøwHTaMgbIéncirPaBKWsMedAeTAelI RbCaCn PBEpndI nigplcmenj. FatuKnøwHTaMgbIenHpSaP ab; CamYykarbgáIt plitplfμi emilrubpab 2. 23

26 i i karbegáitplitplfμipsarp ab;edaypþal;eta nigcirpabedaycmnuctamgbirtmrg;tisetarkbmerbmryl > begáitkalanuvtþpab[rsbtamtmruvkarsgám nigpab esμikña RbCaCn R)akcMeNj RbCaCn plitpl PBEpndI A- RbeTsGPivDÆn_ > begáintirkugkargardl;cncatipaktic > begáinsuvtßipab nigsuxumalpab > karttylyk nigkarbba ÚlCnCatiPaKtic > kat;bnßycmnulminesμipabkña rubpab 2 ³ RbCaCn plcmenj PBEpndI niggnakt. cirpabtak;tgetanwgsuxumalpabén GnaKt. karbegáitplitplfμitak;tgetanwgkarbegáit plitplfμi nigesvakmμedlnwgmantméletenaebl EdlvasmRsbenAkñúgGnaKtenH. enakñúgcmbukenh RtUv)anykcitþTukdak;eTAelITidæPaBéncirPaB. ena kñúgcmbuk 3 vifisarsþepsg²kñúgkarbegáitplitplfμi RtUv)anbkRsay nigdmenirkargpivdæn_plitpl RtUv)anBnül;. edim,i[mancirpab karbegáitplitplfμirtuv EtsmRsbCamYycMnYnénkarRbkYtRbECg EdlpSar P ab;nwgrbcacn PBEpndI nigplcmenj³ esckþi sgçwmrbs;sgám nigkarebgecktmélesμikñatamexs cgvak;tmélcasakl nigkarbegáitfμirtuvetdmenirkarena kñúgsmtßpabttylyk)anrbs;rbb½n egkulúsiu. karrbkytrbecgenhcan;kña nigrtuv)anebg Eckxus²KñaenAelIesdækic énbipbelak. PaBxusKña cmbgkw³ RbCaCnGaemriceRbIR)as;CamFüm 17 dg ercincagcncatimiucsiucku nigrab;rydgercincagcn Cati Congo. ]TahrN_énkarRbNaMgRbECgéncir PaBrab;bBa ÚlTaMg³ B-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > BRgwgcMnYnkmμkrEdlmanCMnaj > kat;bnßycmnulminesμipabkña > begáinlkçxnðkargar > lubbm)at;kmlamgblkmμkumar > kat;bnßypabminechgksr > esvakmμsuxpabcamuldæan > TwkpwkmansuvtßiPaB > kat;bnßykarekineligcmnynrbcacn > begáinlkçxnðrbs;rsþi > lubbm)at;karpøas;bþúrkenøgrbcacnkñúgrtg;rtayfm RsbCamYynwgsmtßPaBTTYlykrbs;eGkULÚsIu PBEpndI A- RbeTsGPivDÆn_ > kat;bnßykarerbir)as;famblpusiul karerbrbyl GakasFatu > kat;bnßykarerbir)as;sarfatubul > smgattikenøgbulnana > begáinkmriténkarkarbar karekécñeligvij nigkarerbi R)as;eLIgvij 24

27 B-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > kat;bnßykarbeba j]sμ½nbieragcrk]ssahkmμ > efivrbrbwtþkmμsmnl;rav > bbaäb;karefivgacivkmμfnfanfamblkekiteligvij nigtwk > bbaäb;karkab;érbeqi kar)at;bg;di kmnut karxuc xatrbb½n egkulúsiu > kat;bnßykardutgacm_eka niggus begáittmélesμikñacmebahgtificn niggñkbak;b½n enakñúg ExScgVak;tMélskl plcmenj A-RbeTsGPivDÆn_ > plcmenj > tmélsmrab;rkumh un GñkBak;B½n > tmélsmrab;gtificn > m:uedlénkartamgbib½bn BaNiC kmμ B-RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > karebgeckesμikña nigtmnak;tmngetanwgexscgvak; tmélskl > TMnak;TMngrbs; SMEs cmebahrkumh unfm nigrkumh un cmruhcatisasn_ > ]ssahubniykmμénplitkmμ TMhMesdækic > tmélesμikñacmebahtmnij nigvtßúfatuedim > kalanuvtþpabcmebahpabcam as; nig\ntancmebah shrkin KMnitkarbegáItplitplfμInwgminEdlRtUv)an Gnuvtþn_ RbsinebIKMnitTaMgGs;enaHtMrUv[RsbeTAtam lkçn³vinicä½yxageli. ducenh FatuTaMgLayéneKal bmng nigekaledaénkmerag D4S RtUvkarkMNt;[)an c,as;las;. karerobcmkmerag D4S edayrbugrby½tñgac rymcmenkya:gebjeljdl;rkumh unkñúgeblgnakt. BaNiC kmμedlcg;køayca nig¼b enaetrbkytrbecgnwg RtUvkarelIkeLIgBIbBaðacirPaB.Rkumh unfmk¾duccagtifi Cn rdæapi)al nigggákargnþrcati kmbugetektmruvtam tmruvkarcirpabetakñúgexscgvak;pát;pág;rbs;xøün. kar bnþak;tun enakñúgyut sarsþkarbegáitplitplfμigac pþl;plrbeyacn_ry³eblmfüm nigevg. enakñúgkmlúgeblgpivdæn_plitplfμi b kar rcnam:udeligvijénplitpledlmanrsab; Rkumkar gargpivdæplitpl RtUv)anRbQmmuxCamYynwg lkçn³vinicä½yénkarrcnam:udepsg² duccakunpabkar KitKUrBIsuxPaB suvtßipab esap½npab.l. CamYy nwgyut sarsþ D4S lkçnvinicä½yepñkbrisßan nigsgám RtUv)anbBa Úl etakñúgdmenirkargpivdæn_plitplpg Edr karkat;bnßyehtub:hbal;rbs;plitpltamry³ vdþcivitrbs;va. 2>2 plitpl nigtidæpabbrisßan-tmnak; TMngCamYyPBEpndI enacugtsvtsqñam 1980s nigedimtsvtsqñam 1990s cirpabcmbgkwbbaðabrisßan. kic xitxmrbwgerbgdmbug epþatetaelikarbegáinbec kvitüaefivrbrbwtþkmμcugerkay. bnþab;mk ykcitþtukdak;elikarefiv[rbesirelignuv plitkmμtamry³tssnhnanaducca bec kvitüas at plitkmμs at nigrbsit PaBeGkULÚsIu. karrmkil bnþab;etot KWeTAelIehtub:HBal;plitpldUcenHRtUv ykcitþtukdak;etaelivdþcivitplitpltamgmul.bbaøati ducca karrcnam:udedayminb:hbal;dl;brisßan nigkar rcnam:udedaykitbibrisßanrtuv)angpivdæ niggnuvtþ. ehtub:hbal;brisßangacrtuv)anebgeckcabi RbePTcMbg²dUcCa³ karxucxategkulúsiu b:hbal; 25

28 dl;suxpabmnuss nigkarxucxatfnfan emiltarag 1. RbePTénehtub:HBal;TaMgenHmanTMnak;TMng CamYy SMEs enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ duccagw RtUBIkasüúg karerbir)as;diføi karbulegkulúsiu karb:h Bal;dl;suxPaBmnusS nigkarxucxat\n n³pusiul nig Twksab. vifiepsgetotedim,icat;fñak;rbeptepsg²én ehtub:hbal;brisßan KWerobcMvaeTAtamkMritTMhMPUmi sarsþ-fñak;muldæan tmbn; tampøúvtwk TIVb nigskl. CatYya:g kmrittmhmfmcagfnfankan;etercinedlgac rymcmenketadl;ehtub:hbal; nigerbir)as;ry³ebl EvgCagedIm,IEktMrUv[RbesIreLIg-GaRs½yeTAelImUl ehtuénkarekerbbbaða. bbaðafñak;muldæanduccakar bmbultwk karbmbuldi nigkartukdak;smnl;rtuv)an edahrsayedayecakc½yenakñúgrbets]ssahkmμ. bbaðasklduccakarerbrbylgakasfatu GacRtUv)an edahrsay edaykarerobcmdmenahrsayrbesirbmput enakmritskl. bbaðakarxucxatmingacrtlb;erkay )anmingacrtuv)anedahrsayedayrsyleliy ebietah CaekIteLIgenAfñak;mUldæank¾eday xageli. RbePTénehtub:HBal; 1- karxucxategkulúsiu karekineligkmedabipb elakb karerbrbyl GakasFatu karxucxatrstab;gusun epøóggasiut bbaðarstab;di karbenßm]s½ μnpþhkba k;etabriyakasbikardut\n n³ pusiul kargnuvtþksikmμ nig]ssahkmμ. plb:hbal;³ karerbrbylsitunðpab karekinelig nuv]btþiehtubüúh PaBrehasßan CMgWtMbn;RtUBic kar pøas;bþúrcrnþsmurt karekineligkmbs;twksmurt karxucxatrstab;gusun mnðlgakass b;bnþal mkbikarbeba j]s½μn CFCs plb:hbal;³ ekinelignuvbrimankamrsμibn svay bnþal[ekineligkarekitcmgwmharik bnßyplit PaBrbs;rukçCati saraysmurt nigpav³mancivit enary³kmbs;x<s; karbmelgcagasiuténkmneday]s½μns ulpyric nigsarfatuepsgetot CacMbgmkBI\n n³pusiul. plb:hbal;³ elah³rlaybidiedlbuldl;rukçcati nigsarbagákaykñúgtwk GWRtUBIkarsüúgTwk karbenßmbrimansarfatuciba wmelisetakñúgtwk nam [duhnuvsaraycaercin nigcapllm)akdl;kar bnßyguksiuesnedlman. plb:hbal;³ smlab;rti nigsarbagákaykñúgtwk epsgetot karpøas;bþúrticmrk karektmruvrubrag b karbmpøajcmrkfmμcatiedim,i karerbir)as;diføi ksikmμ érbeqi pøúvfñl; nigkarekinelignuvtirkug plb:hbal;³ CamUlehtucMbgénkar)at;bg;CIv³cMruH karbmbulrbb½n egkulúsiu karrsubsarfatubuledayrukçcati stv nigpav³man CIvitepSgeTot. manplb:hbal;caercin 2- karb:hbal;dl;suxpab mnuss sμúk nigkarbmbulxül; ]s½μngasutguksiut nig VOCs begáit)anca]s½μn GUsUnRsTab;eRkam sarfatubmbulxül;epsgetot rab;bba ÚlTaMgPaKl itfuli nigs<an;f½rdiguksiut. plb:hbal;cmebahmnuss³ekinelignuv]btþiehtucmgw hwt nigbbaðasuxpab epsg²etot sarfatub:hbal;dl; sarfatuedlminbnþal[ekitcmgwmharikrab;bba Úl suxpab TaMgsarFatueFIV[rlak Es,ksarFatueFIV[Rkin nigsarfaturaramgdl;gr½mun sarfatubnþal[ ekitcmgwmharik sarfatuedlbnþal[ekitcmgwmharik sarfatu 3- karxucxatfnfan \n n³pusiul EdleFIV[manbMErbMrYlEhSn PaKeRcInCasarFatu efiv[ekitcmgwmharik. Teratogens bnþal[b:h Bal;dl;karrIklUtlas;énGMRb Íy:ug GRtaénkareRbIR)as;bc úb,nñénerbg ]s½ μn FüÚgfμ bmelg\n n³etacasarfatu famblnig CO 2 ena el,ónrab;landgeloncagfmμcatiedlgaccmnys nuvgagsþúkfambl Twksab karerbir)as;twksabelidi b TwkeRkamdIbMElgva etacatmrg;edlmingactajykmkvij)an. kar TTYl)annUvTwks aterbir)as;kwcabbaðaekitelig ya:gelonenagnþrcati. sarfatuer: dirstab;eli Er:elah³RtUv)anbMElgeTACaelah³nigsMelah³ EdlRtUv)anrgGuksIutkmμb ra:y)a:yduccasmnl; EdlminRtUv)anEkécñeLIgvijeLIy. ksikmμ nigérbeqihurercahdirstab;elienakenøg CaeRcInenAel,ÓnelOnCagdMeNIrCMnYsvaeday FmμCati tarag 1 ³ RbePTehtub:HBal;eGkULÚsIu 26

29 2>3 karkitbiktþavdþcivit nigkarefiv[ RbesIreLIg vifisarsþ D4S Ep ketaelikarkitbivdþcivitplitpl. vdþcivitplitplcab;epþþþimcamyynwgkartajykkarek écñ nigkarpát;pág;vtßúfatuedim nigfamblrtuvkarsmrab; plitpl. bnþab;mk RKbdNþb;elIplitkmμénplit pl kareckcay karerbir)as; nigkarerbir)as;elig vij nigkarekécñ nigkartukdak;cugerkay. ehtu b:hbal;brisßanrkb;rbeptekiteligenakñúgdmnak;kal epsg²énvdþcivitplitpl nigkyrettuksmrab;vificmruh. ktþaknøwhkwkarerbir)as;vtßúfatuedim Twk FnFanmin kekiteligvij famblenakñúgdmnak;kalvdþcivit nimyy² nigtinñplplitkmμ smnl; Twk kmeda nig karbeba j]s½μn nigktþaepsg²ducca sursmelgrmbaj½r kamrsμi nigeglicrtuma:ejtic. rubpab 3 ³ vdþcivitplitpl ]TahrN_vdþCIvitGavmYy³ GavCabnSMénGMe)aHFmμCati nigsmeyak.edim,iplitgm e)ahfmμcatiekrtuvkar ]TahrN_³ kb,as fam Bl CI Twk nigfñamsmlab; stvl it.cmebahkarplitgme)ahsmeyakrtuvkar\n n³pu siul. enakñúgdmnak;kalbnþab; GMe)aHRtUv)anpSMeTACa smelokbmbak; b RkNat;. kñúgkmlúgebldmenirkar enh Twk fambl nigsarfatukimirtuv)anerbir)as; edim,iplitsmelokbmbak;[manbn niglkçn³epsg etot. BIsMelokbMBak;GavRtUv)anplit ehiybnþab; mkrtuv)anevcx b; nigeckcayetahaglk;ray. erkaybigñkerbir)as;tijgavehiykat; b nagnwge)ah ecalsmbkevcx b; nigerbir)as;gav. kñúgkmlúgebl dmnak;kalerbir)as;gavrbehlcartuv)anerbir)as;rb EhlCa 100 dg nige)akkk; nigsmgyt nigrbehl CaRtUvG ut. dmnak;kalnimyy² manehtub:hbal; brisßan EdlCalT plmkbikarerbir)as;sarfatukat; Ek l Twk nigfambl. CacugeRkayenAeBlEdlEpñk xøhéngavcas; swkricril vartuv)ane)ahecal. vagac RtUv)aneKykeTAeFIVkMb:usedaysarEtEpñksMeyaK nig RbEhlCamingayRsYlkñúgkarEkécñeLIgvijedaysar EtsarFatucMruH. kñúgkmlúgeblvdþcivitrbs;vaepñkxøh éngav RbEhlCaeFIVdMeNIrrab;Ban;KILÚEm:Rtcab;taMg BIplitkmμsMelokbMBak;EdleFIVenAGasIu plitkmμena GaRhiVkxageCIg niglk;rayenagwr:ub. RbGb;3 ³ karkitbivdþcivitplitpl karebgeckvtßúfatuedim nigplitkmμenaerag crk KWCadMNak;EtBIrKt;énvdþCIvit. enakñúgkrni CaeRcIn dmnak;kalebgeckerbir)as; nigtukdak;man ehtub:hbal;brisßanf n;f rcagplitkmμetaetot. kar RbQmmux nwgbbaðabrisßancmebah D4S KWkarrcnam:Ud plitpl Edlkat;bnßyCaGb,brmanUvehtub:HBal; brisßankñúgkmlúgeblvdþcivitplitpltamgmul. cirpabk¾tamtarpgedrnuvkarykcitþtukdak; etaelitmruvkarcmebahgnaktcmnan;erkay mann½yfa ehtub:hbal;brisßanbc úb,nñkyretrtuv)anbnßyk¾ducca 27

30 ehtub:hbal;etaelignaktcmnan;erkay. smbaf brisßansklmantmnak;tmngedaypþal;etanwgtmhmrbca Cn EdlkMNt;BIkMriténkareRbIR)as;cMeBaHmnusS mñak;² nigvtßúfatuedim nigrbsit PaBfamBl Edl plitéktaénkarerbir)as;nimyy². bc úb,nñenh va RtUv)an)a:n;sμanfa smbafbrisßankyretrtuv)anbnßy edaybak;knþal. edaykitbigrtaénkmeninenakñúg RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_RbsiT PaBplitpl nigdmenir karrtuvkarefiv[rbesireligbyndg. enakñúgbipbelak EdlmanRbCaCn 9 ekadi nigkmriténkarerbir)as;edl x<s;cageblbc úb,nñenhmann½yfatmruv[manvtßúfatu edim nigfamblekineligbi 10 eta 20 dg. RbePTénktþaénkarKitbgðajTMhMkic karedl GacQaneTArkcirPaB nigtmruvkarsmxan;edim,ibegáin dmenirkarplitkmμ plitpl nigrbb½n. cmebahplit pl karrcnam:udeligvijénplitpledlmanrsab; kñúgry³eblxøi GacnaM[RbesIreLIgBI 2 eta 4 dg. edim,ittyl)an emkunry³eblevgbi 10 eta 20 dg karbegáitplitplfμirslagmanpabcam)ac; emil CMBUk 3. TaMgenHrab;bBa ÚlTaMgkarGPivDÆplitplfμI myy efiv[rbesirelignuvplitplk¾duccaesvakmμ rbs;va niggpivdæn_nuvmuxgarcarbb½n fμimyyénplit pl nigesvakmμ. emilrubpab 4 bgðajbikmritxuskña énplrbeyacn_brisßan nigkmriténtmruvkarkarbegáitfμi. ÉksarenHepþateTAelIkarbegáItfμIelIplit pledlmanrsab; karrcnamu:deligvij nigtinñn½y erbobefobplitpledlmanrsab; cab;tamgbivifi TaMg enhcavifituetaedl SMEs enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ kmbugefiveblbc úb,nñenh. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday tmruvkarbegáitplitplfμirslagmyynwgbnþekinelig. yut sarsþenh nigyut sarsþbak;b½n détetotrtuv)an bgðajlmgitenakñúgéksar karrcnam:udedim,icirpab³ ktþaeklmgrbsit PaBeGkULÚsIU karennamcaskl UNEP, RbePTTI 1³ karefvikmru D4S RbePTTI 2 ³ karrcnam:ud eligvij RbePTTI 3 ³ karbegáit muxgarfμi RbePTTI 4 ³ karbegáitrbb½n fμi eblevla qñam rubpab 4 ³ kmriténplrbeyacn_rbs;brisßan nigtmruvkarbegáitfμi 2>4 plitpl nigtidæpabsgám-tmnak;tmng CamYyRbCaCn cirpabéntidæpabsgámrtuv)anttylkarykcitþtukdak; ekineligenakñúg 10 qñamcugerkaybirbb½n psbvpsayduc CatYya:génGtßbTriHKn;BIbBaðaBlkmμkumar sit ikmμkr nig RkumCnCatiPaKtic. yut sarsþrkumh unrab; bba ÚlTaMgTMnYlxusRtUvrbs;saCIvkmμkñúgsgÁm eday benßmetaeligatipabepñkesdækic nigbrisßan. ]bkrn_edlmansarrbeyacn_cmebahtidæpab esdækic sgámsgám EdlmanTMnak;TMngcMeBaHcirPaB RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaB 5. enaeligks½qr TidæPaBsgÁmmanTMnak;TMng ExScgVak;pÁt;pÁg;plitplRtUv)anbgðaj. bbaðaxag erkamenh mantmnak;tmngcmebahrkb;gñkedlbak;b½n TaMgGs;³ > siti mnuss karkarbarsit CamUldæanrbs;kmμkr duccasit ikñúgkar dwknamcivit[manesckþiéføfñúr esripabkñúgkarbeba j mtielicmenoedayékracü nigkμankarerisegigbuc sasn_ karerisegigelieynd½r nigrkumcncatipaktic. 28

31 > kat;bnßyblkmμkumarmkgb,brma > suxpab nigsuvtßipabenakenøgefivkargar¼karrkb; RKgFnFanmnusS karlmegogetarkkunpabkenøgefivkarkan;etrbesir eligya:gelon PaBcMruHénkEnøgeFVIkargar kalanuvtþ PaBénkarGb;rMeBlvisSmkal nigtulüpabéncivit kargarcmebahkmμkr. > GPi)alkic nigkarrkb;rkg begáitrbb½n enanwgkenøg nigdmenirkaréntmnylxusrtuv cmebahgñkbak;b½n nigrdæapi)al. > tmøapab nigkarbba ÚlédKUBaNiC kmμ kmritedlrkumh unculrymcaédkubanic kmμrbs;xøün edaygnuvtþn_tamyut sarsþcirpabrbs;rkumh un. > karlubbm)at;nuvgmebibukrlyy nigkarsiusmnuk emil Éksar³ cirpab 2005 enaelig½ksedktidæpabsgámrbs;rkumh unena kñúgmuldæancmuvijrtuv)anbkrsaybikmrittab enakñúg Rkumh unxøünég etakmritknþal shkmn_edlman Rkumh unenakñúgenah etakmritx<s; RbeTsEdlman Rkumh unenakñúgenah b sacivkmμqøgrbetsedlenakñúg kmritcaskl. > karlutlas;énesdækic kñúgrsuk vifisarsþ EdlRkumh uneckrmelkplcmenjbikar bnþak;tuncamyyédkubanic kmμkñúgrsuk b pþl;cavifi edim,i[mankarrikcmerinepñkesdækic dl;shkmn_mul dæan. > kargpivdæn_shkmn_ karkamrtrbs;rkumh untamry³karpþl;nuvesvakmμsux PaB kargb;rm Twk niggnam½y CYykñúgkarRbqaMg nwggmebibukrlyyenakñúgshkmn_ nigelikkmbs;cn GenþaRKam nigsiti mnuss. > karbba ÚlGñkBak;B½n edaykarbierkaheyabl;camyygñkbak;b½n EdlminEmn EpñkBaNiC kmμelibbaðaknøwhéncirpab³ vagacenakñúg TMrg;CakarsnÞnaCamYyédKUkñúgsgÁm GgÁkareRkA rdæapirdæapi)al rdæapi)al RkumshKmn_ > karebgeckesdækic karebgeckesdækic CayuT sarsþedim,ieck rmelkpakh unbanic kmμedl)anerciserisetakñúgtmbn; EdlRsbCamYyskmμPaB Edl)anerobcMedIm,IKaMRT dl;rkumh unxñattuc niggacbt;ebn)anedlp ab;ca myykña nigpþl;gatipabkunpabplitkmμ. vagac pþl;kunsm,tþicirpabduccasgámcmruh begáinkunpab CIvitykcitþTukdak;elIRTBüsm,tþi tmbn;gtibrmakmμ mulfnsgám nigmankmnitrymkña. 2>5 ehtugiv)ancarkumh unrtuvemiletaeli D4S? cirpabtmnylxusrtuvrbs;sacivkmμkñúgsgám nigninñakar suxpab nigsuvtßipab FanFanmnusS karrkb;rkg tmøapab niggacivmμ édkubak;b½n GñkpÁtpÁg Rkumh un shkmn karlutlas;énesdækic kñúgrsuk kargpivdæshkmn_ tmbn¼rbets karbba ÚlGñkBak;B½n karebgeckesdækic Gñklkray rubpab 5 ³ TMnak;TMngTidæPaBsgÁmeTAnwgcirPaB 29

32 EdlBak;B½n KWCaEpñkénkmμviFIBaNiC kmμ edim,ibegáin cmnynrkumh untutamgbipbelak. yl;birebobbba Úl TsSn³enHeTAkñúgEpnkarBaNiC kmμ GacCaEpñksMxan; énbanic kmμedayecakc½y. smbafcmebahkarbba Úl tmruvkarcirpabnwgmkbirdæapi)al édkubanic kmμ GgÁ karerkardæapi)al nigrkumrbcablrdæ. karcmruj Twkcitþ b smbaf edim,ignuvtþ D4S GacmkBITis edabirepsgkña³ mkbibanic kmμxøünég karcmruj épþkñúg b BIeRkARkumh un karcmrujbiepñkxagerka. CaFmμta karcmrujtamgenah RtUv)anP ab;etanwgtidæpab myykñúgcmenamtamgbi etahbicamanpabcan;kñarvag cirpabéntidæpab RbCaCn PBEpndI nigplcmenj. kardwgbikarcmrujedlman\t iblcagekgacpþl;cab½t man mantméletaelirbeptedlrbesirbmputénkmerag D4S nigskmμpabedim,icab;epþim. tarag 2 bgðaj BIkarCMrujsamBaØnana. CaTUeTA btbiesafn_camyyeragcrk]ssah kmμenakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ KwfakarCMrujépÞkñúg manpabdac;xatedim,icab;epþimkmerag D4S CaCag karcmrujbixagerkaedaysaretkarcmrujbixagerkaman kargpivdæn_ticenakñúgbnþarbetskmbuggpivdæn_nana. karcmrujbixagkñúgcmebah D4S TidæPaBRbCaCn - smpabsgám³ GacbnßyhaniP½yelIbBaðasgÁm nigkmlamgblkmμ. CalT pl vagacecosvagnuv bbaðabmnul nigkitþis½bþ. - ekalneya)aysgámrwgmam³ GacbegáInkarCMrujTwkcitþkmμkr. GacbegáInkarCMruj Twkcitþkmμkr. kmμkrgacttyl)anfambl nigbtbiesafn_bikmeragsgám nigkmμvifi Edlcab;epþImedayRkumh un. - GPi)alkic nigrbb½n RKb;RKgelITidæPaBsgÁm³ GaceFIV[smiT iplrkumh unkan; EtemIleXIjcMeBaHGñkBakB½n nigm as;pakh un. TidæPaBPBEpndI - TIpSarébtg³ karrcnam:ud nigplitkmμplitpl CamYynwgkarbEnßmtMélbrisßan GacCMruj[mantMélelIma:k nigkitþis½bþ. - karyl;dwgbibrisßan³ GñkRKb;RKgEtgEtdwgBI sar³smxan;énbbaðabrisßan nigcg; cat;vifankarn_cabnþbnþab;. TidæPaBplcMeNj - TTYl)anGtifiCnfμI³ kargegátbgðajfagtificn mankarekineligkñúgkartij plitplrbkbedayrkmsilfm - begáinkunpabplitpl³ TMnukcitþ nigmuxgaretgetetacamyynwgplitpl EdlsmRsb - snsmsméc³karkat;bnßytmélgacefiv[karerbir)as;vtßúfatuedim famblkaryk éføelikarefivrbrbwtþkmμsmnl; RbB½n dwkcba Ún nigeckcay. - CMruj[ma:kkan;EtmantMél nigkitþisb½þ - karbegáitplitplfμi³ lt PaBfμIBIkarbegáItplitplfμIGacEsVgrkdMeNaH Rsay[RsbtamtMrUvkar nigcmnulcitþrbs;gtificn. - PaBxusKñaénma:k - kalanuvtþpabfμicmebahkarbegáittmél TidæPaBRbCaCn karcmrujbixagerkacmebah D4S - KMnitsarFarN³ GtifiCnenAelIBiPBelakmankarcab;GarmμNxøaMgeLIgeTAelI karkuhkénplitpledlektij nam[rkumh unkitkuretaelibbaðabrisßan nigsgám. - smbafbiggákarerkardæapi)al³ CaeRcInqñaMmkehIy eragcrk]ssahkmμrtuv)an TTYlkarbenÞasBI NGOs cmebahkargnuvtþpþúy nigehtub:hbal;edlbak;b½n nwg brisßan. ]TahrN_³ PaBminTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh unrbehlcanam[man yut nakarminrbmtij EdlbNþal[mankarxUcxatKYr[kt;sMKal;eTAdl;kitþis½BÞ Rkumh un. TidæPaBPBEpndI - tmruvkarbtbba a etaelibrisßannwgekineligenakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ niggac bgçm[rkumh unmancmhrkan;etlmegog - tmruvkarbgðaj[dwgbib½t man brisßandl;gñkpát;pág; niggtificngaccab;epþim dmenirkarefiv[rbesireligenakñúgrkumh un - EpnkarsøaksBaØaébtg³ GacCaFatubEnßmsMrab;yuT sarsþtipsarrkumh un. - tmruvkarbigtificn duccasuvtßipabkmritbultic niggacekécñeligvij)an rbs;plitplgaccakareliktwkcitþcmebah D4S. plitplmingacttyl)anbinþúl cmebahepñkenhnwgminrtuv)ancab;cacmerisl enakñúgkarsakl,grbs;rbcacnet. - smbafbirkumkarbarbrisßan )anbgçm[eragcrk ecosvagnuvsarfatuducca CFCs BIplitplrbs;xøÜn. vacaggákarmanvic aciv³x<s;nwgbnþpsbvpsaybipaberkahfñak; cmebahbrisßanbiplitpl. - smbafbishkmn_citxag EtgEttMrg;;TiseTAelIbrisßan nighanip½ysuvtßipab rbs;rkumh un niggacmanehtub:hbal;;f n;f reliplitkmμ nigplitpl. 30

33 TidæPaBplcMeNj - Fmμniyam nigbtdæanelitidæpabcirpabénplitpl nwgbnþkanettwgetg Cagmun nigbgçm[rkumh unbegáinplitplxøün. - ynþkar]btßmöfn mansmrab;rbetsxøhedim,iefiv[rbesirelignuvcirpab TidæPaBplitpl nigplitkmμ. enaeblcamyykñaenh ]btßmöfnelifambl nigvtßúfatuedimkmbugbba b bgçm[rkumh unbegáinrbsit PaBfamBl nigvtßúfatu edim. - karrbkytrbecgbigñkpát;pág;nana kmbugvivtþn_ b enaetenakñúgexscgvak;pát;pág; CMruj[Rkumh unmancirpabcag. - tmruvkargtificn edim,imansuxpabl suvtßipab nigcaplitpl Edlman TMnYlxusRtUvelIbrisßan nigsgámkmbugekineligenakñúgrbeptplitplcak; lak; - karrbkytrbecgtipsar kmbugekinelig duccakarrbkytrbecgekineligena kmritmuldæan nigskl. ]ssahkmμrbehlcarkemilkareklmg karbegáitfμi EdlRbEhlCarab;bBa ÚlTaMgkarBinitüeLIgvij elitidæpabcirpabénplit pl. tarag 2 ³ ktþacmrujxagkñúg nigxagerkasmrab; D4S 31

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35 karbegáitplitplfμi D4S KWGaRs½yeTAelIbnSMénkarbegáItplitplfμI nigcirpab. karyl;bibbaøtiþmuldæanénkarbegáit plitplfμigaccyykñúgkargnuvtþkermag D4S. kñúgcmbukenhnwgbipaksabivifisarsþepsg²kñakñúgkarbegáit plitplfμi nigbkrsaybidmenirkarkñúgkargpivdæn_plitpl. karyl;dwgc,as;bicmnuctamggs; enhgaccarbeyacn_kñúgkarefvivaytmélbitmruvkar CMBUkTI4 edim,ikmnt;nuvkmriténkarbegáitplitplfμi nigvifisarsþkarrcnamu:dedim,icirpabsmrab;karculrymrbs;rkumhu nnanakñúgkermagbgðajepsg². 3>1 karbegáitfμi karbegáitplitplfμi mansar³smxan;nas;smrab;kar ekinelignuvesdækic rbs;rbetsmyy nigsmrab;kar RbkYtRbECgkñúgvis½y]sSahkmμ. Rkumh unedlrbti btþikñúgbipbelakmyy EdlmankarERbRbYlya:gqab; rh½yedltmruvkar nigkarcg;)anrbs;gtificnminfit efr nigédkurbkytrbecgekineligedaysaretrbb½n TI psaresri nigsaklparubniykmμ. cmebahrkumh unedl rymbba ÚlkarbegáItplitplfμI RbkbedayRbsiT ipab enakñúgdmenirkargpivdæn_rbs;ekenah Gacmanpl cmenjya:gxøamgkñúgkarrbkytrbecg. karbegáitplitplfμi KWCaTsSn³d¾FMTUlay myyedlrtuv)anekerbikñúgbribtepsg²kña. manniym n½ycaercinedlek)ankmnt;smrab;bakü :karbegáit plitplfμi :. niymn½ymyyd¾smxan;enah KW : kar Gnuvtþn_rbs;]sSahkmμb BaNiC kmμnuvgviedlfμikwsmeda etaeliplitplfμi dmenir b vifisarsþplitkmμfμi TIpSar b RbPBpÁt;pÁg;plitplfμI TMrg;BaNiC kmμfμimyykarefvi CMnYj b karerobcmhirbaøvtßúfμi :. niymn½yénbakü karbegáitplitplfμipak ercinbba ak;bi :PaBfμI : nig : PaBeCaKC½y :. man karevkejkepsg²kñarvag plitpl nigdmenirkar begáitplitplfμi nigeblxøhkñúgcmenamtipsarbanic kmμ nigkarrkb;rkgkarbegáitfμi. ]TahrN_³ 33 > karbegáitplitplfμi KWCakarbgðajnUvplitplfμI EdlmanlkçN³ nig¼b erbir)as;kargnuvtþfμiedlxus EbøkBIplitplEdlmanRsab;enAelITIpSar. > karbegáitdmenirkarfμi KWCakarENnaMnUvrebob plitkmμfμimyy EdlminFøab;eRbIBImunmk nig¼b rebob erbir)as;plitplbanic kmμedim,iefvi[dmenirkarplit kmμmanrbsit PaBCagmun b GacplitnUvplitplfμI b efvi[plitplkan;etmanpabrbesircagmun. > karbegáittipsarfμi Cab;Tak;TgnwgkareRCotcUlTIpSar fμi mefüa)ayfμi²kñúgkarbmerigtificn nig¼b karbrgik TIpSar. > karbegáitrkumh un nigkarrkb;rkgfμi Bak;B½n nwgkar begáitrbb½n pþl;fμi rcnasm<½n RKb;RKgfμI vifisarsþtmnyl xusrtuvkñúgkartukdak; nigfnfanmnusscaedim EdlCH \T iblcavic mandl;karlk;plitpl. karepþatsmxan;enakñúg D4S enah KWeTAelIkar begáitplitplfμi nigkarbegáittipsarfμi. karbegáit dmenirkarfμi CaTUeTAvaTak;TgeTAnwgplitkmμs at nig karbegáitkarrkb;rkgfμismrab;rbb½n RKb;RKgbrisßandUc Ca ISO >2 kmriténkarbegáitfμi karbegáitfμiekitmaneligkñúgkmritxus²kña niggacebg EckvaCabIkMritdUcCa³ karbegáitfμieliplitpledl

36 manrsab; karbegáitplitplfμirslag nigplitpl muldæan rubpab 6. RbePTnImYy² KWPaBsMxan; rbs;va mankarekinelig nigmingaysmerc)an. 1 > karbegáitfμieliplitpledlmanrsab;³ tmruv[mankarefvi[rbesireligcacmhan²eliplitpl EdlmanRsab; nigtmenaredim,ibrgwgnuvsßanpabtipsar énrkumh unnanaedl)anbegáitkñúgvis½y]ssahkmμ. 2 > karbegáitplitplfμirslag³ KWeFVIkarpøas;bþÚrelIplitpl b dmenirkaredlman Rsab;TaMgRsug. hanip½y nigtmruvkarvinieyaktun smrab;karbegáitplitplebbenhcafmμtagacbicarna )anfax<s;cagvinieyaktunsmrab;karrcnam:ud eliplit pledlmanrsab; k¾bu:enþvaca»kasercinsmrab;rkum h unkñúgkarqanculkñúgtipsarfμi. 3 > karbegáitmuldæanfμi³ KWvaGaRs½yelIcMeNHdwgEpñkviTüasaRsþfμI² nigkar ebik]ssahkmμfμi²edlcamulehtuénkarpøas;bþúrcakmru myy. karrymcmenkxagvitüasarsþ nigbec kvitüa KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; enakñúgdmnak;kaldmbugénkar begáitmuldæanfμienh. kic xitxmrbwgerbgpakercinénkarbegáitfμi Kw ekitmaneligenakñúgrkumh un EdleFVIkargarBITsSn³ vis½y énkarbegáitfμieliplitpledlmanrsab;b kar begáitplitplfμirslag. manlt PaBCaeRcInkñúg karbegáitfμirvagtssn³vis½ytamgenh. karbegáit plitplmuldæancatuetaekitmanetenakñúgrkumhu ncmruh Catisasn_FM² cegáamrkumh un b kmμvifirsavrcavcati niggnþrcati edaysarvartuvkarfnfanmnuss nigmul FnvinieyaKeRcIn. cmebah D4S kñúgkargpvidæn_esdækic minsuvmanpabbak;b½n etkñúgkrnienh. karbegáitfμieliplitpledlmanrsab; b kar begáitplitplfμirslagedayecakc½yenah RtUvkar nuvkarkitepsg²kñarebobrbbkñúgkarefvikargar nigkar TTYlyknUvhaniP½y. edim,iesvgyl;kan;etc,as;nuv RbePTkarbegáItfμITaMgBIrenaH eyignwgefvikarbipaksa benßmducxagerkamenh³ karbegáitfμi karbegáitfμieliplitpledl manrsab; karbegáitplitplfμirslag karbegáitplitplmuldæan rubpab 6 ³ kmritxuskñaénkarbegáitfμi 3>2>1 karbegáitfμieliplitpledlman Rsab; RbePTénkarbegáItfμIenHmankarpøas;bþÚrtictYcenAeBl myy ehiyeblxøhsmedaetaelikarrikcmerinbnþbnþab;. plitplsambaømyygacefvi[rbesir)an GacCakar Rbtibtþil RbesIr b éføedimtabcag tamry³karerbi R)as;smasFatu b smpar³edlgacrbtibtþikar)anx<s;. plitplsamjamuedlrymbba ÚlRbB½n bec ketsbnþab; bnsmgacefvi[rbesireligedayefvikarpøas;bþúredayepñk enartg;kmritmyyénrbb½n bnþab;bnsm. karbegáitfμieli plitpledlmanrsab;minrymbba ÚlkarbNþak;TunCacM bg b hanip½y. btbiesaf_ nigrbtikmμtbbigñkerbi R)as;mansar³sMxan; nigrbehlcarbpbcmbg smrab;kmnitbegáitfμi. ]TarhN_ tmruvkarrbs;gtificn GacRtUv)ankMNt; nigbenßmlkçn³etaplitpledl manrsab;. 34

37 karbegáitfμieliplitpledlmanrsab; nig karrcnamu:dplitpledlmanrsab;eligvij KWman sar³smxan;tamgxagesdækic nigbanic kmμduccakar begáitplitplfμirslagpgedr. karbegáitfμieli plitpledlmanrsab; nigkarefvi[rbesirelignuv karrcnamu:drtuv)aneksáal;ducca :nmb½ug nigb½r : énkar GPivDÆplitplfμIsMrab;Rkumhu ncaercin. Rkumh un CaeRcInminBüayamrukrkkarbegáItplitplfμIRsLag enahet edaysmgagetaelimulehtuepsg²kñaduccaek RtUvEteFVIeTAtamTMhM nigfnfanedlekman lkçn³ rbs;]ssahkmμ kmriténpabcam)ac;karsiksarsavrcav nigkargpivdæn_ b cmnynénhanip½yedlman. sum,iet Rkumh un EdlmanPaBeCaKC½ykñúgkarbgðajnUvkar begáitplitplfμirslagenah KWeKminsUveFVIvajwk jab;et. KMeragkarbegáItfμIelIplitplEdlmanRsab; CaFmμtaeFVIeTAtamrcnasm<½n nigdmenirkaredlgac TsSn_Tay)anedaysarEtkMriténhaniP½y Edlman Tab. 3>2>2 karbegáitplitplfμirslag karbegáitplitplfμirslagcab;tak;tgnwgkargpivdæ énepñksmxan;rbs;karrcnamu:dfμi² duccakarpøas;bþúr smasfatuénplitplmyyedaypsmcamyynwgsßabtü krfμimyysmrab;psarp ab;smasfatutamgenah. CalT pl KWCakarsMKal;elIplitplfμImYyEdlelcecj ya:gc,as;bipabxuskñabiexssgvak;plitplrbs;rkum h unedlmanrsab;. kmritmincak;lak;x<s;kwvacab;tak;tgnwgkmerag karbegáitplitplfμirslagenh CaBiessenAdMNak; kaldmbug. edaysaretkmritmincak;lak;x<s;enhehiy etibdmenirkartamgmulmingacefvikarbkrsayetatam lmdab;lmeday)anet. karbegáitplitplfμirslag KWRtUv)anRbQmmuxnwgPaBminCak;lak;enAkMritepSg² Kña. edim,ittyl)annuvpabecakc½y PaBminCak;lak; TaMgGacRtUv)ankat;bnßyeTAtamcMNucxageRkamenH³ >PaBminCak;lak;xagbec kets³ KWCabBaðaTaMgLay EdlTak;TgnwgkarsMerc)an nigpabrtwmrtuvénkar Gnuvtþn_cMeNHdwgEpñkviTüasaRsþ nigpabcak;lak;xag bec kets. > PaBminCak;lak;xagTIpSar³ KWCabBaðaTaMgLay NaEdlTak;TgnwgtMrUvkar nigkarcg;)anrbs;gtificn. karkusbba ak; éføedim b lkçn³rb esiretaeliplitpl esvakmμ b dmenirkar EdlmanRsab; bec kvitüa Knøg karbegáitfμieliplitpledlmanrsab; GaCIvkmμelIbec kvitüa EdlmanRsab; karvivtþn_exsrtg; nigcabnþ GñkedIrtYsMxan; RkumpøÚvkarEdlman muxgarxus²kña kargpivdæn_gacivkmμfμi plitpl nig¼b dmenirkaredlekerbesdæ kic rbs;gacivkmμmyy karrukrknuvbec kvitüafμi karvivtþyur²mþg nigminbnþ rhut bukál nigrkumpøúvkarnigerka pøúvkaredlmanmuxgarxus ²Kña eblevla ry³eblxøi ry³eblmfümeta ry³eblevg hanip½y nigecakc½y dmenirkar GacBüakrN_)an mu:edlpøúvkar dmnak;kaldmbug karbegáitplitplfμirslag mingacbüakrn_)an nigpabmincak;lak;x<s; mu:edlerkapøúvkargacbt; EbnenAdMNak;kaldMbUg edaysarkmritmincak;lak; x<s; tarag 3 ³ karerbobefobbikarbegáitfμieli plitpledlmanrsab; nigkarbegáitplitplfμirslag 35

38 > PaBminCak;lak;xagRKb;RKg³ smedaetaelikartb; Tl;nwgkarRKb;RKg EdlbNþalmkBICMelaHrvag GMNacénRkumRKb;RKg nigrkuménkarbegáitplitpl fμirslag. > PaBminCak;lak;EpñkFnFan ³ rab;bba ÚlTaMgPaB minbnþrbs;kmeragedlch\t ibldl;mulfnrbs;kmerag bukálik nigtmruvkarxagkarrkb;rkg. karbegáitplit plfμirslagrtuvkarnuvfnfancaercin duccasmtß PaBxagbec kvitüakmritx<s; karsiksarsavrcav nig kargpivdæxøamg nigcmnajercin cmenkékarbegáitfμi eliplitpl EdlmanRsab;vijRtUvkarFnFanTaMgenH ticcag. 3>2>3 karbegáitplitplfμi dmenirkarkarbegáitplitplfμi Cab;Tak;Tges rién dmenirkarrg EdlRKb;RKgedaydMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_ plitpl nigsmit ipl rubpab 7. karbegáitplitplfμi = kargpivdæn_plitpl + smit ipl enakñúgkfaxnð½xagerkam KWCakarsegçbBIdMeNIrkar GPivDÆplitplCaCMhan². 3>3 dmenirkargpivdæn_plitpl kargpivdæn_plitplgackmnt;)anfaca : dmenirkar bmelgkmnitbec kets b tmruvkartipsar nig»kasén plitplfμi nig»kasenaelitipsar :. varymmantamg yut sarsþ karrkb;rkg karbegáitcakmnit karbegáit nigvaytmélplitpl nigepnkartipsar nigbanic kmμ eliplitplfμimyy. dmenirkarkargpivdæn_plitpl KWCakic kar Edl)ankMNt; nigmansnþab;fñab;cacmhan² nig dmnak;kal EdlbkRsayBIrebobRkumhu nmyyedl bmelgbikmnitetacaplitplnig¼b esvakmμ EdlGac lk;;)an. dmenirkarkargpivdæn_plitplgacrtuv)an bmebkcabidmnak;kal³ karbegáitekalneya)aykar rihrkkmnit nigkargpivdæn_twgruwg rubpab 7. ral;cmhantamggs;manskmμpabbirrbept xuskña emilrubpab 8. RbePTTI 1 KWskmμPaBmin RsbKña nigti2 KWskmμPaBEdlRsbKña. vifisarsþenh kmnt;nuvb½t manbak;b½n RbkbedayKMnitécñRbDit nig bnþab;mkefvikarvaytmélva. vifisarsþminrsbkñaesvg rkkmnitnigrymmantamgkarrukrkb½t manedim,irukrkbbaða edim,ikmnt; rkgtßn½yrbs;vaedim,ibegáitkmnit nigedim,i bukbba ÚlnUvbBaØatiepSg². vifibba ÚlKñaCMruj[man tmélkñúgkarvinicä½y nigrab;bba ÚlviFIsaRsþepSg²edIm,I [B½t manmangtßn½y kmnt;bicmnucgatipaberbob efobdmenahrsay vaytmélkmnit nigbdiesfn_ b erciserisbbaøatinamyy. dmenirkargpivdæn_plit pletgetcadmenirkarrtg;. etahbicaya:genhk¾eday enakñúgkargnuvtþn_ vartuv)ankmnt;edaydmenirkarrtg; CamYynwgvdþpÞÜn² mann½yfarkumrcnam:udetget Rtlb;eTArkdMNak;kaldMbUg nigsmerccitþenakñúg dmenirkargpivdæn_plitpledim,ivaytméleligvijnuv karsmerceblmun. 36

39 kargpivdæn_ plitpl Epnkar plitkmμ karbegáit ekalbmng nigyut sarsþ ekalneya)ay plitpl karbegáit nig erciseriskmnit KMnitmux CMnYjfμI rcnam:ud plitpl karrcnam:ud plitpl plitkmμ kareckcay nigkarlk; karerbir)as; karefivepnkar TIpSar Epnkar TIpSar karbegáitekalneya)ay karesvgrkkmnit karefivepnkarplitpl kargpivdænplitpl kargpivdænedaytwgetg karttylsáal karbegáitfμi rubpab 8 ³ vifisarsþcmhan²énkarrcnam:udkmnt;biskmμpabepsg² nigkarbba ÚlKña karbegáitcmeris ekalneya)ay karbegáitkmnit karbegáitdmenah karbegáitcmeris plitpl Rsayrcnam:Ud nigyut sarsþtipsar karvaytmél nigerciseris karvaytmél nigerciseris karvaytmél nigerciseris ekal KMnit karrcnam:ud karcab;epþim pþúykña RsbKña pþúykña RsbKña pþúykña RsbKña pþúykña RsbKña neya)ay plitplfμi plitpl skmμpab muxcmnyjfμi karbegáitekalneya)ay karesvgrkkmnit kargpivdænd¾twgrwg karttylsáal rubpab 8 ³ vifisarsþcmhan²énkarrcnam:udkmnt;biskmμpabepsg² nigkarbba ÚlKña 3>4 karbegáitekalneya)ay dmenirkargpivdæn_plitpl cab;epþimcamyynwgkar begáitekalbmng nigyut sarsþ. kargpivdæn_plit plfμi b karrcnam:udplitpleligvijedayminman ekalbmngc,as;las; nigyut sarsþplitplrb EhlCanaM[plitplbraC½y nigkarxatbg;. cmebah ehtuplenh vamansar³smxan;cmebahrkumh unedim,i kmnt;bitssn³vis½y ekalbmng vtßúbmngnig yut sarsþbegáitfμi plitpl rubpab 9. 3>4>1 esckþieføgbiebskkmμ ebskkmμrbs;rkumh unkwcamulehtuedlekkøayetaca GIVmYy. ebskkmμenhrtuv)anbgðajcatmrg;caesckþi EføgBIebskkmμ EdlepJICaGtßn½yéneKalbMNg cmebahnieyacit nigkmeragrubpabrbs;rkumh uncmebah 37 GtifiCn. esckþieføgbiebskkmμkmnt;biekalbmng b ekalbmngtulmtulaycagenhedim,imandmenirkar. vaedirtynaticakarennam enaebledlmanpabminrtwm RtUv. vaminmanrkbx½nðeblevla niggacmanduckña RKb;TsvtS RbsinebIbiunRbsBVkñúgkarEkERb. ebskkmμ TsSn³vis½y ekalbmng yut sars rubpab 9 ³ ebskkmμ TsSn³vis½y ekalbmng nigyut sarsþ

40 enaeblkmnt;bicaesckþieføgbiebskkmμ Rkumh ungackitkuredayrab;bba ÚlTaMgTidæPaBxøH b TaMgGs;dUcxageRkam³ > PaBRtwmRtUv¼sIlFm rbs;shrkas > tmruvkarrubpabcasarfarn³ > yut sarsþknøwhch\t ibldl;banic kmμ > karbkrsaybitipsarekaleda > karbkrsaybiplitpl¼esvakmμ > TItaMgPUmisaRsþ > karrmbwgtukénkarrikcmerin nigplcmenj esckþieføgbiebskkmμéneragcrkplit )aøsþikena Tanzania > ebskkmμrbs;eyigkwedim,ikøayetacagñkpát; pág;enalmdab;bipbelakéndmenahrsayca kmμsit i nigkarbegáitfμienakñúgtipsargarhvik knþal nigxagekit. > eyignwgmancmnuletvkunerogral;biqñam > eyignwgttylbanrgvan;caédkuedll CageK ekcmebahgñkbak;b½n TaMgGs; nigelisbikar rmbwgtukrbs;bykek. karkitedayrab;bba ÚlTaMgGs; nigkarkit. vaca rubpab EdlRkumh unmankñúgekalbmngmunnwgkmnt; edim,iqanetadl;va. vabkrsaybikarnwkexijdl; GnaKt edayminkmnt;c,as;bigtßn½yedlnwgrtuv)an erbir)as;edim,ittyl)anva. TsSn³vis½ycMeBaHRkumh unfμi b RTg;RTaytUc bgðajbiekalbmngenakmritx<s; nigkyretrsbcamyy ekalbmngbanic kmμrbs;sßabnik. TsSn³vis½yKYr EtbBa ak;bigivedlsßabnikrsm½y cg;[muxcmnyjrik cmerinmantmél mankmμkr nigkarrymcmenketasgám. TsSn³vis½yenH RbEhlCaRsBicRsBildUckaryl; sbþi b c,as;las;duccaekalbmng. TsSn³vis½y RbEhlCamankartaMgcitþedIm,I³ > GPivDÆplitpl b esvakmμfμi > bmerigtificntamry³esvakmμedl)ankmnt; > R)akdBIKuNPaB nigcmeliytbcmebahesvakmμ GtifiCn > pþl;lkçxnðkargarrikraydl;kmμkr b > R)akdfakarrIkcMerInEpñkhirBaØvtßú nigcirpabénrkum h unedim,icaplrbeyacn_dl;gñkbak;b½n. RbGb; 2 ³ ]TarhN_énesckþIEføgBIebskkmμ 3>4>2 esckþieføgkarn_bitssn³vis½y esckþieføgkarn_bitssn³vis½ybkrsaybirbobrkb; RKgrbs;Rkumh un edaykitbi 10 b 20 qñam RbsinebI RKb;ya:gdMeNIrkardUcsgÇwmTuk. esckþieføgkarn_bi TsSn³vis½yKWxøI c,as;las; efiv[nwkexijbigivedl Rkumh uncg;køayetaca nigttylenaeblnamyykñúg eblgnaktedaybba ak;kñúgn½yrbkytrbecg.tssn³ vis½ysmedaelirbepténkartamgcitþedltulmtulay 38 3>4>3 ekalbmng nigvtßúbmng erkaybikmnt; b kmnt;eligvij nuvebskkmμ nig TsSn³vis½y vakwcaeblevlaedim,ibegáitekalbmng nigvtßúbmnggnuvtþsmrab;ggápabedayep keligmnhgm NagenH. ekalbmngetgetxvhpabc,as;las;. vtßúbmngkwedim,ibegáitrkbxnðeblevla nigtmhmc,as; las;. ]TahrN_ vtßúbmngéntiseda kmenincmnul RbcaMqñaMKYrEtmanPaBRbNaMgRbECgEtGacTTYl)an. vak¾kyretgacvas;evg)an ducenhrkumh ungacrtyt BinitükarrIkcMerIn nigefivkarektmruvtamrtuvkar.

41 enaebledlrkumh unkmnt;bivtßúbmngrbs; xøünehiy vagacvipakbisßanpabbc úb,nñedim,ibegáit)an CaEpnkaryuT sarsþ edim,iqanetadl;vtßúbmng. vagac efiv)ancmebah]tahrn_camyynwgkarvipakbipab xøamg PaBexSay kalanuvtþpab nigkarkmramkmehg SWOT b edayvaytméldmnak;kalvdþcivitplit pl. 3>4>4 karvipakbi SWOT edim,ittyl)anecakc½y BaNiC kmμrtuvkarkareyak yl;bipabxøamg nigtikenøgénpabexsay. BaNiC kmμ RbkbedayeCaKC½yksagPaBxøaMg EktMrUvPaBexSay nigkarbarrbqamgnwgpabgayttylrgerkah nigkar KMramkMEhg. ekk¾rtuvyl;bibrisßanbanic kmμrym nig»kasfμiegay)aneloncagédkurbkytrbecg. vic man PaBxøaMg CMnajbec kvitüa ma:knammuxek bnþajeckcayercin PaBesμaHRtg;rbs;GtifiCn¼TMnak;TMng KuNPaBplitkmμ TMhM karrkb;rkg kalanuvtþpab karpøas;bþúrcmnulcitþrbs; esripabénpumisarsþtipsar PaBTMenIbénbec kvitüa karpøas;bþúrekalneya)ayrdæapi)al karykbn Tab bmlas;bþúrrcnasm<½n GayuRbCaCn bnþajeckcayfμi GviC man PaBexSay GvtþmanénCMnajsMxan; ma:kgn; kareckcayminrkb;tikenøg GtifiCnmincUlcitþplitpl plitpl¼esvakmμminkyre[tukcitþ RTg;RTaytUc karrkb;rkg karkmramkmehg karpøas;bþúrcmnulcitþrbs;gñkerbir)as; karbittitamgpumisarsþtipsar PaBTMenIbénbec kvitüa karpøas;bþúrekalneya)ayrdæapi)al karhutbn ekinelig bmlas;bþúrrcnasm<½n GayuRbCaCn bnþajeckcayfμi rubpab 10 ³ karvipakbima:rtis SWOT 39

42 vifisarsþcyysmrylkñúgdmenirkarenhkwkarvipakbiswot. PaBxøaMg KWCakarsnμt;rbs;Rkumh unfa vagaccyyedim,i [smerc)annuvvtßúbmng. PaBxøaMgRtUvEtrkSaksag elig b manskþanubl. PaBexSay KWCakarsnμt;rbs;Rkumh unfach\t ibl GviC mandl;vtßúbmng. PaBexSayRtUvbgáarb bbaäb;va. kalanuvtþpab KWCalkçxNÐxageRkAEdlCYyedIm,I TTYl)annUvvtßúbMNg. kalanuvtþpabrtuvkarkarpþl; GaTiPaB nigmanbrimakmμ. karkmramkmehg KWCalkçxNÐxageRkAEdlCH\Ti Bl GviC mankñúgkarttyl)annuvvtßúbmng. karkmramkmehg RtUvkartbtvij b bnßymkgb,brma. elisbienhetaetot Rkumh ungacbinitürk smtßpabcmbgrbs;xøüncasmtßpabtamglaynaedl manetmyy nigedlpþl;[xøünnuvkunsm,tþiedayelk emilrubpab 10. 3>4>5 TsSn³vis½yTIpSarcMeBaHvdþCIvit plitpl plitplfμi rikcmerintamry³lmdab;éndmnak;kalca ercinenaelitipsar BIkarENnaMcUlTIpSaelIkdMbUgrhUt karlk;dl;kmritgtibrma nigføak;cuhvij emilrubpab 11. erkaybiry³eblénkargpivdæn_plitplrtuv )anennamcultipsar. bnþab;mkmangtificnkan;et ercinelig². cugbba b; TIpSarmanesßrPaB nigplit plrtuv)anekttylsáal;. bnþab;mk erkaybiry³ eblmyy kargpivdætamtan;plitpl nigcab;epþim mangñkrbkytrbecgsmxan;² karlk;plitplenah k¾ fycuuh nigcugbba b;rtuv)andkecjbitipsarvij. va mansar³smxan;smrab;rkumh un[dwgbidmnak;kalna Edlplitpl enakñúglmdab;énkarcab;epþimkarbegáitfμi tameblevla. TsSn³vis½yvdþCIvitplitplenHBITIpSarmin KYrRtUv)anRcLMCamYyyuT sarsþcirpabénvdþcivitplit pl minmankarbeba jsmnl; ducedlbgðajena kñúgcmbuk 2. karlk;plitpl karcab;epþim karrikcmerin karrikcmerin karføakcuh dlkmbul rubpab 11 ³ vdþcivitplitpl TsSn³vis½yTIpSar 3>4>6 KMlatyuT sarsþbegáitfμi karbegáitplitplfμimansar³smxan;edim,idmenirkar nig rikcmerinenakñúgtipsarrbkytrbecg. edaysaret ninñakarénkarlk;plitplfμi²fycuh edaysaretkar GPivDÆn_rbs;KURbkYtRbECg KMlatyuT sarsþbegáitfμi GPivDÆ edaymankarraramgbikarrikcmerin. KMlatyuT sarsþ GacRtUv)anvas;EvgdUcCakarrMBwgTukxusKñaBI R)ak;cMNUlEdlcg;)an nigplcmenjbiepnkarrbs; plitplfμi nigvtßúbmngrbs;rkunh un ducedlghgag enakñúgesckþieføgbitssn³vis½y emil rubpab 12. RbsinebImanKMlat rvagkarlk;enaeblgna Kt nigkarlk;edlerkagtuk Rkumh unnwgrtuvgpivdæ b TTYlnUvCMnYjfμI nigskmμpabbegáitfμiedim,ibmebjnuv KMlatyuT sarsþenh. cmnul plitpl B plitpl C TsSn³vis½y KMlat rubpab 12 ³ KMlaténkarbegáIttfμI eblevla 40

43 3>4>7 rubmnþbegáitplitplfμi enaebledlmanb½t manc,as;las;birkumh un nig brisßanrbs;vaehiy CMerIsyuT sarsþbegáitplitplfμi Cak;lak;GacRtUv)anGPivDÆeLIg. manyut sarsþ karbegáit plitpl fμiepsg²cmebahrkumh unsmrab; begáitfμi edim,i[kan;etmanpabrbkytrbecg emil rubpab 13. PaBRbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh unkñúgry³ eblevgmantmnak;tmngedaypþal;camyyynwgsmtßpab GPivDÆplitplfμIrbs;xøÜn. enaxn³ebledlrkumh unmancmerisepsg² edaybwgep ketaelisßanpabrbs;rkumh un RbePT yut sarsþtueta EdlGacGnuvtþn_edayTUlMTUlayenA kñúgrkumh un. mu:edlbegáitfμirbs; Ansoff nig Porter KWCayuT sarsþbir EdlRkumh un nigggákargacgnuvtþ )anedim,ivipakbisßanpabplitkmμbc úb,nñrbs;rkumh un nig Rkumh unrbkytrbecg nigpþl;catisedaetayut sarsþbegáitplitplfμi. karttylsáal; yut sarsþ karrcnam:udeligvi plitplfμi TIpSarfμI sßanpabbc úb,nñ rubpab 13 ³ yut sarsþbegáitplitpl fμiedim,ibitkmlaténkarbegáitfμi TsSn³vis½y eblevla 3>4>8 ma:rtisénkarrikcmerin ma:rtisénkarrikcmerinrbs; Ansoff KWCa]bkrN_mYy EdlGacCYy[Rkumh unerciserisplitpl nigyut sarsþkmenintipsar. Rkumh ungacelikeligbikmlat karbegáitfμienakñúgvifibynepsgkña EdlEp ketaelibnsm éntipsar nigkarbegáitplitplfμi³ dmbug Rkumh ungackmnt;bikalanuvtþpabén dmenirkarrikcmerin. ma:rtiskarrikcmerinesñinuvyut sarsþ smxan;bi³ > yut sarsþercotcultipsar- EpñkRKb;RKgEsVgrkviFI edim,ibrgikcmenktipsarénplitplfμi²enakñúgtipsar bc úb,nñ > yut sarsþgpivdætipsar- EpñkRKb;RKgEsVgrkTI psarfμismrab;plitplfμi². > yut sarsþgpivdæplitpl- EpñkRKb;RKgBicarNa BIlT PaBbegáItplitplfμI. PaBcMruHGacpþl;nUvkalanuvtþPaBya:gl erka BI Rkumh un. RbePTcMruHbIGacman. Rkumh ungacesvg rkplitplfμiedlmangnþrkmμrvagbec kvitüa nig¼b TIpSarCamYynwgExSbnÞat;plitplEdlmanRsab; ebi etahbicaplitplesvgrkgtificnfñak;fμi. TIBIrRkum h unrbehlcaesvgrkplitplfμiedlesvgrkgtificn bc úb,nñ etahbicaminbak;b½n nwgexsbnþat;plitpl bc úb,nñtambec kvitüa. CacugeRkayRkumh unrbehl CaRtUvEsVgrkBaNiC kmμfμi EdlminmanTMnak;TMngCa myybec kvitüaplitpl b TIpSarrbs;Rkumh unbc úb,nñ. TIpSar bc úb,nñ TIpSarfμI plitplbc úb,nñ yut sarsþ ercotcul TIpSar kargpivdæn_ TIpSarfμI plitplfμi kargpivdæn_ plitplfμi PaBcMruH TIpSar bc úb,nñ TIpSarfμI plitplbc úb,nñ hanip½y kmrittab hanip½y kmritmfüm rubpab 14 ³ ma:rtisénkarrikcmerinrbs; Ansoff (Ansoff, 1968); plitplfμi hanip½y kmritmfüm hanip½y kmritx<s; 41

44 3>4>9 ma:rtisyut sarsþrbkytrbecg skþanublyut sarsþedlmanrbeyacn_epsgetotkw ma:rtis Porter EdlbkRsayBIRbePTyuT sarsþrbkyt RbECgdUcCa tmélsrubénpabdwknam karykcitþtuk dak; nigpabxuskña emilrubpab 15 ³ > PaBnaMmuxeKxagtMél-Rkumh unxitxmrbwgerbgedim,i smercegay)annuvtmélplitkmμ nigeckcaytabbmput duc enhekgacmantméltabcagédkurbkytrbecg ehiygacttyl)annuvcmenktipsa)anercincag. Rkum h ungnuvtþyut sarsþenh RtUvEtBUEkxagvisVkmμ kar Tij karplit nigkareckcay. yut sarsþenh RtUv karcmnajtipsartictyc. KuNsm,tþién karrbkytrbecg ekaleda TIpSarFM smbuk TIpSar KuNsm,tþiénkarRbkYtRbECg tméltabcag tmélnam muxek karykcitþ Tukdak;elI tmél PaBxusKña PaBxusKña karykcitþ Tukdak;elI PaBxusKña rubpab 15 ³ ma:rtisyut sarsþ Porter (Porter, 1980) >PaBxusKña - Rkumh unykcitþtukdak;elikarttyl )andmenirkarl enakñúgkarkmnt;biplrbeyacn_rbs; GtifiCn EdlkMNt;edayEpñkcMbgénTIpSar. Rkumh un Büayam[QanmuxeKnUvKuNPaB bec kvitüa esvakmμ nigrebobrcna.l. Rkumh unrksapabxøamgedlpþl; nuvkunsm,tþiepñkrbkytrbecg. ducenh Rkumh un Edlcg;QanmuxeKEpñkKuNPaBnwgplit b TijnUv FatupSMl CageKdak;vacUlKñaedayCMnaj nigbinitü Bic ½yedayRbugRby½tñ. > karykcitþtukdak; - Rkumh unykcitþtukdak;eli bmenktipsartuccerg ótmyy b ercin CaCagemIleTA 42 TIpSarFMTUlay. Rkumh undwgbitmruvkarénepñktamgenah nigesvgrktamgpabnammuxekxagtmél b TMrg;xusKñaenA kñúgtipsarekaleda. RbePTyuT sarsþtamgbienh GacbnSMcUlKña emilrubpab 15. Rkumh unkyretvaytmélelilmdab;énplitpl enaeblbc úb,nñ niggnaktcamyymu:edltamgbirenh. 3>4>10 hanip½y nigkarerciserisyut sarsþ Rkumh unnwgrbqmmuxnwgekalbmngcmrugcmras; Edl BüayamedIm,IGtibrmakmμénPaBeCaKC½yEpñkesdækic enaebledlkat;bnßyhanip½y. manpakrytictyc b:uenñahénkmeragkarbegáitplitplfμi Edl)ancUleTA dl;tipsar. PaBxusKñaénKMeragkan;EteRcIn hanip½y kan;etmanercin emilrubpab 14. hanip½yénpab brac½ygacrtuv)anbnßy[ticbmputrbsinebi³ > karbegáitfμiedayep ketaelivtßúbmng nigyut sarsþ ry³eblmfüm nigevg ³ > karbegáitfμismrsbcmebahtmhmrkumh un nigfnfan > RbB½n begáitfμimanedim,ibba ÚltMrUvkarfμI nigbmerbmryl >karbegáitfμirtuv)ancab;epþimedaytipsar nigminemn edaykargpivdæn_bec ketset > karbegáitfμiykcitþtukdak;elitmnak;tmngkñúgexscgvak; éntmél vamankarlm)akcagkñúgkarcmlgyk b > karbegáitfμicyykmnt;nuvpabxuskñarbs;rkumh unbi KURbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh un enacugbba b;éndmnak;kalenh Rkumh unkyr EtGaceRCIserIsyuT sarsþkarbegáitplitplfμi Edl smrsbbmputcmebahtssn³vis½y nigbrisßanépþkúñúg nigerka.

45 3>5 karbegáitkmnit dmnak;kalbegáitkmniteyagetaeliepñkrbkbedaykar écñrbditéndmenirkargpivdæn_plitpl EdldMeNaH RsayRtUv)andak;eTAeFIVeLIg nigerbir)as;edim,ibegáit CadMeNaHRsayfμI. karbegáitkmnitmanbba Úlbec ketsepsg²nig RbCaCncUlcitþRbePTepSgKñaénbec ketstamgenah. vifisarsþ CatUya:grab;bBa ÚlTaMgkarbegáItnUvCMnaj RsavRCav nigpabécñrbdit. karrkb;rkgkmnitman sarsmxan;enakñúgdmnak;kalenh edaysaretmankmnit CaeRcInEdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIg nigrtuvkarerciseris nigpabcmruhénkmnittamgenah. edayep kelibnsménkmnit bbaøatiplitplrtuv)anesñielig. 3>5>1 CMnajRsavRCav dmnak;kaldmbugéndmenirkarbegáitkmnitkw GPivDÆ CMnajRsavRCav. cmebahkargpivdæn_cmnajrsavrcav enhpabxøamgényut sarsþépþkñúgrbs;rkumh unkwcakenøg RbesIrbMputEdlRtUvcab;epþIm. ]TahrN_ PaBxøaMg rbs;rkumh unducca sßanpabhirbaøvtßú cmenhdwgeta elibec kvitüacak;lak; b rebobénkarnamecj. eday bnsmnuvpabxøamgrbs;rkumh un CamYynwgkarbgðajBI kalanuvtþpab nigninñakarenakñúgkarvipakbi SWOT CMnajRsavRCavcMeBaHKMnitplitplfμI GacRtUv)an begáitelig emilrubpab 16. edim,ierbir)as;lt plbima:rtis SWOT va RtUvEtEktMrUveTAtamma:RTIsCMnajRsavRCav emil rubpab 17. enaeligks½redk BIRkeLan A eta F kalanuvtþpab kmnt;bixagedimenakñúgkarvipakbi SWOT RtUv)ansresrcUl. bnþab;mk PaBxøaMgépÞkñúg RtUv)andak;enAkñúgRkeLan 1 eta 8 enaeligks½rqr. edaybnsménpabxøamgépþkñúgnwgkalanuvtþpabepñk 43 cmnucxøamg rbs;rkumh un cmnucexsay rbs;rkumh un»kastipsar CMnaj RsavRCav karkmramkmehgbitipsar rubpab 16- CMnajRsavRCavEdlbnSMPaBxøaMg nigkalanuvtþpab énma:rtis SWOT (Bvu nig Valhenburg, 2000) xagerkakmnitplitplfμirtuv)anbegáitelig. CalT pl Rkumh unrbehlcamancmnaj RsavRCavCaeRcIn. edim,ismrbsmrylkarvaytmél nig karerciseriscmnajrsavrcavrbesircagek karbinitü emil[)anlmgitmansar³smxan;nas;. erkaybi erciseriscmnajrsavrcavedll CageKehIy KMnit plitplrtuv)anbegáitelig. 3>5>2 EpñkRbkbedaykarécñRbDit EpñkRbkbedaykarécñRbDitGaceFIV[manplitkmμén KMnitplitplfμICaeRcIn. RKb;KMnitTaMgGs; minfagn; b RbesIrya:gNaenaHeTKYrEtRtUv)anRbmUl. GaRs½y etaelicmnajrsavrcav RkumGPivDÆplitplGac GnuvtþRbePTbec ketsécñrbditepsg² edim,ibegáit KMnitplitpl. CMBUk 9 bgðajbibec ketsécñrbditepsg²[ )anlmgitcamyynwg]tahrn_.

46 »kasxagerka 1 A B C D E F begáincmnab;gamμn_ begáinkarbisar karpþl; ebik cmebahgaharman >>>> nmpisa mðúbcmnigahar saklvitüal½y pasuxpab >>>> 2 nmb½ugkunpabxs nmb½ugpisa dwkcundl;pþh ebiktublk;ena kñúgbrievn samgvicman KuNPaB 3 kenøgplitkmμ FMTUlay PaBxøaMgényuT sarsþxagkñúg mantmnak;tmngl nwg karlk;edjéfø hagminb:hbal; dl;brisßan >>>> bwháwbenø 7 >>>> 8 >>>> rubpab 17 ³ ma:rtiscmnajrsavrcavénrkumh uncmnigahar 3>5>3 kargpivdæn_rtwsiþ kargpivdæn_tssn³efivelig edaykmnitécñrbditedl begáiteligedaybba Úlva niggpivdæbenßmedim,ivay tmél. TsSn³enHRtUv)ansresrya:gc,as; nigrtuv karkarbkrsaybikmnitplitplfμi rab;bba ÚlTaMg lkçn³dmbug plrbeyacn_rbs;gtificn nigbec k vitüaedlrtuvkar. karbegáitrtwsiþgacrymbba ÚlTaMg³ > niymn½yéntipsarekaleda niggtificn > kmnt;bikarrbkytrbecg nigbegáitrubmnþyut sarsþ énkarrbkytrbecg > GPivDÆplitplbec ketsdmbug nigkalvipakkñúg karefivetsþ > )a:n;sμanfnfanrtuvkarcmebahkargpivdæplitpl nig > begáitepnkarbanic kmμdmbug erkaybikarerciserisrtwsiþrbesirbmputehiy RtUvsikSava[)anlMGiteTot. 3>6 karttylsáal; kargpivdæn_plitplminemncadmenirkaretéget. RsbeTAtamdMeNIrkarGPivDÆplitpl kargpivdæn_ plitkmμ nigepnkartipsark¾rtuvefiveligedr rubpab 18. EpnkarplitkmμpSarP ab;edaypþal;etanwg karrcnam:ud nigp Þúymkvij. ]bkrn_edlman nigtmruv karbnþak;tun KYrEtBicarNakñúgkMLúgeBldMNak;kal rcnam:ud. karrkb;rkgplitkmμnwgrtuvkaredim,iefiv EpnkarBIkarENnaMénbMErbMrYlplitkmμ EdlCa lt plecjbiikarpøas;bþúrkarrcnam:ud. 44

47 vamansar³smxan;kñúgkarrktipsarplitplfμi EdlCatMrUvkar nigbmngr)afñarbs;gtificn. ducenh manrbeyacn_kñúgkaresvgyl;bib½t mankarvipaktipsar Gtþcritrbs;GtifiCn ninñakar nigsßanpabebl GnaKt ekalneya)ayrdæapi)al karrbyy)armöbibri sßan bec kvitüafμi nigvtßúfatuedim. ekalneya)ay nigtmruvkarrkumh unkyretrtuv)ankitbicarna. Epnkar nwgpþl;cakarennamedim,ismerccitþbikarrcnam:ud nig TIpSar. enaebledlkarrcnam:udrtuv)ankmnt;ehiy vamansar³smxan;kñúgkarkmnt;pabxøamg tmél nigkar EbgEckénplitpl. yut sarsþcaercin RtUvkar GPivDÆedIm,ITidæPaBTaMgenH. 3>7 kargpivdæn_plitplenakñúgrbets kmbuggpivdæ CaTMlab; skmμpabgpivdæplitplrtuv)anykcitþ Tukdak;enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_. etahbicaya:genhk¾ eday skmμpabtamgenhkan;etmansar³smxan;elig smrab;karrbkytrbecgcagnþrcati ehiyrbetskmbug GPivDÆn_kMBugcab;epþImykcitþTukdak;elIkarksag CMnajenH. rhutdl;tsvtsqñam 1970s RbeTskMBug GPivDÆmaneKalneya)ay]sSahPavUnIykmμ Edl ]btßmöfndl;plitplkñúgrsuk ehiyedirtynatica r)amgdl;plitplnamcul. elisbienhetaetot mankar culrymbirdæya:gebjeljkñúgkarplit nigmankarcul rym edayepñk BIrdædMeNIrkar shrkas manninñakar etarkplitkmμcacagtipsar. esdækic minemntipsar esriefiv[mankareliktwkcitþtictycdl;rkumh unkñúgkar begáitfμi. CagenHeTAeTot RbeTskMBugGPivDÆkan;Et mankarrbyy)armöeligcamyynwgkarrcnam:udpsbvpsay BaNiC kmμ nigkargnuvtþn_ CaBiessenAkñúgsaklPa vubniykmμtipsar. ]TarhN_ enarbetsgasiugaekñy_ skmμpabrcnam:udplitplcapøúvkar RtUv)anbegáIt eligrsbetanwgekalneya)aygpivdæ]ssahkmμ. ]TahrN_eCaKC½ymYyKWenARbeTskUer:xagt,Úg. edaysaretkaredirtyrbs;tipsarbrets nigrkumh un cmruh Catisasn_kUer:xagt,Úgcab;epþImEbgEckplitpl epsg² edaybba ÚlkarbegáItplitplfμIeTAkñúgeKal neya)ayesdækic. CalT pl kuer:xagt,úg)an GPivDÆn_BIRbeTs EdlmankarRbkYtRbECgelIbec k vitüagn; mankarkmnt; nigtmélnammuxtabenakñúg TsvtSqñaM 1960s etacarbetsrbkytrbecgeliyut sarsþrcnam:ud tamtmruvkargtificn nigbba ÚlrebobfμI (rubpab 19). enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ skmμpabgpivdæ plitplcaercin KWCaRbePTyklMnaMtamCamYynwg bmerbmrylplitpltictyc CaCagkarbegáItfμI. Gñk GPivDÆplitplenAEtCaGñk niymm:ud CMnYs[ GñkbegáItplitplfIμ. karrsavrcavbgðajfa SMEs enakñúgrbets kmbuggpivdæ mangk,kiriyaxuskñacmebahkarrcnam:ud plitplefobcamyy SMEs enakñúgrbetsgpivdæ. PaBxusKñaEdl)ansegáteXIjmandUcCa³ > ninñakarénkarefiv[rbesireligetaeliplitpl EdlmanRsab; > RBYy)armÖCamYyrUbragxageRkArbs;plitplCa CagelImuxgarrbs;va > CayuT sarsþedim,ircnam:udedayep ketaelitmlab; bec kvitüatamgbiburancacagtmlab;écñrbdit b begáitfμi 45

48 > ninñakardmenahrsaykarrcnam:udedlminmangati PaBeTAkñúgTIpSar GnþrCati nigkñúgrsuk > kgvhxatvifisarsþ nigbtbiesafn_edim,ierbob efob nigvaytmélyut sarsþcmeriscmebahbbaðarcnam:ud nig > karlm)akkñúgkargpivdæn_kmeragc,as;las;eday lmgit TidæPaBTaMgenHbgðajBItMrUvkaredIm,Iksag smtßpabenakñúgkargpivdæn_plitpl. CMBUkeRkay nwgpþl;cacmhan²nuvkarennamelirebobkmnt; nig GnuvtþnUvkic RbwgERbgBIRbePTxusKñarbs; D4S. kargpivdæn_ plitpl Epnkar plitkmμ KMnitmux CMnYjfμI rcnam:ud plitpl karrcnam:ud plitpl plitkmμ kareckcay nigkarlk; karerbir)as karefivepnkar TIpSar Epnkar TIpSar rubpab 18 ³ skmμpabrsbkña³ kargpivdæn_plitpl kargpivdæn_plitkmμ nigepnkartipsar GNP kmritbec kvitüa KMrUénkarplit yut sarsþeragcrk yut sarsþkarrcnam: Ud qñam 1969s $80 bec kvitüatab karplit]bkrn_ fμi (DEM) tmélnammuxek srub karkmnt;tmél GñkeFIVRtab; tamek 1990s $5,000 bec kvitüamfüm plitkmμsrub PaBxusKña karrcnam:ud rubpab GñkEksMrYl 2000s $10,000 bec kvitüax<s; karcylsrub karykcitþtukdak; karrcnam:udtam GñkeRbIR)as; Pioneer rubpab 19 ³ kargpivdæn_rbs;rbetskuer:xagt,úgbipabqanmuxekéntmél etapabqanmuxekénkarrcnam:ud Chung,

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52 EpñkTI 2 rebobgnuvtþ D4S 50

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54 t muvkarvaytémøelikermag t muvkarvaytémøelikermag D4S KWviFIedaHRsayCaCMhan²edIm,IelIkEpñkGaTiPaB ]ssahkmμelikermagbgðajrbs; D4S [manrbsiti PaB. PaBeCaKC½yénKeRmag D4S TamTar[mankaryl;dwgeRCABIlkçN³ nigt muvkarénesdækic Cati nig]ssah kmμkñúgrsuk. kargnuvtþn_kermag D4S GacEckecjCa4dMNak;kal ³ kt;smkal; lkçn³ nigt muvkarrbs;kermag esdækic Cati Epñk]sSahkmμ nigrkumh un. karyl;dwgbisßanpabesdækic Catinwg ³ culrympþl; ekaledadl;kermag D4S efvicacmnuccab;epiþmedim,i kt;smkal;rkumh unsmrsbsrmab;kermagsakl,g nigcyykñúgkargpivdæn_smöar³hwvkhat; D4S [)an smrsb. KeRmagbgðaj D4S kñúgrkumh unkw tuv Tak;TgTaMgRsugeTAnwgkarKitTukrbs; KeRmag D4S. tmruvkarlkçn³vinicä½y esdækic Cati tmruvkarlkçn³vinicä½y tmruvkarlkçn³vinicä½y Epñk Rkumh un rubpabti 20 ³ lkçn³vinicä½y nigt muvkarrbs; Cati Epñk nigrkumh un 4 smnyrcabnþbnþab; nwgecjcalt plkñúg KeRmagGnuvtþ D4S EdlepþatelIEpñk]sSahkmμ nig GnuvtþtRmUvkarvaytémøsRmab;smÖar³hwVkhat; D4S emilrub 20. krmittamg4 nigmuldæandmbugsrmab; BicarNaKW ³ krmit 1 ³ KeRmag > etiekalbmngrbs;kermagkwgvi? > etigñknacagñkttylpl? > etiekalbmngénkarpøas;bþúrcmenhdwgsrmab;cmnuc énrkumnimyy²kwgvi? - ekalbmngcak;lak; nigcmnucepiþmrbs;rkum 52 krmit 2 ³ sßanpabesdækic Cati (Macro) > etigvicacmnulcati? > etigvicalmdab;énkargpivdæn_fnfanmnuss? > eticmhrrbkytrbecgénrbets nig]ssahkmμrbs; eky:agducemþc? > etikarnamecj nigkarculrymrbs;vamann½yy:ag ducemþcedr? > etigvicakarrymcmenkepñkksikmμ]ssahkmμ nig esvakmμetaeliesdækic Cati? > etikargpivdæn_]ssahkmμénrbetsdl;krmitna? > etigvicamuxgar nigkarb:hbal;rbs; SMEs nig]ssah kmμfm²kñúgesdækic Cati? > etigvicamuxgar nigkarb:hbal;énepñkerkapøúvkar ( Informal Sector ) eliesdækic Cati? > etigvikwcakarekitecjcirpab EdlTak;TgeTAnwg karplit nigkarerbir)as;? - karerciserisepñkbak;b½n nigtmhmrkumh un krmit 3 ³ krmitrbs;epñknimyy² (Meso) > etiepñkmyy²dmenirkary:agducemþc? > etigvicayut sa sþécñrbditrbs;epñknimyy²naebl bc úb,nñ? > etigvicasmtßpab subykkarécñrbditrbs;rkumh un kñúgepñknimyy²? > etixøhgvitak;tgnwgcirpabkñúgepñknimyy²?

55 > etigvicaskþanublsrmab;karekécñplitpl nig D4S kñúgepñknimyy²? > etigñknacagñkculrymkñúgepñknimyy²? - karerciserisrkumh un krmit 4 ³ krmitrbs;rkumh un (Micro) > etigvicayut sa sþécñrbdit plitpl rbs;rkumh un naeblbc úb,nñ? > etigvicasmtßpab subykkarécñrbditénrkumh un nimyy²? > etimanvitüasßanrsavrcav niggpivdæn_kñúgrsuk EdlCYyKaMRTdl;ExSsgVak;écñRbDitplitpl? > etimansalarcnam:ud ]ssahkmμ kñúgrsukedl Cab;Tak;TgGacCYy? - smöar³hwvkhat;smrsbénkargpivdæn_ 4-1 krmit 1 ³ KeRmag - etiehtugvi)ancakermag D4S tuvcab;epiþm? - etimankarcyykamrtbirkumh unerkarsukkñúgbribtén kareklmgrbkbedaycirpabexssgvak; Edl)anpþl; [? - etikermagmankarkamrtbiggákargnþrcati b et? ]TahrN_ UNEP CYybNþúHbNþalsmtßPaBkñúg vitüasßancatiplitkmμs atrbs; UNIDO-UNEP. KeRmagnImYy²maneKalbMNg nigtisedarbs;va. ]TahrN_ ³ enakñúgkermag A karykcitþtukdak; GaceTAelIkarbegIátcMeNHdwg D4S enakñúgrkum Edl)ankMNt;CaTUeTA enaebledlkermag B cg; bgðajbirbeyacn_brisßan nigesdækic rbs; D4S srmab;]ssahkmμ edaygnuvtþkermagbgðajkñúg Rkumh unkñúgrsuk. CaTIbBa b; KeRmag C GacmanTis edaksagsmtßpab edaypþl;cakarhwvkhat;y:agxøamg. mantiseda nigvifiedahrsayedlgacefvicaercinrbs; KeRmag D4S ehiytiseda nigvifiedahrsaynimyy²nwg RtUvkarkarepÞrcMeNHdwgd¾Cak;lak;. duecñhehiy kar yl;dwgelikermagtamgmulkwcakunesarmyy. > etigvicaekaledarbs;kermag? > TMB½rkargar N1 CaerOy² KeRmagmaneKalbMNgepSg²Kña. etiekal bmngtamgenah tuvkarrbeptcmenhdwg nighwvkhat; duckña? tmnagrdæapi)algaccab;garmμn_etaelicmnuc epsgéncmenh D4S ebierbobefobnwg]ssahkr. GñkRKb;RKgeragcRkmant muvkarepsg ercincaggñk rcnam:udkñúgepñkgpivdæplitpl. t muvkarb½t man GacykmkBinitüsRmab;cMNucedAnimYy². etibyk ek tuvetyl;bikmnittueta (know-what)? b k¾byk ekkyretyl;fa ehtugvivamansar³smxan; (knowwhy)? etibykekgacnwg tuvkargnuvtþn_ (knowhow)? emilrub 21. ylbigvixøh? yl;faehtugvi? dwgbirebobgvixøh? yl;kenøgnaxøh? dwgfaeblna? rubpabti 21 ³ eti tuvkaryl;y:agducemþc? > etigñknacagñkttylplrbeyacn_smxan;cag? 53

56 > TMB½rkargar N1 > eti tuvkarkaryl;dwgercab:unñasrmab;gviedl)an edatuknimyy²rbs;rkum? know-what? know-why? know-how? > TMB½rkargar N1 sylyl;gmbib½t man KW tuvrbmultinñn½ybirbets 3 etotedim,iefvikarerbobefob emiltarag 4. Rb etstamgenahgaccarbetscitxagb RbeTs Edl)an Gnuvtþl ecakc½y kñúgtmbn; b enakenøgepsg²kñúg BiPBelak. 4-2 krmit 2 ³ sßanpabesdækic Cati CaCMhanbnÞab; sßanpabesdækic Cati nigkrmit GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμCatiéncMNucedArbs;RbeTs nwg tuvrukrk. edim,ikamrtbbaðaenh KW tuvrbmulsißtiedl Tak;Tgnwgesdækic nig]ssahkmμcati. edim,i[gay ³ karrbmultinñn½y Tinñn½yGacRbmUleday syltam on-line muldæansafarn³ducbgðajxagerkam³ Tinñn½y taragrbets RbeTs A RbeTs B RbeTs C plitplkñúgrsuksrubkitcaduløar plitplkñúgrsuksrub smpabkmøamgtij KitCadUløar snþssn_gpivdæn_mnuss.l. tarag 4 ³ ]TahrN_xøHénsißtiRbeTsBITMB½rkargar kmμvifigpivdæn_shrbcacati (UNDP) { r)aykarn_ GPivDÆn_mnusS} > KnwøHGPivDÆn_ nigsißtitinñn½yrbs;fnakarbipbelak > ttp:// countrydata/countrydata.html vifivaytémøcmenhdwgrbs;fnakarbipbelak > /home.asp esovepakarbiténbipbelak CIA > factbook/ evtikaesdækic BiPBelak (WEF) r)aykarn_karrb kytrbecgtueta > vitüasßanfnfanbipbelak (WRI) ninñakarepndi > UNICEF {kareføgrbs;ekμgbipbelak} > index.html > RbmUlTinñn½yesdækic nigsgámsrmab;rbets. > TMB½rkargar N2 54

57 CMhanbnÞab; Tinñn½yesdækic nigsgámnwg Binitü nigvipakcalmi t. ducedlgacexijrycmk ehiysucnakrn_ tuvrbmuledayggákarcaercin srmab;ekalbmngepsg². ekerbirsedogkña fivebi KμanCMnajviTüasa sþk¾eday. sucnakrn_tamgenh nwgcyycarbeyacn_kñúgkarerciserisepñk]ssahkmμ nigrkumh unepsg² nigbnül;vifisa sþnaeblbc úb,nñ EdlTinñn½y tuv)anrbmul nigerobry ³kMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksrub(GDP) sucnakrn_esdækic nigkargpivdæn_d¾étetotrbs; RbeTsGacpþl;RbeyaCn_yl;dwgCaeRcIn dl;krmit écñrbditplitpl nigbriyakasesdækic kñúgrbets. krmit GPivDÆn_rbs;RbeTsmYy CaerOy²QrelI lkçn³vinicä½ycaercin EdlrYmbBa ÚlTaMgR)ak;cMNUl CIvPaB nigpabgayrgerkahrbs;esdækic Cati. R)ak;cMNUl CaerOy²bBa ak;kñúgkmeninplit plkñúgrsuksrmab;mnussmñak;². CIvPaBKWbBa ak; edaysnþssn_gpivdæn_mnuss (HDI) rbs;kmμvifi GPivDÆnn_GgÁkarshRbCaCati (UNDP). lkçn³ca ercinetotgacrkexijenakñúgsucnakrn_tamgenah duc Ca krmitgb;rm nigsmaspab]ssahkmμ. R)ak;cMNUlCatiGacbBa ak;tamvificaercin b:uenþcafmμta bba ak;enakñúg GDP nigsmpabkmøamg Tij (PPP) kñúgmñak;². GDP erbicmnystémøsmöar³ elitipsar nigesvaedlbegiáteligkñúgrbetsmyy ehiykñúgry³eblkmnt;myy nigrymbba ÚlTaMgR)ak; cmenjbirkumh unbretstamggs; niggñkefvikarbrets TaMgGs;EdlenAkñúgRbeTsenaH. PPP KWCaRTwsIþ GRtabþÚrR)ak; mkbidwgbismpabkmøamgtijénrubiyb½nñ myykñúgkartmnak;tmngetanwgrubiyb½nñepsgetot.pþúy BIGRtabþÚrR)ak;BiteRbIsRmab;rUbiyb½NÑkñúgTIpSarpøÚvkar 55 pþúyetanwgpsarggwt GRtabþÚrR)ak; PPP KWKitBITMnak; TMngrUbiyb½NÑ QrelIcMnYnrbs;EdlrUbiyb½NÑGac Tij)an. CaTmøab; témøénmuxtmnijnwgbicarna nig fwøgeføgrsbetatamsar³smxan; rbs;vaenakñúgepñk esdækic. GRtabþÚrR)ak; PPP KWdwgkareRbobeFobCIv PaB[)anRbesIr. UNDP cat;cmnat;fñak;rbetstamgenahca RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s; mfüm nigtab. rubpab 22 xagerkam enhbgðajbimfümpab GDP nig GDP PPP srmab; RbeTs 3 EdlmanRkumR)ak;cMNUlCati. ducgacexijmkehiy karxusebøkkñarvagrbetsman R)ak;cMNUlx<s; R)ak;cMNUlmFüm nigtabmankar xuskñacaxøamg. x<s; plitplkñúgrsuksrubkñúgmnussmñak;² mfüm Tab rubpab 22 ³ GDP nig GDP PPP srmab;rkum R)ak;cMNUlCatiTaMg 3 RbePT (UNDP 2005) FnaKarBiPBelak)ancMNat;fñak;RbeTsTaMg Gs;CaRkumR)ak;cMNUlcMnYn 4 eyagetatamkmenin cmnulcatisrub (GNI) mñak;² 2004 ³ RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUleRcIn $ > RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlelIsBImFüm $ $ RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUleRkamBImFüm $ $ 3255 RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlTab < $ 825

58 karcat;cmnat;fñak;rbetsrbs;fnakarbipb elakgacrkexijenaekhtmb½r: RbePTR)ak;cMNUlEdlRbeTsnImYy² Ca eroy²pþl;[kñúgsnþssn_ti1 srmab;epñk]ssahkmμfm nigsmaspabéneragcrktamgenah. ]TahrN_ RbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab vis½yksikmμrymcm ENky:agxøaMgcMeBaHkMeNInplitkmμkñúgRsuksrub nig Rkumh unxñattucedlelceligcagek. enaebledl karsiksa)anrkexijtmnak;tmngrvagr)ak;cmnul nig sucnakrn_éetot vacakargay sylbgðajfa TMnak; TMngenH KWenAq aybilmdab; nigcatueta. ]TahrN_ enarbetsfm²ducca \NÐa nigcin krmiténkar GPivDÆn_mankarxusKñay:agxøaMgkñúgtMbn;nImYy². ena RbeTs\NÐamanRkumh unbec kvitüax<s; ICT Edlsißt enatmbn; Bangalore nigenaeblcamyykñaenahena Bengal xaglic ekexijkmμkrefvikarenaeragcrk RkecAmankRmitbec ketstab. dmnak;kalgpivdærbets CaerOy²man kartak;tgetanwgkargpivdæn_esdækic k¾b:uenþvamantm nak;tmngy:agcitsiñt pgedr etanwgkargpivdæn_sgám kñúgepñkgb;rm EfTaMsuxPaB niggayukalmfüm. eyagetatamdmnak;kalgpivdæn_rbetsekgaccat;ca 4 RkumdUcteTAenH ³ > LDC : RbeTsmankarGPivDÆn_tictYc RbeTsRkCageKbMputcMnYn 50 kñúgbipbelak PaK ercinenatmbn; Sub-Sahara TIVbGa hivk KWdUcEdl GgÁkarshRbCaCati)ankMNt;. > DC : RbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ > NIC : RbeTs]sSahUbnIykmμfIμefμag RbeTsEdlbþÚrBIvis½yksikmμ etacaesdækic ]ssakmμ CaBiessEpñkplit. ]TahrN_naeBlbc úb,nñman duccarbets TYrKI éf m:aelsiu miuksicku nig GaRhiVkxagt,Úg. > IC : RbeTs]sSahUbnIykmμ b GPivDÆn_ RbeTsPaKeRcInenAGWr:ub GaemrikxageCIg Cb:un nig GU sþali. n½yénbakü LDC KWCYnkalRcLMKñanwgBakü LLDC RbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆn_elIdIceg ót Land Locked Developing Countries ). karrbtibtiþesdæ kic rbs;rbetsedlmankargpivdæn_elidiceg ótbgðaj [exijkarb:hbal;edaypþal; b RbeyalénsßanPaB PUmisa sþeliepñkesdækic smxan;²epsg². RbeTs GPivDÆn_elIdIceg ót CaTUeTAKWCaRbeTsRkIRkCageK bmputkñúgcmenamrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ EdlmanGRta kmenintabbmput nigcatmøab;kwbwgep ky:agxøamgeta elir)ak;cmnulbikarnamecjd¾tictycrbs;ek. etahca y:agnak¾edayrbets 30 énrbetsgpivdæn_elidi ceg ót KW 16 cat;ca RbeTsGPivDÆn_tictYcbMput. n½yfaesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ erbikñúgkare)ahbumöpsay enhsmedaelirbetsgpivdæn_tictyckmbuggpivdæn_ nig RbeTsman]sSahkmμfIμefμag. KMnit D4S én KMrU nig KMrUKWGacGnuvtþ)anenARbeTs]sSahkmμ nigrbets GPivDÆn_pgEdr. b:uenþ GaRs½yelIkRmityl;dwgx<s; nigbtbiesafn_kñúgkarplittak;tg karxmrbwgvifiedah RsaybEnßmeTotGacykmkBicarNa enakñúgkar GPivDÆn_KeRmag. > etigvica GDP nig GDP PPP srmab;rbets EdleRCIserIs? > TMB½rkargar N3 > etirbeptr)ak;cmnulrebobnaedlsmlμmnwg RbeTs? > TMB½rkargar N 3 56

59 4-2-3 ³ snþssn¾gpivdæn_mnuss (HDI) GñkcUlrYmCaeRcInenAkñúgsgÁmCECkKñafa RKan;EtkMeNInplitplkñúgRsuksRmab;mñak;² KWmin EmnCaxñatRKb;RKan;énPaBeCOnelOnénkarGPivDÆn_ RbeTseT. snþssn_gpivdæn_mnuss (HDI) rbs; kmμvifigpivdæn_shrbcacatikwcasarmyy EdlmanbM NgkMNt;TMhMR)akdénPaBeCOnelOnénkarGPivDÆn_. snþssn_gpivdæn_mnuss KWCasmasPaBsnÞsSn_ Edlvas;BImFümPaBseRmc)an kñúgrbetsnimyy²kñúg TMhMCamUldæan 3 énkargpivdæn_mnuss ³ GayuEvg nigsuxpabl Caxñatvas;GayukalmFümcab;BIekItmk. cmenhdwgcaxñatvas;grtaechgan nigsresrénmnuss CMTg; nigkarpsmculkñarvagkrmitsiksati 1 TI 2 nigmhavitüal½y nigbmaniyéncivpabsmrmüedl vas;edaykmeninplitkmμkñúgrsuk edaymnussmñak;² kñúgsmpabkmøamgtij. snþssn_kwksageligeday erbisucnakrn_edlmancatueta nigvifisa sþedl gay syl nigmantmøapab. enaebledlkmniténkar GPivDÆn_mnusS KWFMTUlayCaglMdab;smasPaBeday ELk²EdlGacvas;sÞg;. snþssn_gpivdæn_mnuss (HDI) pþl;cermisr)ak;cmnuledlcaxñatvas;segçb énsuxmalpabmnusselak. va)anpþl;rckculd¾ mansar³rbeyacn_etadl;karerbib½t manedlmanena kñúgtaragsucnakrn_ EdlekItmaneLIgenAxageRkay enaeliepñkepsg²énkargpivdæn_mnusselak. > etibribtgpivdæn_mnussnaeblbc úb,nñrbs;rbets cat;kñúgcmbukgvi? > TMB½rkargar N ³ lmdab;erogkmeninbikarrbkyt RbECg (CGI) ExSsgVak;énkarrIkceRmInesdækic KWsaMjúaM nigktþacaercinculmksemþgcakargpivdæn_rbets. evtikaesdækic BiPBelak xmrbwgcab;ykpabsamjúamenh enaebledlva)ancab;epiþmrbmankmeninlmdab;rbkyt RbECg (GCI). GCI manbmngceckbikarbiunrbsbv énesdækic BiPBelakedIm,IseRmckMeNInesdækicRbkb edaycirpabkñúgry³eblmfüm nigevg. vavaytémø karb:hbal;énktþatamgenahedlrtwsiþesdækic nigbt BiesaFn_CabnþbnÞab;énGñkeFVIneya)aykñúgTMhMFMeFg énrbets)anbgðajbikarlm)aksrmab;karrikcermin. kmeninlmdab;rbkytrbecg KWmanGñkKaMRT 3 RkumRKb;RkumTaMgenaHKWyl;RBm CaTUeTACaGñkTieTon kmeninesdækic ³ KuNPaBbrisßanmIRkUesdækic kareføg énvitüasßansafarn³rbs;rbets nig)anpþl;kmenin bec kvitüay:agsmxan; kñúgexssgvak;gpivdæn_rbets EdleRtombec ketscaersc. CDI efvi[elc eligpabxøamg nigpabexsayénesdækic Cati. tamvifi enhvapþl;]bkrn_edim,ipþl;n½ydl;brisßan BaNiC kmμ Cati. ]TahrN_ ebisincarbetsmanlmdab;tab vagacbgðajfa Rkumh unvinieyakfiμgacrbqm nwg erkahfñak; nigfasmtßpabcatikñúgkarkamrtkarpøas;bþúr bec kvitüakñúgrkumh unnwgkan;ettic. > etigvicacmnat;lmdab;erogkmeninbikarrbkytrbecg rbs;rbets? etibykva)aneklm kñúgry³eblb:unμan qñamcugerkayet? > TMB½rkargar N ³ karnamcul nigkarnamecj vamantémønas;kñúgkarrkelkemilkrmitgahr½n nignihr½nénrbets. karcab;garmμn_bitmhmrbs;va ducpakryénkmeninplitkmμkñúgrsuk k¾duccarbept plitpltamgenh plitpldmbug b plitplsermc 57

60 KWmankarTak;TgKña. TMhMénkarnaMecjrbs;RbeTscg úlbgðajfa vamansar³smxan;y:agducemþccmebahesdækic kñúgrsuk. ebisinkarnamecjkwsmxan; b ebisinekalneya)ay Cati tuveliktwkcitþkarnamecj vaefvi[mann½yedim,i erciseris skþanubl Rkumh unnamecj. tam TsSn³vis½yrbs; D4S vacg;dwgxøamgnas;gmbirbets myynamandmenirkarplitplnamecjbierbahtak;tin c,ab;brisßan b skþanublnirnþrpabtipsar. namecjplitplsermc CaCagnaMecjplit pldmbugkwcaepñkéncirpab. namecjplitplsermc TamTar[mankarcUlrYmplit BIeragcRkkñúgRsuk nig bba ak;nuvkarbegiáttémøbenßmkúñgrsuk. yut sa sþ KeRmag D4S GacelIkTwkcitþkarplitvtßúFatuedIm eli bribtkñúgrsukmunkarnamecj kñúgekalbmngeliktwk citþkarbegiátcmnulkñúgrsuk. enhgaccyykargnuvtþn_ kat;bnßypabrkirk. > etikrmiténkarnamcul nignamecjmantmhmy:agduc emþc duc énkmeninplitplkñúgrsuksrub enakñúg RbeTs? > TMB½rkargar N3 > etitipsarnamecjmantmnijedim b TMnijplitcaM)ac;? > TMB½rkargar N3 > etirbetsedlnamecjkwcagvi RbeTsCitxag b GnþrCati nigtak;tgnwgkarbicarnabinirnþrpab? > TMB½rkargar N ³ Epñkksikmμ ]ssahkmμ nig esvakmμ skmμpabesdækic enakñúgrbets GacEckecjCaEpñk ksikmμ ]ssahkmμ nigesvakmμ ehiycaeroy²va P ab;etanwgkargpivdæn_esdækic edaypþal;. ]TahrN_ skmμpabesdækic CaeRcIn kñúgkargpivdæn_esdækic xøh mankarsgát;f n;eliskmμpabksikmμedlb:hbal;dl; Epñk]sSahkmμ erbahedlskmμpabtamgenahepþat etaelikarplittinñplksikmμ. kñúgkargpivdæn_esdækic krmitx<s;rbs; GDP KWbegIáteLIgedayEpñkesvakmμ. rubpabti 23 bgðajbikarrymcmenktamg 3 Epñkkñúg GDP kñúgrkum R)ak;cMNUlepSg²KñaénRbeTsTaMgenaH. sar³smxan;énepñkesvakmμ KWekIteLIgCabnþ bnþab;kñúgrkumr)ak;cmnultamggs; ducedlgacsegát exijkñúgrubpabti 24. Rkumrbs;KeRmag GacseRmccitþepþateTAelI EpñkEdlsMxan;naeBlbc úb,nñ b sgwçmfanwgekinelig naeblgnakt. rubpab 23 ³ karculrymrbs;epñkniyy²kñúg kmeninesdækic kñúgrsuk (UNDP 2005) rubpab 24 ³ karbegiánkarculryménepñkesvakmμkñúg kmeninesdækic kñúgrsuk (UNDP 2005) 58

61 > etigvicaepñksmxan;cagekkñúgrbets? > TMB½rkargar N3 > etiepñkgviedl subtajsrmab;kermag D4S? > TMB½rkargar N ³ kargpivdæn_]ssahkmμcati mantmnak;tmngedaypþal; rvagkargpivdæn_esdækic Rb etsnigskmμpab]ssahkmμ. esdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ KWkt;sMKal;eday]sSahkmμEdlmanCMnajTab nig efvikaredaykmøamg. esdækic GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμeTar Tn;eTArkkargarCMnajmFüm nigx<s;erbi bec kvitüa nigfnfanx<s;. TaMgenHKWbgðajeday rubpabti 25. mulfn karrsavrcav nigkargpivdæn_ karpliterkogeglic tuniktmenib² karplitma:suinepñk]ssahkmμ karplitcamuldæan karpáúm TMnijeRbIR)as;Fmμta karekécñmðúbgahar Blkmμ rubpab 25 ³ karsgwçmtukénskmμpabesdækic edayqr elikargpivdæn_rbets (KOGUT 2003) ducedlrubpabti 25 bgðaj[exijesdækic econelon (DC nig LDC) karplitmðúbgahar nig TMnijeRbIR)as;gay² duccaerkogsgðarwm RKbsgát; eliskmμpab]ssahkmμkñúgrsuk. enarbets]ssa hkmμfiμ² (NIC) skmμpab]ssahkmμepþatetaelikarpþúm karplitcamuldæan nigkarplitplitplmanbec k vitüasamjúam. esdækic econelonetartn;etarkkarpáúm skmμpab]ssahkmμelimuldæanmulfn nigcmenhdwg karrsavrcav nigkargpivdæn_ nigkarpliterkog eglic tuniktmenib². cmnat;fñak;tamgenhgaccyy pþl;karyl;dwgdmbug énskmμpab]ssahkmμkñúgvis½y esdækic. etahcay:agnak¾eday RbeTsFMdUcCacin nig \NÐaGacmankarrYmbBa ÚlKñaénEpñkTaMgenaH. CaTmøab; RbeTsTaMgenaHxMeLIgy:agxøaMgeTA ExSekag b Can;fñak;énkarGPivDÆn_esdækic nig]ssa hkmμbikargar edaykmøamgeq<ahetaskmμpabesdækic mulfn nigcmenhdwg nigbikarplitplitplnameq<ah etaplitplpsmkña. edim,iqøgputdmnak;kalenh nigrbkytrbecg kñúgtipsarfiμ KWcaM)ac; tuveklmgkunpabtipsarrcna sm<½n nigc,ab;. karbba ÚlrebobfIμ KWCaviFImYyedIm,I begiátkareklmg. duecñhehiy KeRmag D4S KYreRbI B½t manedlrbmul)anxageli edim,igpivdæn_yut sa sþ cugerkaykñúgekalbmngpøas;bþúresdækic Cati [Qan eligdmnak;kalgpivdæesdækic nig]ssahkmμ. > etirbetssißtenakrmitna? > TMB½rkargar N3 > etigvicalkçn³vinicä½yrbs;]ssahkmμkñúgrsuk? Blkmμ smöar³ fvika b cmenhdwgercin? > TMB½rkargar N ³ ]ssahkmμxñatfm nig SMEs EpñkRkumh ungaceckecjetatamtmhm CaRkumh untuc² SMEs nigrkumh unfm. TMhMRkumh unxuskñamanlkçn³ vifidmenirkar nigsmtßpabbba ÚlrebobfIμxusKñaEdr. n½yénbakü SMEs RKbeTAelIRkumCMnYj lmdab;bikargarsib,kretmyymuxlk;rbs;sib,kmμkñúg psartuc²kñúgpumi etacarkumh unvisvkmμsμúksμajlk; ecjetaelitipsargnþrcati. lkçn³sm,tiþcaercin GaceRbIedIm,IkMNt;TMhMRkumh un duccacmnyngñkefvikar 59

62 témø lk; nigtémø]bkrn_plitkmμ. cmnynnimyy² TaMgenHGacmanRbeyaCn_. FnaKarBiPBelakkMNt;Rkumh unxñatmfüm ducedlrkumh untamglaymanbukálikticcag250nak; nig Rkumh unxñattucsrmab;rkumh unnamanbukáliktic Cag 50 nak;. enaerkamepñk SMEs KWRkum h untuc² (micro enterprises) manxøünégcabukálikrkumh un nig Rkumh unnaedlmanbukálikticcag 10 nak;. eday KμanKitdl;kRmitGPivDÆsmamaRtén micro nigcyn kalrkumh untuc² KWRbTHeXIjenAEpñkeRkApøÚvkar b esdækic Rsemalrbs;RbeTs. Rkumh unerkapøúvkar KWCaRkumh unedldmenirkarerka niy½tkr nigbrisßan c,ab;. Rkumh untamgenahmincuhbbai CapøÚvkar nigmin bg;bn. Rkumh untamgenahtmnag[ SMEs PaKeRcIn kñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_ emilrubpab 26. tamkarsiksabgðajfa SMEs culrymcmenk elisbi 55 én GDP nig 65 énkargartamggs;kñúg RbeTsmanR)ak;cMNUlx<s; emilrub 27. KNnI SMEs nigrkumh unerkapøúvkarelisbi 60 én GDP nigrhutdl; 70 énkargartamggs;kñúgkargpivdæn_ esdækic nigvaculrymcmenkelis 90 énkargar TaMgGs; nigrbehl 70 én GDP kñúgrbetsman R)ak;cMNUlmFüm. Epñk SME pøúvkar ]ssahkmμfm Epñk SME Epñk SME erkapøúvkar Rkumh unxñattuc² bukálikticcag 10 Rkumh unxñattuc bukálikticcag 50 Rkumh unxñatmfüm bukálikticcag 250 rubpabti 26 ³ cmnat;fñak;énrkumh un kñúgkargpivdæn_esdækic karculrymcmenk rbs; SMEs etaeliepñkkargar nigkmeninesdækic kñúg RsukKWticCagEpñkRkumh unerkapøúvkar. EpñkeRkApøÚv karkñúg RbeTsTaMgenHKWeCOfacUlrYmbBaI R)ak;ecjcUl elisbibak;knþalénkmeninplitplkñúgrsuk nig begiátrkumh untuc². KeRmagCaeRcInepþatelI SMEs BIeRBaH lkçn³tamgenh. rubpab 27 ³ karculrymrbs; SMEs nigepñkerkapøúvkar etaelikargar nigkmeninkñúgrsuk (OECD 2004) CaTUeTA SMEs EdlbBa ÚlrebobfIμKWCaqw g xñgénepñkékcn nigmantynatismxan;kñúgkargpivdæn_ esdækic. BYkvaEckrMElklkçN³CaeRcInEdleFVI [cab;garmμn_srmab;kermagécñrbdit. BYkvaGac Rbtikmμy:agqab;rh½s nigeday[pll cmebahkar pøas;bþúrtipsar. karsiksabirkumh untuc²bba ak;fabyk vagacdmenirkarduccam:asiunebarebjetaedayfambl srmab;kmeninesdækic nigkarefviesdækic. etahcay:agnak¾eday BIeRBaHEpñknImYy² KWmanPaBpÞúyKñamineTogTat; nigxuskñay:agxøamgkñúg 60

63 esdækic GPivDÆn_ nigesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_skmμpab tuvepþat[cmrbsit PaB. SMEs tuvetman smtßpabp ab;etanwgtipsarskl tuvrk[exijgñk Tijplitplrbs;BYkeK niggñkpþl;rk[exijkenøg EdlbBa ÚleTA. enhtamtar[mankargpivdæn_cmnaj bec kvitüab½t man nigrsavrcavtamggs;enhgacman RbeyaCn_dl;GñkCaédKUBYkeKGacsißtenA SMEs b rvag SMEs nigrkumh unfm². karbba ÚlrebobfIμGac beba jskmμpabcas<an eq<ahetakan;rbeptkermag TaMgenaH. kñúgesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ SMEs CaerOy² pþl;kiþsgçwmr)akdniymsrmab;begiánkargar nigbenßm témøetb:uenñah. niyayedayxiø SMEs GacrYmcMENk cirpabsrmab;ehtuplductetaenh ³ > SMEs etartn;etadwknamkareckcayr)ak;cmnuledl mansmfm CagRkumh unfm². elisbienh BYkva RbmUlpþúMticCagRkumh unfm²enatamtirbcumcn nigduecñh begiátkargarenacnbt. > SMEs rymcmenkéltukfnfankan;etrbesirkñúgesdæ kic kmbuggpivdæn_. BYkvaCaerOy² cab;erbivifiplit edayerbikmøamgblkmμercin nigduecñhehiyqøúhbba amg FnFanEdlFmμCatipþl;[kñúgkarGPivDÆn_esdækic Edl CakEnøgsm,ÚreTAedaykmøaMgBlkmμ nigrkmulfn. > SMEs KaMRTkarbegIátsmtßPaBplitkmμ. BYkva CYy subykfnfanplitenarkb;krmit énesdækic nigrymcmenkbegiátrbb½n esdækic EdlsVahab; nigmin RTuDenAkñúgenaHRkumh untuc nigfmmankartak;tgkña etavijetamk. SMEs kñúgesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_rgerkahbi bbaða duccaxvhmulfn rktipsarhirbaøvtßú mnusscmnaj karhwvkhat; nigsmtßpabtipsar nigbec kvitüa. eyagetatamsklpavubniykmμ esripavubniykmμti psarkareconelony:agqab;rh½sénb½t manbec kvitüa plit nigkartmnak;tmngfamblplitkmμfiμbegiátkar RbkYtRbECgy:aglM)ak. SMEs kñúgrsukrbqmkar RbkYtRbECgénKURbECgGnþrCati EdlcUlmkTIpSar kñúgrsuk ³ tynatirbs;epñkerkapøúvkar EpñkplitkmμeRkApøÚvkarRKbeTAelITMhMFMénskmμPaB TIpSarEdlrYmbBa ÚlRkumBIrEdlFatuedImxusEbøkKña. mü:agvijetot EpñkRkumh unerkapøúvkarkwbegiátelig edaycritéllkedahrsaymñak;² nig KYsarkñúg brisßan esdækic EdlCakEnøgrk»kas)antictYc. mü:agvijetotepñkrkumh unminpøúvkar KWCaplitplén \riyabtsmehtuplrbs;shrkin Edlmanectna ekcecjbibtbba a. Epñk]sSahkmμminpøÚvkar mantynatiy:agsm xan; nigkyrceckkña. vapþl;kargar nigkat;bnßygñk Gt;kargareFVI niggñkrg;camkargar k¾b:uenþenakñúgkrni CaeRcInkargarpþl;kéRmefak nigsniþsuxkargartab. vartbierkamskmμpabshrkin b:uenþkarefvi[xuc RbeyaCn_énkarRbRBwtþbTbBa a CaBiesskarbg;Bn nigbtbba akargar. TMhMénTIpSarkargarminpøÚvkar ERb bylbikar):an;sμanbi 4-6 kñúgrbetsmanr)ak; cmnulx<s; 50 kñúgrbetsmanr)ak;cmnultab. TMhM nigtynatirbs;vaekineligkñúgkmlúgeblesdækic Føak;cuH nigenary³ebleks myl nigpøas;bþúresdækic. EpñkRkumh unerkapøúvkar GacEckCalkçN³ eday ³ > karerbiblkmμkñúg KYsar nigblkmμkμanéføqñül kuncag BwgBak;elIkargareFVIedayéd CaCagdMeNIr karedaym:asiun nig]bkrn_tmenib² 61

64 > Cakarbt;EbnGac[mnusScUl nigecjkñúgskmμ PaBesdækic kñúgkareqiøytbetanwgt muvkartipsar > PaBgay syl nigcynkalkars mylminetog Tat; > karbiunrbsbvkñúgkareklmgplitplbirbs; esssl; > manqnþ³efvicmnyjcamyygtificnrkb;ebl nig mantikenøggayrsylsmrab;gtificn nig > ninñakarbegiáttipsartuc²edlrkumh unfm²etamin dl;. > etigvicatynatirbs; SMEs nigepñkerkapøúvkarkñúg esdækic Cati? etigvicakarrymcmenkkñúgkmenin esdækic Cati nigkargar? > TMB½rkargar N3 > etirbeptrkumh ungvinwgkøaycakaredatuksrmab; KeRmag? > TMB½rkargar N ³ TisedA D4S etaelikrmitcati CMhancugeRkayénkRmitCati KWkt;sMKal;eKalbMNg TaMgGs;rbs; D4S kñúgkartak;tgetanwgkrmitplit kmμ nigerbir)as;. karerbir)as; D4S ducedl)anerob rab;kñúgcmbuk 2 GaceRbIedIm,IGPivDÆkareRbI D4S Cati. > etigvicacirpabcm,gtak;tinetanwgkarplit nig karerbir)as;enakñúgrbets? > TMB½rkargar N ³ karerciserisepñknimyy² QrelImUldæaneKaledAKeRmag nigkarvipakesdækic Cati nigbribtsgám RkumKeRmagGac[Gtßn½y lkçn³sm,tiþkñúgekalbmngerciserisepñk Edlsm RsbbMput. enakñúgkermag {D4S enagaemrikknþal} lkçn³ vinicä½ycabnþbnþab;)anerbisrmab;karerciserisepñk GaTiPaB ³ 1- tmnag nigepñksmxan;srmab;rbets 2- mancmenkfménrkumh untuc nigmfümkñúgepñk 3- Tak;Tgnwgkarb:HBal;brisßan nig 4- bgðajganupabsrmab; D4S kñúgepñk. RbGb;GtßbT 3 ³ ]TahrN_énlkçN³ vinicä½y srmab;karerciserisrbets > kmnt;lkçn³vinicä½ysrmab;karerciserisepñk. > TMB½rkargar N4 >> erciserisepñkedayqrelilkçn³vinicä½y. > TMB½rkargar N4 4-3 krmit 3 ³ Epñk erkaybikarerciserisepñkmyyb elisbienh CaRkum cmnucedaenakñúgkermagenhcaebl tuvrukrknigsmkal; lkçn³bykvacalmgit. bnþbnþab;etaenhgaccyyrym cmenk ³ > GnuvtþkarviPaK SWOT srmab;epñknimyy² emilcmbukti 3 > BiPakSaGMBIviFIbBa ÚlrebobfIμenAkñúgplitplTUeTA kñúgepñknimyy²edayerbimartiskmenin nigmartis yut sa sþrbkytrbecg emilcmbukti 3. > kmnt;ykkarerbi D4S srmab;epñknimyy² emilcmbuk 2 > RbtibtiþviPaK SWOT etaeliepñknimyy²bipaksa BIyuT sa sþbba ÚlrebobfIμ nigkmnt;karerbir)as; D4S srmab;epñknimyy². > TMB½rkargar N5 62

65 elisbienhetot KWmanRbeyaCn_ tuvtak;tg smakmn_banic kmμ nigrkumcmnyjdétetotedim,icab; ykkaryl;dwgbenßm EdlTak;TgeTAnwglkçN³én EpñknImYy². QrelIkaryl;dwgeRCARCHTaMgenHRkum Gac[Gtßn½ylkçN³vinicä½ysRmab;eRCIserIsRkumh un smrmüenakñúgepñk. enakñúgkermag D4S enagaemrikknþallkçn³ vinicä½ycabnþbnþab;)anerbisrmab;karerciseris Rkumh un ³ TUeTA 1- Rkumh untuc b mfüm 2- Rkumh untmnagsrmab;epñk 3- m as;rkumh uncagñkkñúgrsuk b kñúgtmbn; 4- cab;garmμn_ nig b cg;culrymkñúgkermagd4s 5- mantynatigpivdæplitplenakñúgrkumh unryc CaeRsc nig 6- kar tuvkar nig»kas D4S edim,ieklmgplit pl Cak;lak; 7- smtßpabedim,irbtibtiþkermag D4S 8-skþanuBl»kasCMnYjsRmab;karrcnaplit plrbs; D4S CafIμ nig 9- erobcm nigrcnasm½<n ExSsgVak;plitkmμ. RbGb;GtßbT4³ ]TahrN_énlkçN³ vinicä½ysrmab;karerciserisrkumh un > kmnt;lkçn³vinicä½ysrmab;karerciserisrkumh un. > TMB½rkargar N6 > erciserisrkumh unedayqrelilkçn³vinic ½y. 4-4 krmit 4 ³ Rkumh un erkaybiepñk nigrkumh un)anerciserisrycehiykwca ebl tuvbinitüemillkçn³ nigesckiþ tuvkarrbs;rkum h unxøünég ³ smtßpabedlgac subyksrmab; Rkumh un cmenhdwgpakercin EdlRkumh unerbikñúgkarbba Úl rebobfiμ KWmkBIxageRkA. edayehtufa lt pl bba ÚlrebobfIμPaKeRcIn)anmkBIkarxI karécñrbdit karbuinrbsbvkñúgkartajykcmenhdwgbixagerka KWCa EpñkmYyy:agsMxan;énsmtßPaBbBa ÚlrebobfIμ. duecñh smtßpab subykkarbuinrbsbvrbs;rkumh un kñúgkar TTYlsÁal;témøénGVIfIμ B½t manbixagerkaefvi[vaetaca RsedogKña nigerbivarhutdl;tibba b;énbanic kmμenh KWCaKnwøHénkareFVI. karbegiátsmtßpabenakñúgrkumh unman 2 dmnak;kal. TI 1 karxitxmbegiánpabbuinrbsbvrbs; Rkumh un edim,iqandl;cmenhdwgbixagerkatamtar[ manvb,fm EckrMElkcMeNHdwg. CMhanTI 2 mankar xmrbwgbegiánpabbuinrbsbvrbs;rkumh unedim,ierbir)as;cm enhdwgbixagerkaerbkøayva nigerbivaenakñúgrkumh un. karyl;dwgbi bec kvitüa smtßpab nigkar subykcmenhdwgrbs;rkumh un GacCYykMNt;cMeNH dwgsmrsb nigyut sa sþbba ÚlrebobfIμ. eyageta tamfnakarbipbelak emilrubti 28 Rkumh ungac EckecjCa 4 lkçn³qreli 1 krmitedlrkum h unrtuvdwgbit muvkar tuvpøas;bþúrtamggs; nig 2 krmitkaryl;dwggmbikarrkb;rkgéngvi tuvpøas;bþúr nig tuvpøas;bþúrvaedayrebobducemþc. > TMB½rkargar N6 63

66 x<s; karyl;dwgbigvixøh? ehiyrtuvpøas;búþrducemþc? Tab Tab Rkumh unrbeptti4 mindwgnuvgviedlbukekmin)andwg? krmittabbmput KWCaRkumh unedlkμansmtß PaBedIm,IskmμPaBbBa ÚlrebobfIμ b pøas;bþúr. GaRs½y elidmnak;kalrbs;rkumh un karkamrtxusebøkkñagac CYypþl;PaBgay syl dl;clnarbs;bykekbictupak mnðleqvgxagerkametasþamxageli BIRbePT 1 etarbept 4. benßmkargb;rmkmøamgblkmμ nwgcybpabgay sylkñúgkarcab;erbibec kvitüabrets niggpivdæva kan;etqab;rh½s. karbegiát nigtynatiéngacibkrmit mfüm nigcmnajbec kets KWCakarRsUbykCacaM)ac; nigerbibec kvitüaplitkmμ nigeq<ahetakan;skmμpab bba ÚlrebobfIμrbs;karRsavRCav nigkargpivdæn_ erkapøúvkar. > etirkumh uncarbeptgvi 1/ 2/ 3 b 4? > TMB½rkargar N7 Rkumh unrbeptti3 dwgfagvi b:uenþmindwgnuvkenøgna RtUveFVIdUcemþc Rkumh unrbeptti2 yl;gviedlbykekmindwg b:uenþmindwgfacagvi? karyl;dwgbitmruvkarkarpøasbþúr Rkumh unrbeptti4 smμtßpab nig smμtßpabttylykx<s; rubpab 28 ³ begiátcarkuménrkumh untamgenaheyageta tambec ketsrbs;bykek nigsmtßpab subykcmenhdwg x<s; ³ karkt;smáal;siti ényut sa sþ bba ÚlrebobfIμ D4S srmab;rkumh un karbba ÚlrebobfIμGacbBa ÚlCamYyKñaCakRmit²begIát eligetatamfnfan nigsmtßpabedlmanrsab;ena kñúgrkumh un. GaRs½yeTAelIsmtßPaB subyk nig CMnajbec ketsrbs;rkumh un vifiedahrsaycabnþ bnþab;enhkwgacrk)an ³ 1- bec kvitüatabrbs; D4S nigmi kurkumh un > CMnYj - esßrrpabcmnyj nigbegiátsmtßpabrbkyt RbECg. > karbba ÚlrebobfIμ - begiátkaryl;dwgénganupab bba ÚlrebobfIμ. 2- Gb,brmabec kvitüarbs; SMEs > CMnYj - GPivDÆPaBRbkYtRbECg. > karbba ÚlrebobfIμ - bba ÚlCMnajmUldæanedIm,I CRmujkarcab;eRbI nigkargnuvtþn_kmnitfiμ. 3- karrbkytrbecgbec kvitüarbs;rkumh un > CMnYj - KaMRTkarGPivDÆn_TIpSarGnþrCatiPavUbnIy kmμéncmnyj. > karbba ÚlrebobfIμ - begiátsmtßpabbba Úlrebob fiμenanwgkenøg. 4- karrsavrcav nigkargpivdæn_srmab;rkumh unman fvika > CMnYj- GPivDÆTIpSarGnþrCaticUleTAkan;karpÁt;pÁg; sklcabnþbnþab;. > karbba ÚlrebobfIμ- eliktwkcitþkarculrymkar RsavRCavnigkarGPivDÆn_CamYybNþajbBa ÚlrebobfIμ GnþrCati karepþrbec kvitüa nigsmnaypay. > etilkçn³vinicä½ymyynaedlsmrsbsrmab;rkum h unxøamgcagek? > TMB½rkargar N7 64

67 vifiedahrsaycacmhan² KWCaerOy² tuvkarcam)ac;ca BiesskñúgcMeNam SMEs EdlGacmankarBi)akrk mulfnedim,ivinieyakfm. SMEs GaceFVI[gay syl cmnaytic nigéls myl[plqab;rh½s. kar[pl l tic²tamgenh¼karpøas;bþúrplitkmμs atkñúgexssgvak; plitkmμ BIeRBaHkarcMNaytictamEpñkplitkmμ nimyy²gacbgðaj[exijr)ak;cmenjpøam². CamYy nwgplrbeyacn_r)ak;cmenjrkumh un Gacmankargar gay syl EdlTTYl)anmUlFnsRmab;GVIEdlsMxan; CageK nigéføkñúgkarpøas;bþúr duccakarrcna nigkar GPivDÆn_ plitpl. duecñhehiykermag D4S Gac enacamyyepñkplitkmμs at edim,ibegiátpabkyr[eco nigkamrtkar tuvkarsrmab;karxmrbwgfm² ³ plitpl b smtßpabrbs; Rkumh un plitplrkumh un KWCaplitplmYyEdlGPivDÆma:k nigplitplitplrbs;vapþal;. smtßpabrkumh un pþl;[y:agsmxan;dl;smtßpabplitkmμrbs;vaeta[ Rkumh un niggtificnd¾étetot nigminnamykplitpl rbs;vapþal;etakñúgtipsaret. ]TahrN_ Rkumh un GacCaGñkEdleFVI[smasPaKskmμeLIgsRmab;Rkum h undétetot. lkçn³xusebøk KñaxøH²KW ³ rcnam:ud EpñkrcnamUd epþateli ma:k karplit bukálik eblevlaerkagtukrbs;kermag GtifiCn plitplrkumh un rcnam:udedayxøünég )at¼cas+ rcnam:udplitpl ma:kxøünégpþal; CaRbB½n KeRmag Fmμta nigcmnaj ry³eblmfümevg Gnamik tarag 5 ³ lkçn³sm,tiþénplitpltl;nwgsmtßpab rbs;rkumh un (BUIJS nig VALHENBURG 2000) smtßpabrkumh un rcnam:udedaygtificn et bec kvitüaplit ma:kgtificn PaBbt;Ebn)an kareklm GñkCMnaj ry³eblxiø sáal; plitplrkumh unrtuvmanbtbiesafn_ercin EfmeTotkñúgkarGPivDÆn_plitplfIμ nigkmbugertom EfmeTotsRmab;skmμPaBbBa ÚlrebobfIμ. smtßpab Rkumh un Edlcg;eFVI[eTACaplitplRkumh unnwgman smtßpab nigbtbiesafn_kñúgrsukmankmnt;kñúgkar kt;smkal;tipsargñkerbir)as;cugerkay kargpivdæn_ plitpl nigyieha. BYkeKKYrEtbEnßmEfmeTot kñúgvifibba ÚlrebobfIμ. karbenßmsmtßpabrkumh un nwg tuvkarkarkamrtbenßmetot edim,ibegiánsmtßpab GPivDÆplitplkñúgRsukrbs;BYkeK. > etigvicasmtßpabgpivdæn_plitpl nigbt BiesaFn_rbs;Rkumh un? etibykvacaplitplrbs; Rkumh un b CasmtßPaBrbs;Rkumh un b rymbba ÚlKña? > TMB½rkargar N7 4-5 t muvkarkarvaytémøkermagskmμpab D4S erkaybiedirtamry³dmnak;kalénkarvaytémøt muv kar D4S RkumKYrEtmankaryl;y:agc,as;eTAelI KeRmag D4S EdlmanskþanuBl nigkyretgacefviepn kargnuvtþn_ D4S srmab;kermag ³ EpnTIKMnit EpnTIKMnit (Mind maps) pþl;vifid¾manrbsit PaBedIm,I segçbkarerciserisb½t man nigbriyayetaeliva. BYkvamanplRbeyaCn_sRmab; ³ > segçbb½t man > bba ÚlB½t manbirbpbepsgkña > Kittamry³bBaðasaMjúaM nig > karbgðajb½t man. 65

68 edim,ibegiátepntisegátcab;epiþmedaysresrcmng ecigepntienaknþal nigkurrgvg;mulcumvijva emilrub 29. srmab;cmngecigbnþab;caercinkurbnþat;ecj BIrgVg;mUl. ebisincamanb½t manepsg²etotcarbs; cmngecigbnþab;xageliduckñakurva nigp ab;vaetanwg bnþat;cmngecigbnþab;. rubpabkmerag GVIxøH? ]ssahkmμ rdæapi)al karpþl;cmnyy karrbkl;egay eblevla?? RbCaCn R)ak;cMeNj PBEpndI ehtugvi? GñkNa? skmμpab rubpab 30 ³ ]TahrN_énKeRmagEpnTIKMnit D4S énrbetsedl)anbegiáteligkñúgsikçasala D4S rubpab 29 ³ karcab;epiþmepntikmnitrbs;kermag D4S cmnuccab;epiþmd¾manrbeyacn_srmab;epntikmnit Gac CasMNYrdUcCa ³ GñkNaxøHnwgcUlrYm? ehtugvi? eti RbePTskmμPaBepÞrcMeNHdwgEbbNaEdlGaceFVIeTA )an? etigvicapabpþl;[cak;esþg? etigvicakermag eblevlaesiñsum? rubti 30 bgðajbilt plénepn karskmμpab D4S Cati EdleFVIeLIgedaysmaCik bukálik NCPC 2 nak; kñúgkmlúgeblsikçasala. 66

69 67

70 vifisa sþtamg 10 CMhan srmab;rcnam:udfiμ D4S karrcnam:udcafiμrbs; D4S ducedleqμahbba ak;r)ab;rsab; manekalbmngrcnacafiμetaeliplitpledlmanrsab;edl efviedayrkumh un b edaykurbkytrbecg ecjbitssn³nirnþrpab. karrcnam:udfμi D4S KWCaplRbeyaCn_BiesssRmab; kargpivdæn_esdækic BIeRBaHRbePTkMeNInénkarbBa ÚlrebobfIμplitplenHCab;Tak;TinnwgkarRbfuy nigvinieyakticbmput. efvitamtrmg; nigexssgvak;edlgactaytukcamun nigsáal;facavifiedahrsayfmefg nigsmxan;bmputcmebahepñkbanic kmμ nigesdækic emilcmbuk 3. BIeRBaH cmnucedaénkarrcnarbs; D4S KWCaplitplEdlmanRsab;lkçxNÐTIpSar nigkar plitplitplcak;lak;rtuvek)ansáal;rycehiy. kareklmgcaskáanublrbs;vagackmnt;cab;bikarerbir)as;b½t mangay sylduccab½t manrtlb;bikenøglk; btbiesafn_ nigkarsakl,grbs;gñkerbir)as; nigkarrsavrcavtipsar. elisbienh erkogrbdab;srmab;plitedlmanrsab; KWCaFmμta smrsbsrmab;karplitplitplrcnafiμ nigehtuduecñhehiytémø vinieyak hak;duccasißtenakñúgednkmnt;smehtupl. karp ab;karrbfuyetanwgkarxmrbwgrcnafiμ KWticCagebIeRbob etanwgrebobedahrsaybba ÚlrebobfIμ D4S y:agfmefgehiyqab;rh½s. rebobedahrsaykarrcnafiμrbs; D4S man 10 CMhan. CMhannimYy² qøúhbba amgepñkexssgvak;gpivdæn_plit plducedlbmpwøenarubpabxagerkam. enakñúgmyy Epñk²CabnþbnÞab;eTAenH CMhannimYy²KWBnül; nig Éksareyag tuvefvielig edim,ip ab;camyytmb½rkargar EdlGacrk)anenAnwg CD-ROM P ab;camyy emil rubpab 31 pgedr. CMhan 1 ³ karbegiátrkum nigkarefviepn karkermag Rkumrcnam:UdfIμ D4S nwgttylxus tuvcmebahkarbba Úl niggnuvtþtrmg;karrcnam:udfiμ D4S kñúgkrmiténkar erobcm nigbec kets. etahcay:agna Rkum tuvkar kt;smkal;gñkedlenakñúg nigerkarkumh untamgenah EdlnwgcUlrYmkñúgKeRmag nigkmnt;etimñak;²gacerbi edayrebobem:cetibrbesir. smacikrkumrcnam:udfiμ D4S GaceRCIserIsBIkEnøg epsg². ekalbmng KWbBa ÚlrYmGñkGPivDÆplit pl CMnajbrisßan bukálikenaepñklk; nigtipsar niggñkrkb;rkg. ebisinefvi[smrmü EpñkhirBaØvtßú nigbinitükunpab GaccUlrYmpgEdr. EpñkTIpSar KWsMxan;kñúgskmμPaBrcnam:UdfIμ D4S. btbiesafn_ bgðajfaepñktipsar KWCakUnesay:agsMxan;kñúgkar EckrMElkcMeNHdwgGMBIt muvkar nigkarcg;)anrbs; GñkeRbIR)as; nigplitplcugerkaykñúgtipsar. CMhan 1 ³ begiátrkum nigefviepnkarkermag CMhan 2 ³ kardwknam nigekalbmng SWOT srmab;rkumh un CMhan 3 ³ karerciserisplitpl CMhan 4 ³ kardwknam D4S srmab;erciseris CMhan 5 ³ karvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S CMhan 6 ³ GPivDÆn_yuT sa sþ D4S nigkurbm BYj D4S CMhan 7 ³ karbegiát nigkarerciseriskmnit CMhan 8 ³ GPivDÆKMnit CMhan 9 ³ karvaytémø D4S CMhan 10 ³ kargnuvtþn_ nigkartamdan TMB½rkargar TI 1 TMB½rkargar TI 2 TMB½rkargar TI 3 TMB½rkargar TI 4 TMB½rkargar TI 5 TMB½rkargar TI 6 TMB½rkargar TI 7 TMB½rkargar TI 8 TMB½rkargar TI 9 rubpab 31 ³ rcnam:udcafiμén D4S CaCMhan² 68

71 Rkum tuvkarkarkamrtebjeljbigñkrkb;rkg niggñk RKb;RKgplitpl BIeRBaHBYkeKseRmcelIfvika nig yut sa sþplit. KnøwHdéTeTot GñkBak;B½n enaerka Rkumh un vitüasßan¼mhavitüal½ytirbwksaepñkggá kar b édkumkbirkumkñúgrsuk b tmbn; GacsuMedIm,IcUl rymrkumkermag b KN³kmμaFikarENnaM. emilcmbuk 4 t muvkarkarvaytémø efviducemþcedim,ikt;smkal;gñk Bak;B½n EdlTak;Tin. EfmBIelIbNþajkargar nigshkarcmnaj karbretskñúgrkumkermag KYrEt tuvkarenaebledl btbiesafn_ b cmenhdwgcak;lak;gt;manenakñúgrkum h un.»vatgacpþl;[edaykarrcnam:udxagerka b GñkBieRKaHeyabl;bBa ÚlrebobfIμ.»vaTenHKYrEtman kmnt;srmab;t muvkaredl)anedaenakñúgdmnak;kal Cak;lak;nimYy²énKeRmag. karshkarcamyysala rcnam:ud]ssahkmμkñúgrsukgaccyykamrtkermag D4S CamYyGenþvasik b nissitedlbba b;karsiksa. RkumKUrbøg;CafIμ D4S KYrEtkuMFMeBk KYrEtkuM elisbi 6 nak; nigkyrmanlkçn³sm,tiþcabnþbnþab; enh ³ > écñrbditedim,igacbegiátcermiseklmgfiμ > smtßpabsermc > CMnajTMnak;TMngCamYyRkum nigggákar > manvin½ycaercin nig > erobcm nigdmenirkar)anl. tynatiénsmacikrkumnimyy² GacbBa ak;tamgbikarcab; epiþmkermagcamyynwgkatbvkic Cak;lak; nigkarttyl xus tuvedim,ibrimakmμdmenirkar. ]TahrN_ ³ Rkumrcnam:UdfIμ D4S )anerobcmenaeragcrk Venus h½áretm:ala CamYymnusSEdlCab; Tak;TinkñúgkarGPivDÆn_KeRmagnigCamYy²GñkdéTeTot EdlCaFmμtarYmcMENkkñúgKeRmag. emilvká 7>1. > etiepñkmyyna nigbukálikmyynanwgculrymkñúgrkum rcnam:udfiμ D4S? etitynaticak;lak;rbs;ekenakñúg RkumKWGVI? > TMB½rkargar R1 sar³smxan;gvi²edl tuvkarcamunedim,ipab ecakc½ykñúgkarbba ÚlkarKUrbøg;fIμ D4S ducenakñúgrkb; kargnuvtþn_exssgvak; KWedIm,IelIkTwkcitþGñkTak;Tin kñúgkermag. manvifismxan; 3 énkarbba úhbba ÚlRb CaCn GMBIkarBak;B½n rbs;karkurbøg;fiμ D4S ³ 1- efvi[elceligplrbeyacn_cmnyj 2- pþl;]tahrn_l ²rbs;plitplKUrbøg;fIμ nigplrb eyacn_calt plrbs; D4S 3- efvitaragtli ð krn_nirnþrpabefvi[eco.benßm elikenh PaBeCaKC½yénKeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S Gac efvi[rkumh uncg;efvi nigcyybba ÚlKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S eta kñúgrkumh un erkaybikermagkmru)anbba b;. skmμpabdmbugsrmab;rkumkurbøg;fiμ D4S KW GPivDÆEpnkarskmμPaBy:agCak;lak; nigkmnt;kar sgçwmtukedlgacykmk[. KeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S PaKeRcIneRbIeBlBI 3 Ex eta 1 qñam edim,ibba b;ga Rs½yeTAelIsmtßPaBbBa ÚlrebobfIμplitplénRkum h un nigpabsamjúaménplitpledl tuvkurbøg;fiμ. 69

72 > BiPakSaBIeRKageBlevlarbs;KeRmag ³ etigvinwg RtUvGnuvtþ? etiry³eblb:unμanedlrkumrtuvcybkñamþg nig etibykeknwg tuvtak;tgcamyygñkdétetoty:ag ducemþc? > TMB½rkargar R1 CMhan 2 ³ karerbir)as; SWOT nigekal bmngsrmab;rkumh un ExSsgVak;KUrbøg;fIμ D4S KW tuvkarcam)ac;duckñaducedl srmab;exssgvak;gpivdæplitplfmμta. etahca y:agna ekalbmngrbs;va KWbBa ÚlPaBnirnþrPaB. ducedlecjcalt plexssgvak;kmnurbøg;fiμ D4SKWbBa Úl KñaCamYykarGPivDÆn_plitplFmμta nigexssgvak; CMnYjenAxagkñúgeragcRk. cmnampab RsbKñaeTAnwg KeRmagExSsgVak;kñúgCMBUk 3. etahcay:agna ekalbmngrbs;rkumh un nigsßanpab bc úb,nñrbs;va KYrEtykmkBicarNaenAkñúgKeRmag. kñúgekalbmngsermcpabecakc½ysrmab; KeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S KWcaM)ac; tuvmantisedacak;lak; nigesckiþsgçwmkñúgkarcab;epiþm. etigvicaekalbmng rbs;rkumh un nigrkum? RkumGaceFVI[R)akdfa ekalbmngkermagkmbugtrmg;tamekalkarn_epnkar CMnYj nigkarbegiátyut sa sþdétetotrbs;rkumh un. eyagetaelikarvipakrbs; SWOT EdlelIk cmnucsmxan;²énsmtßpabbba ÚlrebobfIμkñúgplitpl naeblbc úb,nñenakñúgrkumh un nigelitssn³énkarerbi D4S RkumGackMNt;eKalbMNgKeRmagKUrbøg;fIμ D4S nigkrmiténmhicäta nigkarbba ÚlrebobfIμenAkñúgRkum h un. karvipak SWOTvamanRbeyaCn_dMbUgcab;ykrUbPaBsßanPaB RbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh un.tarag matrix SWOT KWCa]bkrN_manRbeyaCn_edIm,Is myldl;exssgvak; enh. vavipaketaelipabxøamg nigexsayenaépþkñúg k¾ ducca»kas nigkarkrmamrkumh unbixagerka.srmab; B½t manbenßmsiþbikarvipak SWOT emilcmbuk 3. ]TahrN_ ³ karvipak SWOT )an efvieligena Talleres REA h½áretm:ala edim,i kmnt;ekalbmngcak; lak;srmab;kermag. emilvká 7>2. > kt;smáal;lkçxnðxagkñúgnigxagerkarbs;rkumh un nigbmebjkñúgm:artik SWOT. > TMB½rkargar R2 smtßpabkarbba ÚlrebobfIμénplitplenA kñúgrkumh un KWQrenAelImUldæanénbTBiesaFn_bBa Úl rebobfiμénplitplmundmbug nigkarrbkytrbecgrbs; bukálik. smtßpabenhcyykñúgkarkt;smkal;mhicäta bba ÚlrebobfIμ D4S [)ansmrsbrbs;rkumh un. > etigvicaskmμpabcm,grbs;rkumh un? kargpivdæn_ nigkarplitplitpl plitplrkumh un b etivaerbi skmμpabénkarplitedim,iplitplitplsrmab; Rkumh unepsg²etot smtßpab-rkumh un? > TMB½rkargar R2 > CamFüm etikarrcnam:udfiμrbs;plitplb:unμan nig plitplfiμb:unμan )anbeba jetaelitipsarcaerog ral;qñam? > TMB½rkargar R2 70

73 > etirkumh unmanepñkgpivdæplitpl b CaFmμtaBYk ekefvikugrtaesvakmμrcnam:udbixagerka srmab; GPivDÆplitpl? > TMB½rkargar R 2 karerbir)as;karrcnam:udfiμ D4S etiehtugvi)ancarkumh uncg;gnuvtþkarepiþmelig D4S? etigvixøhcagñkcrmuj D4S srmab;rkumh un? CYnkal Rkumh ungacbgçmedaygñkcrmujbixagerka duccakar efvic,ab; b kartamtarpþl;[bnþ²kña. etahcay:agna CaerOy² KeRmagnwg tuvcrmujedayt muvkarbixag kñúgrkumh unduccakat;bnßykarcmnay b karttylxus tuvrbs;rkumh un. CaTUeTA mangñkcrmujfm²myy b BIr. TukCaGñkCRmujCaGVI Cak;Esþgk¾edayBYkeKKYr EtepÞógpÞat;kñúgdMNak;kalKeRmagcab;epIþmdMbUgedIm,I BinitüemIlfa etigñkcrmujdétetotmantak;tinedr emilcmbuk 2 edim,ibinitüemiltssn³gñkcrmuj D4S EdlGacCYykt;sMKal;GñkCRmujsMxan;²sRmab;Rkum h un. > kt;smáal;myynacakarerbir)as; D4S xagkñúg nigxagerkaedltak;tinsrmab;rkumh un nigkmnt; GaTiPaBBYkva. > TMB½rkargar R2 karerciserisgñkcrmuj D4S BIxagkñúg nig xagerka KWTak;TineTAnwgnirnþrPaBénGñkKaMRTbIepSg² Kña ³ RbCaCn EpndI nigplrbeyacn_. enakñúg KeRmagxøH ekalbmngkwesvgrksmpabd¾l kñúgcm enambykek. ]TahrN_ ³ karplitkabubbisrmam CaplitplfIμEdleFVIBI )øasiþkenarbets\nða. elisbiepñkbrisßan karbegiát cmnulénepñksgám KWsMxan;bMput. emil CMBUk 7/5. KeRmagdéTeTot KYrEtmancMNucedACak;lak; etaeliepñkbrisßan EpndI b etaeliepñksgám RbCaCn. ]TahrN_ ³ EpñksgÁm KWcaM)ac;kñúgkar GPivDÆn_énkarbegIátplit plbismnl;énkarciker:ena Ga hivkxagt,úg. kareklmg sgámbgðajfa smxan;xøamgcag Epñkbrisßan. emilcmbuk 7/4. > BiPakSa ebisinplrbeyacn_rbcacn EpndIKYr mantulüpabsrmab;kermag b ebisinplrbeyacn_ 1 b 2 KYrEtpþl;GaTiPaB. > TMB½rkargar R2 ekalbmngrbs;kermag erkaybikargnuvtþn_karvipak SWOT Edlpþl;karyl; dwgrbesircagéncmhrrbkytrbecgrbs;rkumh un nig kt;smkal;gñkcrmuj D4S BIxagkñúg nigxagerkarkum GactRmg;eTAkan;sMNYrCabnþbnÞab; ³ > etirkumh un tuvet efvigvi? BIeRBaHmkBIkarTamTarénc,ab;brisßan rbs;gtificn. b t muvkar 71

74 > etirkumh un cg; efvigvi? BIeRBaHmkBIkarkat;bnßykarcMNay kareklmgtipsar b snμt;camunbipabttylxus tuvrbs;rkumh un. > etirkumh un Gac efvigvi? GaRs½yeTAelIfvika nigfnfanmnussedlman nig smtßpabbba ÚlrebobfIμénplitpl. ekalbmngkermag D4S Cak;lak;KWkMNt; edayqrelikardak;bba ÚlTaMgenH. ekalbmngén KeRmagKMnUrbøg;fIμ D4S GacERb byl GaRs½yeTAelI lt pléncmhanenh. ]TahrN_éneKalbMNgEdl GaceFVI)an KWpþl;enAxageRkam. ekalbmngedlgacefvi)ansrmab; KeRmagrcnam:UdfIμ D4S > bgðajfa PaBnirnþrPaBénplitplGacEklMG > )ansermckarqøúhbba amgy:agercaetakñúgkarb:h Bal;nirnþrPaBénvtþCIvitplitpl > TMnak;TMngEpñknirnþrPaBénTIpSarplitpl > bgðajfa D4S GaccUlrYmcMENkkñúgvis½y esdækic kat;bnßycmnay rbs;rkumh un > erobcmrkumh un nigplb½rtplitplrbs;vaena eblcybkartamtar[efvic,ab;naeblxagmux > bba ÚlnirnþrPaBTIpSar[)an sylcamyynwg esßrpabplitpl nig > kat;bnßytméltukdak;smnl; btbiesafn_bgðajfa srmab;kermagmundmbug KWKYrerobcMTisedAKeRmag EdlGacseRmc)ankñúgry³ eblxiø. enhbegiátrkwhénkarkamrt nigcmnajsrmab; KeRmagnaeBlGnaKt. > etigvicaekalbmngénkermagsakl,g D4S? > TMB½rkargar R2 CMhan 3 ³ karerciserisplitpl karerciserisplitplgvimyyedim,igpivdæn_kwcaeroy² )anefvieligedaygmnacenakñúgrkumh un.etahcay:ag Nak¾eday vifiedahrsayrebobhwñgminkyrecjlt pl kñúgkarerciserisplitpld¾smrsbbmput niggac kat;bnßy»kasénpabecakc½ykermag. ehtuduecñh lkçn³vinic½äykarerciserisplitplkyreterbicab;tamg BICMhan 2. plitplkyrcaplitplmyyedlefvi [ERb byledaykarkt;smkal;éngñkerbikd4s nigkñúg ExSbnÞat;CamYynwgkarecjlT plénekalbmng KeRmag D4S cab;bicmhan 2. > eyagetaelicmhan 2 etigvicalkçn³vinicä½yplit pl? > TMB½rkargar R3 ebisincagac plitplkyret ³ > manskþanublrkb;rkan;srmab;pøas;bþúr > manpabgay syl edim,isermc lt pl)anrh½s nigecosvagkarrsavrcavyurgegvg nig > CakareFVI[ERb byledaykarkt;smkal;éngñkerbi D4S srmab;rkumh un. > erciserisplitplecjerkaplbr½trkumh un Edl tuvtamkarkmnt;lkçn³vinicä½yénkarerciserisplit pl D4S. > TMB½rkargar R3 72

75 CMhan 4 ³ karerbi D4S srmab;ercis erisplitpl CaerOy² Rkumh unkwgpivdæplit niglk;plitpl epsg²kñakñúgebletmyy. GñkeRbIEdlkt;sMKal;kñúg CMhan 2 KYrEtGnuvtþkñúgplb½RtplitplTaMgmUl b:uenþkyretmintak;tinetanwgplitplerciseris. ]Ta hrn_ plitplerciseriskyretefvi[erb byleday c,ab;brisßan b lk;kñúgtipsarcak;lak;namyyedl GtifiCnt muv. duecñh KWCakarl edirtamepñkgñkerbi D4S CMBUk 2 mþgetot edim,iefvi[mansublpab GñkeRbI D4S srmab;plitplerciseris. > kmnt;karerbir)as;xagkñúg nigxagerkamyyna EdlTak;TinsRmab;eRCIserIsplitpl nigkmnt; GaTiPaBBYkva. > TMB½rkargar R4 CMhan 5 ³ karvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S PaBeCaKC½yénKeRmagrcnam:UdfIμ D4S KWQrelIkar yl;dwgkarb:hbal;nirnþrpabénplitpl Edl)an kmnt;tukkñúgry³ebléncivitrbs;va. vdþcivitplit plgacvaytémøelinirnþrpabbikw PBEpndI RbCaCn nigr)ak;cmenj. manvifisarsþcaercin- briman nigkunpab smrab;vaytmélnuvnirnþpabrbs;plitpl. karvipak Gaclmi tcatibmput nigebledlerbir)as;ducedlena kñúgkrniénkarvaytémøvdþcivit. vifivaytémøcmnyn kan;etercinelig CaerOy²KaMRTedaykarvaytémø vdþcivitrbs; software Gacpþl;kar)a:n;sμancMnYnén karb:hbal;. emilbbai Éksareyag kargan tetaetot enaécugbba b;énkare)ahbum<psayenh. enakñúgtmhménkermagrcnam:udfiμ D4S Edl epþateli SMEs kñúgkargpivdæn_esdækic karerbivifi 73 karerbivifigay² nigvifivaytémønirnþrpabkunpabkw manlkçn³smrsbcagek. CakareRbobeFob SMEs manbukálik 2-3 nak; GñkCMnajTinñn½y nig hirbaøvtßúedlman. elisbienh EpñksgÁm CaFmμta GacvaytémøelImUldæanénKuNPaB. ekalbmngcm,génkarvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S KW ³ > yl;dwgepñknirnþrpabsmxan;éngayukalplit pl nig > kt;smkal;gatipabnirnþrpabénvdæcivitplitpl. karvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S man 5CMhan ³ 1- begiátedimeqi rubmnþragducedimeqi ExS sgvak;vdþcivit 2- kmnt;gñkerbir)as; nigtynati 3- kmnt;lkçn³vinic½äykarb:hbal; D4S 4- bmebjkñúg Matrix karb:hbal; D4S nig 5- kmnt;gatipabcm,génkarb:hbal; D4S. 1- karbegiátrubmnþragedimeqiénexssgvak; vdþcivit mundmbug RkumKeRmagKYrseRmcelIkEnøgsikSa[)an c,as;las;- sáal;carkummuxgar- nigednkmnt;énkar vaytémø. ExSsgVak;edImeQI GaceRbIedIm,Ikt; smkal;dmnak;kalknwøhkñúgvdþcivitplitpl nigrbb½n EdlkMNt;. enhgacefviedaykt;rtadmnak;kalfm² dmbugduccakartajykvtßúfatuedim nigkarplit nig dmnak;kalcugerkayfm² duccakarevcx b; kareck cay nigdwkcba Ún karlk; karerbir)as; karecal nigkarerbir)as;eligvij. edimeqi ExSsgVak;CIvit vilcumkwsmxan;nas; BIeRBaHvapþl;nUvÉksarRKb;dMNak; énvdæcivitrbs;plitpl Edl tuvkarykmkkitpg

76 Edr. vagaccyykt;smkal;dmnak;kalvdæcivitedl ebiminduecñhet GacemIlrMlg. vacyyrkum[exij pgedr kenøgmyynaedlmankarb:hbal;fmcagek nig Gaccat;TukCakarb:HBal;\Ti PaBdMbUg duecñahehiykar kt;smkal;ednkmnt;énkermag. karkmnt;gatipab kenøgsrmab;siksanwggars½yelicmnynktþa duccafaeti Rkumh ungac b mingacman\ti BlelIdMNak;kal nig B½t manedlmanrsab;. KWCakarmanRbeyaCn_ nwkkitkñúgcitþbiexs sgvak;edimeqi. enhgacefviedayerbiepntilmhur sofware b edaykurvaedayéd. CaGnusasn_ tuvkt; RtaTItaMgrUbéndMNak;kalvdæCIvitnimYy² emilrub 32. dmnak;kaldmbug dmnak;kalcugerkay CMhan GñkpÁtpÁg Rkumh unrbsgñk Gñklkray TItaMg RbeTscin RbeTsrbsGñk RbeTsGalwøm:g; rubpab 32 ³ ]TahrN_énEpñkrbs;rUbmnþragedImeQIén ExSsgVak;vdæCIvit ]TahrN_ ³ témøcabnþbnþab; énkermag Edl)anGnuvtþenAeragcRk crmaj;erkmtwkedaheka Hacienda El Jobo sal;v:ad½r. va)anykmkkitpgedrnuvepñkksikmμ karplitnig dmnak;kallk;rayénplitpl. emilcmbuk 7>3. > elikykcmnucsmxan;²éndmnak;kalrubmnþedimeqi rbs;exssgvak;vdþcivit nigbgðajtitamglkçn³rub. > TMB½rkargar R5 2- kar[gtßn½yrkumgñkerbir)as; nigepñk muxgar muxgarplitpl niggñkerbir)as;erbivareboby:ag em:c-sáal;duccarkumgñkerbir)as;-gaccyykñúgkarkt; smkal;epñkmuxgar. reboberbiplitpl duccakarerbi jwkjab; niggayukal (Lifespan) Gacmankarb:HBal; KYrkt;sMKal;elIkarvaytémønirnþrPaBénTinñpl CaBi essebisinplitplerbir)as;fambl b smöar³kñúg kmlúgeblerbir)as;. vacakarsmxan; edayykmk KitpgEdr BIkEnøgEdl tuverbiplitpltamgbikal³ ets³én tmbn; duccakarbegiátgkiásni vifiepsg² FüÚg nuyekøeg r b famblkekiteligvij Gacman\Ti Bl elikarb:hbal;brisßan. RkumGñkeRbIR)as;GacbBa Úl TItaMg nigry³ebledltak;tinnwgsmöar³énplit pl. ]TahrN_ plitplnwg tuverbieday KYsar fñak;mfümg UhÁan;dakñúgqñaM 2005 enatirkug Ugandan srmab;mfümpakmyyem:agkñúgmyyéf kñúgry³ebl10 qñam. 74

77 > [Gtßn½yRkumGñkeRbIR)as; nigepñkmuxgarén plitpl. > TMB½rkargar R5 3- kmnt;lkçn³vinicä½yehtub:hbal; D4S vdþcivitplitpl duc)anceckkñúgcmbuk 2 rym bba ÚlTaMgkar)anmkénvtßúFatuedIm karplit kareck cay nigkardwkcba Ún karerbi nigkarbicarnatibba b; éncivitplitpl. dmnak;kalnimyy²énvdþcivit plitpl erbir)as;smöar³ nigfambl cul nig beba jsmnl; nigkarbmpay ecj etakñúgbrisßan emilrub 33. benßmelisenh dmnak;kalnimyy² rbs;vdþcivitplitplmankarb:hbal;elisgám RbCa Cn nigtak;tinnwglmhuresdækic R)ak;cMeNj. Matrix karb:hbal; D4S KWCaviFIénKuNPaB b Bak;kNþalKuNPaB Edlpþl;TsSn³énTinñn½ycUl nigecjénbrisßan nigepñksgámenadmnak;kalnimyy ²énvdþCIvitplitpl. vapþl;kmnit[pgedrnuvkenøg EdlRtUvkarB½t manbenßm. vagaccyyrkumefvikarvay témøénkunpabrbs;vdþcivity:agqab;rh½s. Matrix efvieligedaycyrbbaär 7 nigcyrepþkcaercin. CYr bbaäreqiøytbetanwgdmnak;kalepsg²énvdþcivitplit pl nigcyrepþkrbmulpþúmelikartak;tinlkçn³vinic½äy D4S. CYrepþk - CaFmμta lkçn³vinicä½ybrisßan rymbba Úl ³ smöar³erbir)as; karerbifambl smnl; rwg nigkarbmpaycatituksiut. CaFmμta lkçn³ vinicä½ysgám rymbba ÚlkarTTYlxus tuvsgám kar GPivDÆn_esdækic kñúgrsuk b kñúgtmbn; nigsgám KYsar niglkçn³kenøgefvikar EdlTak;TineTAnwgkarRKb;RKg FnFanmnusS.karelcecjbBaðaEfmeTotGaceFVIkar BicarNaedaybEnßmCYrepþk. ]TahrN_ rymbba ÚlGVI elcecjfiμducca bbaðaenanwgkenøgd¾cak;lak; b PaB 75 nirnþrpabedlelcecjeligducca karerbir)as;twkciv crmuh karbmpay CO2 témø nigekrþ dmenlvb,fm. elisbienh CYrepþkGacbEnßm nigp ab;etanwgkartak;tin GñkeRbI D4S CMhan 2 b 4. famblvtßú FatuedIm fambl famblvtßú FatuedIm fambl famblvtßú FatuedIm karplitvtßúfatuedim kareckcay smasfatuplitkmμ kareckcay kartmeliugenanig kenøg karbeba j smnl karbeba j karbeba j smnl; karbeba j karbeba j smnl; rubpab 33 ³ KMrURckcUl-RckecjénvdþCIvitplitpl CYrbBaÄr - GaRs½yeTAelIedImeQIExSsgVak; vdþcivitplitpl dmnak;kalnimyy²gacdak;eqμah tamvifiepsg² nigcmnyncyrbbaärgacekinelig. kñúg rubpab 34 vdþcivitman 6 dmnak;kal. GaRs½yelI sßanpabbit RkumGacseRmcbEnßm b bnßydmnak; kal. ]TahrN_ ebisingñklk;raykmbugcab;; GarmμN_kñúgkarb:HBal; D4S énplitpl RkumGac sermcbenßmcyrbbaär {Gñklk;ray} kñúgcenøahdmnak; kalkareckcay nigkarerbir)as;. tamvifienh kar Eckcayrbs;Gñklk;ray ]TahrN_ karefvi[rtcak; énplitplkñúgpsartmenib GaceFVI[Cak;lak;Efm etotkñúgkarvaytémøkarb:hbal; D4S. kñúgkrni EdlplitplCab;Tak;Tinkic snüacyl Rkumh unena

78 kñúgkermagkenøgenah plitplenaetcakmμsiti énkic snüacylrkumh undmnak;kal {esva nigkareftam} KYrEtbEnßm. Canic kal RbwgrkSa matrix [c,as;las; nigmantmøapab. kumbenßmcyrbbaär nigcyrepþkefm etotelisbirtuvkar > kmnt;ktþalkçn³vinicä½y D4S CYrepþk nigdmnak;kalvdæcivitm CYrbBaÄr Edl tuvbba Úl. bmebjcyrepþkdmbugnigcyrbbaärdmbugénkarb:hbal;d4s. bbaða vtßúfatuedimm GñkpÁtpÁg karplitena nigkenøg kareckcay erbir)as E-O-L smöarh karerbir)as; fambl smnlrwg karbeba jcatibul karttylxusrtuvepñk sgám karrkb;rkgfanfan mnuss esdækic EckrMElk TWk CO 2 éføedim rubpab 34 ³ m:artikkarvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S 76

79 CMhanbnÞab; KWCECkKña nigbmebjkarecjlt plrbs; Matrix énkarb:hbal; D4S. CYnkal cmenhdwgedl manrsab;enakñúgrkum KWRKb;RKan;. KMnitKWGgÁúyCuMKña nigceckbilkçn³ D4S kñúgcmhanepsg²éncivitvilcum. kñúgkrnixøh kargebai jcmnajkar D4S KWGacman RbeyaCn_. ]TahrN_ karceckepñkbrisßangacman RbeyaCn_BIGñkCMnajfamBlkñúgkarcUlrYmRbCuM. manvificaercinedim,ibmebj matrix. RkumGac sermcvaefmkunpab ]TahrN_ )øasiþk {\n n³hvú siul} b EfmcMnYn {]TahrN_ erbgsamg 20 lirt}. karxitxmminemnkt;tuksmöar³ nigexssgvak;tamggs; enahet b:uenþedim,ikt;rtagviedlkmbugtak;tin. kar[eyabl;xøhedim,ibmebj Matrix karb:h Bal; D4S ³ CYrepþksmÖar³ - CYrepþkenH KWmanbMNgsRmab;kt; RtabBaðabrisßan EdlTak;TgeTAnwgplitpl nigvtßú FatuedIm. CYrepþkenH KYrbBa ÚlB½t man nigtinñn½y GMBIkareRbIsmÖar³ nigsmaspab EdlCa³minGacEk écñeligvijefvi[vinasstvelakbegiátkarbmpaykñúgkar plit ducca s<an; smn nigs½gási EdlminsIuKña nig¼b KμanRbsiTi PaBeRbIR)as;enARKb;dMNak;kalénvdþ CIvitplitpl. smnyrbak;b½n xøhsrmab;rkumrym bba Úl ³ > etirbept nigcmnynénsmöar³gvixøhkmbugerbir)as;? > etirbept nigbrimankarefvirbrbitþkmμépþxagelina myyedlrtuv)anerbir)as;? > etibykvagackekiteligvij)an b mingackekit eligvij)an? > etivtßúfatuedimgacdak;camyykña)an srmab;ek écñeligvij )anedrb et? > epsg²etot? 77 karerbir)as;fambl - CYrepþkenH cuhbbai karerbir)as; famblkñúgrkb;dmnak;kalénvdþcivit. vagacbba Úl karerbir)as;fambl srmab;karpliténplitplxøün Ég kardwkcba Ún dmenirkar nigkarerbir)as; b kar EfTaM nigkartajykmkvij. smöar³bba ÚlEdl manfamblx<s;mancuhbbai kñúgrbgb;dmbugéncyrbbaär. karbegiátkarbeba j]s½μncalt plénkar erbifambl KWbBa ÚlkñúgCYrepþk. smnyredltak;tinxøhsrmab; RkumrYmbBa Úl ³ > etifamblb:unμankmbugerbir)as;kñúgeblplit? > etierbir)as;famblgvi FüÚg háas erbg samg.l.? > etiplitpl tuvdwkcba ÚnedayrebobNa cm ay b:unμan nigtamrebobna? > etimansmöar³famblxøamgduccagaluymij:úm RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;b et? > epsg²etot? CYrepþkénkarRKb;RKgFnFanmnusS - bbai CYrepþkenH EdlskmμPaB tuvkareklmg HRM kñúgrkumh un. kar elcecjbbaðabak;b½n xøhman³ > etikenøgefvikarmansuvtißpab nigs aty:agducemþc? > kareftamsuxpabkmbugpþl;[bukálik nigrkysarrbs; ek? > manekalneya)ayedim,ibba ak;bbaðaekitmanelig duccaesripabrbs;smakm? > manekalneya)ayedlrybrymedim,ilubbm)at;kar garkumar? > manekalneya)ayedlrybrymedim,ilubbm)at;kar Rbkan;BUCsasn_b et? > mankarhwvkhat; nig»kasgpivdæenanwgkenøg srmab;bukálikkmμkrb et?

80 > epsg²etot? kargnuvtþn_duckñasrmab;bbaðanirnþrpabdét etotkñúgcyrbbaärdmbugén Matrix karb:hbal; D4S. ]TahrN_ ³ kñúgkermag Talleres REA há½retm:ala Matrix karb:h Bal; D4S tamrbept)an bmebjedim,ibgðajkarb:hbal; epsg². emilcmbuk 7>2. > bmebjm:artikehtub:hbal; D4S. > TMB½rkargar R5 5-kMNt;GaTiPaBehtub:HBal;sMxan;²rbs; D4S erkaybibmebj matrix BinitüRbGb; nigefvi[elc eliggvitamgenahedlmankarb:hbal; {nirnþrpab} xøamg CageK. CMhanbnÞab; KWelIkGaTiPaBkarb:HBal; EdlnwgkøayeTACacMNucedAsRmab;CeRmIsEklMGkar GPivDÆn_. > efvi[elcecjrkumtuc²tamgenah b skmμpabkñúgm:a RTikehtub:HBal; D4S Edlmankarb:HBal;x<s;Ca RbcaM. > TMB½rkargar R5 kñúgeblgpivdæ matrix CeRmIsénkarEklMG GackøayCaCak;Esþg. > RbmUlCeRmIsEklm Cak;EsþgedIm,IeRbIenAdMNak; kalbnþab;énkarbegiátkmnit. > TMB½rkargar R5 CMhan 6 ³ kargpivdæn_karrcnam:udsegçb D4S karyl;qøúhercaedl)anmkkñúgcmhanvipak CMhan 2/4 nig 5 KWCacMNuccab;epIþmsRmab;CMhan 6. yut sa sþsmxan; D4S Bnül;BIyuT sa sþ D4S TUeTA 7 EdlRKb;elITisedAEklMGCaeRcIn nigrsbetanwgdm Nak;kalénvdþCIvitplitpl ³ 1- erciserisvtßúfatuedimedlmanehtub:hbal;tic 2- kat;bnßykarerbir)as;vtßúfatuedim 3- karefviegayrbesireligbec ketsplitkmμ 4- karefviegayrbesireligrbb½n Eckcay 5- kat;bnßyehtub:hbal;kñúgeblerbir)as; 6- karefviegayrbesireligvdæcivitdmbug nig 7- karefviegayrbesireligrbb½n cugbba b;civit. bnþab;bi)anerobrab;yut sa sþtamg 7 xageli rub 25 k¾bgðajyut sa sþ {0} énkarbba b;karrcna plitplfiμ-yut sa sþsmxan;kñúgbnwø énganupabbba Úl rebobfiμ. kñúgyut sa sþenh GtifiCn tuvkarkmnt; kargpivdæn_énplitplpsmculkña nig¼ b esvakmμedl GacCYbkar tuvkarenhd¾l CaTIbMput kñúglkçn³nirnþr PaBkan;EtRbesIr. kare)ahbumöpsayenhepþateta elikarrcnam:udfiμ D4S nigkmru D4S minsmedaetaeli yut sa sþbba ÚlrebobfIμdl;b skl;et. karrcnam:ud edim,i[mancirpabd¾tulmtulayrbs; UNEP ³ ekal karn_ennamcasklqñam 2006 manb½t manbenßm etotbirbfanbtenh. vdþcivitdmbug RbB½n cug bba b; ehtub:hbal;kñúg eblerbir)as; karrtytbinitüeligvijelikar rcnam:udplitpl RbB½n Eckcay vtßúfatuedimedlman ehtub:hbaltic karerbir)as; vtßúfatuedim bec ketsplitkmμ rubpab 35 ³ yut sa sþrgvg; D4S 78

81 yut sa sþrgvg;mul D4S GaceRbIedIm,Ikt; smáal;yut sa sþrcnam:udtamg 7 myynakwsmrsb srmab;karerciserisplitpl. lt pléndmnak; kalvipak KWP ab;etanwgskþanublcayut sa sþeklmg D4S. etahcay:agna lt plbicmhanti 2/ 4 nig 5 minkyr nammuxekeliyut sa sþeklmgetmyyb:uenñahet b pþúyetavijkyrtamtar[mantisedar)akd. lt pl KYrnaMmuxTisedAEklMGepSg²CagTisedA EdlEbk ecjbilt pléngatipaberbir)as; D4S TsSn³Gñk CMnYj. karrtytbinitüeligvijelikarrcnam:udplitpl vtßúfatuedimedlman RbB½n cugbba b ehtub:hbal;tic vdþþcivitdmbug karerbir)as vtßúfatuedim ehtub:hbal;kñúg bec ketsplitkmμ eblerbir)as; RbB½n Eckcay karrtytbinitüeligvijelikarrcnam:udplitpl vtßúfatuedimedlman RbB½n cugbba b ehtub:hbal;tic vdþþcivitdmbug ehtub:hbal;kñúg eblerbir)as; RbB½n Eckcay karerbir)as vtßúfatuedim bec ketsplitkmμ rubpab 36 - ]TahrN_énkareRCIserIsyuT sa sþ D4S EdlQrelI 1- GaTiPaBEdlEp kelikarvaytémøehtub:hbal; D4S xageli 2- GaTiPaBEdlEp keligñkerbir)as; D4S xagerkam ]TahrN_ kñúgkrnikmbuggpivdæplitpl eglic tunic edayrkumh unenaevotnamsrmab;tipsar enagwr:ub lt plénkarvaytémøkarb:hbal; D4S Gac elikykekalsmxan;énkarerbir)as;fambl nigkar EckcayCaskl Edlmankarb:HBal;brisßankan;Et FMeLIg. CalT pl RkumGñkKUrbøg;GacepþateTAelI yut sa sþti 5 én D4S {karkat;bnßykarb:hbal;kñúg eblerbir)as;} nigyut sa sþti 4 {karefviegayrbesir eligénrbb½n Eckcay}. mü:agvijetot lt pl ecjbikarvaytémøénkarerbir)as; D4S GacbBa b;edl Tak;Tgc,ab;brisßanc,ab; {ykvij} nigsarfaturbkb edayerkahfñak;kwsmxan;. lt plenh GacnaMeTArk karsermccitþelicmnucedarbs;yut sa sþti 1 {kar erciserissmöar³mankarb:hbal;tic} nigyut sa sþti 7 {karerciserisrbb½n cugbba b;énvdþcivit}. emilrub PaB 36 enhgacnametarkkarefvikarsermccitþsamjúam edim,ierciserisyut sa sþkmnurbøg; D4S nigkarvay témøénkarefvicmnyjrvaglt plénkarefvicmnyjepsg². edim,is mylexssgvak; karefvikarsermccitþrkumgac erciserisyut sa sþsmxan; 2 BIkarvaytémøkarb:H Bal; nig 2 QrelIkareRbIR)as; D4S. > QrelIlT plénm:artikehtub:hbal; D4S etigvicayut sa sþ D4S { l CageKTaMgBIr } srmab; CeRmIsEklm? > TMB½rkargar R6 ]TahrN_ ³ enakñúgkermag Talleres REA h½áretm:ala yut sa sþepsg²)an tuv erciserisyut sa sþ2 )angpivdæqreli matrix énkarb:hbal; nig 2eTot Ep keligñkerbir)as;. emilcmbuk 7>2. 79

82 erkaybikmnt;ekalbmngkermag nigercis erisgtipab 4 ényut sa sþ D4S RkumGaceFVIkar vaytémøcugerkay nigerciserisyut sa sþplitpl srmab;rcnam:udfiμ D4S. > etigvicayut sa sþ D4S rbs;rkumh un nigrkum KeRmagEdl)ankMNt;eTAelIkñúgdMNak;kalbnÞab; én karbegiátkmnit niggpivdætssn³? > TMB½rkargar R6 enaebledlkarnampøúvényut sa sþ D4S tuv )ankmnt; RkumGaceRKagrcnam:Udsegçblmi tbenßm etot. karrcnam:udsegçbkyrbba Úly:agehacNas; ³ > ehtuplsrmab;erciserisplitpl > karbgðajbiekalbmngénsgám RbCaCn brisßan EpndI nigesdækic R)ak;cMeNj > karerciserisyut sa sþ D4S > vifiedlkermagnwg tuverobcm > smaspabcugerkayénrkumkermag > Epnkar nigeblevlasmrab;kmerag nig > fvikakermag bukálik nigfvika nigskmμpab CaEpñk. > rkmefüa)ayedahrsaykarrcnam:ud D4S eday segçb. > TMB½rkargar R6 CMhan 7 ³kareRCIserIs nigkarbegiátkmnit CMhanenHbegIátKMnitedIm,IEklMGnirnþrPaBénplitpl. enaeblbegiátrycehiy RkumkMNt;GaTiPaBva nigbnþab; mkbegiáterciseris niglmgitkmnitplitplfiμ emil rubpab 37. D4S 1 D4S 2 D4S 3 D4S 4 D4S 5 D4S 6 D4S 7 D4S 2 D4S 4 D4S 7 KMnitTI1 plitpl smerc KMnitTI2 segçbkarrcnam:ud D4S nigkarerciserisyut sa sþ D4S KWCacMNuccab;epIþm edim,icab;epiþmbegiát KMnitsRmab;CeRmIsEklMG. bec ketsepsggacerbi edim,ibegiátkmnit ³ 1-kareRbIKMnitCak;Esþg EdleRCIserIskñúgeBlvay témøkarb:hbal;d4s nigkarvaytémøgñkerbir)as; D4S 2- karerbiyut sa sþrgvg;mul D4S srmab;karbipaksa rkkmnitfiμ 3- karerbir)as;c,ab; D4S eméd nig¼ b 4- bec ketsbegiátdétetot. 1- KMnitecjBIkarvaytémøehtub:HBal; D4S niggñkerbir)as; D4S kñúgeblefvikarvipakén Matrix karb:hbal;d4s nig GñkeRbI D4S CeRmIskarEklMGCak;Esþg)aneRCIs erisbitmb½rkargar R7. ]TahrN_ ³ karerbir)as;)øasiþkcafiμ)anerbi edim,ibegiátplitplfiμ yut sa sþti 1 edayrkumh un Ragbag \NÐa.emIlCMBUk7>5. CMhanTI 6 karerciserisyut sa sþ D4S CMhanTI 8 kargpivdæn_tssnh rubpab 37 ³ ExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitpl D4S CMhanTI 7 karerciseris nigkarbegáitkmnit 80

83 2- karbmpuskmnitedayyut sa sþrgvg; D4S yut sa sþrgvg;mul D4S GaceRbIedIm,Ikt;smÁal;Tis edayut sa sþkmnurbøg;smrsb k¾duccabegáitkmnitfiμ. CamYynwgKMnitenH yut sa sþ D4S TaMg 7 )anbnøat CaGnuyuT sa sþ ³ 1- karerciserisvtßúfatuedimedlmanehtub:hbal;tab KW ³ k - s at x - EdlkekIteLIgvij K- manpþúkfambltic X - RtUv)anEkécñeLIgvij g - EdlGacEkécñeLIgvij)an c - manplb:hbal;sgámcavic man ]TahrN_begIát cmnulkñúgrsuk 2- karkat;bnßykarerbir)as;vtßúfatuedim ³ k - Tm n; x - TMhM dwkcba Ún ]TahrN_ ³ karkat;bnßysmöar³ yut sa sþti 2 )anerbikñúgkrni siksacaercin. emildb Microplast kusþarika CMBUk 7>6 nigkarevcx b;srmab;namecj G UhÁan;da emil CMBUk 7>7. 3- karefviegayrbesireligbec ketsplit k - CeRmIsbec kets x - CMhanEt 2-3 K - fambltab¼s at X - smnl;tic c - smöar³tictyc¼s at EdleRbIsRmab;KaMRTkarplit q - kenøgefvikarmansuvtißpab nigs at ]TahrN_ ³ brimakmμbec ketsplit yut sa sþti3 )anerbikñúg karplittwkedahenaé Hacienda El Jobo sal;v:ad½r. ]TahrN_)aneFVIenAkñúgkarkat;bnßy cmnyntwkedlerbir)as;enakñúgdmnak;kalplitkmμ. emilcmbuk 7>3. 4- karefviegayrbesireligrbb½n Eckcay k - karevcx b;tic¼s at¼gacerbir)as;eligvij x - rebobdwkcba ÚnRbkbedayRbsiTi PaBfamBl K - RbsiTi PaBfamBl X - karculrymbigñkeckcaykñúgrsuk ]TahrN_ ³ brimakmμrbb½n Eckcay yut sa sþti 4 rymbba ÚlTaMgkar pøas;bþúrtrmg;db Microplast nig TMhMsRmab;LaMgEckcay. emilcmbuk 7>6. 5- karkat;bnßyehtub:hbal;kñúgeblerbir)as; k - karerbir)as;fambltic x - RbPBfamBls at K - t muvkaredlerbir)as;tictyc X - karerbir)as;s at g - KaMRTsuxPaB nig¼ b benßmtémøsgám 81

84 ]TahrN_ ³ karerbir)as;fambltic yut sa sþti 5 )anerbi kñúgkarrcnam:udéngmbulfamblbnwøéf PV enakm<úca. emilcmbuk 7>8. 6- karefviegayrbesireligvdæcivitplitpl k PaBKYreCOCak;)an nigpabcab; x - syleftam nigcyscul K - efviéktargvas;trmg;plitpl X karrcnam:udtmenib g - plitplrwgmam c - Tak;TgnwgRbB½n esvakmμ nigkareftamkñúgrsuk ]TahrN_ ³ kareftam nigcysculgay syl yut sa sþti6 )anerbi etaelit,al;kinfiμén Talleres REA h½áretm:ala.emilcmbuk 7>2. 7- karefviegayrbesireligrbb½n cugbba b;civit k - karerbir)as;plitpleligvij x - karpliteligvij¼kardak;erkogtubetgeligvij K - karekécñvtßúfatuedimeligvij X - kardutedaysuvtßipab (safer incineration) g BicarNaeTAelIkarRbmUl¼ RbB½n EkécñeLIgvij kñúg Rsuk erkapøúvkar. > erobcmsm½yrbcumbmpuskmnit nigekitmaneligcamyy CeRmIs edim,ieklm nirnþrpabplitpledayerbikar erciserisyut sa sþ D4S. > TMB½rkargar R6 3- vifanemédsrmab;yut sa sþ D4S srmab;yut sa sþ 7 nimyy² {btbba aeméd})an RtUvbegIáteLIg. TsSn³énbTbBa atamgenhgacrk exijkñúgcmbuk 8. > tytbinitüvifanemédeligvijedim,i[exijfa ebisin BYkvaelIkTwkcitþCeRmIsEklm détetot. > TMB½rkargar R7 4- erbibec ketsbegiátdétetot kareklmgbnþab; EdlbMEbkmkBICMhanmun² vaman n½ypgedr srmab;gnuvtþkñúgkarbegiátbec ketsd¾ét edim,idmenikarkareklmgcermis. {karbegiátkmnit} KWCakarbBa ak; erbiedim,i BiBN navifiepsg²énkarkitedlnametarkkmnitfiμ. kar Kitsmehtuplk¾dUcCakarKitminsmehtupl nameta rkkmnitmanrbeyacn_. karbegiátbec ketsgac bmpuskmnitrkum[begiátgvimyy etahbicakmnitli lw bmput k¾eday. CMBUkTI 9 pþl;bec ketscaercin. > erobcmkarrbcuménkarbegiátkmnitécñrbdit nigbegáit CeRmIsEklm. > TMB½rkargar R7 karerciseriskmnitedl)ansnüa erkaybikarbegiátkmnitcaercin vamanrbeyacn_eday cgbykvacacegáam eyagetatamyut sa sþ D4S 7. > cgcacegáamcermiseklm Edl)anbegáIteLIgGa Rs½yeTAelIyuT sa sþ D4S. > TMB½rkargar R7 karerciserisexssgvak;rbkbedaykunpab RtUv)anGnuvtþedIm,IGTiPaBKMnit. CeRmIsEklMG KWvaytémøCabnþbnÞab;sRmab;brisßansgÁm nigkarb:h 82

85 Bal;¼plRbeyaCn_esdækic k¾duccabec kets nigkar erobcmedlgacefvi)an. karbenßmetaelilkçn³ vinic½äyxagerkam Rkumh unnimyy²gac[niymn½y benßm b fwøgeføgbykvakñúgpabxusebøk² eyagetatam kal³ets³edayelk². lkçn³vinic½äyedlgac efvi)angacca ³ > karrmbwgtukéngtßrbeyacn_brisßan EpndI > karrmbwgtukéngtßrbeyacn_sgám RbCaCn > karrmbwgtukéngtßrbeyacn_esdækic R)ak;kéRm > bec ketsedlgacefvi)an pþl;fnfanedlman rbs;rkumh un > karerobcmedlgacefvi)an. > dwgtémøbenßméngtificn nig > skþanubltipsar. > etilkçn³vinicä½ymyynakyreterbiedim,ierciseris nig kmnt;gatipabcermiseklm? > TMB½rkargar R7 CeRmIsEklMGGac tuvvaytémø nigpþl;témø Tl;nwglkçN³vinic½äynimYy². + 2 BinÞúviC manbmput¼gacefvi)anl + 1 BinÞúviC man¼gacefvi)an GnuvtþPøam² ry³eblxiø nigdétetotrtuvkarebl evlaefmetot ry³eblmfüm nigevg. > cuhbba ICeRmIs nig[elxmyynaedayqreli karcmbak;tak;tgeblevla ry³eblxiø b Evg. > TMB½rkargar R7 CaFmμta karerciseriscugerkaygacefvielig erkayebledlkmnit)anecjcarubragkñúgpablmgit EdleKsÁal;Ca {KMnitplitpl}. CMhan 8 ³ kargpivdæn_tssnh enakñúgcmhanenh karerciseriskmnitplitplkwgpivdæ etakñúgdmenirkar nigbnþab;mketakñúgkarrcnam:udlmi t benßmetot. sar³smxan;kmnitedlbegiátmun²kwbba Úl etakñúgkmnitdmbug. emilrubpab 37 enadmnak;kalenh nwgmanpabmincak;lak; GMBIPaBGaceFVI)anénKMnitCaeRcIn. kñúgkargnuvtþkmnit dmbugcaercinnwggpivdækñúgeblcamyykña. vakyret GaceFVIeTA)an edaybba ÚlKñaKMnitCaeRcInkñúgkarrcna m:udetmyy. bec ketsenhehafarbgb;rubsa sþ emilcmbuk 9 bec ketsénkarbegiát KWmantémø enaebledlrkumcg;bba ÚlKMnitCaeRcInkñúgKMnitdMbUg rbs;plitplmyykñúgvifirbb½n. emilrub BinÞúGBüaRkwt BinÞúGviC man¼esiþretmingacefvi)an - -2 BinÞúúGviC manbmput¼mingacefv)antamgrsug CeRmIsEdlGaceFVI)an CaerOy²Tak;TgeTA nwgeblevla ³ CeRmIsEklMGxøH nigrcnam:udfiμgac 83

86 rubpab 38 ³ RbGb;rUbsa sþsrmab;gñklk;mðúbgahartamrfynþ enaháana ]TahrN_ ³ RbGb;rUbsa sþ)anerbi srmab;kargpivdæn_én GaharBlkmμenARbeTshÁaNa. emilcmbuk 7>9. RkumGaceRbIKMrUsakl,gKMrUedIm nigkarefvi [ductamkumbüút½r edim,irbemilemilbec kvitüaedl GaceFVI)an. ]bkrn_tamgenh pþl;karqøúhyl;erca etakñúgbec kvitüaedlgacefvi)an ehiygnubaøatikar rcnam:udetacakarefviegayrbesirelig. karrbugrby½tñ RtUvEtpþl;eTAelIPaBGaceFVI )anénhirbaøvtßúsrmab;kmnitfiμpgedr. RkumKeRmag nwgrtuvefvi[r)akd etahcagtßrbeyacn_hirbaøvtßú éncermis nigfwøg[esiμcmnayedlbak;b½n. karxmrbwgbnþab; KWvaytémø nigerciseriskmnit l bmputmunnwglm itvabenßmetot. minemnkmnittamg Gs;EdlGPivDÆmanGtßRbeyaCn_esIμKñaeT. PaBEdl GacbBa ÚlénkarbBa ÚllkçN³vinicä½yl ²bMput én KeRmagnimYy²KYrEteFVIkarBicarNa. taragénkarerciseris KWCaviFIl edim,ivay tmélkmnit. RkumeRbIB½t maneliplitplcak;lak;bi CMhan dmbug² duccakarsegçbkarrcnam:ud D4S. RkumkMNt;témøKuNPaBepSg²dUcCa l mfüm minl b dak;binþúbi 1 dl; 10. CamYynwgtémøTaMgenH kar vaytémøsrubgacefvisrmab;kmnitnimyy². ExSsgVak; enhkyretrsedogetanwgexssgvak;edlerbikñúgkarbegiát KMnit nigdmnak;kalerciseris CMhanTI 7. benßmetaelikmnurbøg;plitpl KeRmagkar plit nigkermagtipsarnwggpivdæduccaenakñúgkermag bba ÚlrebobfIμplitpltamTmøab; emilcmbuk 3. CMhan 9 ³ karvaytémø D4S karerbobefobtrmg;plitplénkarrcnam:udfiμcamyy nwg KeRmagplitplmun²CYyeFVI[kar):an;RbmaN nirnþr PaBEdlsmnwgTTYlrbs;plitplfIμ. > vaytémøgtßrbeyacn_éngñkerbir)as; nigekal bmng D4S ducedl[gtßn½ykñúgcmhan 2. > TMB½rkargar R9 CMhan 10 ³ kargnuvtþn_ nigkartamdan CMhanenHBak;B½n etanwgkmruediménkarplit karsak l,g KeRmagkarplitxñatFM nigkarsakl,gtipsar. srmab;plitplkarrcnam:udfiμ D4S vtßúfatuénnirnþr PaB KWkarbBa ÚleTAkñúgskmμPaBTaMgenaH. kñúgebl efvikmruedim nigkarsakl,grbtibtiþnirnþrpabbc úb,nñ énplitpl GaceFVIkarvaytémøsRmab;eBldMbUg. enaeblefvikarsakl,gtipsar RbtikmμGñkeRbIR)as; etaelikunpabnirnþrpabénplitpl GaceFVIkarvay témøtamlkçn³vinicä½yxñatkmru. CamYynwgkaryl; dwgy:agercatamgenah karpøas;bþúrrtg;rtaycugerkay GaceFVIeLIgmunnwgkarbBa ÚlTIpSarxñatFM. RsbKñaenaH Rkumh un tuvkarerobcmyut sa sþ TMnakTMng. Rkumh ungacsermcbgðajplrbeyacn_ nirnþrpabénplitpl EdlmanEcgy:agCak;lak;kñúg 84

87 karpsaybanic kmμrbs;va b Gt;. yut sa sþ TaMgBIrmansar³RbeyaCn_ nigkμansar³rbeyacn_. TIpSarEdlmanEcgy:agCak;lak; GacmanRbeyaCn_ ebisinrkumgñkerbir)as;cab;garmμn_etaelinirnþrpab b enaebledlkareckcaytipsarmanyiehasmáal; b nimitþsbaøarkumh un. Kμansar³RbeyaCn_ GacCaGVI EdlRkumh unkyrtrmuvetaelikar tuvkarcg úlpsþútag énnirnþrpab. elisbienh CaTUeTAnirnþrPaB KWCaKMnit GrUbIysRmab;GñkeRbIR)as;Edlnwg mann½yy:agxøamg kñúgkarbrgwgtipsar. erkaybicab;epþimplitpldmbug Rkumh un GacRtYtBinitükic karnirnþrpabplitpl. karttyl B½t manrtlb;mkvij nigkartieton k¾duccalt pl ekitecjbikarvaytémød¾skmμ GacbBa ÚlRtLb;eTA kñúgkermagexssgvak;srmab;karrtytbinitüplitpl eligvijbenßmetot. 85

88 86

89 KMrU D4S PaKeRcInénesdækic econelon karcmøgtam KWviFIGPivDÆplitplfIμ. CaerOy² KMnit plitpl SMEs QrelIplitplEdlmanRsab;enAkñúgRsuk b KURbkYtRbECgGnþrCati. vifiedahrsaykmru D4S Gnum½trebobRbEhlKñaénTsSn³viTüa ³ eronbidmenahrsayek lm rbs;kurbkytrbecg. vifiedahrsaykmru D4S KWsmRsbCaBiesssRmab;Rkumh un EdlGPivDÆplitplfIμ edayqrelikarcmøgtam plitpledlmanrsab;. 6>1 bubvkfakarefvikmru D4S enakñúgtipsarpakercin Rkumh unkμankarrbugrby½tñ cmebahsßanpabcak;esþgénkargarrbs;xøün - tuvkar yl;dwgbiskmμpabelcecjrbs;bykekedim,ieftamnig¼ b Eklm sar³rbeyacn_rbkytrbecgrbs;bykek.enh KWCakarBitsRmab;skmμPaBCMnYjPaKeRcIn Edlman karp ab;pþal; b RbeyaleTAnwgmuxCMnYj nigtipsargñk erbir)as;. enhkwmantmnak;tmngsrmab;bbaðabrisßan nignirnþrpabpgedr. Rkumh unrtuvkmnt;faeti KU RbkYtRbECgkMBugeFVIkic kary:agducemþc? etibykek kmbugqrenakenøgna?nigetigvicakrmitgnuvtþl bmput rbs;eragcrk. srmab;t muvkarebbenh KMrU tuv bba ak;faca]bkrn_edlmansar³rbeyacn_. KMrUKW CaExSsgVak;énkic kareklmgplitpl EdlmanRsab; edaycabnþbnþab;efvikarkt;smáal;karyl;dwg nigerb RbYleTAtamkarGnuvtþn_d¾l nigexssgvak;tamgbiredl )anrkexijenakñúg nigenaerkakarerobcm. tamtmøab; KMrUKWeRbIeTAelIExSsgVak; nig yut sa sþcacagerbietaeliplitpl nigesvakmμ. karefvikmruyut sa sþbrisßan nigexssgvak;brisßankwtu etacagkarefvikmrubrisßanénplitpl nigesvakmμ.kar efvikmrubrisßangacefvieligenaelikrmitcaeercin ehiy GacepþateTAelIplitpl¼esvakmμ k¾duccaetaeli ExSsgVak;¼yuT sa sþxagkñúg nigxagerkarkumh un emiltaragti 6. enakñúgkare)ahbumöpsayenh karefvikmru D4S KWeyageTAelIskmμPaBEdlepþateTAelIplitpl nig esvakmμ EpñkxagsþaM kñúgkarrymbba ÚlKñaCamYykar epþatetaeliepñkbrisßan. vifiedahrsaykmru D4S man karepþaty:agxøamgetaeliepñkr)ak;kérm nigepndién TsSn³ D4S nigepþatetaeliepñkrbcacnmancmnyntic Cag. xagkñúg xagerka ExSsgVak;¼yuT sa sþ karefvikmruexssgvak;¼yut sa sþ rbs;rkumh untl;nwgekaleda¼ ekalbmngxagkñúg kñúgekal bmngedim,ierobcm¼binitüekal bmngniggrtaeklm xagkñúg. karefvikmruexssgvak;¼yut sa sþ rbs;rkumh untl;nwgkurbecg TaMgenH kñúgekalbmngkmnt; nigvaytémøyut sa sþedl Gacna eblgnakt. plitpl¼esvakmμ karefvikmruplitpl¼esva kmμtl;nwgm:ud¼karbegiátdm bugkñúgekalbmngbinitü emilkarrbemiltuk¼ekal bmng niggrtaeklm. karefvikmruplitpl¼esvakmμ Tl;nwgCeRmIsénkarRbkYt RbECgkñúgeKalbMNgbegIát CeRmIsEklm nigttyl)an sar³rbeyacn_edlrbkytrb ECg. tarag 6 ³ RbePTkareFVIKMrUbrisßan karefvikmru D4S Carcnasm½<n vifiedahrsay edim,ierbob efobkic karbrisßanénplitplrkumh unefobnwgplit plrbecg nigbegiátcermiseklm. edayehtufa 87

90 KURbkYtRbECgmñak;² CaerOy²eRbIdMeNaHRsayepSg ²edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðadUcKñadUcCaGñkKUrbøg;plitepSg ² smaspab b bec kvitüa karefvikmru D4S pþl;vifi edahrsayrtlb;mkvij nigennamkareronbiplit pld¾étetot. btbiesafn_bgðajfakñúgkargnuvtþn_ plitpletmyy minpþl;binþúx<s;elilkçn³vinicä½ytamg Gs; nigtl;nwgplitpldétetottamggs;. enhman n½yfakarefvikmrucermiseklm Gac tuvbegiátcanic. FatusMxan;énkareFVIKMrU KWCaTsSn³énkar Gnuvtþn_l RbesIr ³ kargnuvtþn_tamgenahedlbmebjcitþ GñkeRbIR)as;PaKeRcIn. ekalbmngénkarsiksa karefvikmru KYrQrelItMrUvkarrbs;GñkeRbIR)as;eTaH Ca GñkeRbIR)as;enAEpñkxagkñúg EpñkGgÁkar kmritgñk RKb;RKgfñak;x<s; b nieyacik b EpñkxageRkA Gñk erbir)as; Blrdæ niytkr nitibn RkumGñkbrisßantMbn; nigcati b GñkvinieyaK. 6>2 sar³rbeyacn_énkarefvikmru D4S ekalbmngénkarefvikmru D4S KWeronBIkarGnuvtþn_ l bmputéngñkdét. vakwca]bkrn_eklm benßm. GtßRbeyaCn_EdlmanskþanuBlxøHrYmbBa Úl ³ > CYyRkumh un[yl; niggpivdægakb, kiriyay:agditdl;cmebahexssgvak;cmnyjrbs;ekpþal;. karefvikmrucyy[)ansermcelikarebjcitþ vakwcakar yl;rbmtamvifirbs;va nigbba úhbba ÚlGñkEdlmin eco. vak¾begiátcmenhdwggmbibbaðabrisßanenakñúg nigerkarkumh unpgedr. > karpsbvpsayexssgvak;edlenaerbiénkar eronenakñúgrkumh un nigeliktwkcitþkarpøas;bþúr nigkar Eklm. karefvikmrugacefvi[ CYtRCabedIm,Ipøas;bþÚr nig begiát»kas - nieyacikkøaycagñkttylkmnitfiμkan;et ercinelig. vak¾eliktwkcitþkarkitdl;brisßanpgedr. 88 > karesvgrkrbpbfiμsrmab;eklmg nigvifi sarsþcaercinkñúgkarefvigvimyyedayminmankar {écñ RbDitCargVg;mUl}. vapþl;karbegiátsmxan;²edim,irk dmenahrsayeklm brisßan. >karbegiátcmnucéksareyagsrmab;vas;sþg; kargnuvtþn_ nigpþl;karrbmancamunsrmab;karsrmut cuhénrcnasm½<n témø karebjcitþrbs;gñkerbir)as; rcnasm½<n bec kvitüa nigsrmab;exssgvak;cmnyj emil RbGb;GtßbTTI 5. vagacektmruvtssnhminrtwmrtuv GMBIPaBxøaMg PaBexSay nigyut sa sþrbs;kurbkyt RbECg. vacyyepþatbenßmetoteliepñkbrisßand¾cak; lak;srmab;kareklm nigrtuvr)akdfaskmμpab brisßanrtuv)andak;bba ÚleTAkñúgkic karcmnyj. 6>3 karefvikmru D4S kñúgkargnuvtþn_ karefvikmru D4S kñúgeragcrkfm² Rkumh unfm²caercin)anerbikarefvikmru D4S duccamefüa )ayefvi[r)akdfa karkitkurbrisßan KWKμankMNt; srmab;plitplnimyy² EdlKYrEtbiTpøakCaKeRmag BN {exov} k¾b:uenþkarbba ÚlTsSn³kan;EteRcIn kan; EtRbugRby½tñ. ]TahrN_ GñkeRbIR)as;eRKOgeGLic tunik Philips erbikarefvikmru D4S duccaktþay:ag smxan;kñúgkmμvifitssn³egkurbs;bykek. vapþl;kar RKb;RKgCamYynwgsþg;daCak;lak; EdlQrelIkar sermccitþd¾smxan;srmab;p ab;cul D4S kñúgexssgvak; CMnYjEdlmanRsab;. KMnitcm,gKW kartajyktémø B½t mangnuvtþbrisßan enaebledlva tuverbobefob kñúgcmenamplitpl.

91 krni]tahrn_biturtssn_ Sony Rkumh un Sony )aneronbisar³smxan;énkarefvikmrubixag erka BIeRBaHedaysarEtbTBiesaFn_kñúgBak;kNþal qñam enakñúgeblcamyykñaenah TUrTsSn_BN Sony myyenatipsargwr:ub)anttylgrta {Tijeday manehtupl} BITsSnavdIþGñkeRbIR)as; Dutch kñúg EpñkxøH BIeRBaHkic karbrisßanrbs;va)anføak;cuhkñúg ry³eblxiø EdlmkBIm:UdRbkYtRbECg. enaxag erkaykare)ahbum<psayénr)aykarn_tssnavdiþtipsar Eck 11>5 srmab;karføak;cuhm:udrbs; Sony kñúg RbeTshULg;. enaeblcamyykñaenah karrbkyt RbECgm:Ud 2 Edl)anTTYlkRmitKuNPaB {Tij l bmput} )anrbmulpþúmcmenkkunrbeyacn_ 57 nig 100. btbiesafn_enh efvi[mansnþúhtwkcitþrkum h un Sony enagwr:ubedim,ircnam:udturtssn_fiμ rbs;bykek etacamansemøgbrisßankan;etercinelig. TUrTsSn_ Eco fiμrbs; Sony )anttylkrmitvic mankñúgtssnav diþefvikarsakl,ggñkerbir)as; tamry³kat;bnßykar erbir)as;vtßúfatuedim nig)øasiþk bnßy t muvkarebl evlatemiøg nigtamry³karbegiánkarekécñplitpl eligvij)an. RbGb;GtßbT 5 ³ ]TahrN BITUrTsSn_ Sony karefvikmru D4S enakñúg SMEs kñúgkargpivdæn_esdækic enakñúgesdækic kmbuggpivdæ PaKeRcInkarcmøgtam ykkmrutam KWCaviFITUeTAedIm,IGPivDÆplitplfIμ. CaerOy² KMnitplitplRkumh untuc nigmfümqr eliplitpl EdlmanRsab;rbs;KURbkYtRbECgkñúg Rsuk b GnþrCati. tamtmøab; Rkumh ungt;manerkog Rbdab;sRmab;karRsavRCav nigkargpivdæn_. plit plmkbi brets KURbkYtRbECgKW tuvvipakyklmnam tam nigcmøgtam. karsiksacaercinbba ak;fa {kar 89 cmøg [duc} énrbs;fiμ nigkarbegiátplitplsamjúam CabnþbnÞab;KWCameFüa)aycm,g Edltamry³cMeNH dwgbec kvitüafiμkwefvi[rsedogkñakñúgrkumh un. karefvi [duckøaycaskmμpabcarbb½n nigkarcmøgkwefvielig tamkmruedim k¾duccaefvibøg;. ExSsgVak;cmøgtamb efvi [duckurbkytrbecgenh KWenAkñúgCYrCamYynwgKMnitén karefvikmru-eronbigñkdét kñúgekalbmngeklmgyut sa sþexssgvak; nigplitpl. manyut sa sþ 3 srmab; {GñkeFVItam} edim,i bba ÚleTAkñúgTIpSarRbkbedayeCaKC½y ³ pþl;kñúg témøefak plitpll efvitam nigeklm nigerbi kmøamgtipsartl;nwggñkrtysrtaytn;exsay. Rkum h untuc²enakñúgesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ CaerOy²xVH smtßpabedim,ieklmgplitpl EdlCalT plplit plmankunpab nigtssn³brisßantab. vifiedah RsayKMrU D4S GacCakareqIøytbd¾smrmüedIm,IRb QmTl;nwgbBaðaEdlelcecjeLIgTaMgBIr nigeklmg plitplkñúgbribténkargpivdæn_esdækic. 6>4 etirtuvgnuvtþkermagkarefvikmru D4S edayrebobducemþc? BnWø nigbnøatkmenfiμénkarefvikmru D4S lkçn³sm,tiþ nigekalbmngénlmhat;kmru D4S Gac xusebøkkñakñúgeblnimyy²edlgnuvtþ vagars½yetaeli bribt nigkarbiunrbsb;rbs;rkumh unekalbmngén karykmkerbinigkarkittukcamunrbs;epñk]ssahkmμ. ]TahrN_ CaerOy² SMEs manfnfankmnt;ducca kmøamgblkmμ karrsavrcav nigkargpivdæn_ nig hirbaøvtßú. CalT pl BYkeKCaFmμtaxitxMGnuvtþKMrUkñúg rebobgay syl{témø efak} edayerbobefobeta nwgeragcrkfm. Rkumh un GnþrCatiGacmanfvikaedIm,I Tij nigvipakeliplitplkurbkytrbecg. CaerOy²

92 SMEs RtUvEtviPaKKMrUQrelIrUbPaBénplitplEdl ykbikatalúk nigtssnavdiþ BIB½t man GiunFWENt duccakarefvikarsakl,ggñkerbir)as; b edaytssna kartamgbibn nighag. ]TahrN_ esovepapsbv psayesiþg²rbs; IKEA )anerbir)as;edayrkumh un enagasiuetaca {KMrU} b júamg[cg;kurbøg;edim,igpivdæ plitplerkogsgðarwmedim,inamecjetatipsargwr:ub. kñúgepñkenh bgðajbixñatkmruénvifiefvikmru D4S srmab;vaytémøplitpl edaykμankitdl;rbept plitplb ]ssahkmμ. vifisarsþ KWQrelI 10 dmnak;kaledlnwgbnül;calm itducxagerkam. Ga Rs½yeTAelIbribT nigt muvkarvifigact muvtamca 2 rebob ³ > BnWøkMENfIμTl;nwgBRgIkkMENfIμ. QuténTMB½rkargar EdlmanRsab;eRbIsRmab;eFVIÉk sarenaebledlkmbugqøgkat;dmnak;kaltamggs;. enaebledlrkumh unmanbtbiesafn_kñúgkargnuvtþn_kmru D4S b enaebledlkarvipakhμt;ct;mingacefvietaryc b mincg;tmb½rkargar {TaMgGs;kñúgmYy} Edlpþl; {BnWøkMENfIμ} énvifitamg 10 y:agrbs;karefvikmru D4S KWsmrmü srmab;erbi. ebisinmaneblercinetot manbukálik nigfvikakwkarbrgikkmenfiμkyr tuvercis eris. kñúgkrnienh dmnak;kalnimyy² KWKaMRTeday TMB½rkargarmYy TaMgGs; 10. QrelIB½t manénplit plénkurbkytrbecg QrelIlkçN³rUbplit plénkurbkytrbecg BnWøkMENfIμ A B TaMgGs;kñúgTMB½rkargarEtmYy karbrgikkmenfiμ C D TMB½rkargarcMnYn 10 taragti 7 RbePTénkareFVIKMrU D4S enhnametarkkmenfiμepsg²tamg 4 énkarefvikmru emiltaragti 7. BnWøkMENfIμ QrelIkarRbmUlB½t kmenfiμ A KWsißtenAkñúgrebobCagtamkarbuin Rbsb;rbs; SMEs. karbrgik¼lkçn³rubkmenfiμ D GacCakarcab;GarmμN_y:agxøaMgsRmab;Rkumh unfm². munnwgefvikermagkmru D4S rebobedahrsaysmrmü CageK A, B, C b D srmab;rkumh un b KeRmag Gac tuvvaytémø nigkmnt;. 6>5 karefvikmru D4S CaCMhan² CMhannimYy²maneKalbMNgCak;lak; smnyrrtuveqiøy nigefvitmb½rkargar. vacakarerkinrmlwkdmbuge)ahbum< ecjcatmb½rkargarmunnwgcab;epiþm. rubpabti 39 pþl;tssn³éncmhantamg 10. > lkçn³rubtl;nwgb½t man. vifisarsþkarefvikmru D4S GacGnuvtþelIrUbragplit pledl)antij sakl,g ruheri nigvas;evg CaBiess srmab;karerbir)as;. kñúgkrniedlrebobenhmingac efvieta)an karefvikmru D4S GacQrelIB½t manedl RbmUl)anpgEdr CaCagTijplitpl emilcmhanti 6 srmab;b½t manbenßm. 90

93 CMhanTI 1 karkmnt;ekaleda etigvicaekaledaénkarefvikmru D4S? BnWøkMENfIμ karbrgikkmenfiμ TMB½rkargar 1 CMhanTI 2 karerciserisplitpl etierciserisplitplsrmab;efvikmru y:agducemþc? TMB½rkargar 2 CMhanTI 3 RkumPaBCamuxgar etigvicarkumpabcamuxgar nigrbb½n kmnt;énkmru D4S? TMB½rkargar 3 CMhanTI 4 kenøgrbsbv CMhanTI 5 )ar:aemrt etigvikwcakenøgrbsbvkñasrmab;kmru D4S? etibkrsaycmnucrbsbvkñúgxñatedl Gacvas;)any:agdUcemþc? TaMgGs;enAkñúg 1TMB½rkargar TMB½rkargar 4 TMB½rkargar 5 CMhanTI 6 Epñkeda³dac;ecjBIKña etiefviy:agducemþcedim,ierobcmepñk edahdac;ecjbikña? TMB½rkargar 6A + 6 B CMhanTI 7 lt pl eti tuvdmenirkar nigerbobefob Tinñn½yénKMrU D4S y:agducemþc? TMB½rkargar 7 CMhanTI 8 CeRmIsEklMG eti tuvbinitült pleligvij nig begiátcermiseklm y:agducemþc? TMB½rkargar B CMhanTI 9 CeRmIsGaTiPaB etivaytémø nigkmnt;gatipabek lm y:ag ducemþc? TMB½rkargar 9 CMhanTI 10 kargnuvtþþþn_ eti tuvgnuvtþcermiseklm y:agducemþc? rubti 39 ³ TsSn³énviFIsa sþefvikmru D4S TaMg 10 CMhan 91

94 CMhanTI 1 - etigvicaekaledaénkarefvikmru D4S? manehtuplcaercinedim,icab;epiþmkmru D4S. mundmbug KWvamansar³sMxan;Nas; EdlRkumBiPakSaeKalbMNg nwgekaledakermag. etigvinwg tuvvipak?gvikyrsermc )an? smnyrtamgenh nwgmankarb:hbal;elikmnurbøg; KeRmag nigcmnyykñúgkarkt;smáal;plitpl tuvsiksa nigcaxñaterbisrmab;efvikarerbobefob. ekalbmngedlgacefvi)anénkermagkmru D4S Gacrab;bBa Úl ³ > eronbikarrbkytrbecgcaskl kñúgekalbmngcul etatipsargnþrcati > dwgbikar[binþúplitply:agducemþckñúgkarerbob efobetanwgkurbkytrbecgkñúgrsuk > cab;ykkarbmpuskmnitsrmab;kareklm brisßan > dwgfaplitplqrenakenøgnakñúgkartak;tgeta nwg nwgmkdl; c,ab;namyyduccakarevcx b; b katbvkic ykrtlb;vij. etigvigacebkecjbikurbkyt RbECgkñúgTICMnYj > ENnaMkarEklm ral;eblevla nigkyretcaehtupl smxan;détetotsrmab;rkumh un. >bba ak;fa plitpl tuvefvikmru nigkmnt;ekalbmng cm,gsrmab;gnuvtþkermag. > TMB½rkargar B1 > kmnt;rbeptkmru D4S [smrsbsrmab;rkum h un. BnWøkMENfIμTl;nwgkarBRgIkkMENfIμ-B½t mantl; nwgkmenfiμlkçn³rub. > TMB½rkargar B1 CMhanTI 2 etierciserisplitplsrmab; efvikmruy:agducemþc? CMhanTI 2 énnitivifiefvikmru KW tuverciserisplitpl. BYkeKGaceRCIserIsBIKURbkYtRbECgkñúgkRmitGnþr Cati Cati b kñúgtmbn;. CYnkalGaceronecHeRcInBI PaBbraC½yénkareFVIplitplkñúgEpñk. 1- kt;smáal;plitplnammuxenakñúgepñk kñúgrsuk kñúgtmbn; b GnþrCati 2- erciserisplitplkñúgtipsarduckña karkmnt; rbs;rkum témø¼kunpab.l. nig 3- kt;smáal;plitpledlvicirt {Gnuvtþl } kñúg vis½y. karxitcitrcnasm½<n kan;etercin GaccUlrYm begiátkarerciserislkçn³vinicä½y. efvi[r)akdfa ekalbmngedl)ankmnt;enakñúgcmhan 1 tuv)anelik ykmkbicarna. ]TahrN_ ebisinekalbmng KW ³ > edim,ieronbikarrbkytrbecgtuetaefvi[r)akd tuv bba Úlplitpl 2-3 BIKURbkYtRbECgTaMgGs;eday culcitþcagekbipøaksbaøabhucati. > dwgbibinþúplitply:agducemþckñúgkarerbobefobeta nwgkurbkytrbecgkñúgrsuk tuvr)akdfabba Úlplit pl 2-3 BIKURbkYtRbECgkñúgRsuk edayculcitþ CageK plitpledlmancmenktipsarfmcagek. > edim,icab;ykkarbmpuskmnitsrmab;kareklm brisßan efvi[r)akd tuvbba Úlplitpl 2-3 BI KURbkYtRb ECgEdlGnuvtþbrisßan rubpab)anl nig¼b dmenirkar kñúgkenøgtipsarbrisßan. > dwgbikenøgqrrbs;plitplkñúgkartak;tgetanwg karefvic,ab;edlnwgmkdl; efvi[r)akdfaplitpl erciserisbiyieha EdlnwgeFVI[b:HBal;edaykareFVI c,ab;duckña nig¼b plitplbiyiehaedlkmbugdmenir karenaelitipsar EdlmankareFVIc,ab;Rbhak;RbEhl KñarYceTAehIy. 92

95 > edim,iexijkarrbtibtiþeklm RKb;eBlenAkñúgRkum plitplrbs;rkumh un efvi[r)akdfaerciserisplit plbikarbegiátmun²ényieharkumh unxøünég. erbi R)as;plitplepSg²énGRtaEklm KMrU RbkYtRbECg smxan;²rbs;rkumh un GacmanGtßRbeyaCn_pgEdr. > QrelIeKalbMNgeRCIserIsyIehaplitpl Edl nwgerbobefobkñúglmhat;kmru D4S. >TMB½rkargar B1 CMhanbnÞab;KWkt;smÁal;plitpl Edlsm RsbCageK. vamansar³rbeyacn_kñúgkarerbir)as; karkt;smáal; nigkarerciserislkçn³vinicä½yedlena kñúgcyrcamyyplitplrbs;rkumh un. lkçn³vinicä½y CabnþbnÞab;GacCYy ³ > PaBCamuxgar ³ erobrab;bipabsmxan;² niglkçn³ BiessCak;lak;rbs;plitpl. efvi[r)akdfakmru plitplminmankarxusebøkxøamgbiplitplrkumh un. ebisinplitplmanmuxgarrbhak;rbehlkñalt pl KW smrmübmputsrmab;erbobefob. > qñamplit ³ epþógpþat;faplitplmkbicmnan;plit plduckña. BYkvaman)anGPivDÆ nigbeba jetakñúgti psarrycehiykñúgry³ebletmyy? vaminmann½y srmab;erbobefobm:udfiμbmput CamYynwgm:Udcas;rbs; KURbkYtRbECg. > témølk;ray ³ BinitüemIl ebisinplitplman témølk;rayrbehlkña. > PaBEdlGacrk)an ³ efvi[r)akdminmanpab xusebøkkñaxøamgkñúgbanic kmμedlgacrk)an. CaKMnit plitpltamggs;kyrrk)anesiμ²kñasrmab;gñkerbir)as;. KeRmagplitplnwg tuvkt;smáal;enatibba b; éncmhanti 2. >erciserisplitpl nigerobrab;lkçn³biessrbs; vabnþedaykarerciserislkçn³vinicä½y. > TMB½rkargar B2 CMhanTI 3 - etigvicarkumpabcamuxgar nig RbB½n kmnt;énkmru D4S? kñúgbribtedlplitplnwgch\t ibletaelilt plén KMrU. ]TahrN_ karerbiplitply:agxøamgnwgmanpl b:hbal;y:agxøamgelikrmiténkarerbir)as;famblplit plkñúgkmlúgeblcak;esþgnamyy. edim,iefvikar erbobefobplitpl[c,as;las; vamansar³smxan; erobrab;bimuxgarbribt reboberbir)as; nigrbb½n km Nt;. CaFmμtaenHKWsMedAcMeBaH ducca {Rkummuxgar} nigcyyefvi[karerbobefob{rtwm tuv}.karbba ak;ca bnþbnþab;etaenh Gacmansar³RbeyaCn_ ³ > kt;smáal;tynatiénplitpl eyagetatamgñkerbi R)as; > BiBN namfümpakgñkerbir)as;enakñúgbribtrbs;ek - kt;smáal;tikenøgedlplitplnwg tuverbir)as; nig - kmnt;rkumgñkerbir)as; edaybibn nasmaspak duccagamgtg;siueténplitplerbir)as;. > kmnt;epñkmuxgarénplitpl. > TMB½rkargar B3 CMhanTI 4 -etigvikwcakenøgrbsbvkñasrmab; KMrU D4S? kmnt;plitpledlerbrbylsmxan;²edim,iefvitamkmru vacasar³smxan;edim,ikt;smáal;gviedlelcecjelig b cmnucrbsbvedltak;tgetanwgbrisßan. enhkyret efviecjbitssn³d¾tulmtulay. eqiøyetanwgsmnyr {etigvicasemøgbrisßan?} b {GVICaBN ébtg?} 93

96 GaRs½yeTAelITsSn³énGñkcUlrYmepSg². kñúgkar Gnuvtþn_enHTamTary:agehacNas;TsSn³cMnYn 3 BI GñkviTüasa sþ GñkeRbIR)as; nigtssn³ rdæapi)al. > TsSn³GñkviTüasa sþcmebahbrisßan ecjbitssn³gñkvitüasa sþ ekalbmngkwedim,ikt; smáal;karb:hbal;brisßansmxan;²énplitplkñúgkmlúg eblvdþcivitrbs;va. CaFmμta enhkwefviedaygnuvtþ TRmg;xøHénkarvaytémøvdþCIvit GaRs½yelITinñn½y Edlman. srmab;plitplcaercinkarvaytémøvdþ CIvit KWGacrk)anCasaFarN³enAelIGiunFWENt. etahcay:agnakyretefvikarkt;smáal;fa Tinñn½yCa ercinqrelitinñn½ymuldæan nigvifiénrbetsgpivdæn_ minkyrqøúhbba amgsßanpabbiténvdþcivitplitplkñúgepñk epsg²etoténbipbelak. kñúgkrniedltinñn½y l énkarvaytémøvdþcivitmingacrk)an m:artikkar b:hbal; D4S emilcmbuk 5 GacCaCeRmIsGnuvtþ. QrelIkarvaytémøTaMgenH vagackt;smáal;dmnak; kalmyynaénvdþcivit KWsMxan;kñúgn½yénkarb:HBal; brisßan. > TsSn³rdæaPi)alcMeBaHbrisßan BITsSn³rdæaPi)al vamansar³smxan;edim,ikt;smáal; RbB½n Rsbc,ab;EdlBak;B½n srmab;plitpl ducedl enhgacefvi[elcecjbbaðabrisßanbenßmetot.enhnwg kmnt;rbkargtipabelirebobvar³rdæapi)al nigkyret minmancanic kalqøúhbba amggatipabductssn³gñkvitüa sa sþet emilcmbuk 2. > TsSn³GtifiCncMeBaHbrisßan tamtssn³gtificn cmnyndétetoténkartak;tinbbaða brisßanmintan;)anelikeligenaeliy. TaMgenHhak; duccaenakñúgcmenamkarkt;smáal;d¾ceg óténbrisßan niggackmnt;nirnþrpabenakñúgn½yd¾fmtulay.karyl; CasaFarN³ KWP ab;y:agmametanwgkarrmcylcitþ. bbaða brisßanedltak;tinetanwgsuxpab nigsuvtißpab nig ehtuduecñh CaskþanuBlénkarbMBul KW[BinÞúx<s;. edayehtufakartak;tingmbifnfan KWcat;TukCabBaða ry³eblevgefmetot nigetahcay:agnakar[binþú KWTab. Tak;TgeTAnwgkarbMPayCaTUeTABinÞúmFüm emilepñk TI 1. eti tuverciseriscmnucrbsbvebbnasrmab;kareklm brisßan? cmnynénbbaðabrisßan nwg tuvbegiáteligerkay BIkarvaytémøGñkviTüasa sþ rdæapi)al nigkaryl; dwgrbs;gñkerbir)as;. CMhanbnÞab; KWkMNt;GTiPaB bbaðatamgenh. rksaexssgvak;[enaxiø nigedlgac RKb;RKg)ancMnYn GtibrmaénbBaðabrisßansMxan;² 5-6 KYr tuverciseris. enhgacefvieta)an edayqreli TMhMénkarb:HBal;brisßanEpñkhirBaØvtßú nig¼b karyl; rbs;gñkerbir)as;.etahbibba ÚllkçN³vinicä½yTaMgenH etakñúgtm n;bikaregaybinþú GacCakarlM)akkñúgkar Gnuvtþn_cMNucsMxan;² nwgkøaycapabgay sylrtwm tuvc,as;las; CaFmμta karrbemiltukkarerbir)as; fambl karerbir)as;smöar³ nigkareckcay. Tm n; sarfaturbkbedayerkahfñak; karerbir)as;fambl karekécñeligvij nigkare)ahecal karevcx b; rubpabti 40 ³ cmnucrbsbvébtgtamg 5 rbs; PHILIPS 94

97 duc]tahrn_gñkerbir)as;erkogeglic tunik hivlib )ansermccitþenabak;knþalqñam 1990 Edl kargpivdæn_tipsar nigkarlk;plitplkyrepþateli cmnucrbsbvébtgtamgr)am ³ Tm n; nigkarerbir)as; vtßúfatuedim sarfaturbkbedaypaberkahfñak; karerbi R)as;famBl karerbir)as;eligvij nigkare)ahecal nigkarevcx b;. enhkwcakartmnak;tmngxagkñúg nig xagerka edayerbicmnucrbsbvducedlbgðajkñúgrub PaB 40. rubpab 41 ³ IPRODESA GñkplitEpøeQIs Üt enarbetskulúmb Í IPRODESA CaRkumh unplitcmnigaharxñat knþal enakñúgrbetskulúmb Í)anGnuvtþKMrU D4S edim,i EsVgrklT PaBnaMEpøeQIs ÜtcUlTIpSarGWr:ub. KURb kytrbecggnþrcaticmnyn 5 nak;elitipsargwr:ub)anrtuv erciserisnigerbir)as;kmruplitpl én IPRODESA. cmnucrbsbvcmnyn 5 CabnþbnÞab; etaenhcacmnuceda y:agsmxan;srmab;kmru D4S ³ k- EpñkbrisßanéncMNIGahar nigkarevcx b; x- karkarbarcmnigahar K- kareckcay niglk;ray X- kartmnak;tmng nig g- kardwgedaygñkerbir)as; TMB½rkargarCak;lak;sRmab;plitplmðÚbGahar Gac rkexijenaeli CD-ROM. > kmnt;cmnucrbsbvsrmab;exssgvak;kmru. > TMB½rkargar B4 CMhanTI 5 - etibkrsaycmnucrbsbvkñúg xñatedlgacvas;)any:agducemþc? CamYynwgcMNucRbsBVEdl)ankt;smÁal; CMhanbnÞab; KWbkRsayBYkvakñúgxñatEdlGacvas; Evg)anepSg². karxitxmrbwgerbg[gs;bismtßpab KWbkRsaycMNuc RbsBVén {KuNPaB} TaMgenHeTAkñúgbrimaNepSg². famblkwkmnt;cakilúv:at;em:ag nigsmöar³kitcarkam.l. kñúgkrnicaercin vakyretcam)ac; tuverbicermis epsg²elisbimyyedim,ierobrab;cmnucrbsbvmyy. > BiBN natyelxedlgacvas;)ansrmab;cmnucrbsbv. > TMB½rkargar B5 CMhanTI 6 - etiefviy:agducemþcedim,ierobcm EpñkedaHdac;ecjBIKña? enakñúgrubsa sþrbs; D4S CMhanbnÞab; KWkarerobcM EpñkEdlmin)anpþúMKñaedIm,Ibgðajecj nigrbmulb½t manelikenøgedlykcitþtukdak;xøamg. edim,ittyl)an nuvlt pld¾l RbesIr erkabiepñkedlmintan;pþúmkña. vacakarmanrbeyacn_edayerobepnkar[l nigefvi [manrcnasm½<n RbkbedayviFIsa sþ. sumkumepøcføwg nigvas;plitpltamggs;mun nwgykvaecj.]bkrn_ ducca CBaI g nalikasþg; m:al;tuem:rt edim,ivas;kar erbir)as;fambl nigm:asiunft nwgcyy[ttyl)an nigkt;rtargvas;. kñúgry³eblepñkmintan;pþúmkñaenh CMhand¾éT etoténkmrunwgbgðajedayxøünva. ]TahrN_dMeNaH RsayqøatévEdleRbIeday KURbkYtRbECgnigdMeNaH RsaylI lw enakñúgrkumh un plitplnwgkøayetacakar Cak;Esþg. vakwcarbeyacn_edaysresrkarsmáal; TaMgenaH. 95

98 > segçbkarrkexijkmrutamggs;. > TMB½rkargar B7 rubpab 42 ³ ]TahrN_énkaredaHecjBIKñarbs;plitpl eglic tunik kenøgedlkμanplitpl lkçn³rubedlman Rsab;sRmab;karedaHecjBIKña duc)ansáal;b½t man rbs;kmru D4S emiltarag 6 RbPBB½t manepsg²etot KW tuvkar edim,icab;ykkaryl;dwgénkarrbkytrbecg rebobducemþc KWkMBugedaHRsaybBaðaKMnUrbøg;sRmab; kenøgykcitþtukdak;xøamgenakñúgplitpleyag. Ca jwkjab; B½t manedl tuvkargacrbmul)antamgiunfw ENt. manvifitamtmøab;ercinpg EdrénkarsikSa plitplénkurbkytrbecgkñúgrsuk duckartssna BiBrN_ karsegátplitplenakñúghag nigsmöasn_ GtifiCn. > erobcmepñkedahecjbikñacabnþbnþab;tamkermagkt; RtaGVIEdlrkeXIj nigelcecjcak;esþgtamggs; duccasßanpabévqøat nigli lw. >TMB½rkargar B6 nig B CMhanTI 7 - eti tuvdmenirkar nigerbob karefvikmru D4S y:agducemþc? bnþab;biefvikarrbmulb½t man EdlTak;TgTaMgGs; srmab;kenøgykcitþtukdak;xøamg KMrU D4S CMhanbnÞab; etotkwefvitinñn½y. vakwcakarennamedim,i erobcmdmenir ehtusrmab;kenøgedlykcitþtukdak;xøamgedaysegçb karcgrkgb½t man. BIdMeNIrehtuTaMgenH xñatrgvas; TaMgGs;sRmab;plitplKMrUGacemIleXIjedayecal EdleFVI[B½t man enhgay sylkñúgkarbkrsay. CMhanTI 8 - eti tuvbinitült pleligvij nigbegiátcermiseklm y:agducemþc? manmefüa)aycaercinedlmkdl;camyycermiskarek lm D4S. enakñúgkarbenßmcmebahdmenahrsay EdlCMBUkrcnam:UdfIμ D4S énkare)ahbum<psayenhgac nwg)anplrbeyacn_. 1- karerbitmb½rkargar B6B bbaðaedlcak;esþg edim,ikt;smáal;dmenahrsayqøatévbiplitplrbkyt RbECg GacGnuvtþcMeBaHplitplRkumh un 2- karerbitmb½rkargarduckñaedim,ikt;smáal;dmenah RsaylI lw enakñúgplitplrkumh unedl tuvkareklm kñúgkarerbobefobetanwgplitplkurbkytrbecg. plitplrbkytrbecgbgðaj[exijfa dmenahrsay KWGaceFVI)an duecñhbykektmngcagacefvi)any:agl ena kñúgplitplrbs;rkumh un nig 3- BüayamrkCeRmIsepSg²mñak;mþg² EdlminTan; manelikykmkbicarna. > BinitülT pleligvij nigkt;smáal;cermis Eklm. > TMB½rkargar B8 CMhanTI 9 -etivaytémø nigkmnt;gatipab PaBEklm y:agducemþc? karxøatq aybikarrtihrihbicarnaénbrisßanenah bbaða bbaðacaercinrab;bba Úlkarvaytémø niggatipabén CeRmIsEklm EdlkMBugbegIáteLIg. srmab;cermis nimyy² lkçn³bnþbnþab; KYrEteFVIkarRtiHriHBicarNa ³ 96

99 > RbeyaCn_Epñkbrisßan karvaytémøfaeticermiseklm kat;bnßykarb:hbal; brisßan enacab;vdþcivitplitplrhut. > plrbeyacn_epñkgñkerbir)as; karvaytémøfaetigñkerbir)as;hak;duccayl;rbm CeRmIsdUcCaplRbeyaCn_. > plrbeyacn_epñksgám ³ karvaytémøfaetirtwmnasgámnwgttylplrbeyacn_ BIsMeNIEklm. > ltæpabrbs;rkumh un ³ > ltæpabepñkbec kets ³ karvaytémøfa eticermiseklm Cabec ketsgacefvi)an nigeday eblevla. > ltæpabepñkhirbaøvtßú ³ karvaytémøénlt PaBfvikanimYy²énCeRmIsEklm. srmab;lkçn³vinicä½ynimyy² vagackmnt; BinÞú. GaRs½yeTAelIkarfwøgEføgrbs;eragcRkBinÞúTaMg Gs;GacTajyk nigeklm CeRmIsGaccat;CalMdab; fñak;. erkaybicermiseklm )anbegiátcat;lmdab; fñak; nigefvi[mansublpabcermis tuvkargnuvtþn_ nig bba ÚleTAkñúgRkumh un. > erciseriscermiseklm Edll CageKedayvay témøbykvatl;nwgplrbeyacn_ EdlmanskþanuBl nigpabedl GaceFVI)an. > TMB½rkargar B9 CMhanTI 10 - eti tuvgnuvtþcermisek lm y:agducemþc? CMhandMbUgnwgecjlT plkñúgcermismyycmnynsrmab; Eklm plitpl. enaxagerkaycermiseklm nimyy² nwgefvi[yl;pgedrénehtugvicermis KWl manplrb eyacn_dl;gñkculrympakercin niggacefvi)anénfvika nigbec kets. P ab;etanwgcermis man]tahrn_ xøhbirkumh unrbkytrbecgedl)angnuvtþdmenahrsay enhrycehiy nigxñatrgvas;xøhénskþanubllt plbikar Gnuvtþn_BYkva. kargpivdæn_plitpl nigkarefvikar sermccitþexssgvak;plitkmμ KWmanPaBEbøk²Kñakñúg Rkumh unnimyy². etahcay:agna B½t manenhgac manplrbeyacn_y:agxøamgkñúgkareliktwkcitþgñkefvikar sermccitþedim,ignuvtþn_ b y:agehacnas;bicarna CeRmIsEklm TaMgenaH. 6>6 KMrU D4S srmab;rkumplitplcak;lak; ducedl)anerobrab;enaelikdmbugéncmbukenh lkçn³ vinicä½yénkmru D4S GacxusEbøkKñakñúgeBlnimYy². kñúg krnixøh KWmin tuvkarrkb;cmhantamggs;et b CMhan tuvkartamgenahgacefvi[gay syl.]tahrn_- krni énkmru D4S srmab;plitplcmnigaharcmhanti 3 karkt;smáal;énepñktynati nigcmhanti 6 Epñkmin Tan;pÁúM KWminsMxan;. niyaymü:agetot ebisin tuv karrkb;cmhantamggs;myy² tuvetkmnt;canic.trmg; páúpágkmru D4S tuvetekt muvsrmab;epñk]ssahkmμcak; lak;namyy EdlkñúgenaHva tuverbir)as;. CD-ROM mantmb½rkargaredlbnøatrebobbk RsayénkarpÁÚpÁg D4S srmab;plitplfn;yurducca erkogeglic tunik nigkarekt muvkmenfiμsrmab;epñk cmnigahar. ]TahrN_kareFVIKMrY emilepñkkarsiksakrnidmbug Industrias Waiman Costa Rica : Refrigerator Intermech Cassave Grater, Tanzania Philips Taiwan Monitor 97

100 CMhanTI 1 karkmnt;ekaleda etigvicaekaledaénkarefvikmru D4S? CMhanTI 2 karerciserisplitpl etierciserisplitplsrmab;efvikmruy:agducemþc? CMhanTI 4 kenøgrbsbv etigvikwcakenøgrbsbvkñasrmab;kmru D4S? CMhanTI 5 )ar:aemrt etibkrsaycmnucrbsbvkñúgxñatedl Gacvas;)any:agdUcemþc? CMhanTI 7 lt pl CMhanTI 8 CeRmIsEklMG CMhanTI 9 CeRmIsGTiPaB eti tuvdmenirkaredim,ierbobefoblt pl énkarefvikmru D4S y:agducemþc? eti tuvbinitült pleligvij nigbegiát CeRmIsEklm y:agducemþc? etivaytémø nigkmnt;gatipabcermis Eklm y:agducemþc? CMhanTI 10 kargnuvtþþþn_ eti tuvgnuvtþcermiseklm y:agducemþc? rubti 39 ³ TsSn³énviFIsa sþefvikmru D4S TaMg 10 CMhan 98

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102 100 R)ak;cMeNj

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104 EpñkTI 3 ÉksareyagBI D4S 102

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106 krnisiksa D4S enakñúgrbetsesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ enakñúgepñkenh krnisiksamyycmnynmkbirbetsesdækic kmbuggpivdæn_ RtÚv)anbgðaj. eyagetatam krnisiksatamgenhedl)anbgðajryc ehiy enakññúgcmbukmun² edim,ibgðajca]tahrn_smrab;dmnak;kalcak;lak; nigca yut sa sþsmrab;karrcnam:udeligvij D4S nig D4S Benchmarking. 7>1 karbegáitrkum D4S ena Fabrica Venus Guatemala Rkumh un Venus KWCaRkumh un Guatemalan FunmFüm manti tamgsißitenakñúgtirkug Guatemala EdlCaRkumh un plitsárrkab; 150 RbePTxus²KñaenAkñúgeragcRk. Rkumh unenhlk;plitplpakercineta[tipsargaemrik knþal niggaemriklatin nigmyycmnyntuc[shrdæ Gaemrik niggaemrikxagt,úg. krnisiksaenhkw Ca]TahrN_d¾l myysmrab;rkumh unfunmfümmyyedl minmanepñkxagrcnamu:d nigmankargpivdæn_plitpl EdlCakarRbwgERbgrbs;RkummYy. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S KMeragRtÚv)aneKGnuvtþCaEpñkmYyénKMerag Ecodesign fñak;tmbn; EdlKMaRTedayviTüasßanRsavRCavRbeTs kus þarikar CEGESTI TIPñak;garkarBarbrisßanshrdæ Gaemrik nigtipñak;garedim,igpivdæn_gn þrcati nig saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft énrbetshulg;. KMeragenH)anKaMRTdl;KMerag Ecodesign enabas ebjgaemrikknþal. Rkumh un Venus cg;lk;plit plenakñúgtipsarfμi nigcabiessenakñúgtipsargwr:ub. edaysaretmantmruvkarxus²kñasmrab;tipsargwr:ub. ]Ta hrn_ducca tmruvkarelikarevcx b; nigkarpøas;bþúrplit plmyycmnyn duecñhehiyrkumh un Venus )ansmerc citþerbir)as;yut sa sþ D4S smrab;dmenirkarekerb plitplenh. KMerag ]TahrN_ D4S enh KWkMBugEtmankarcab;GarmμN_ edaysaretvamantynatiya:gsmxan; BIRkumrcnamU:d plitplenakñúgkmerag. Rkumh unminmanepñkgpivdæ plitpledayelkenahet. mnussmkbiepñkepsg² )ancyyefvikargpivdæn_plitpledlcaepñkmyybenßm elikargaretogtat;rbs;bykek. CaFmμta dmenirkar GPivDÆn_plitplRtUvkareBlevlaBI 3 eta 6 Ex. enaebledlmantmruvkarpøas;bþúrfmcagenhenakñúgdmenir karplitkmμ enahvagacrtuvkareblevlarhutdl;;eta 1qñaM. smrab;kmeragedl)angnuvtþenakñúgqñam 1999 enh Rkumh unvenus CaTUeTA)anerobcMCaRkummYy[mankar Bak;B½n etanwgkargpivdæn_plitpl nigrkumepsg² etotedlgacculrymcavipaktand¾mansar³rbeyacn_. RkumenaHman ³ > RbFanEpñkBaNiC kmμ > RbFanEpñkplitkmμ > RbFanEpñkRtYtBinitüKuNPaB > TIRbwkSabec ketsrkumh un nig > RbFanEpñkTIpSar. 104

107 RkumenH)anRbCMuCaerogral;ExkñúgGMLúgeBl énkmeragehiymtieyabl;epsg²smrab;plitplfμi² EtgEtekItmanBIsmaCikRkum ehiymtieyabl;tamg enhrtuv)anekbipaksa. karvipakelimtieyabl;tamg enh RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaysmaCiknimYy²enAkñúgRkum edayep kelicmnajpþal;rbs;bykek. kargareliplit pledl)anerciseris RtUv)anEbgEckkñúgcMeNam smacikrkumtamgmuledaymñak;²manekaledamyycak; lak; nigkmμvific,as;las;. karefvietsþrtuv)anefvi eligtamgsmrab;dmenirplitkmμ nigtipsar. RbFanRkum h un)anefvikarsmerccugerkayeliplitkmμ nigbbaða TIpSarehIyRtUv)anp þl;b½t mancaetogtat;edayrkum enah. CMerIseFVI[RbesIreLIg sárrkab;rbept Hard-boiled RtUv)aneRCIserIsCa plitplsmrab;kmeragedaysaretvamanpabxuskñatamg Rsug ehiyvakwcaplitpledllk;dac; nigefakcag ekbmputenakñúgkarplit EdlTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUl 80%. edim,ikat;bnßyplb:hbal;brisßan CMerIs myycmnynrtuv)anbegáiteligedim,ieqøiytbetanwgkarerbi R)as;smÖar³kñúgkarevcx b;eday)ancmnysedaysmöar³ EdlKitKUrdl;brisßan ehiytmhmépþedlrtuve)ahbumö enaelikba b; RtUv)ankat;bnßyedIm,I[mankargartic tyccmebahma:siune)ahbumö. karevcx b;kba b;ragducexñiy smrab;sárrkab;rtúv )anekercíseriscadmenahrsay enakñúgkarevcx b; erbahcab;tamgbi)anerbir)as;kba b;ragducexñiyenahmk snsm)ancag 40%énvtßúFatuedImebIeRbóbeFobeTAnwg karrcnam:udkba b;myy nigetvbielikmun. CagenHeTA etotma:siunsmrab;evcx b;kba b;ragducexñiyeloncag m:asiunevcx b;elikmun ehiybegáitsmnl;bivtßúfatuedim ticcagmun. smpar³ PP RtUv)aneRCIserIsbEnßmelIfg;evc x b; CMnYskarG uts Üt BOPP EdlecaTCabBaðakñúg karekécñeligvij nigtmruvkarc½rkav smrab;karevcx b;. enagaemrikknþal ekgacekécñeligvijnuvfg;rbept PE. duecñh CasMNUmBrRkumh unkyrrbmulfg;rbept PE Edl)aneRbIR)as;rYcenAkñúgkardwkCBa Ún ehiykyr ykvaetakenøgekécñeligvijedayrfynþenakñúgdmenir RtLb;mkvij. Rkumh ungacrkr)ak;cmnulbikarlk; fg;rbept PE )anedaykarlk;eta[rkumekécñ eligvij. lt pl lt plkmerag KWCakarGPivDÆn_plitplfμIBIrsMrab; TIpSarGWr:ubehIykBa b;tuccagmunbirfμietotedlrtuv)an ekerbir)as;enakñúgplitkmμsmrab;tipsarkñúgrsuk. kba b;ragducexñiyfμi Edlmankarkat;bnßysMPar³Cag 40% RtUv)aneKdak;lk;enAkñúgTIpSar. Rkumh un)an Gnuvt þcmeriseklmgepsg²etotmyycmnyntak;tgetanwg RbB½n Eckcay EdlbN þal[mankarsnsmsméctmél KYr[cab;GarmμN_. rubpab 44 ³ karevcx b;tuccagmunenaxageqvgcakar evcx b;fμismrab;plitplrss;s at. 105

108 smrab;bt manbenßm emil CEGESTI (1999), Augustijin nig Uijttewaal (1998) nig Crul (2003). 7>2 SWOT karvipakeliplb:hbal; nig yut sa sþ D4S ena Talleres Rea Guatemala Rkumh un Talleres REA (Guatemala City) KWCaRkumh un lkçn³rkysarmanbukálikcmnyn 35nak; EdlmanbT BiesaFn_ 50 qñam kñúgkarplitma:siunplitkaehv. Rkumh un REA plitplitpltamggs;edlcam)ac; smrab;bþúrrkab;kaehvbn RkhmeTACasENþkBN etñat EdlcugbBa b;køayetacakaehvenacmuvijbipbelak. Rkumh unmaneragcagmyyedlmanma:siun CalkçN³ buransmrab;karefivikarcamyyelah³. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S KMeragenHKWCaEpñkmYyénkmμviFI Ecodesign fñak;tmbn;. rdæapi)al Guatemalan )anecjc,ab;fμiedim,iedah RsayCamYynwgbBaða énkarerbir)as;twkd¾ercinelis lubenakñúgkardmenirkarerbir)as;twkénkarplitkaehv enakñúggmlúgeblkmerag ( ). CagenHeTA etot mankaryl;dwgkan;etekineligelibbaðabrisßan Tak;TgnwgkarplitkaehV TaMgenAkñúgRbeTs Guatemala nigrbetsedlnamculkaehv. dmenirkar plitkaehv EdlmankarKitKUreRcIndl;brisßanTTYl )antmélx<s;cagmun Edlpþl;[mankarelIkTwkcitþ smrab;gtificnrbs;rkumh un REA edim,ieq<ahetakan; ekaledaenah. Rkumh un karvipakebb SWOT smrab;rkumh unrtúv)anefvielig edayrkumkargarkmerag emiltarag 8. cmnucsmxan; bmputedl)anrkexijmanducteta³ plitpl EdlRtUv)aneRCÍserIssMrab;eFVIkar rcnam:udeligvij KWCama:sIundkyksac;ecjBIEpøEdl CacMnucsMxan;bMputenAkñúgdMeNIrplitkaehV. Rkumh un REA )andmenirkaredaybwgep kelibec kvitüacas; nigsmpar³buran. karvipakeliplb:hbal;ebb D4S CaTUeTAmYy smrab;ma:siundkyksac;ecjrbs;rkumh un REA man lt plducteta emiltarag 9 ³ 106

109 PaBxøaMg manbtbiesafn_ercinqñam mankunpab manpabcab;lab; b PaBeRbI)anyUr Gacbt;Ebn)an mansilfm l m:t;ct; nigesμahrtg; manesßrpabepñknieyacik manbtbiesafn_ gayrsyleftamesvakmμeftam nig CMnYybec kets PaBexSay Gt;manenAkñúgsþúk RtUvkarplitplmanesßrPaB nigsþg;dar RtUvkarEklMG[{Tan;sm½y} nig karekerbbec kvitüa plitkmμmantmélx<s; o RtUvkarvtßúFatuedImeRcIn o kargarefviedayéd RtUvkareBlevlakñúgkardwkCBa Ún RtUvkarsmtßPaBtMeLIg RtUvkarsikSaTIpSar kgvhxatb½t man dmenirkarmanrcnasm<½n niglmdab;lmeday btbiesafn_tictyckñúgkarpøas;bþúr nig kargpivdæn_plitpl kalanuvtþpab lk;kitcaduløar mantipsarfμikñúgkarnmaecj manplitplfμicmruhmux mankmerag D4S mankarennamerbir)as;eday famblrbhgatitü manesvakmμrymedlmantmél smrmükñúgkarrbkytrbecgbi xagerka karkmramkmehg c,ab;brisßan bmerbmrylgrtabþúrr)ak;caduløar c,ab;esdækic karrbkytrbecgcati niggnþrcati saklpavubniykmμ tmél ¼ famblgkiásniedlgacrk)an tarag 8 ³ karvipak SWOT smrab;rkumh un TALLERES REA 107

110 bbaða vtßúfatuedimm GñkpÁt;pÁg karplitena nigkenøg smöar³ karerbir)as;fambl smnlrwg karbeba jcatibul karttylxusrtuvepñk sgám karrkb;rkgfanfan mnuss kareckcayesdækic karbenßmerkogpsm Metal Paint famblerbismrab; plitkmμelah karevcx b; elah³ plitkmμ plitpl elah karp ab; ex A.l. haáassmrab; psar GKÁIsnI erbg kareckcay erbir)as; E-O-L karevcx b; kat;kþar elah )aøsþik karpøas;bþúrepñk epsg² erogralb;i1 eta 5 qñam cak;rkwhrwgmam karekécñepñknimyyeligvij karekécñelahheligvij \nþnhsmrab;dwkcba Ún \n nh \nþnhsmrab;dwkcba Ún smnler kmetcelah kmetcelah smnl;bikarevcx b; EpñkénelahEdleK e)ahecal smnl;bulbi Er: NOx suxpabkñúgshkmn_ CIkEr: sarfatukimi NOx FUlI sarfatukimi NOx FUlI suxpab cmnulkñúg shkmkñúgrsuk NOx FUl NOx FUlI lkçxnðkargar lkçxnðkargar Twks at nieyacikkñúgrsuk nieyacikkñúgrsuk nieyacikkñúgrsuk NOx FUlI TWk CO 2 karerbir)as;twksmrab; karyker: karerbir)as;twk smrab;plitkmμelah karerbir)as;twksmrab; plitkmμ Pulpero kñúg1éf smnl;twk BOD x<s; ]sμ½nkabunic ]sμ½nkabunic ]sμ½nkabunic ]sμ½nkabunic ]sμ½nkabunic ]sμ½nkabunic tmél x<s xs; tmelig xs; EfTaM tarag 9 ³ karvipakeliplb:hbal;rbs; D4S smrab;rkumh un Talleres Rea CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun cmnuceklmgedl)ankmnt;bba ak;edaykarvipakebb SWOT/Drivers Impact Analysis manducca ³ > yut sa sþ D4S TI3 - Epñkbec ketsplitkmμ. karkat;bnßycmnyn nigtmhménfatupsmgacbn þal[man bec ketsplitkmμrbesircagmun nigmansmnl;tic Cagmun. > yut sa sþ D4S TI5 - Epñkplb:HBal;GMLúgeBl erbir)as;. karkat;bnßytwkenagmlúgebléndmnak; kalerbir)as; edim,ieqøiytbetanwgc,ab; KWCaeKal eda EklMGd¾mansarHsMxan;mYy. karrcnam:udplit pleqøiytbpgedrcmebahrbb½n TaMgmUlEdlvanwgpþl; lt PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;famBlrYmKña kñúgcmenamm:a suincaercin. ecjbikarvipakeliplb:hbal; yut sa sþbenßm xagerkamrtuv)ankmnt;cagatipab³ > yut sa sþ D4S TI1 - Epñkplb:HBal;sMPar³. karpøas;bþúrepñkedlerbir)as;tg;edgetacagiunuk Edk Efb GacRbesIrCagsMrab;brisßanBIeRBaHGIuNuk GacnwgCab;)anyUrCag BI 4-5 qñam muneblrtuv pøas;b þúr. > yut sa sþ D4S TI2-Epñkkat;bnßykareRbIR)as; smpar³. edayep kelikarvipakelimuxgarénepñkxus² Kña eyigmanlt PaBkñúgkarkMNt;faetIRtUvkareRbI R)as;Edk Cast-iron b et ehiyepñknaedlgacrtuv pøas;bþúr b kat;ecal. 108

111 lt pl yut sa sþtamgbynrtuv)anekgnuvt þ. Rkumh un Talleres Rea)anbegáItKMrUedIménKMnitfμI EdlCalT pl)ankat; bnßytmgn; 70% snsmeblevlaplitkmμ)an 50% erbir)as;famblticcagmun nigkat;bnßytmélplit pl)an 50%. \LÚvplitplRtUv)andak;lk;enA elitipsar. Rkumh un Talleres Rea )angnuvtþkmerag D4S CaelIkTIBIr EdlCaKMeragbnþedaysarEtman ecakc½yénkmerageliktimyy. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil Garvik (1999), Cegesti (1999) nig Crul (2003) kmμtwkedaheka RbcaMéf KW lirt. plit plepsgetotkw RhVÚma: ERkm nigsac;. sacivkmμenh maneragcrkplittwkedahekapþal;xøün Edlmannieya Cik 20nak;. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S Rkumh un)anrtuvkaryut sa s þrymfμimyyyrvagtipsar nig plitpl edim,i[manpabrwgmamkñúgkarrbkutrbecgena elitipsar. TsSn³cirPaBenH RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;fa mansar³smxan;nas; enakargpivdæn_plitplfμitamg enh. KMeragenHRtUv)anGnuvtþCaEpñkénKMerag Ecodesign fñak;tmbn; EdlKaMRTedayviTüasßanRsavRCavRbeTs kus þarikar CEGESTI TIPñak;garkarBarbrisßanshrdæ Gaemrik nigtipñak;garedim,igpivdæn_gn þrcati nig saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft énrbetshulg;. rubpab 45³ bbaøati nig Depulper fμién Rea 7>3 KMeragExSsgVak;;plitkmμenARkumh un Hacienda el Jobo, El Salvador Rkumh un Hacienda El Jobo enarbets El Salvador (Sociedad Cooperativa Yutathui) KWCaRkumh un ksikmμtmenib myyedlmanépþdi 324hikta. plit 109 KMerag tamgbikarcab;epþimenaqñam 2001 KMerag)anKitKUrelI ral;rkb;cmnuctamggs;énexssgvak;plitkmμ cab;tamg BIstVeKars;rhUtdl;vakøayeTACaplitplsMerc. Rkumh unrtuv)ancyykmart edayvitüasßanrsavrcav RbeTskUs þarikar CEGESTI nigsaklvitüal½y Landivar enarbets Guatemala. vakwkmeragedl manbbaðarbqmmuxkñacmebahrkumh un EdlmanbMNg GPivDÆplitplfμImYyeTot ERkmTwkedaHeKaEdl mancatixøaj;tic nigtipsarfμi. edim,ibenßmetaelipab RbQmmuxénplitpl RtUvmankarbBa ak;d¾xaømgkøamyy kñúgkarrtytbinitüeligvijénsmasfatuenadmnak;kal dmbugtamgbikarpát;pág;duccacigacm_stvnigkarerbir)as; fambl nigbbaðaplitkmμs at. plitplerkm RtUv)aneKrcnam:UdeLIgvij edaymankareklmgelig vijenakñúgdmenirkarplitkmμ. CagenHeTAeTot CIv³

112 ]sμ½nedlekitbicigacm_stvenaksidæan nigtmnak;tmng GnþrkargarCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;xagkarevcx b;rtuv)anek dak;bba Úl. CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun karpliterkmedlmancatixøaj;ticgacnam[begáin R)ak;cMNUledaypÞal; cab;tamgbimankarcmnayd¾ercin smrab;karplitplitpltwkedahekaedlmancatixøaj; ercin.tmnak;tmngenhkwmanpabxuskñabirdgenakñúgtmél énkarlk;erkmedlmancatixøaj;tic. CagenHeTA etot CMerIsplitkmμs atmyycmnynenakñúgeragcrktwk edahekartuv)anekkmnt;elig. > )ankat;bnßykarerbir)as;twk)an 30% enakenøg plitkmμ > )anplitplitplfμibirefmetot³ KWERkmEdlman Catixøaj; 30% nig 18% benßmbielierkmedlmancati xøaj; 45% EdlmanRsab; > )anbnßykarerbir)as;vtßúfatuedim 20% edaysar karplitplitplfμi > plitplmanrubpabl Cagmunedaymankarrcna m:udfμi > )ansnsmsméceliéføepøigcmnyn 1000 USD kúñgmyyex > )ankat;bnßytwkfñamedlerbienakñúgkarevcx b; ekrmbwgfaplitplcmruhgacqanmuxekenaelipakh unti psatamgmulsmrab;rkumh un niggacbegáínplitkmμ. KMeragenHEfmTaMgnaM[mankaryl;eXIjc,as;BIsßan PaBbrisßanrbs;Rkumh un nigbegáinkarxitxmrbwgerbg CafμIeTot edim,iculetakan;tipsarfμi². smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil Sagone (2001) and Crul (2003) rubpab 46 ³ Hacienda El Jobo rubxageli nigplitplerkm rubxagerkam lt pl lt plcak;es þgmanducxagerkam ³ 7>4 TidæPaBsgÁméncirPaB³ KMeragksag BIsMNl;GaCIvkmμEr:enAkñúgGaRhVikxagt,Úg Rkumh un krnisiksaenhrtuv)anefvieligenaqñam 2003 erkamkic shkarcamyyggákargpivdæn_]ssahkmμshrbca Cati sacivkmμ Anglo saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft nigtmnagepsg²etotmkbi]ssahkmμyker:ena GaRhVikxagt,Úg. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S édkukmerag)anxitxmrbwgerbgrymkña edim,iefvi[rbesireligedaycirpab edim,iesvgrkvifi enakñúgbribtén 110

113 ]ssahkmμer:. GaCIvkmμEr: KWCa]sSahkmμcMbgenA kñúgrbetsgarhvikxagt,úg ehiytidæpabgvic manmyy cmnynedlp ab;etanwgskmμpabtamgenhrymman³ > lkçxnðsuxpab nigsuvtßipabrbs;kmμkrenagn; enakñúgrkumh uncaercin > bbaða HIV/AIDS enakñúgrbetscaercin > karerbir)as; nigrkb;rkgdiminrtwmrtuvrymbba Úl TaMgdIrbs;RbCaCnEdlekItkñúgRsuk nigtmbn;karbar brisßanpumisarsþ epsg² > karbmban nigkarminecocak;kñúgcmenamshkmn_ kñúgrsuk > plb:hbal;brisßangvic manedlp ab;etanwggacciv kmμer: enagtitkal nigeblfμi²enh nigdmenirrbtibtþi Er: rymbba ÚlTaMg tailing dumps bbaða post-closure nigkar)at;bg;civcmruh > karerbir)as;er:kμanrbsit PaBenATUTaMgBiPBelak nigkmriténkarekécñeligvij nigdmenirkarminbeba j smnl;cmebahrbepter:caercin > GaCIvkmμEr:xñattUcekIneLIgedayskmμPaBrbs;Rb CaCnGenþaRbevsn_RkIRk elirstab;er:bnþab;bnsmena erkam lkçxnðkargarerkahfñak;camyynwgehtub:hbal; brisßankyr[kt;smkal;. dmenahrsayedayepñkmyyrtuv)ankmnt;kw EsVgrkkareRbIR)as;sMNl;Er:enAelIpøÚvnigsMrab;sMPar³ smng;gkar. EdnkMNt;cMeBaHsMPar³TaMgenaHrab; bbaú ltamgvtþman nigkarelcrcabénelah³f n; nig sarfatuepsg²etot lkçn³kmnut b swk nigfatuvitüú skmμ. CagenHeTAeTot sum,ietkrniminkyrmanedl plitplrtuvkar 100% smrab;pøúv nigkarsagsg; ekhdæan RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgBIsMNl;TaMgenaHk¾eday k¾vanwgminrtwmettmnagegay 1-2% énkarekinelig BitR)akdRbcaMqñaM énsmnl;bigacivkmμer:srubenahet ehiyvamansarsmxan;ya:gbitr)akd. karbegáít plitpl fμi BIsMNl;GaCIvkmμEr: KWminEmnCa dmenahrsayry³eblevg kñúgkarkat;bnßylubbm)at; ecalbbaðabrisßanbismnl;enahet. kargpivdæn_plitplbismnl;gacivkmμer:kyr EtKitBItMrUvkar kñúgkarkat;bnßykarerbir)as;;smpar³ edimsmrab;karsagsg;gkar nigpøúvedim,ivaytméleli PaBGacrk)anrbs;sMPar³kñúgRsukEdlmantMélefak nigefvi[rbesireligcmebahkargpivdæn_esdækic kñúgrsuk rymbba ÚlTaMgkarGPivDÆn_CMnYj nigkargar. cmebahkar GaCIvkmμEr: vabba ak;skmμpabrbeptenh KWminsMxan; cmebahtssn³brisßan nigrtwmetsar³smxan;tictycbi TsSn³esdækic. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday k¾vaman karbak;b½n ya:gxøamgbicirpabsgám nigtssn³vis½y karttylxusrtuvrbs;sacivkmμkñúgsgám. CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun plitplefvibismnl;er:pakercinkwcaplitplsmrab;sm Ng;GKardUcCaGKarsagsg;BI\dætamlkçN³sþg;da. \dæfmμtagaccat;tukfacaplitpledlman {tmél Tab}. RbsinebIsMNl;BIGaCIvkmμEr:lk;kñúgtMélefak CamYynwgtMrUvkarbec kvitüamintmenib nig]bkrn_ FmμtaGacnaM[manKURbkYteRcInenAelITIpSar. kar lk;plitplkñúgtméltabcagmun ebietahbicakmrit plitkmμercincagmunk¾eday k¾plcmenjføak;cuhedr. edim,iecosvagbbaða KMeragKYrEtmaneKaledA edim,ibegáittmélx<s;camunedlehafaplitpl {Qøas év} pgedrbnþab;bikarplit\dæ. CaCMhandMbUg kar rcnam:ud\dæ[rbesircagmun GaceFVI[\dæmanTMgn; RsalcMeBaHPaBFn;dUcKña nigefvi[rubrag \dærbesir Cagmun cmebahrubragxagerkarbs;\dæ duecñhefvi[ 111

114 mancmerisercinkñúgkarerbir)as;. tamkarbiteta \dæ RsaleRbIR)as;smasFatuticCagmun duecñhsmnl; beba jrtuv)anerbir)as;ticcagmunedr minkyrrtuv)an ekcat;tukfacacmnucgvic manet sumi,etcab;tamgbikar erbir)as;smnl;gacivkmμer:smrab;tmruvkarsagsg;cagti brma nigmingacedahrsaybbaðasmnl;bigacívkmμ Er:)aneT. yut sa sþeklmgkarrcnam:ud[rbesircagmun epsg² GacrYmbBa ÚlTaMg ³ > karcak;\dæedlmintmruv[man)aygkmlúgeblkar sagsg;duecñhkarkat;bnßykarerbir)as;plitpl)ay GEdlmantMéléfø nig > Rbehag\dæ RsalCag GnuBaØatiþ[bBa ÚlfñaMBN b bmbugmyycmnynedaykμankargarbenßm. plitplepsg²éntméléføcagmunducca Fñwm ek,óg xþh nigplitplepsg²edlrtúv)anekerbir)as; kñúgtisarfarn³ ducca cieba ImpøÚv begáalbitpøúv.l. GacRtUv)anGPivDÆpgEdr.KitBITsSn³edaycirPaB plitplsmng;gkar EdlGacpþl;nUvCMrkKWCaKnøwHd¾ smxan;myy. kgvhxatkunpabl GKarmantMélefak enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæn_kwcabbaðaedlmancanic Ca kal. smpar³edlmanskþanubl nigbec kvitüakwva enaq aybidmenahrsaycmebahepñkedlexsaybmputena kñúgsgám.smnl;bigacivkmμer:manya:gercinérkelg enatikenøgrtwmrtuv nigmantméltabgacpþl;[nuv dmenahrsay)anmyyepñk. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil UNIDO (2003) 7>5 plitplfμi nigkarerbir)as;eligvij ³ RAGBAG enakñúgrbets\nða nigena Netherlands Rkumh un Ragbag KWCaeQμaHma:kenAkñúgCYrplitplm:UdTMenIb EdleFVIBIfg;)aøsIÞkEkécñeLIgvij EdlRbmUleday { GñkerIssMNl;fg; } enakñúgtmbn;mnussrkirkrs; enatirkugj:úedlirbets\nða pþl;[nuvr)ak;cmnul smrab;gñkedlmancivpabetakya:k. plitkmμrtuv)an ekefvieligedaykarshkarrbs; sþitamglay Edl e)akkk; niglagsmgatfg;epsg² ehiyefvi[fg;tamg enahkøaycaplitplfμi Edlrcnam:UdedayGñkrcna m:udv½yekμgrbs;cncatigwr:ub nig\nðaedlcagñkcab; epþimkmerag. rubpab 47 ³ \dætan; nig\dæefivbismnl;er: 112

115 kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S karrbmulfg;)aøsiþkenakñúgtirkugjú:edli edaygñkeris smnl;fg;begáitcmnuledaypþal;smrab;gñkrkenakñúgtm bn;mnussrkirkrs;enatirkugjú:edli ehiykarrbmulkw CaviFIelIkTwkcitþmYysMrab;KMerag.kareRbIR)as;)aøsÞIk smrab;plitplm:udtmenibfμirslagmann½yfaerbir)as; smpar³eligvij nigkat;bnßytmruvkarvtßúfatuedimfμi. plit PaKeRcInCa sþi enakñúgtirkugj:úedliedlpþl; [BYkeK nigrkysarnuvr)ak;cmnul nigqanetark»kasercincagmun. fμi²enh karrbmulplitpl Ragbag 2006 rymmankabub kabubs<ay smebot nigkabubtuc. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil rubpab 48 ³ Rag pichers enatirkugj:úedli KMerag enakñúgkrnisiksaenh ExScgVak;plitplfμIeBjelj RtUv)anGPivDÆ. fg;)aøsþikrtúv)anekrbmullagcmrh hal[s ÜtehIyEbgEckeTAtamBN.bnÞab;mkeTot fg;)aøsþiktamgenahrtuv)anekdak;culetakñúgma:siunedl benñnva[rkas;cagmun ehiydak;cabnþhya:gmamca ercin.minrtuvkarrclk;bn b TwkexμAeLIy. fg;)aøsiþk RbEhl 60RtUvkaredIm,IbegáItCabnÞHmYy. bnþhtamg enahrtuv)anekkat;dak;cyr² nigedr b cak;bum<caplit plxus²kña. rubpab 49 ³ mnðlrbmulfg;)øasþikenatirkugj:úedli lt pl KMerag)anbegáItkargarsMrab;GñkerIssMNl;fg;cMnYn50 nak; EdlRbCaCnenAmCÄmNÐlkarRbmUlfg; niggñk rubpab 50 ³ plitpl Ragbag ³ kabubs<ay xageli nigswmi xagerkam 7>6 karrcnam:udplitpleligvij³ db )aøsþikenarkumh un Microplast Costa Rica Rkumh un Microplast KWCaRkumh unplitpl)aøsþikmyyenakñúg Costa Rica EdlmanbuKÁlikcMnYn 70nak;begáIt eligenaqñam Rkumh unerbir)as;)aøsþik 25 etan kñúgmyyexedim,iplitdbxus²kñasmrab;»sfsßanerkóg smgag nigplitplcmnigahar. 113

116 kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S KMeragenHRtUv)aneKGnuvtþedayRkumh un CEGESTI enavitüasßanrsavrcav Costa Rican énggákar GPivDÆn_]sSahkmμshRbCaCati kmμvifibrisßansh RbCaCati mcämnðlplitkmμs atcatirbs; Costa Rica nig saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft RbeTs Netherlands. plitpledl)anrcnam:udeligvijkw db HDPE EdlmancMNuH 1>8 lirt. enaqñam 2005 Microplast )anplitdbedlmantmhmduucenhsmrab;dak; TwkedaHeKa nigtwkepøeqikñúgrtg;rtaytuc. TIpSar smrab;dbrbeptenhkmbugetekinelig ehiydbcas; EdlmanskþanuBleFVI[RbesIreLIgRcInkøayCaplit plmyyedlkyr[cab;garmμn_smrab;kmeragenh. KMerag karrcnam:udeligvijéndb HDPE cmnuh 1>8 lirt rbs; Microplast RtÚv)aneKGnuvtþenAkñúgkic sh RbtibtþikarCamYyRkumh uncmnigahard¾fmmyyeqμah Costa Rican. Rkumh unenh)anerbir)as; 300>000 db HDPE cmnuh 1>8 lirtkñúgmyyex. Cakar cab;epþímsmrab;kic xitxmrbwgerbgrcnam:udeligvijdbbi Rkumh un MicroPlast RtUv)aneKeFVIkareRbóbeFobCa myydbbiredl)anerbir)as;edayrkumh unrbkytrbecg nammuxek. TMgn;dbCamFümedayKμanKMrb BI 60 eta 70Rkam. dbtamgenahrtúv)anekeckcayenakñúg RbGb;sþg;da HDPE. RbGb;TaMgenaHEfmTaMg erbir)as;smrab;karevcx b;rbeptepsg²etot ducca Tetra Pack and Tetra Brik..Rkumh ungacdak;)an 12db enakñúgmyyrbgb;. RUbPaB 51 ³ dbcas;²rbs;rkumh un Microplast nigeragcrk Microplast rubpab 52 ³ LaMgfμI niglkçn³emkanicrbs;dbfμi 114

117 CMerIsEklMG[RbesIrCagmun cmnucepþatetaelibrisßancacmbgducca ³ > karkat;bnßysmpar³edlerbir)as;enakñúgdbmyy yut sa sþ D4S 2 > karkat;bnßyehtub:hbal;smpar³evcx b;kñúgcmnuh kñúgmyylirt yut sa sþ D4S 1 nig 2 > karkat;bnßysmnl;kmlúgeblplitkmμ yut sa sþ D4S 3 > RbsiT PaBx<s;CagenAkñúgkarEckcay yut sa sþ D4S 5 cmnucbnþab;epñkbrisßanedlrtuvykcitþtukdak; manducca³ > begáinlkçn³suvtßipabrbs;db > begáinesapn½pabrbs;db kmras;sac;dbcas;rbehlca 0>6 miliem:rt. Tinñn½yeRbobeFobenAkñúgRbeTs Netherlands )an bgðajfa karkat;bnßykmras;[dl; 0>2 miliem:rtgac efvieta)an. karkat;bnßygacetaryc)ancmebahetma: siuncak;bum<pøúm RtUv)aneKtMeLIgCamYyRbB½n RKb;RKg Parison. CamYynwgRbB½n enh kmras;sac;dbfμikw 0>3 miliem:rt KWCaeKaledAEdlGaceFVI)an. m:asiunfμica myynwgkarrkb;rkg Parison EfmTaMgGackat;bnßy brimansmnl;kñúg kmlúgeblplitkmμ. edim,ikmnt;tmhmdbfμi TMhMRbGb;Eckcay RtUv)aneKykmkKit. CamYynwgTMhMdbfμI ekgacdak;15 dbcmnysegay 12db enakñúgmyyrbgb;eckcay EdlCalT plénkarekineligcmnyn 25 PaKry. CamYynwgkmμviFIkMBüÚT½r COSMOS lkçn³ emkanicéndbrtúv)anekrtytbinitü. karvipaktmgn;enh CalT plenakñúgtitamgfμi nigcmnynrwm. edim,ibegáin TidæPaBsuvtßiPaBéndb vacakarsmxan;kñúgkarpøas;bþúr kenøgsmrab;édkan;. kenøgsmrab;édkan;fμirtuv)anek dak;enaknþaldbedim,iecosvagkarqwcab;kédenakm LúgeBleRbIR)as;. enaebldbebj 1>8 KILÚ vaca karsmxan; EdlkMlaMgclkrénGñkeRbIR)as;kan;EttUc tamedlgacefvieta)an. edim,iecosvagkarqwcab;éd kenøgsmrab;éd kan;rtúv)anekdak;enakenøgedlgñkerbir)as;gaccab; kan;kenøgsmrab;édkan;camyynwgrmamédtamggs; nig eméd. Tinñn½ysuvtßiPaBEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;karrcnam:UdeLIg vijénkenøgsmrab;édkan;rtuv)anek)anmktamry³na ykdæan Dynamic Anthropometrics énsaklvitüa l½y bec kvitüa Delft. lt pl > kat;bnßykarerbir)as;vtßúfatuedim 45-45% > RbsiT PaBkarEckcayRbesIrCagmun 25 % > kat;bnßyehtub:hbal;brisßan 43 % > suvtßipabrbesircagmun > dmenirkareligvijkñúgkmlúgeblplitkmμticcag mun > karrcnam:udmanpabtak;tajcagmun etivamann½yya:gducemþckñúgkargnuvtþn_? cmebahdb kñúgmyyex mann½yfakat; bnßy)an 9000 KILÚén HDPE kñúgmyyex duecñh snsm)an 108 etanén HDPE kñúgmyyqñam. CagenH etaetot ]ssahkmμevcx b;eday)aøsþikenakñúg Costa Rica GaceFIV)anedayeqøIytbeTAnwgdbfμIesþIgrbs; MicroPlastedaykarGPivDÆn_plitplfμI ehiyl Cag mun. kargnuvtþn_enhgacnwgmankarch\t iblvic man enakñúg]ssahkmμkarevcx b;eday)aøsþikenakñúg Costa Rica. 115

118 rubpab 53 ³ plitpldbfμi ]TahrN_BIrxageRkambgðajBIskþanuBlpl RbeyaCn_kñúgkarEckcay.]TahrN_TImYysßitenAkñúg skþanublkñúgkarkat;bnßykenøgrtcak;. bnþab;bidb TaMgenaHRtUv)aneKRckTwkEpøeQI b TwkedaHeKaeBj dbtamgenahrtuv)anekdak;sþúktukenakenøgedlrtcak; edim,irksakunpab. RbsiT PaBkarEckcaykan;Etx<s; mann½yfakarkat;bnßy20>25m 3 kenøgrtcak;smrab; myyex edayep keli 300>000db kñúgmyyex. ]TahrN_TIBIrKW enakñúgskþanublkñúgkarkat;bnßy kenøgrtcak;smrab;sþúktukenakñúgrfynþeckcay. rfynþmyypþúk)an 15 pallets. CamYynwgRbsiT PaB kareckcayx<s;cagmun 25% mann½yfa karefvidm eniredayrfynþedlrtcak;cmnyn 12 GacRtUv)aneK snsm)ankñúgmyyex b karefvidmeniredayrfynþrtcak; cmnyn 144 GacRtÚv)aneKsnSM)ankñúgmYyqñaM. pl RbeyaCn_esdækic nigbrisßanrymbba ÚlTaMgkareRbIR)as; erbgsamg éføcmnaysmrab;eftam nigéføcmnaysmrab; kargark¾ticcagmun. smrab;b½t manbenßm³ emil CEGESTI tamry³ 7>7 karrcnam:udplitpleligvij³]ssa hkmμevcx b; MARKSS enatirkug KAMPALA RbeTs UGANDA Rkumh un ]ssahkmμevcx b; MARKSS manbukálikcmnyn 135nak; RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAqñaM1994 ehiyplit RbGb;Rkdas;rwgpñt;cMnYn 2>500>000 KILÚkñúgmYyqñaM. Rkumh unenh CaRkumh untimyyedl)antak;tgcamyy mcämnðlplitkmμs at Uganda (UCPC) enakñúg qñam 2002 enaebl UCPC )ancab;epþimkmeragrcna m:udeligvij D4S. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S UCPC )anrkexijfa MAKSS manskþanublkyr [kt;smkal; edim,ieklmgdmenirkarplitkmμrbgb;rk dasrwg pñt; nigkarbegáitplitplfμirbs;xøün. Ca ]TahrN_ karrcnam:udrbgb;dak;epøeqitamrbébni ehiymin)anpøas;bþúretenakñúgry³ebl20qñamenh. va manrkdasrwgbicmerok EdltMrUv[mankarEbgEck dmenirkarplitkmμbirepsgkñaedim,iplitva. RbGb; EpøeQIBIbUraNRtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedaykareRbIR)as;Edk kibefvibielah³ b sáút. kardwkcba Ún RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIg CadMbUgtamry³rfynþelIpøÚvrlak; ehiyerkaymk tamry³pøúvgakas PaKeRcIneTAkan;Eb:kGWr:ub.RbGb; Rkdasrwgpñt;RtUvEtCaRkdas EdlmaMehIyRsal. visvkmμtmgn;rsalgacefvi[tidæpabtamgbirrbesirelig³ kat;bnßyvtßúfatuedimerbir)as;smrab;rbeyacn_brisßan nigkat;bnßyéføedimedaysarmefüa)ayefvidmenirtam Gakaséfø. 116

119 KMerag UCPC )angeba Ij MAKSS edim,ikøaycarkumh un KMrUsMrab;vKÁbNþúHbNþal D4S CaelIkdMbUgenAkñúgEx siha qñam KMnitdMbUgRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIg GMLúgeBlsikçasalaenH duccakat;bnßykmras;én Rkdas;rwgpñt;BI 5 RsTab;eTA 3RsTab; ehiybrgwg RbGb;edayBRgwgCayrwg ehiyrwt[twgenaeblca myykñaenah. CagenHeTAeTot KMnitEdlbBa Úlkar rcnam:udedaydak;kmrbetakñúgkarrcnam:udrbgb; Edl GacCYykat;bnßyTMgn;RbGb;srubRtÚv)aneKrkeXIj. CMhanbnÞab; MAKSS )ancab;epþimkmerag pþal;xøün. karbipaksal itl n;ekiteligcamyyniwggtifi CnepSg²Kña GñkdaMpáa GñknaMecjbEnø nigepø eqi.l. edim,iesvgrktmruvkar nigbnsmarbs;byk eketanwgkarrcnam:udrbgb;[rsbetatamenahedr. bnþab;mk MAKSS )anrcnam:udrbgb;eligvij kat;bnßyéføedim nigkñúgeblcamyykñaenah kat;bnßy ehtub:hbal;brisßan. lt pl nigplcmenj lt pldmbug MAKSS )andak;lk;plitplrcnam:ud eligvijbirenaelitipsar Uganda enaexvicäika qñam 2002 manrbgb;dak;epøeqimantmgn; 5KILÚ nigrbgb; dak;páasmrab;namecj. plitpltamgbirrtúv)anekrcna m:udeligvijetatamlkçn³vinicä½yrbs; D4S. RbGb;rcnam:UdeLIgvijsMrab;karnaMpáaecj mankunsm,tþiducteta³ > RbsiT PaBFnFan - kat;bnßytmgn; 167 Rkam esμinwg 12 % énkarrcnam:udedim > EklMGdMeNIrkarplitkmμ - plitkmμrbgb;man dmenirkarcmhanplitkmμticcagmyy cab;tamgbi)atkw 3bnÞHCMnYs[5bnÞH. RbGb;KWcak;esaredayxøÜnÉg nigminrtuvkar[mansáút b Rbdab;kibeT. > karkat;bnßyéføedim - RbGb;RtÚv)aneKlk;eTA [GtifiCnenAkñúgtMélefak edaysartméldwktam GakasticCagmuneRBaHRbGb;Rsal RbEhl 1>5 duløagaemrikkñúgmyykilúetakan;gwr:ub. > muxgar nigkarebjcitþrbs;gtificn - karrcnam:ud enhnam[bnþúrxül;cmebahpáa)anl Cagmun duecñhplit plgacrtúv)anekkarbar ehiypáasßitenakñúgrubrag TMrg;l Cagmun duecñhehiyvamantmélx<s;cagmun. karrcnam:udrbgb;epøeqieligvijrbs; D4S mankunsm,tþiducteta³ > RbsiT PaBFnFan - kat;bnßytmgn; 60 RkamesμI nwg 10>7 % > EklMGdMeNIrkarplitkmμ - plitkmμrbgb;man dmenirkarplitkmμμticcagmyydmnak;kal cab;tamgbi karrcnam:udrbgb;eligvijrbs; MAKSS D4S KWCa RbGb;EtmYy. karkat;bnßyrtúv)anekerbir)as;edim,i begáitrtnab;smrab;rbgb;epsgetot. > karkat;bnßyéføedim - RbGb;RtÚv)aneKlk;eTA [GtifiCnenAkñúgtMélefak edaysartméldwktam GakasticCagmuneRBaHRbGb;Rsal RbEhl 1>5 duløagaemrikkñúgmyykilúetakan;gwr:ub. > muxgar nigkarebjcitþrbs;gtificn - PaBsßitesßr nigbnþúrxül;kwl \tex ah. RbB½n cak;esarmanpab gayrsyl nigsnsmeblevla. RbGb;gayRsYlkan; Cagmun ehiyrtuvkarkenøgticcagmunsmrab;karevcx b;. CagenHeTAeTot KμanbBaðaCamYynwgPaBKμantulüPaB enakñúgsþúkrvagepñkxageli nigxagerkam. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ TMnak;TMngmCÄmNÐl plitkmμs at Uganda tamry³ 117

120 rubpab 54 ³ RbGb;dak;EpøeQIcas; nigfμi 7>8 karbegáitplitplfμi³ GMBUlePøIgeRbI famblrbhgatitüsmrab;tipsarrbetskm<úca Rkumh un Kamworks KWCaRkumh unfamblrbhgatitübegáitfμi enarbetskm<úca eday]btßmöfvikaedaymunifisb,úrs Dutch Pico Sol enakñúgqñam2006. KMeragnisSit bba b;karsiksaénsaklvitüal½ybec kets Delft RtUv)aneKGnuvtþ CamYy Ecofys EdlCaRkumh un BieRKaHeyabl; Dutch EdlmanÉkeTsxagdMeNaH RsayfamBl. KMeragRKbdNþb;enAdMNak;kalrcna m:udtamgrsug tambikarvipakplitpltipsarcmebahkmru ediménplitplsmerc. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S pþhsmebgrbcacnkm<úcarbehlca 90% Kμanehdæa rcnasm<½n GKÁIsnIEdlmansuvtißPaBsMrab;bMPøWEdlGac Tukcitþ)an. RbCaCnCaeRcInrs;enAeRkamExSbnÞat; RkIRkticCag1duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyéf. karpþl;rbca CnTaMgenaHnUvePøIgGKÁIsnITMenIbKWCaerOgtUctac b:uenþ CaCMhanEdlmansar³sMxan;. enakñúgrbetskm<úca éføqñültab nig60% éncmnynrbcacnkw mangayu 20qñaM b k¾ekμgcagenh. karbegáitkargarkwcakar RbkYtRbECgEpñkesdækic d¾cmbg. RbeTskm<úCaman»kaspgEdr. RbeTs km<úcattyl)anfamblrbhgatitüebjeljcmnyn 5 ema:gkñúgmyyéf CamYynwgtulüPaBénkarEckcayeBj myyqñamefiv[rbetskm<úca CaRbeTsmYykñúgcMeNamRb etsedlmanbnøwéf ercincagekbmputenaelibipbelak. Kamworks BicarNabBaðarbs;RbeTskm<úCa ehiyrbpbbnøwrbhgatitükwca»kassmrab;plitkmμkñúg RsukénplitplGMBUlePøIg ediredaybnøwrbhgatitü EdlGacpÁt;pÁg;eTAnwgkMlaMgTijfamBlrbs;RbCaCn tamcnbt)an. bnþab;bikarvipak nigkargpivdæn_kar EktMrUveKamedIredayBnøWRBHGaTitüdMbUg Kamworks )antak;tgmhavitüal½yvisvkmμrcnam:ud]ssahkmμ Delft edim,igpivdæplitplgmbulepøigediredaybnøw RBHGaTitü. KMerag pþhsmebgrbehlca 55% enakñúgrbetskm<úcaerbi R)as;GaKuyLansMrab;pÞúkGKÁIsnIedIm,IebIkTUrTsSn_ niggmbulepøig. RbCaCncMNaycenøaHBI $40 eta $70kñúgmYyqñaMedIm,IbBa ÚlGaKuyLanTaMgenH.GaKuy RtUv)aneKsakePøIgtamviFI sub-optimal EdllT pl kñúgkarkat;bnßygayukalplitplercincag50%. RbCaCnPaKeRcIneRbIR)as;cegáógeRbgkat edim,ibmpøw. BYkKat;eRbIR)as;vaCaGMBUlcl½tsMrab; ekalbmngcaercin TaMgenAkñúg nigerkapþhehiyena rduvepøóg b rduvrmehiy ekminerbir)as;cegáógerbgkat et. cegáógerbgkatminpøwc,as; ehiyerbir)as;erbg katéfø. RbCaCnPaKeRcIncMNayya:gehacNas; $2 RbcaMExsMrab;kareRbIR)as;cegáógeRbgkatenaH. 118

121 RkumGñkeRbIR)as;Cak;lak;RtUv)aneKkMNt; smrab;kmeragducca GñkensaT niggñkcab;kegáb. BYk ekerbi;cegáógtucmyyenak,al ehiyp ab;etanwggakuy EdlmanTMgn;2eTA4KILÚRkam Edldak;enAelIsμarbs; BYkKat;.ePøIghVaeRbIR)as;GMBUlBnøWsEdldac;eRcIndg kñúgmyyyb;. GñkensaTxøHcMNayeRcInCag $100 kñúgmyyqñamcmebah karbg;r)ak;eligakuy nigkardurgmbul. epiøghvaefmtamgrtúv)anekerbir)as;smrab;karbmpøwepøigca TUeTAenAkñúgpÞH. muldæanéntinñn½ytamgenh karrcna m:utfμigacefvieta)ansmrab;gmbulepøigrtuv)anekgpivdæca bnþbnþab;. rubpab 55 ³ GMBUlePøWgeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitüedayeRbI PV - R)asaTGgÁrvtþ rubpab 56 ³ GMBUlePøWgeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitü³BnøWCH nigbnøwrym - karbmpøwedaykarcamgpøat lt pl plitplsmercmantmrg;casubaøakasedlcagmbulepøig erbibnøwrbhgatitümankunpab ehiysiuepøig 45Wp elibnþh PV. plitplenhdmenirkareday SOLantern. karrcnam:udbgðajnuvnimitþsbaøacati rbs;rbetskm<úca rubr)asatggárvtþ. RbCaCnkm<úCa manematnpabcmebahr)asatggárvtþ BIeRBaHBYkeKcuH kalbriecäténgmlúgeblrbvtþisarsþ enaeblrbets km<úcaedirtynaticagñkrtytrtakñúgtmbn;gas anxagt,úg. karbegáittmrg;subaøakascabec kvitüartwmrtúv smrab;rkumh uncab;epþímfμiduc Kamworks. varymbba Úl nuvkunsm,tþiduccatmélvinieyaktab niggayrsyl kñúgkargnuvtþn_. bec kvitüagacgnuvtþcmebahbriman plitkmμtab rhutdl; 10000kñúgmYyqñaM. Bum< GacRtÚv)aneKplitenAkñúgRsukehIymantMélefakebI erbobefobcamyynwgkar)aj;bba ÚlBumÖ. SOLantern RtÚv)aneKrcnam:Ud)anya:gl tamebbgkáisni. vamansmaspabkunpabedlgac CMnYs)anTaMgGs;. plitplgnuelamtamsþg;da GnþrCati (PV-GAP ) edim,ieliktwkcitþkunpabplit pl ediredaybnøwrbhgatitüsmrab;tipsarbipbelak. lt plcugerkayrbs;kmeragkwcakmruedimedlrtuv)anek erbir)as;smrab;karvaytméltipsarya:gm:t;ct;énplit plkñúgrbetskm<úca. enaex ]spa qñam 2006 Kamworks )an QñHrgVan;EdlmanTwkR)ak;175>000duløaGaemrikkñúg karrbkytrbecgkargpivdæn_tipsarrbs;worldbanks smrab;kargb;rmekμgkmrbakm<úcav½yekμgenakñúgcmnaj shrkin EdlGacCYylk; SOLanterns )an. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil 119

122 7>9 karrcnam:udplitpleligvij³ rethrujsmrab;mefüa)aydwkcba ÚnksiplCn btenakñúgrbets GHANA Rkumh un REAL (Rural Enterprise for Agro Logistics) KWCashRKasmYy EdlEpñkxøHkan;kab;edayksikr nig GñkRKb;RKgplitplksikmμenAkñúgRbeTs Ghana. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S KMeragRtÚv)aneKGnuvtþenAqñaM2003 ehiymanekal bmngkñúgkarrcnam:udcamefüa)aydwkcba ÚnksiplCn bt EdlGackat;bnßykar)at;bg;eRkayBIkarRbmUl pl duecñhmankarekineligtméltipsarksipl nig lkçxnðkargarrbesireligsmrab;ksikr burs nig RsþI enarbets Ghana. RbB½n mefüa)aydwkcba Ún edaycirpabenhrtuv)an ekrcnam:udedayerbir)as; smpar³edlgacrk)ankñúgrsuk ehiyvifisa sþplit kmμskþismsmrab;rbets Ghana. karrcnam:ud)an KitTaMgkarCH\T iblelivb,fm kñúgrsuk nigtmlab; sgám. KMerag dmnak;kalbbaøatiénkargpivdæn_ )ancab;epþimcamyy nwgkarbegáitnuvbbaøatibitssn³énmuxgar. bbaøatienh RtUv)aneKbegáÍteLIg edaybnsmbimuxgarcaercinehiy RtÚv)aneKdak;CaRkumeTAkñúgTisedArcnam:UdbIRbePT. bnþab;bikmnt;nuvvtßúfatuedimedlmanehiy ]bská benßmetotrtuvekitelig ehiykarbicarnartuv)an efivelig. TisedAkarrcnam:Ud3RbePTdUcCa rethruj Plain rethruj Combi rethruj Crate. rethruj Plain mankenøgpþúkefiveligedaysmnaj;exslys. rethruj Combi GacpÞúkFug)anesÞIrEtRKb;RbePT ehiygacbegáitedim,ibegáitkenøgmyybismnaj;exslys pgedr. rethruj Crate Gacdak;)anEtLaMg)aøsÞik BIGñkplitFug]sSahkmμenA Tema. bnþab;bi)an GnuvtþCMhanCaeRcIn enakñúgkargpivdæn_bbaøatitibyn rethruj Multi RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgepSgBIreTHruj Combi nigrethruj Crate. rethruj Multi )an pþl;»kasedim,ierbir)as;fugesþiretrkb;rbeptedim,idwk CBa Únksipl. vartuv)anekrcnam:udcabiesssmrab; karerbir)as;bc úb,nñnigenaeblgnaktpgedr EdleRbI R)as;edIm,IcUlrYmenAkñúgkarbgðajRbB½n dwkcba Ún logistic ) ebjeljmyyedayep keli Crate eday REAL. rubpab 57 ³ Crate Trailer nig Multi Trailer bnþab;bikarerbobefobbbaøatitamgbyneliekal karn_ennamkarrcnam:udrethruj Crate nigrethruj Multi )ans[exijfa bbaøatitamgbirenahcatssnh EdlGaceFVI)aneRcInCageKbMput. TsSnHTaMgBIrRtÚv )anekefvieligenakñúgsikçasala Ghanaian. KMrUm:Ud RtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgmuneBleFVIplitkmμ. vatmruv[ 120

123 mantitamg ]bkrn_psa kartijsmpar³ nigkaresvgrk smasfatucak;lak;smrab;karefvirethrujedaylmgit. enaebledlkmrum:udrtuv)anekefivehiypøam BYkeKRtÚv)aneKeFVIkarsakl,genAtMbn;BIrenAPaKxag t,úg. bnþab;bikarsegát nigkarvaytmélbikarerbi R)as;KMrUm:Ud karpøas;bþúrbnþicbnþücrtúv)anekefvielig edim,ibegáinkunpaberbir)as;. karsakl,gcugerkay enakñúgpakxagecigrtúv)anekefvielig nigvaytmélpg Edr. va)anbgðajfa ya:gehacnas;pþúkcmnynbirdg GacRtÚv)aneKdwkbBa ÚnenAkñúgeBlEtmYy b elon CagenH. GñkeRbIR)as;reTHrujenH ebjcitþkarerbi R)as;EdlmanPaBgayRsYl nigpþúkplitpl)anercin ehiyttwgrethrujsmrsbsmrab;erbir)as;elipøúvtuc. bnþab;bisakl,grethrujtamgbir rethruj Crate nigrethruj Multi eliekalkarn_ennamkar rcnam:udbgðaj[exijc,as;fa rethruj Multi RtUv karkarekécñbenßmenaéf GnaKt. TMhMreTHruj Multi RtUv)aneKeFVI[FMbMputenA Solidworks EdlCam:Ud 3D enarbets Netherland. KMrUm:UdenHrYmmankar sagsg;camuldæan nigedaylmgitxøh²edr. rubpab 58 ³ Crate Trailer xageli nig Multi Trailer xagerkam rubpab 59 ³ karsakl,grethruj 121

124 lt pl lt plskþanublrbs;rethruj Multi man ducca³ > mefüa)aydwkcba ÚnRbesIreLIg. rethrujenhsak smsmrab;pøúvrtg;tuc pøúvedlmanrfynþdwkesμa pøúv manstvciba wm nigpøúvrkalekas U elikelget Abor EdlsaksmsMrab;EtrfynþFMmYy nigbir. > begáinrbsit PaB. brimanksiplgacrtúv)anekdwk CBa Ún)aneTVdgkñúgeBlEtmYy b eloncagmun. > suvtßipabkñúgkarrbmulksipl)anrbesirelig. bnþúkrbs;ksikr burs nig sþi RsalCagmun. > rethrujenhgacplitkñúgrsuk)an. vagacrtuv)an plitcamyyvifisa sþplitkmμedlmanenakñúgrbets Ghana edayefvibivtßúfatuedimedlmankñúgrsuk. Gnusasn_sMrab;karpSBVpSaybEnßmeTot rbs;rethruj REAL manducca ³ > karefvirethrujenhgacefvi[rbesirbmputsmrab;tmgn; nigrbept]bkrn_psar nigplitkmμgacrtúv)anefvi [gayrsylcamun. > begáinkarerbir)as;rethrujcmebah sþi k¾duccaenakñúg mefüa)aydwkcba ÚnksiplpgEdr. CasegçbreTHruj Multi kat;bnßykar)at;bg;erkay karrbmulpl ehiynwgbegáincmnulksikrpgedr. lkçxnðkargar)anrbesireligedaybnþúkrsal Cagmun. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil Steinbusch (2003) 7>10 Tinñn½yeRbobeFobsMrab;TUrTwkkkén eragcrk]ssahkmμ Waiman RbeTs Costa Rica Rkumh un eragcrk Waiman mantitamgsßitena San Jose RbeTs Costa Rica plitplitplelah³ CaBiess Rbdab;eRbIR)as;edaykMedARtCak; nigsmrab;erobcmcmni Gahar nigepsc ³. Rkumh un rymman GñkRKb;RKg EdlCam as;rkumh un ehiymanbukálikcmnyn 18nak;. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S Rkumh unmanshrbtibtþikarenakñúgtipsaredlmankar Gnuvtþn_karRKb;RKgbrisßan CaBiesskareRbIR)as; famblrbs;plitplkwcaknøwhd¾smxan;. ekalbmng cmbgrbs;kmeragkwgpivdæplitpl Edlpþl;»kas edim,ibegáinmuxcmnyj CamYynwgehtub:HBal;brisßantic CagmuneRbobeFobCamYynwgplitplBImun. KMerag enhcaepñkmyyénkmμvifikarrcnam:udedaykitbiegkulú siufñak;tmbn;. KMerag enaqñam 1998 KMeragkMNt;BIplitplmYyeTAnwg Tinñn½yeRbobeFob. vakwcaturtwkkkbanic kmμbbaär EdlRtUv)anlk;eTA[hagtUc² nigepacniydæanedim,i Tuk[RtCak; nigdak;tamgplitplrbs;ek nigeta [GtifiCnsMxan;²dUcCa rdæapi)al nigeragcrkplit sac; nigplitplrsaebor. karkat;bnßytmél RbsiT PaBeFIV[RtCak; nigkaryl;dwgbibrisßanrbs; GñkRKb;RKgKWCakardwknaMd¾sMxan;kñúgkarrcnam:UdBIKMnit brisßan. GaTiPaBsMrab;karrcnam:UdeLIgvijman ducca³ > RbsiT PaBeFIVeGayPaBRtCak;ekIneLIg > bnßykarerbir)as;famblkñúgkmlúgeblerbiplit pl nig > begáinpabgayrsylkñúgkareftam 122

125 CMerIseFIV[RbesIreLIg CMerIseFVI[RbesIreLIgepSg²RtÚv)anbegáIteLIgCamYy nwgyut sa sþ B½t manbitinñn½yerbobefob. Fatu myyéntinñn½yerbobefobcakarvaytmélplitplbi KURbkYtRbECgedaypÞal;. mankurbkytrbecgtuc taccaercinena Cost Rican nigsaxagnþrcatibirbi enaelitipsar. B½t manrtúv)anekrbmulbixitb½nð niggiunfwentetatamtmhmrkumh un tmélénplitpl EdlGaceRbobeFob)an nigcmenktipsar nigbec kvitüa Cak;lak;rbs;plitpl. FatuTIBIr éntinñn½yerbobefobcakarvipak lmgiténtipsarrbs;plitplturtwkkk Edlykcitþ Tukdak;elIRkumh uncmnigahar nigepsc ³ psartmenib nigggákarrdæapi)al. Coca Cola enakñúgtmbn;enh mangñkpát;pág;turtwkkkbi Guatemala nigmiucsiuku ehiyerbir)as;calkçn³vinicä½ysþg;darducca bnßy eblevlacab;epþimdmbug dmenirkargkáisni sþg;dar begáitcacmhay karerbir)as;fambl KμankareRbIR)as; CFC nigmansuvtßipab. lt pl Ep kelib½t manbitinñn½yerbobefobenh karrcnam:ud edaysegçbsmrab;karrcnam:udeligvijénplitplrtúv )anbegáitelig nigkargpivdæn_rtúv)ancab;epþim. bbaøaticamyynwglt pll bmputrtúv)angnuvtþenakñúgkmru edim. karefiv[rbesireligrab;bba ÚlTaMg³ > kat;bnßyeblevlaticcagmunedim,ibba úhsitunðpab >karebgeckxül;rtcak;rbesircagmunedaybþúrtitamg pøitynþ > tmruvkarfamblticcagmunedim,ittyl)ansitunðpab duckña edim,ikat;bnßyfamblkarerbir)as;kñúggmlúg eblerbir)as; karcmnysedim,ilubbm)at;er:siusþg;rbs;tvar RtUv)anGPivDÆ. er:siusþg;rtuv)anekerbir)as;edim,i kmedabg ÜcenAxageRkA edim,iecoskarkekitcacmhay enaelibg Üc. karektmruvepsgetotedim,ibegáinrbsit PaBfamBlKWRtÚv)aneKpøas;bþÚrkEnøg TL enakñúgtur Twkkk. karektmruvenhrtuv)angnuvtþedayecakc½y. karefvi[rbesireligtictyc elikareftamrtuv)angnuvtþ edaypþal; nigttyl)anedaytinñn½yerbobefobkñúg kmlúgeblénkarvipakbixagerka. karefiv[rbesir eligtamgenh[calt pl duccamanpabgayrsülkñúg karsmgat nigcyscul. karefvi[plitplrbesir eligrtuv)angnuvtþkñúgplitkmμedaypþal; nigkñúg dmnak;kalgmlúgeblkargpivdæn_. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil Hoornstra (1998) 7>11 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Intermech Cassava Grater Tanzania lt pl Intermech Engineering Limited KWCaRkumh un xñattucedlmantitamgsßitena Morogoro rubpab 60 ³ TUTwkk Waiman 123

126 Tanzania EdlmanesvakmμeRcInRbePTdUcCa visvkmμrcnam:ud kartmeligma:siunplitkmμ nigerag crkkmérecigsar. karykcitþtukdak;cacmbgkweli ksi]ssahkmμ nig m:asiundmenirkarcmnigahar nig brikçar. mankmμkr cmnyn10nak;enakñúgeragcag elah³fatu. KMerag dmlúgmikwcaksipledlnwgttyl)ankñúgeblqab;²enh ena Tanzania EdlGacRtÚv)anEkécñeTACaemSAmI smrab;efvicacmnigahar nigrtuv)ancavtßúfatuedimkñúg ]ssahkmμvaynp½nðkñúgrsuk. Intermech smerc citþgpivdæplitplepsg²ep kelidmenirkarrbmulpl dmlúgmietacaemsamikunpabx<s;. enadmnak;kaldmbug kardkdmlúgmifμirtúv)angpivdæenaqñam2003. edim,i GPivDÆKMrUdMbUg KMrUEdlmanCaeRcInRtUv)an efivcatinñn½y erbobefob tamry³kargegáttam]tahrn_giunfw ENt niggñkrbkytrbecgplitplrtuv)anrkexij enakenøgtamgbibn. Ep ketaelikarefvikmruenh karek ERbfμIEdleFIVBIeQI ehiymanm úlrtuv)angpivdæ rub PaB62. rubpab 61 ³ Intermech Metal Workshop ena Morocoro RbeTs Tanzina rubpab 62 ³ relarefvibieqiedlmanedkekalfm² nigfugelahh enacmhanbnþab; bukálikmkbimhavitüal½y visvkmμénsaklvitüal½y Dar es Salaam (USSM) kñúgrsuk)anrcnam:udeligvijcamyy Intermech Edl CakMENERbfμIénkardkdMLÚgmI. CMerIseFVI[RbesIr eligercincag20cmeris KWRtUvcab;epþImBIkarbnßyehtu b:hbal;brisßan begáinkunpabplitpl nigkat;bnßy éføedim. CMerIseFIV[RbesIreLIgepþatelIcMNuckNþal énplitpl KWrelareQI. plitplrelareqicamyy m úlkwerbikmlamgblkmμ nigcmnayercin. TIBIrbBaða smenimnam[bnßykunpabkarekécñéndmlúgmi ehiy relarmangayukmnt;xøicagmun EdlRtUvkarcMNay elikareftamx<s;. lt pl lt plmyybikmeragkarrcnam:udeligvij KWCMnYsrelar eqiedayrelaedlefivbigaluymij:úm nigmansnøwk Rbehag. relarefivbielah³fμienhkw³ 124

127 > EpñkCaeRcIn nigrbtibtþikarplitkmμticcagedl CalT plefviegaytmélplitkmμtab > erbir)as;vtßúfatuedimedlmankñúgrsuk > begáinrbsit PaBeBlEkécñdMLÚgmI > mangayukmnt;rmbwgtukyurcag > begáinsuvtßipab nigsuxpabsmrab;gñkerbir)as; bnþab;biecakc½ycmebahtinñn½yerbobefob nig karrcnam:udeligvijénkardkdmlúgmi Intermech bnþ CamYynwgkarGPivDÆplitplbnÞab;enAdMeNIrkarEkécñ dmlúgmi³ kartajykemsamiecj. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil Msoro (2004) rubpab 63 ³ karrcnam:udeligvij cmebahkardkdmlúgmi 7>12 Tinñn½yeRbobeFob³ Philips Computer Monitor Rkumh un Philips Consumer Electronics KWCaEpñkmYyén Royal Philips Electronics EdlCaRkumh uneglic RtUnikFM myybmputmyykñúgcmenamenaelibipbelak. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S Epñkplit monitor rbs; Philips Consumer Electronics RbQmmuxnwgkarRbkYtRbECgsMxan; enacugtsvtsqñam1990. CMnYjenHmansnÞúHxøaMg ehiy karbrgikedaymanecakc½yx<s; enakñúgn½ycmnul cmenktipsar nigplcmenj. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday karrcnam:udplitplenanwgfál; nigepñkrkb;rkgkmbug EsVgrkedIm,IBRgwgExScgVak;plitpl. ekalbmng enh Tinñn½yeRbobeFobrbs; D4S RtUv)anGnuvtþ. ekalbmngkwedim,iefiv[rbesireligpøam²nuv Monitor TMhM 17 inch TaMgkñúgTsSn³vis½yeGkULÚsIu nig esdækic. KMerag Tinñn½yeRbobeFobrbs; D4S RtÚv)anENnaMGMLúg eblkic shkarkmeragrvag Philips Consumer Electronics- mcämnðlsmtßkic brisßan nigsakl vitüal½ybec kvitüa Delf. edayep kelikarkitkurbi brisßan Monitor PhilipRtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYy nwgkurbkytrbecgbanic kmμcaercin ehiylt pl RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkarplitplitplbnÞab;. cmebahkarefvikmrurbs; monitor Edlman lkçn³bec ketsrsedogkñartuv)anerciseris³ plit pl Philips RtUv)aneFIV[RbesIreLIgplitplBIr 125

128 BIRbeTsCb:un EdlmYyRbePT)anlk;dac;enAelITI psar ehiyplitplmyyebbetotmanedimkmenitbi RbeTskUer:. Monitors RtUv)aneFIVTinñn½yeRbobeFob etaelicmnuctamg27 EdlTak;TgeTAnwg]bkrN_eRbI R)as;famBl smpar³evcx b;edlpþúksarfatukimi lkçn³edlgacekécñeligvij)an nigvdþcivit. lt pl KURbkYtRbECgl Cag Philips enakñúgepñkcaercin. lt pléntinñn½yerbobefobrtuv)antak;tg etarkumh un nigefivtam. vartuv)aneksmerccitþfamin rg;camdl;karplit monitor eblerkayet b:uenþedim,i begáitplitpl EdlsmRsbedayEp kelibbaøati bc úb,nñ. edayep kelitinñn½yerbobefob nigkmnit écñrbdit RkumkargarbegáIteLIgnUvCMerIsmYycMnYn. edayep kelikgvhxateblevla ral;cmeristamggs;min RtUv)anGnuvtþeT. etahbicay:agnak¾eday lt pl énkargnuvtþn_rtuv)anekcab;garmμn_xøamg. cab;tamgbiqñam1997 vifisa sþtinñn½yerbob efob D4S RtUv)aneKGnuvtþenARKb;EpñkénkarEbg Eckplitpl ehiylt pltinñn½yerbobefobenakñúg Rkumh un Philips EdlmanBIkUnma:ej:cak; CD GMBUl epøig balast Rbdab;ekarBukmat; edim,ibmebjrbb½n evc sa sþ. cab;tamgbikmeragdmbugcagtinñn½yerbob efob D4S 100 manenakñúgrkumh un Philips. smrab;b½t manbenßm³ emil Caluwe (2004) nig Eenhoorn nig Stevels (2000). Item Philips Com.1 Com.2 Com.3 TMgn;)aøsÞIk Rkam tmél)aøsþik duløar TMgn;Edk Rkam TMgn;GaluymIjÚm Rkam vtþmangnþatepøig retardants RbEvgExS sg;tiem:rt eblevlaedahdur vinati No Yes Yes Yes tarag 10 ³ lt pléntinñn½yerbobefobrbs;kmerag D4S 126

129 Item Philips Old Philips Adapted tmélvtßúfatuedim)aøsþik duløar ehtub:hbal;elahfatu brisßan (mpt) cmnynkþare)ahbumexsepøig RbEvgExS sg;tiem:rt eblevlaedahdur vinati 7>13 ]TahrN_BIkmμviFIKaMRTKMerag D4S CaGnþrCati³ Rkumh un InWent InWent International Weiterbildung und Entwicklung GmbH ksagsmtßpabgnþrcati énrbetsgaløwm:g; KWCaGgÁkarGPivDÆn_FnFanmnusS GnþrCati EdlmanvKÁbNþúHbNþalCan;x<s; nigkar BiPakSa. Rkumh unenhrtuv)anekbegáiteligtamry³ karbba Úlén Carl Duisberg Gesellschaft (CDG) nig Deutsche Stiftung fur Internationale Entwicklung (mulnifismrab;kargpivdæn_gnþrcatién RbeTsGaløWm:g; DSE) ehiymanbtbiesafn_caercin TsvtSkñúgEpñkkic shkarn_edim,ikargpivdæn_. KMeragvKÁbNþúHbNþalviC aciv³rbs; InWEnt RtUv)ankMNt; edayykcitþtukdak;eliyut sa sþ GPivDÆedaycirPaB. visvkr niggñkrcnam:udmkbiga emriklatin niggarhivk niggasiuefvikarcamyykñaeli karrcnam:udtmbug smrab;plitplcirpabcagmunenakñúg tarag 11 ³ lkçn³plitpl Monitor Philips mun nigerkaykarefivtinñn½yerbobefob 127 bribtkmμvifivkábnþúhbnþalry³ebl1qñamedlefivelig enarbetsgaløwm:g;. manepñkkamrtpþl;[cabiess cmebahplitplcirpab. kmμvifirbeptenhmanskþanu Bll edim,iksagsmtßpabbec ketsenakñúgrbets enakmritkargnuvtþn_. ]TahrN_mYyKWCakarGPivDÆn_dMbUgénkarkg; dwksmrab;rbs;rbetseb:ru nigrbets\nðúensiueday visvkr Lulus Ketriyanto RbeTs\NÐÚensIu ehiy Gñkrcnam:Ud Ricardo Geldres Piumatti RbeTs eb:ru. kareliktwkcitþsmrab; D4S kg;smrab;ci³pþal;xøün rethruj nigkg;dwktmnij RtUv)andMeNIrkaredaykMlMagsac;dMu. TIRkugTaMgLay Edlmankg;dwkTMnijeFVIcracrN_naM[mankarbMBultic CagcracrN_rfynþFmμta Lantak;sIu rfynþrkug niglandwktmnijfm. karbeba jepsg nigkarrmxan edaysmelgenakñúgtirkugmankarfycuhcamyynwgkar

130 ENnaMBIviFIeRbIkMlaMgsac;dMusMrab;meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr. kargpivdæn_ karplit nigkarerbir)as;kg;dwktmnijgac begáitkargarpgedr. KMerag RbeTs\NÐÚensIuman]sSahkmμkg;xøaMgkøa Edlplit kg;epsg²kñakñúgrbets. enarbetseb:rutmrg;mefüa )aytmnijenhk¾ebjniympgedrehiymantipsarsmrab; lk;etotpg. edimkmenitkg;dwktmnijenagasiu CaFmμta CareTHruj )anerbir)as;smrab;camefüa)ayefvidmenir rbs;mnuss. kg;dwktmnijrtuvkarpabrelag pøúvdirab esiμ. fμi²enh mankarb:unb:gerbir)as;rethrujsmrab; EpñkeTscrN_enAEb:kGWr:ub. rethrujerbir)as;smrab EpñkenHRtUv)annaMcUlBIGasIu. kargpivdæn_kg;dwktmnijdmbug RtUv)aneFIVeLIg edayvisvkr\nðúensiu edaykic shkarcamyygñk rcnam:udplitplcncatieb:ru enakñúgnwgbribténkmμvifi bnþúhbnþalefvieligeday InWentt enarbets GalWøm:g;. KμanKMrUedImsMrab;karrcnam:UdRtÚv)aneK begáiteligcab;tamgbikmeragrtuv)angnuvtþnmrab;ekalbm NgGb;rMb:ueNaÑH. karrcnam:udfmμta RtÚv)aneKeRCIserIseday esrismrab;kg;dwktmnij.tmnijrtuv)anekdak;enaxagmux cgáút ebietahbicatitamgenhgacch\ti BlTsSn³énGñk CiHkg;k¾eday. CamYynwgkarrcnam:UdenH Epñkxag erkayrbs;kg;gacrtúv)anekerbir)as;. karcylkg; dwktmnij karpþl;erkogbnøas; nigesvakmμcyscul manskþanublkñúgkarbegáitkargarbenßm. cmebahb½t manbenßm³ emil b TMnak; TMng winfried.kalhoefer@inwent.org ehiyk¾gac emil CD cmebah]tahrn_benßmbikmμvifibnþúhbnþal. 128

131 129

132 vifiefvitamkarbiesafn_rbs; D4S enatienhmansmnumbrcamuldæanxøhedlykmkkitpgenaebledlbipaksakña begiátkmnitfiμéncermiseklm plitpl. BYkvaGaceRbIdUcCabBaI BinitüemIl b duccarbpbbmpuskmnit. vifiefvitamkarbiesafn_tamgenh KWerobcMGaRs½y etaelikermagyut sa sþ D4S kñúgcmbukti karerciserisvtßúfatiedimmanehtub:h Bal;tic k- smöar³s at 1- kumerbismöar³ b rbs;edl tuvbenßmedlhamxat; edaykarbmbul. TaMgenHrYmbBa Úl PCBs (polychlorinated bipphenyls), PCTs (polychlorinated terphenyls), smn kñúg PVC erkog eglic tunik fñamrclk;bn nigfμbil kadm:üúm kñúgfñamrclk;bn nigfμbil nig)art kñúgetm:uem:rt kugtak; (switches) niggmbulem:rt. 2- ecosvagsmöar³ nigerkogbenßmedlbmpøajrstab; GUhSÚndUcCa chlorine, fluorine, bromine, methyl bromide, halons nig aerosols, foams, refrigerants nig solvents Edlman CFCs. 3- ecosvagkarerbiedlbegiátkabungiurduksiut EpSg layg½bþenarduvekþa. 4- rkcermissrmab;bec ketssm atépþxagerkaduc Ca efvi[skmμkarrclk;edayerbikemþagkiásnivipak s½gásisnwøkmas b R)ak; niggkiásnivipaksnwøkmas b R)ak; kumik. 5- rkcermissrmab;elah³ non-ferrous ducca s<an; s½gási Tg;Edg kum nigniekl BIeRBaHEtkarbMPay efvi[xucrbeyacn_ EdlekIteLIgkñúgkMLúgeBlkar plitrbs;bykva. x- smöar³edlerbir)as;eligvij 6-EsVgrkCeRmIssRmab;smÖar³EdleFVI[Gs;famBl K- smöar³edlmanfambltab 7- ecosvagsmöar³edlmanfambly:agxøamgducca GaluymIj:ÚmEdlmanGayukalxIø 8- ecosvagvtßúfatuedimplitbiksikmμ X- smöar³erbir)as;eligvij 9- erbismöar³ekécñeligvijenakenøgnak¾edayedl GaceFVIeTA)anedIm,IbegIátt muvkartipsarsrmab;smöar³ EkécñeLIgvij. 10- erbielah³bnþab;bnsmducca GaluymIj:Úm nigs<an; bnþab;bnsmcacagerbibykbikmenitfmμcati. 11- erbi)aøsþikekécñsrmab;epñkxagkñúgénplitpl EdlmanmuxgarCaCMnYyb:ueNÑaH nigmintamtaremkanik Gnam½yx<s; b KuNPaBEdlGacTTYl)an. 12- enaebledlgnam½ykwsmxan; duccaenakñúgekv kaehv nigkarevcx b;xøhetot karbitp ab;kñagac tuv GnuvtþEpñkkNþalénvtßúenaH KWeFVIeday)aøsIÞkEkécñeLIg vijrkbeday b rumb½t eday)aøsiþkedim. 130

133 13- erbilkçn³biessebøk² duccabn nigvay PaBEbøk² énsmöar³ekécñeligvijkñúgexssgvak;rcna m:ud. g- smöar³ekécñeligvij 14- erciserissmöar³etmyyrbeptetb:uenñah srmab; plitplmyyduccasrmab;plitpltamggs; nig srmab;epñkbnþab;bnsmepsg²etot. 15- kenøgedlmingacefvieta)an erciserissmöar³ Edl tuvkñatamgsgxag. 16- ecosvagsmöar³edlbi)akbmebkecjbikñaducca GgÁFatusmasénsmÖar³ bitp ab;kña fillers BnüWtcMehH nigkarefvi[rwgmamsmliekv. 17- erbir)as;smöar³edlgacekécñeligvij)ansmrab; TIpSarEdlmanRsab;. 18- ecosvagkarerbismaspabbmbulduccavtßúsi tedl bg ak;karekécñeligvij. c-vtßúfatuedimedlmankarb:hbal;dl;sgámcavic man man n½yfatamryhkarbegáitr)ak;cmnulkñúgrsuk 19- erbir)as;vtßúfatuedimpát;pág;edaygñkplitkñúgrsuk. 20- erobcm[mankareliktwkcitþsrmab;vtßúfatuedimek écñeligvij edayrkumh unkñúgrsukedlgaccmnys eday Epñk vtßúfatuedimrbs;rkumh un. 2- karkat;bnßykarerbir)as;vtßúfatu edim k- karkat;bnßytm n; 21- manbmngsrmab;pabrwgqwágtamry³bec kets sagsg; duccakarbrgwgkenøgsmxan;²cacagplitpl mantmhmfmhysebk. 22- manbmngbba ak;bikunpabtamry³karrcnam:udca CagplitplmanTMhMFMhYseK. x- karkat;bnßy dwkcba Ún TMhM 23- manbmngkat;bnßytmhmedltamtarsrmab;dwk CBa Ún nigsþúktukedaykat;bnßytmhmplitpl nigtmhm srub. 24- efvi[plitplgacbt;)an nig¼b smrsbsrmab; tytelikña. 25- KitBicarNaeTAelIkardwkCBa ÚnplitplenAkñúg smaspakdac;bikña EdlGacRtYtKañ edaytukkartemiøg bba b;etaegaypakiti 3 b GñkeRbIR)as;cugeRkay. 3- karefviegayrbesirbec ketsplit k- CeRmIsbec ketsénkarplit 26- karebjcitþcagek KWeRCIserIsbec ketsplit s at Edlt muv[mansarfatu b vtßúefvi[xucxatticbmput ]TahrN_ CMnYs CFCs kñúgexssgvak; bm)at;catigmbil nigkøúr:usrmab;e)aksm at. 27- erciserisbec ketsplitedlbegiátkarbmpay TabdUcCakareFVI[ekag CaCagkarpSaP ab;kñap ab;kñaca CageRbIeRKOgsRmab;pSa. 28- erciserisexssgvak;edlefvi[manrbsiti PaBx<s; kñúgkarerbismöar³ duccaemsarstab;cacag fñam)aj;bn. x- karplitetbir-bidmnak;kal 29- bba ÚlmuxgarepSg²kñúgsmasPaBEtmYyehtu duecñh KW tuvkarexssgvak;plitkmμbniþcetb:uenñah. 30- PaBEdlcg;)anCageKKWeRbIsmÖar³EdlmintRmUv [mankarsm atépþxagelibenßmetot. 131

134 K- karplitedlmanfambltab¼s at 31- eliktwkcitþepñkplitkmμ niggñkpát;pág;[ begiátexssgvak;plitkmμrbs; BYkeK[manRbsiTi PaB famblbenßmetot. 32- CRmujBYkeK[eRbIR)as;RbPBfamBlkekIteLIg vij duccafamblxül; Twk nigfamblrbhgatitü. kenøgedlgackat;bnßy\n n³hvúsiul nigkat;bnßykar b:hbal;brisßaneday ]TahrN_eRCIserIsFüÚgmans<an; F½rTab b háasfmμcati. X- smnl;énkarplittic 33- rcnaplitpledim,ikat;bnßy smöar³smnl;ca BiesskñúgExSsgVak; duccakargar karrklwg karkin karsgát; nigkarecahrn. 34- eliktwkcitþepñkplitniggñkpát;pág;[kat;bnßy smnl; nigpakryéngviedlminttylkñúgkarplit. 35- erbir)as;eligvijnuvsmnl;bikarplitenakñúgrkum h un. g- karplitedlerbir)as;ticcag¼s atcag 36- kat;bnßykarerbir)as;kñúgplitkmμedlt muv - ]TahrN_ ³ karrcnam:udplitpl ehtuduecñhkñúg eblkat;smnl; KW tuvkrmitetatamkenøgcak;lak; nig karsm at tuvkat;bnßy. 37- BieRKaHEpñkplitkmμ niggñkpát;pág;duccafaeti RbsiTi PaBsmÖar³Gnuvtþn_ EdleRbIR)as;kñúgeBlplit GacbegIán - ]TahrN_ ³ edayekhkic l RbB½n kar plittwgrwug nigkarerbir)as;eligenanwgkenøg. c- suvtißpab nigpabs atenakenøgefvikar 38- erciserisbec kvitüaplitedlt muv[mansar FatubMBulticCag nigbegiátkarbmpay tuksiutticcag. 39- erbibec ketsplitedlbegiátsmnl;ticcag nig erobcm[manrbsiti PaBkñúgkareRbIR)as;eLIgvij nig RbB½n EkécñeLIgvijenAkñúgRkumh unsrmab;smnl;edl enaesssl;. 40- RbtibtiþRbB½n srmab;lkçxnðkargarkñúgrkumh un suxpab nigsuvtißpabducca SA karefviegayrbesireligrbb½n Eckcay k- EdleRbIR)as;karevcx b;ticcag¼s atcag 41- ebisinesvaevcx b;plitpltamggs; b xøhpþl; lkçn³efvi[ekculcitþbitr)akd erbipabedlefvi[ek cg;)an b:uenþrcnam:udetaretasermcplduckañ. 42- srmab;dwkcba Únnigkarevcx b;cadumpþl;kar[témø etaelikarevcx b; EdlGaceRbIR)as;eLIgvijkñúgkarpSM bba ÚlKñaCamYyR)ak;tmál; b RbBn½ RtLb;mkvij. 43- erbismöar³smrsbsrmab;rbeptevcx b; - ]TahrN_³ ecosvagkarerbi PVC niggaluymij:úmkñúg karevcx b;edlminbba ÚnRtLb;mkvij. 44- erbitmhm nigtm n;karevcx b;cagb,rma. 45- efvi[r)akdfakarevcx b;plitpl KWsmRsb srmab;kat;bnßytmhm karbt; nig tytelikña)an emil yut sa sþ 26. x- RbsiT ipabfambl EpñkdwkCBa Ún 46- eliktwkcitþepñklk; edim,iecosvagtrmg;efvi [xucxatbrisßanénkardwkcba Ún. 132

135 47- dwkcba ÚntamkugtWn½r k)a:l; b rfepiøgkwrbesir CagdwkCBa Úntamrfynþ. 48- dwkcba ÚnedayGakas KYrEtbgáaRbsinebIGac etaryc. K- RbsiTi PaBfamBlEckcay 49- eliktwkcitþepñklk;[culcitþefvikarcamyygñkpát; pág;kñúgrsuk kñúgekalbmngecosvagkardwkcba Ún cm ayq ay. 50- eliktwkcitþepñklk;[bba ÚlTRmg;EckcayEdl manrbsiti PaB - ]TahrN_ ³ kareckcaycmnynercin ²énmuxTMnijepSg²CabnþbnÞab;. 51- erbixñatkmrudwkcba Únkarevcx b; nigevcx b;cadum europallets nigxñatkmruéntmhméktargvas;evcx b;). X- Tak;TgGñkpÁt;pÁg;kñúgRsuk EdlEckcay BaNiC kmμ 52- RsavRCavrkCeRmIsedIm,IeFVIkugRtadwkCBa Ún ¼ kareckcaykñúgrsukbenßmetot. 53- begiátsmakmepñkcmnyjcamyyrkumh uncaédku kñúgshkmn_ edim,ietaculrymkareckcaybirbpbxag erka nigdwkcba ÚnkñúgviFIRbkbedayRbsiTi PaB nig edaykarcab;tak;tgnwggñkeckcaykñúgrsuk. 5- karkat;bnßyehtub:hbal;kñúgeblerbi R)as; k- karerbir)as;fambltic 54- erbismasfatuerbir)as;siufamblticedlman enaelitipsar. 55- erbivifipþac;crnþgkáisni 56- efvi[r)akdfa nalika muxgarrgcam nig mefüa)ayrbhak;rbehl GacbiTedayGñkeRbIR)as;. 57- ebisinfambl KWeRbIedIm,Ibnøas;TIplitpleFVI plitpl[rsaledlgacefvieta)an. 58- ebisinfambl KWeRbIsRmab;kemþAsarFatueFVI [R)akdfa smaspabedlbak;b½n KWdak;RTnab;kar BarkemþA)anl. x- RbPBfamBls at 59- erciserisrbpbfambledlefvi[xucxattic. 60- kumcrmuj[erbifμbil¼gakuyedlmingacbba Úl vij)an - ]TahrN_³ vitüúedlgacyyr)angacerbica myyrbdab;bba ÚlePIøgfμBil CRmuuj[eRbIfμBilEdl GacbBa ÚlePIøgCafIμ)an. 61- CRmuj[eRbIfamBls atducca RbPBfamBl mans<an;f½rtab háasfmμcati nigfüúgmans<an;f½r Tab kinðnkmμ (fermentation) famblxül;kmøamg Twk nigfamblrbhgatitü. ]TahrN_ KWRbdab;kemþA TwkedayfamBlRBHGaTitü Edlmin tuvkarfambl srmab;kemþatwkenarduvekþa. K- tuvkarerbir)as;ticcag 62- rcnam:udplitpledim,ikat;bnßykarerbir)as; smöar³bnþab;bnsm - ]TahrN_³ erbicermahcagcié nþy_ kñúgkarqugkaehv CaCageRbIceRmaHRkdas nigerbirtg; RTayceRmaHRtwm tuv edim,ifanakarerbid¾l bmputrbs; kaehv. 63- kat;bnßycagb,brmakarelcecj¼rcabecj BIm:asIunEdleRbIR)as;TMhMFMeday - ]TahrN_³temIøg ]bkrn_esvgrkkenøgelcecj. 133

136 64- siksapabedlgacefvi)anénkarerbir)as;elig vijerbir)as;twkbikenøglagcaneligvij. X- GaceRbIR)as;)ans at 65- rcnam:udplitpledim,ierbir)as;gviedlgacerbi R)as;d¾l bmput 66- efvi[r)akdfa karerbir)as;plitplminecj lt plkñúgpablak;km)amg b:uenþsmnl;efvi[xucrb eyacn_ - ]TahrN_ ³ edaybmbak;cermahsmrsb. g- kat;bnßykarxatbg;fambl nigkarerbir)as; détetot 67-kareRbIR)as;plitplminRtwmRtUv tuvetecosvag tayryhkarennamc,as;las; nigrcnam:udsmrsb. 68- rcnam:udplitpl duecñhgñkerbir)as;mingac x Hx aysmöar³bnþab;bnsm - ]TahrN_³ RckcUl tuvet efvi[fmlμm edim,iecosvagkarkmbb;. 69- erbikarrkitxñateliplitpl duecñhgñkerbidwg y:agr)akdbicmnynsmöar³benßmduccaemsae)akkk;. 70- efviesckiþeføgbikargnuvtþn_par³kic EdlenaHKWCa karr)afñabitssn³brisßan - ]TahrN_ ³ minpþl; Ekv¼EBgedayGñkpSM»sf b ftcmøgtamgsgxag. c- karkamrtsuxpab benßmtémøetaelisgám 71- efvi[r)akdfa plitplkμankarb:hbal; b b:h Bal;tic bmputetaelisuxpabgñkerbir)as;edayecos vagsarfatubmbulkrmitkarpaytab.l. 72- rcnam:udplitpl edayeyagetatamt muvkar esdækic sgám niglt PaBénRkumGñkeRbIR)as;. 73-sÞg;):an;emIl»kasedIm,Ircnam:UdplitplsMrab; RkummanR)ak;cMNUlTab. 6- karefviegayrbesireligvdþcivitdmbug k- PaBEdlGacTukcitþ)an nigpabfn; 74- GPivDÆkarrcnam:UdRtwm tuv nigecosvagkarp ab; manpabtn;exsay. CaBiessviFIdUcCam:Udmin)an ecakc½y nigrbsiti PaBénkarviPaK)anGPivDÆsRmab; ekalbmngenh. x- gay syleftam nigcyscul 75- rcnam:udplitplkñúgrebobedlvartuvkareftam tictyc. 76- cg úlbgðajenaeliplitpl etivakyrebiky:ag em:cedim,ism at nigcyscul - ]TahrN_ ³ kenøg tuv erbikmøamgkas;edaytullvisedim,iebikkenøgp ab;edaymin KitKUryUr. 77- cg úlbgðajenaeliplitplrbs;va EpñkmYyNa tuvetsm at b EfTaMtamviFICak;lak; - ]TahrN_ ³ cmnucdak;erbgedayelxkudbn. 78- cg úlbgðajeliplitplepñkmyyna b karbgám bnþab;bnsmnamyy tuvet tytbinitücaeroy² eyageta tamsmnwkrh½s. 79- efvi[kenøgswkenaeliplitplgacgegát)anduecñh karcyscul b karpøas;cmnysgacefvitan;eblevla. 80- tamgtikenøgepñkedltmngcaswkeloncit²kñabimyy etamyy nig syletadl;duecñhkarpøas;bþúrkwgay syl edahsrmab;cyscul b efvikarpøas;bþúr. 134

137 K- efviéktargvas;rcnasm<½n plitpl 81- rcnam:udplitplkñúgéktargvas; duecñhplitpl GaceFVI[RbesIreLIgedaybEnßmÉktargVas;fIμ b mux garsrmab;éf erkay - ]TahrN_ ³ Rbdab;edatbBa Úl emm½rfm²kñúgkumbüút½r. 82- rcnam:udplitplkñúgéktargvas; duecñhbec kets b esap½nvitüahyssm½ygacefvi[fiμeligvij - ]Ta hrn_ efvierkogsgðarwmmankrmbgacpøas;bþúr)an Edl Gacbnøas;TIsm at nigcynkalefvi[fiμ)an. X- rcnam:udtukcakmru 83- rcnam:udtrmg;erkaplitpl duecñhvaminkøay Cakarmincab;GarmμN_Pøam²eTeTaHy:agNaeFVIR)akdfa CIvitesaP½NviTüaénplitpl KWminxIøCagCIvitbec k etsrbs;vaet. g- plitplmam Tak;TgeTAnwgGñkeRbIR)as; 84- rcnam:udplitpl duecñhvarwtetcybgviedlgñk erbir)as;cg;)ansrmab;ry³eblyur. 85- efvi[r)akdfakareftam nigkarcysculplitpl køaycapabrikraycacagkatbvkic. 86- pþl;témøbenßmeliplitplkñúgn½yénrcnam:udnig muxgarduecñhgñkerbir)as;nwgsþak;esiþredim,ipøas;bþúrva. c- Tak;TgnwgkarEfTaMkñúgRsuk nigrbb½n esvakmμ 87- rcnam:udplitpl[manlt PaBeRbIR)as;esva kmμkñúgrsuk nigrkumh uneftamkñúgrsuk. 88- rymkñagpivdæesvakmμécñrbditfiμ nigmcämnðl CYsCulkñúgtMbn;EdlTaMgBIrGaccUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;es vakmμdl;plitplfiμ nigplitpledlmanrsab;. 7- karefviegayrbesirrbb½n cugbba b;éncivit k- karerbir)as;plitpleligvij 89- pþl;karrcnam:udtmenibdl;plitpledlefvi[ebj citþesap½nvitüarbs;va nigedltak;tajdl;gñkerbi R)as;TI efvi[r)akdfa rebobefvirtwm tuv duecñhvaminkøay Carbs;hYssm½ymuneBlkMNt; enakñúggtßn½ybec k ets. x- karplitcafiμ¼kartubetgcafiμ 91- rcnam:udsrmab;karedahecj BIplitpleTA CaEpñk² edim,iefvi[r)akdpabqanetadl;eday gay sylsrmab;kar tytbinitüplitpl karsm at CYsCul nigpøas;bþúrkenøgedlgayxuc b erkog¼epñk EdleTIbnwgecjfIμ. 92- plitplkyrmanzananurkm nigefviéktargvas; TRmg;rcnam:Ud eblenahéktargvas;nimyy²gacedah ecjbikña nigefvieligvijkñúgrebobmyyd¾smrmübmput. 93- erbitmnedlgacpþac;ecj)anduccaknøwhsmrab;cuc bu tug CaCageRbImuxtMNrpSar bitp ab;b psarp ab;. 94- erbimuxtmnedlmanxñatkmru duecñhplitplgac edahecj edayerbi]bkrn_xñatskletbir -bib:uenñah - ]TahrN_ ³ erbirbept nigtmhmtullivsetmyy b:uenñah. 95- TItaMgmuxtMN duecñhgñkttylxus tuvxagedah bmebkplitplmin tuvkarbgivl b bnøas;tiva. 96- bba ak;eliplitpl etivaebikkum[xucy:agducemþc - ]TahrN_ ³ bba ak;bikenøg nigducemþcedim,ierbi kmøamgkas;edaytullviskñúgkarebik¼edahmuxtmn. 135

138 97- dak;titamgepñkedlrbehlswkeloncit²kñaduecñh BYkvaGac sylpøas;bþúr. 98- bba ak;enaeliplitpl EdlEpñkmYyNa tuv Etsm at b EfTaMtamviFICak;lak; - ]TahrN_ ³ eday erbielxkudbn Rtg;cMNucdak;eRbg K- karerbir)as;smöar³eligvij 99- pþl;gatipabkarerbir)as;eligvijelikti 1 elis BIkareRbIR)as;eLIgvijelIkTI 2 nigelikti rcnam:udsrmab;karedahbmebk BIEpñkpÁúMbnÞab; bnsmetacaepñktuc² 101- xitxmerbismöar³edlgacerbir)as;eligvij Edl manenatipsarrycehiy ebisinsmöar³bul tuv)anerbikñúgplitplbykva KYrRbmUlpþúMkñúgkEnøgCitKña duecñhbykvagacbmebkecjbi Kñaedaygay syl. X- kardutrbkbedaysuvtißpab 103- mansmöar³bulercinenakñúgplitplrwtetman PaBTTYlxus tuvcmebahkardutrbs;vakan;etxøamgelig. etahcay:agna vtßúfatubulkyretrbmulpþúm nigedlgay sylbmebkecj duecñhbykva sylykecjbg;éfø nigefvirb RBwtiþkmμdUcCasMNl;edayELk. g- karykmkbicarnabikarrbmulpþúmkñúgrsuk erka pøúvkar énrbb½n erbir)as; eligvij 104- )a:n;rbmanbilt PaBénskmμPaBeRbIR)as;eLIg vijcapøúvkar b erkapøúvkaredlmanrsab;enakñúg shkmn_ edim,iculrymkñúgkartajykmkvij nigerbir)as;elig vij culrymgpivdæ nig¼b karkamrtfiμ nigrbsit PaB énkarerciseris nigrbb½n erbir)as;eligvijenakñúgtmbn;. 136

139 137

140 etigvicakarbegiátbec kets? karbegiátgaccakar[n½yduckña }vifikittamggs;edlnam etarkgvifiμnigmanrbeyacn_srmab;gñkkit}. karbegiát bec ketsgaccyybegiátkmnitfiμ. ]bkrn_énkarbegiátgac ³ > ekitmaneligcamyykmnitfiμ > karrkexijtamvificak;lak;énkarkit >{KiteRkABIkñúgRbGb;}-karKitkñúgcMeNamdMeNaH Rsay bc úb,nñ > begiátkñúgcmenamkmnitnimyy²détetot > GPivDÆkarbMpusKMnitfIμ nigkmnitedlefvi[pjak;epi l edim,iyl;etibec ketsefvikaredayreboby:ag ducemþc nigbykvagacculrymcmenkkñúgexssgvak;gpivdæ plitply:agducemþc vacakarcam)ac;dak;bba ÚlBYkva etakñúgkargnuvtþn_. karbegiátbec ketscarkumtl;nwgmñak;² CaTUeTA karbmpuskmnitcarkum begiátkmnit)anercincag b:uenþcynkalvb,fm RkumGaclak;KMnitpøas;bþÚr. smacik RkumGaceRbIB½t manetavijetamk ducca Tinñn½ysRmab; efvi[kermikelignaeblbnþab;. karbegiátbec kets karbegiátbec ketsgacerbikñúgeblkarrcnam:udcafiμénd4s CMBUk5 nigexssgvak;kmru D4S CMBUk6. karbegiátkwcaepñkbnþbnþab;énexssgvak;gpivdæplitpl nigkarbegiátbec ketskwmanplrbeyacn_ TaMgGs;. CadMbUg vagacerbielikrmittssn³ nigenacugbba b;vagacerbiedim,iedahrsaybbaða bec kets. karrbecgcybrbthkñúgebledlexssgvak;gpivdæplitpl tuvkarvifibegiátepsg²min manbec ketsl bmput {EtmYy}. enakñúgcmbukenh bgðajbibec ketsepsg²edlrkbelisßan PaBd¾FMeFg. enhcakarerkinrmb k kumditcab;elibec ketsetmyy. b:uenþ tuveronerbibec kets epsg² niggpivdæbtbiesafn_. karbmpuskmnitmñak;² shkmn_esri CatMbUg [plhak;duccatinñplminsmehtupl EdlbnÞab; GacCakareFVI[RbesIreTAkñúgTsSn³ EdlTTYlsÁal; EfmeTot. karpþl;skþanublnigednkmnt;énvifiedahrsay TaMgenHvaCakareRkInrMlwk[eRbIkarbMpusKMnitTaMgBIrmñak; ² nigcarkumkñúgkmeragetmyy. GñkcUlrYm RkumGñkecHdwg KWsMxan;sMrab;PaBeCaKC½ykñúgEpñk begáitbierbahvapþl;karefvignþrkmμcmruh niggacbegáit shkmn_fμiehiyebøk.karbmpuskmnitcarkumkarbeba jkm nitedayesrigaccakareliktwkcitþ edaybba ÚlKMnitCa cmhénsmacikrkumbikargb;rmepsgedlminxøacsyrsmnyr{ l Il W}. RkumGac]TarhN_eRCIserIsmnusSBIlMdab; epsg² GñkFmμta niggñkcmnaj niggñkedlrbkb edayrbditbajanedlminemncagñkcmnajenakñúgvis½y. erobcmkmnit kñúgkarerbir)as;karbegiátbec ketsmñak;² KYrebIkcMh KMnit EdlGaceFVIeTA)annigRbwgERbgeCosvagKMnit TieTon EdlRtUvbegáIteLIgBIeRBaHenHGackat;pþac;KMnit manrbeyacn_caskþanubl. \riyabtvic man KWCakar 138

141 muldæanrkwhy:agrwgmaménpabecakc½yrbs;epñkcab;epþim. c,ab;xagerkamenhgacsrmyldmenirkarénkarbegáit ³ > smacikrkumkyrgacbeba jkmnitxøünégedayesri nigca cmhedaykμankarcab;birut nigkyrefviedaykarekarb smrmüetaeligñkd¾ét > minkyrmankarkat;kþieligñknamñak; nig > vakyretyl;rbmsmrab;smacikniyaykuhk EpñksRmbsRmÜl karbmpuskmnit GacbegáIn[FMeLIgedaycat;taMgGñk srmbsrmylnampøúvkarrbcmu. GñksRmbsRmYlKYrnaM pøúvkarrbcmu nigmingnubaøati[kmnitrbs;ekpþat;ercot ERCkelIKMnitGñkd¾éT. GñksRmbsRmYlKYrkMriteBl evla niggnubaøatigñkrkb;kñaedlcg;beba jkmnitbigñk culrymcalkçn³ékcn nigcarkum. vacakarman RbeyaCn_xøaMgNas; ebisingñksrmbsrmylmancmenh dwgtuetal énrbfanbt. ExSsgVak;mYyCMhanmþg² smrab;karbegáitsm½yrbcmursedogkña etanwgcmhanén ExSsgVak;GPivDÆplitpl CMhannimYy²énExSsgVak; karbegáitmandmnak;kalfm²bir ³ dmnak;kalebkecj BIKñadMNak;kalrYmKña emilcmbuk3. müa:gvijetot dmnak;kalnimyy²cab;epþimedaykmnt; {bbaða} bnþ edaydmnak;kalebkbikñaedlrymbba Úl {karbegáit} b {karbrgik} énvis½yedlefvieta)anedlbba ÚlkareRCIs eris nigkarbegáitehtukarn_bbaðakareføg nigkmnit edaykμankartieton.eblenahlt pléndmenahrsay KWCacegáam nigcarbeptbnþedaydmnak;kalbrgym kñúgenahmankarerciserisd¾ceg ót QrelIlkçN³ vinicä½y GtßRbeyaCn_ nigmankarbak;b½n emilrubpab64 ³ 1> karkmnt;bbaða 2> dmnak;kalbmebk 3> cgcacegáam¼carbept 4> dmnak;kalbrgüm dmnak;kaltamg4énexssgvak;begáitdmnak; kalnimyy²tamtargakb,kiriyaepsg²bigñkculrym. karkmnt;bbaða karbegáitkarkmnt;bbaðasmrab;sm½yrbcmu énkarbegáit mankarb:hbal;xøamgelitinñpl rbs;sm½yrbcmuénkar begáit. ebisinbbaðakwmin)ankmnt;tametogrtg;kar begáitlt plkyretmintak;tgsmrab;kmerag. ekalkarn_ ENnaMsMrab;kMNt;bBaðarYmman ³ A- begáitekalbmngénsm½yrbcmubegáitkñúgrbeyak myy. begáitecjbicmnucrbsbv bbaða énkmeragkñúgvifi xøi nigc,as;las;. vabgçmrkum[ekþabykcmnucknþal énbbaða. CaerOy² bbaðamanbbaðabnþab;bnsmcaercin etot. vacakarerkinrmlwk[ekþabykbbaðabnþab;bnsmmun ekehiy bnþab;mkpþl;dmenahrsaybnþab;bnsmcamyykña. B- rksakarbit nigcmnucedac,as;las;.ebisinbbaða kmnt;cakarbi)akxøamglt plnwgetacatueta nignameta rkdmenahrsaybnþab;bnsml bmput. 139

142 ]TahrN_ etieyiggacbegáit\riyabtvic manefmetoteta elikamrsμigkáisniya:gducemþc?kwrubmnþfmtulay. vakøaycarwtetcak;lak;ebisinkareføgsmedaeta elikumaretieyiggacpþl;b½t mandl;kumarya:g ducemþcgmbi Photo Voltaic duecñhbykekgpivdæ \riyabtrwtetvic manetaeliva? ]TarhN_ karsmedabenßmetotetaelikareføgbi bbaðagacca ³ {etiekμggacelggviedlefvibi Photo Voltaic? } b etieyiggacefviducemþccg; [ekμg²elgenaknþalvalelgrbdab;rbda efvibi Photo Voltaic? } C- cab;epþimcamyy {ya:gducemþc } b RbDit}sBVnam GñkNa GVI kenøgna enaeblna nigehtugvi CYykar RbmUlTinñn½y. kñúgekalbmngeliktwkcitþkarbegáit dmenahrsay vacakarrbesircab;epþimcamyysbvnam {GñkNa} b RbDit. enakñúgsmnyrgñkna smedaelivifi b ekalkarn_. RbDitsMedAelIlT plbba b;ercincag. dmnak;kaledlebkecjbikña enadmnak;kal EdlEbkecjBIKñaénExSsgVak;karbegáIt cmnyncmeriscaercinkw)ankt;smkal;. enakñúgdmnak;kalenh vifansmxan;cagekkw { KuNPaBKWcMnYn} begáitdmenahrsaycaercin nigkmnitfμi EdlGaceFVIeTA)an. smakmn_esrimantynatiya:gsm xan;enakñúgdmnak;kalenh. elisbienhvifanénkarmin kat;kþikmnitkwmansar³smxan;. enaebledlrbqmmux nwgkmnitfμi sar³smxan;kwgñkculrymykcmhedlman RbeyaCn_. PaBpÞúyKña páúm¼ EckCaEpñk PaBRsbKña ekalkarn_ 1- KuNPaBtamryHbrimaN 2- karbnüaeblkarvaytmél 3- karculrymedayesri RtYtBinitütamlMdab; rubpab 64 ³ ExSsgVak;begáIt 1- eq<ahetarkekalbmng 2- pþl;nuvkmnit sþibigtßrbeyacn_én karmnþil 3- bkerbkmnitrevirvayegayetaca KMnitmanRbeyaCn_ dmnak;kalcgcacegáam efvi[rtwmrtuvrycral;ehiykmnit nigdmenahrsaycaercin nwgrtuvbegáitelig nigrtúverciseriskñúgdmnak;kal bmebkecjbikña. cmnynbiténcmerisfμinwgefvi[vabi)ak edim,ierciseriscmerisedll CageK. smrab;ekalbmng enahdmnak;kalbenßm {smgat} nigttyl)antssn³én CMerIsEdlbegáIt KMnitelIsBI 200 KWminEmnmin Fmμta CaFmμtamunnwgeTAeFVIkarvaytMél nigkar erciseris. enakñúgdmnak;kalenh KMnitKWdak;CaRkum CamYyKña edayqreligvicarym. enakñúgcmhanenh KMnit xøhgacbkrsay[c,as; nig b briyayya:gli tl n; smrab;karrsaybmpøw. dmnak;kalbrgüm enakñúgdmnak;kalbrgüm KMnitTaMgGs;manplénkar mnþil tmélrbs;kmnitkyrminekiteligenaebldmbug b:uenþkmnitkyrefvikarsmerccitþpgedr nigefvikareq<ahetakar EføgBIeKalbMNg. enaeblenah lt PaBeRCIserIsKW RtUvvaytMél nigerciseris. 140

143 manednkmnt;bierbahmkbigtßn½yrbs;baküedlerbi. ducedlenabnþab;xagerkambec ketsénkarbegáitkyrbgá nigcmruj[beba jkmniténtmlab;fmμta ehiybba ÚleTA karebikcmhr. ]TahrN_énkarbegáItKMnitfμI rubpab 65 ³ ExSsgVak;énkarbegáIt etigvicarbepténbec ketsénkarbegáit manpabxusebøkkñacaercin rvagbec ketsénkarbegáit RtwmRtUvtamGtßbT nigtamkaremilexij. kar niyaycatueta vakwcaeblevla bec ketsénkar begáitedayelk TamTareBl niggtßbtbenßmetot nigbriman GtßbT Tl;nwglMGit edayepñk. bec ketstamg2rbeptenhmanplrbeyacn_nigkμan plrbeyacn_. KMnUrKYrRKbeTAelIKMnitedImEfmeTot BIeRBaHKMnitminman kat;bnßybikmnitetacabaküb:uenþ KMnitGacCaKMnUrEdlmnusSmñak;Kit. GtßbTKWelOnCag b:uenþkmnitgaccakmnur EdlmnusSmñak;Kit. GtßbT KWelOnCag b:uenþgaccabbaðasmrab;pasabrets nig 1- karbmpuskmnitedlebjniym BakükarbMpusKMnit )ankøaycabaküerbicatuetakñúgpasa Gg;eKøsdUcCaBaküTUeTAsMrab;begáItkarKit. muldæan énkarbmpuskmnit KWkarbegáItKMnitenAkñúgsßanPaBRkum edayqreliekalkarn_énkarbbaäb;benþahgasnñ. dmnak;kalénkarbegáitdac;edayelkbidmnak;kalkat; esckiþénkarkit. vifansmxan;²énkarbmputkmnitkw ³ > GñksRmbsRmYlkt;RtaKMnitTaMgGs;enAelIRkdasFM b kþarexon > GñkcUlrYmehARbCuMBIKMnitEdlekIteLIgCabnþbnÞab; rbs;bykek duccarbtikmμelikaregayniymn½ybbaða > GñkcUlrYmEckrMElkKMnitKñaeTAvijeTAmk > GñkcUlrYmkMubgðajkarTieTonrbs;BYkeKelIKMnitKñaeTA vijetamk > GñkcUlrYmxMRbwgeFVIkarenHeGay)anelOn 141

144 rubpab 67 ³ TMn½rkargarkMNt;RtaKMnit rubpab 66 ³ sm½yrbcumbmpuskmnitsmrab;kt;smkal;karerbi R)as;bec kvitüafμiénfamblkekiteligvij 2- kmnt;rtakmnit (BrainWriting) kmnt;rtakmnit KWCabec ketsrbhak;rbehlnwgkar bmpuskmnit. manpabxusebøkkñaercin b:uenþexssgvak; TUeTAKWKMnitTaMgGs;enaHKWRtUvkt;RtaTukedayxøÜnÉgpÞal;. bnþab;mkbykekpþl;egayetagñkepsgetot EdleRbIKMnit enahduccaknøwhsmrab;kmnitrbs;bykekpþal;. kmnt;rta KMnitCYyeGaymnusSmanKMnitb:uEnþ KWTak;TinGMBIkar beba jmtibykvakñúgrkumfm edim,iefviegayekemilexij CaGnamik. duecñh BYkeKminmankarRbkYtRbECgCamYy Gñkd¾éTedIm,IeGaysþab;. vagaccyypgedr EdlKMnit TaMgGs;GacemIleXIj niggacgaccmlgefviegayekit mankmnitfμi. rubpab 68 ³ GñkcUlrYmenAkñúgvKÁkMNt;RtaKMnitEdl begáitdmenahrsaysmrab;smnl;bikarevcx b;enatampøúv 142

145 vagacbenßmel,ónkic kar BIeRBaHGñkral;KñakMBugpþl; KMnitRKb;eBl. ]TahrN_enHrYmbBa Úl ³ RkumkMNt;RtaKMnit ³ mñak;²erbirkdastuc²sresr BIKMnitrbs;BYkeK ehiybitkmnittamggs;enahetaknþal tarag. Gñkral;KñaGacbeBa jkmnitmyy b ercineday esritamkmnitedlniwkexij. smacikrkumgacbegáit KMnitfμIKMnitEbøk² b KMnitCan;elIKMnitEdlmanRsab;. kt;rtakmnit ³ eqμah)anmkbiexssgvak;man mnuss 6 nak; sresrkmnit 3 kñúgryhebl5nati. mnussmñak;²mantmb½rkargaret\tmansresrgvi emilrubpab67 GñkcUlrYmmñak;²sresrkarEføgbBaðaenAE;pñk xageliéntmb½rkargarrbs;bykek myyybakümþg²bikar egayniymn½ybbaðaedlyl;rsb. bnþab;mkbykek sresrkmnit 3 enaepñkxagelicyrepþktmb½rkargarkñúgxøa mann½yebjelj nigsegçb 6-10 Bakü. erkay ryhebl5nati TMB½rkargarRtUvbBa ÚneTAGñkepSgeTot EdlGñkcUlrYmnimYy²GacsresrKMnit 3 epsgetot. ExSsgVak;bnþrhUtdl;TMB½rkargarRtUvb gáb;lt plsrub 108 KMnitenAelITMB½rkargarcMnYn EpnTIKMnit EpnTIKMnitEdlehAfa "DIy:aRkamBIgBag " pgedr tmnagegaykmnitkmnt;rtab½t man.l. enaq aybikar etadl;diy:arkamedimeqi³ edim,ikuepntikmnit ³ > latrtdagrkdasfm nigsresrcmngecigxøismrab; épþerogtamggs;enacmknþaltmb½r. > smrab;cmngecigbnþab;bnsmsmxan;²nimyy² b cegáam smöar³begáitcaemkfagbnþab;bnsm smrsbetanwgemk FagsMxan;². > bnþtamebobenhsmrab;gñkral;kñaedlexijemkfag bnþab;bnsm. CakarsmRsb KYrdak;cMNgeCIgelIsBImYy kenøgkurbnþat;kat;etacmngecigd¾étepsgetot b bgðaj kartmnak;tmngrvagcmngecigenaeliemkfagepsg². GaceFVIenHedaydak;elxkUdBN kmnt;lkçnhsm,tiþ b TMhM. tamcermisepsgetot erbikarkurcacagerbi karsresr GacCYyeFVIeGayDIy:aRkamrs;revIk. enakñúgkba b; Software ducca Freemind smrab; download edayminkitéføbi KWCaCMnYykñúgeBl efvikargarcamyyepntikmnit duecñhefviegayvakan;etrsyl EkERbEpnTICafμI. 4- Ws TaMg5 nig H Ws TaMg5 nig H KWCasMNYrTUeTATaMg6 nigcabba I RtYtBinitüEdlman\T iblbmpuskmnit nigrsemirsém. bec ketserbir)al;smnyrtmbug EdlbegáIteLIgy:agqab; rh½s ³ Ws TaMg5 nig H Cabec kets énkarbegáit bmebkecjbikña niggacerbikñúgdmnak;kaldmbugénkar edahrsaybbaðaedim,irbmulb½t man nigkt;smkal;lmgit benßmetotbibbaða bnþab;bnsm smxan;²edim,iedahrsay. karbinitüemilkarcuhbba IGacCaGtßRbeyaCn_ etahca erkapøúvkar b vificarbb½n énkarbegáitsmnyrsmrab;esvgrk cmeliy. 143

146 eblna? GVIxøH? kenøgna? GñkNa? ehtugvi? GVIxøH? kenøgna? eblna? y:agduemþc? bbaða ehtugvi? y:agduemþc? GñkNa? rubpab 69 ³ cab;epþimerbir)as;epntikmnitsmrab; Ws TaMg 5 nig H EpnTIKMnitEdlman Ws TaMg5 duccaedimtg snøwk GaceRbIedIm,IsMrYlExSsgVak; emilrubpab Scamper Cabec kets Scamper KWCakarBinitübBa IEdlnwgCa CMnYykñúgkarpøas;bþÚrkarKit EdleFVIeLIgeTAelIplitpl EdlmanRsab;edIm,IbegáItplitplfμImYYy. karpøas;bþúr TaMgenHGaceRbImYYyNak¾)an duccakaresñisumkarpøas;bþúr edaypþal; b duccacmnuccab;epþimsmrab;karkitetaxag. Scamper erbicmnys\t iblénkarpøas;bþúrplitpltamg 7 RbePTdUcteTA ³ S CMnYs smaspak smöar³ RbCaCn C culkña rymbba ÚlKñaCamYy Epñk¼Rbdab;dMeLIg d¾étetot b esvakmμrymbba Úl A bnsam RbugRby½tñpøas;bþÚrkargar erbiepñkepsg² énsmasfatuepsg²etot M pøas;bþúr begáit b kat;bnßytamkrmitpøas;bþúr TMrg; pøas;bþúrektnp½nð P bba ÚleTAkñúgkareRbIR)as;epSg²eTot E lubbm)at; dksmasfatuecjefviegaygay RsYlkat;bnßyrhUtdl;cMNucsMxan;²énmuxgar R brba as Rtlb;BIkñúgeTAeRkA b BIelIeTAeRkam cab;epþimedaybmebkplitpl b RbFanbTEdl nwgrtuvepþatetaeliegayecjq aybikña. bnþab;syrcmng ecigsmnyr Scamper TaMg 7GMBIplitpl b RbFanbT. bnþkarsyr " etigac >>>>>>>>>>>>ya:gducemþc? " "etigviepsgetot >>>>>>>>>>>>?" "etigviepsgetoty:ag ducemþc >>>>>>>>>>>>? "smrab;kmnitnimyy². 6- stispab stispaberbismrab;egaygñkculrymqb;culcitþedayxøún ÉgBIkarEføgbBaðaxagedIm nigmankarculcitþdmenah Rsay nigvifiedahrsayfμi. stispabtamgenhgacnam mknuvtmrg;caercin Edl)anbgðajenAtarag12. smrab;b½t manbenßm ³ emil Tassoul, 2005 nig index.php 144

147 stispab stispabpþal; stispabpþal;xøün stispabcrik stispabgs arü stispabénbrmti karbib½nna cab;epiþmbiepñkxøh² kñúgbbaðaesvgrkkarerbobefob b sßanpabstispab etimangviekitelig ebisingñkkøaycasmasfatukñúgbbaða? etisßanpabrbeptna EdleFVIeGayeyIgniwkeXIj? GñkGacdak;bBaðaCasßanPaBRbDit b minbitd¾étetot ehiygpivdævaecjbikenøgenah? kmnt;bbaðaca2 Bakü EdlBakünimYy²pÞúyKña tarag 12 ³ RbePTsTisPaB rubpab 70 ³ stispabsmrab;begáitrkbedlgacbt;ebn)an 145

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150 RbPBÉksar nigéksarsmrab;ganbenßm B½t manrtuv)anpþl;[carbpbéksaredlman nigcarbpbedl )anerbir)as;caéksareyagenakñúúgcmbuknimyy². B½t manenhrab; bba ÚlTaMgRbPBBIGIunFWENt nigéksare)ahbumöpsay. DTIE énkmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati Epñkbec kvitüa]ssahkmμ nigesdækic kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacatimanrbvtþirkumh uncaercinedim,ikmnt;gtþsbaøan nigelik kmbs;kargnuvtþn_l bmput kñúgcmenamskmμpabtamggs;k¾mankargpivdæn_edim,i[plit pl nigesvakmμkan;etmancirpabedr. ]TahrN_ rab;bba ÚlTaMgkarRbmUlRbB½n esvakmμplitpll bmput Efficient Entrepreneur Calender EdleRKagCacMNuc smxan;énvifisarsþcacmhan²edlrkumh ungacerbir)as; edim,iyl;biskmμpabrbs;xøün b:hbal;dl;brisßanducemþc RbB½n b½nðsresir karkamrtdl;karcab;epþimsresrr)ay karn_ducca Global Compact nig Global Reporting Initiative nigkarelikkmbs; karbipaksasmrab;rkumh unedim,ipøas;bþúrbtbiesafn_. kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacatik¾efiv kargarenakñúgepñkcak;lak;ducca PaBcl½t TUrKmnaKmn_ karpsaybanic kmμ karlk; ray nigkarsagsg;edaycirpabedim,ismrbsmrylbmerbmryltamry³bnþajmuxcmnyj. kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacatik¾skmμenakñúgkarelikkmbs;karkitbivdþcivit nigyut sarsþ begáitfμitamry³karpþücepþimbivdþcivit. skmμpabpþücepþimmanekalbmngedim,igpivdæ nigeckrmelkvifisarsþgnuvtþedim,ivaytmélbi»kas hanip½y nigkarpøas;bþúrplitpl nigesvakmμenakñúgvdþcivittamgmulrbs;plitpledim,ittyl)ankargpivdæn_eday cirpab. kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacatik¾kamrtpgedrnuvkarcab;epþimfμi²éncrkpbgg; ekøskamrtkic xitxmrbwgerbgcagnþrcatielicirpabplitpl EdlCalT plénepnkar Gnuvtþn_rbs;kic RbCMukMBUlénkarGPivDÆn_edaycirPaB. enaepñkxagsþamkwcaekhtmb½r EdlTak;TgnwgkmμviFIbrisßanshRbCaCati nigkare)ahbumöpsayrbs;va. ekhtmb½r (See comments on the left) Éksare)aHBumÖpSay plitpl nigesvakmμ Brezet, J. C. and C. G. v. Hemel (1997). Ecodesign: A promising approach to sustainable production and consumption. UNEP, Paris UNEP (in collaboration with the Interdepartmental Research Centre Innovation for the Environmental Sustainability (C.I.R.I.S)) (2002). Product Service Systems and Sustainability: Opportunities for Sustainable Solutions. UNEP, Paris. UNEP (in collaboration with Delft University of Technology (expected 2006)).Design for Sustainability: A Global Guide. UNEP, Paris 148

151 karpþücepþimbivdþcivit Astrup Jensen,A. and A. Remmen. (2005). Life cycle management A bridge to more sustainable products. UNEP (in collaboration with the Society for the Environmental Sustainability (SETAC)) Paris UNEP (1999).Towards Global Use of LCA, UNEP, Paris UNEP (2003). Evaluation of Environmental Impacts in LCA, UNEP, Paris UNEP (2004).Why take a Life Cycle Approach, UNEP, Paris UNEP (2005). Background Report for a UNEP Guide to Life Cycle Management karpsaybanic kmμ nigtipsar UNEP (in collaboration with the McCann WorldGroup). (2002). Can Sustainability Sell?, UNEP, Paris. UNEP (in collaboration with Global Compact and Utopies) (2005).Talk the Walk - Advancing Sustainable Lifestyles through Marketing and Communications, UNEP, Paris. karerbir)as;edaycirpab D Almeida, N. and C. Pardo (2004). Meeting report of the global compact policy dialogue on sustainable consumption, marketing and communications. UNEP (in collaboration with Global Compact.) Ryan,C. (2002). Sustainable consumption: a global status report. UNEP (in collaboration with the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics (IIIEE)), UNEP, Paris. UNEP (in collaboration with the European Association of Communications Agencies (EACA) and the World Federation of Advertisers (WFA)) (2002). Industry as a partner for sustainable development, UNEP, Paris. UNEP (2004). Resource kit on sustainable consumption and production, UNEP, Paris. D4S nigbrisßan CMBUk 2, 5, nig 6 ekhtmb½r karkitbicivsarsþ Ecodesign Awareness raising campaign for electrical and electronics SMEs World Business Council for Sustainable Development Life Cycle Assessment Ecodesign in Central America O 2 Global Network Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Boks, C. and A. Stevels (2003). Theory and Practice of Environmental Benchmarking for Consumer Electronics. Benchmarking - An International Journal 10(2): Brezet, H., J. C. Diehl, et al. (2001). From EcoDesign of Products to Sustainable Systems Design: Delft s Experiences. 2nd International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing (EcoDesign 01),Tokyo. Brezet, J. C. and C. G. v. Hemel (1997). Ecodesign: A promising approach to sustainable production and consumption. Paris, UNEP. 149

152 Crul, M. (2003). Ecodesign in Central America. Design for Sustainability research program. Delft, Delft University of Technology. Fuad-Luke, A. (2002). The eco-design handbook. London, Thames & Hudson. Goedkoop, M. and R. Spriensma (2000). Eco-indicator 99 Manual for Designers: A damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment. The Hague, Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. Kaplinski, R. and J. Readman (2001). Integrating local SME s into global value chains: towards partnership for development.vienna, UNIDO. Masera, D. (1999). Sustainable product development: a key factor for small enterprise development the case of furniture production in the Purépecha region, Mexico. Journal of Sustainable Product Design(8): OECD (2004). Promoting entrepreneurship and innovative SMEs in a global economy:towards a more responsible and inclusive globalisation, OECD. Schvaneveldt, S. J. (2003). Environmental performance of products: Benchmarks and tools for measuring improvement. Benchmarking - An International Journal 10(2): Stevels, A. (2001). Application of Ecodesign:Ten years of dynamic development. Ecodesign 2001,Tokyo, Japan. SustainAbility (2005). Developing Value: The business case for sustainability in emerging markets. Tischner, U., E. Schminck, et al. (2000). How to do Ecodesign: A guide for environmentally and economically sound design. Berlin,Verlag Form GmbH. Verloop, J. (2004). Insight in innovation. Amsterdam, Elsevier karegáitplitplfμi nigkarvaytmélbitmruvkar CMBUk 3 nig 4 ekhtmb½r yut sarsþmuxcmnyj Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Ansoff, H. I. (1968). Corporate Strategy. Harmondsworth, Penguin. Buijs, J. and R.Valkenburg (2000). Integrale Productontwikkeling. Utrecht, Lemma. Chung, K.-W. (2004). Strategic Advancement in Korean Design Promotion: How Korea has transferred itself from an Imitator to a Pioneer in Design Promotion. Expert Exchange Conference, Pretoria, South Africa. Kogut, B. (2003). Designing global strategies: comparative and competitive value-added chains. Smart Globalization. A. K. Gupta and D. E.Westney. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. OECD (2004). Promoting entrepreneurship and innovative SMEs in a global economy:towards a more responsible and inclusive globalistaion, OECD. Porter, M. E. (1980). Competitive strategy. The Free Press, New York. Roozenburg, N. F. M. and J. Eekels (1995). Product Design, Fundamentals and Methods. Chicester,Wiley & Sons. Ulrich, K. and S. Eppinger (2003). Product Design and Development. UNDP (2005). Human Development Report, UNDP. Verloop, J. (2004). Insight in innovation. Amsterdam, Elsevier. 150

153 krnisiksa CMBUk 7 ekhtmb½r Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Augustijn, C.D. and I. Uijttewaal (1998). Ecodesign at Venus company, Guatemala, internship report, Delft University of Technology. Caluwe, N. d. (2004). Business Benefits From Applied EcoDesign. IEEE Transactions on electronics packaging manufacturing 27(4): CEGESTI, M. Crul and J.C. Diehl (1999) Manual para la Implementación de Ecodiseño en Centroamérica (in Spanish). CEGESTI, San José, Costa Rica. UNIDO (2003). Product Innovation from Mine Waste in Southern Africa. Mission debriefing report.unido,vienna. bec ketsrbkbedaykarécñrbdit ekhtmb½r Éksare)aHBumÖpSay Tassoul, M. (2005). Creative Facilitation: A Delft Approach. Delft,VSSD. Crul, M. (2003). Ecodesign in Central America. Thesis. Delft University of Technology. Eenhoorn, G. J. and A. Stevels (2000). Environmental Benchmarking of Computer Monitors. Joint international congress and exhibition electronics goes green 2000+, Berlin,VDE. Garvik,T.I. (1999). Ecodesign of Talleres REA Guatemala Pulpero (depulper in coffee processing) graduation report, DfS, Delft University of Technology. Hoornstra, P.C. (1998). Ecodesign of professional cooling equipment in Costa Rica, graduation report, Delft University of Technology. Mshoro, I. B. (2004). Product Innovation: The Case of Manufacturing and Food Processing Industry in Tanzania. Global Project and Manufacturing Management. Germany. Sagone, F. (2001). Ecodesign of cream and packaging at El Jobo, El Salvador, internship report, Landivar University. Steinbusch,V. (2003). Developing a sustainable means of transport for crops in Ghana. Graduation report, Delft University of Technology. 151

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156 kmrgsmnyrsmrab;karvaytmél karrcnam:udedim,icirpab yut sarsþgnuvtþsmrab;rbetskmbuggpivdæn_ Epñkbec kvitüa ]ssahkmμ nigesdækic rbs;kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacatinwgekatsesircmebahkic shrbtibtþikarrbs;gñkkñúgkar bmebjnuvsmnyrxagerkam EdlCaEpñkmYyénkarbnþRtYtBinitüeLIgvijnUvehtub:HBal;énÉksare)aHBumÖpSay nigkmeragedl xøünkamrt. 1- KuNPaB curkmnt;nuvtidæpabkunpabducxagerkaménéksare)ahbumöpsayenhedayerciserisykrbgb;edlrtwmrtuv l Nas; lμm exsay vtßúbmng o o o karvipakedaym:t;ct; o o o Tan;sPaBkarN_ o o o GacGan)an o o o rcnasm<½n o o o 2- plrbeyacn_ CaTUeTA etikare)ahbumöpsayenhya:gducemþcedr? PaKeRcIn RbEhlBak;kNþal tictyc lkçn³bec kets¼sarsmxan;cmebahgñk? o o o Tak;TgeTAGñk o o o fμismrab;gñk o o o nwgrtuv)angñkerbir)as;? o o o 3- RbsiT PaBkñúgkarTTUl)anvtßúbMNg vtßúbmngénkare)ahbumöpsayenhkwedim,i[gñkgannuvb½t manedlmangtßn½ydl;bbaøati D4S r)amgfμidl;kareklmgkargnuvtþn_ bba IskmμPaBBIrebobykQñHelIr)aMgTaMgenaH nig]bsm<½n EdlmanRbPBB½t man. enakñúgkmnitrbs;gñk etiéksare)ahbumö psaymantmhmb:unñaedim,irymcmenkdl;smit iplénkmeragenh? sumerciserisrbgb;myy o ebjelj o RKb;RKan; o minrkb;rkan; sumbba ak;bimulehtucmebahkarkmnt;rbs;gñk 4 - karerbir)as; a. sumkmnt;fa Éksare)aHBumÖpSaynwgCH\T ibl b rymcmenkdl;kargarrbs;gñkya:gducemþc bgðajbicmeliy rbs;gñkcamyynwg]tahrn_. 154

157 b. curbgðajfabilmdab;énsarsmxan; TImYy TIBIr b TIbI BIplRbeyaCn_énÉksare)aHBumÖpSayenHcMeBaHGñk TImYy TIBIr TIbI cmebahb½t manpþal;xøün o o o CaÉksareyag o o o ekalkarn_ennamcmebahkargnuvtþn_kargar o o o 5 - karebgeck etigñkepsgnwgganéksarrbs;gñket? o Gan o mingan o mindwg ebisincagan eticmnynb:unμannak;? etigñkttyl)anéksare)ahbumöpsayenhedaypþal;bi UNEP? o )at¼ca+s o et ebisincaet etigñknapþl;[gñk? 6 - kargegátcatueta a. curbgðajbikarpøas;bþúrnamyyenakñúggtßbtenh EdlnwgGacbegáIntMélrbs;vacMeBaHGñk. b > curbgðajbisarsmxan;tamlmdab; TImYy TIBIr b TIbI kñúgcmenamcmnuctamgbiedlgacbegáinkare)ahbumöpsay enhdl;gñk. TImYy TIBIr TIbI bkerbcapasacatirbs;gñk o o o B½t manenakñúgtmbn;cak;lak; o o o benßmb½t manbec kets o o o 6 - Tinñn½yxageRkamenHnwgmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;karviPaKBIsßiti eqμahrbs;gñk CaCMerIs ³ B½t manbivic aciv³ ³ tynati¼muxgar¼muxrbr ³ GgÁkar¼Pñak;garrdæaPi)al¼sßab½n ³ RbeTs ³ kalbriecät ³ kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati sumeføggmnrkuncmebahkarbmebjkmrgsmnyrenh. sumftcmlg nigepjitambusþ b esán eta ³ saxaplitkmμ nigkarerbir)as; Epñkbec kvitüa ]ssahkmμ nigbrisßan énkmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati Tour Mirabeau 39-43, quai André Citroën Paris Cedex 15, France Fax: + 33 (1) sc@unep.fr 155

158 GMBIEpñkbec kvitüa ]ssahkmμ nigesdækic énkmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati Epñkbec kvitüa ]ssahkmμ nigesdækic énkmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati (DTIE) CYyrdæaPi)alGaCJaFrkñúgRsuknigGñkeFIVkarsMerccitþenAkñúgmuxCMnYj nig]ssahkmμ edim,igpivdæ niggnuvtþekalneya)ay niggnuvtþedayykcitþtukdak;eli kargpivdæn_edaycirpab. EpñkenHeFIVkargaredIm,IelIkkMBs;³ > karerbir)as; nigplitkmμedaycirpab > karerbir)as;edayrbsit PaBnUvfamBlkekIteLIgvij > karrkb;rkgrkb;rkan;nuvsarfatukimi > karbba ÚltMélbrisßanenAkñúgeKalneya)ayGPivDÆ kariyal½ynaykmantitamgenatirkug)a:ris ehiysmrbsmrylskmμpabtamry³ > mcämnðlbec kvitüabrisßangnþrcati IETC ( Osaka, Shiga) EdlGnuvtþkmμviFIRKb;RKgsMNl;Twk nigmhnþray edaycmruh edayykcitþtukdak;edayelkenakñúggasiu. > plitkmμ nigkarerbir)as; TIRkug)a:rIs EdlelIkkMBs;EbbbTénkareRbIR)as; nigplitkmμedaycirpabduccakarrym cmenkdl;kargpivdæn_mnusstamry³tipsarcaskl. > sarfatukimi Geneva EdlCakatalIkrCMrujskmμPaBCaskledIm,InaMyknUvkarRKb;RKgsarFatuKImI nigefiv [RbesIreLIgnUvsuvtßiPaBsarFatuKImITUTaMgBiPBelak. > fambl TIRkug)a:rIs EdlCMrujeKalneya)ayfamBl nigkardwkcba ÚnedIm,IkarGPivDÆn_edaycirPaB nigelik TwkcitþkarbNþak;TunenAkñúgRbsiT PaBfamBl nigfamblkekiteligvij. > skmμpabbigusun TIRkug)a:rIs EdlKaMRTdl;karlubbM)at;ecalsarFatuEdlbMpøajRsTab;GUsUnenAkñúgRbeTskMBug GPivDÆn_ nigrbetsedlmanesdækic GnþrkaledIm,IR)akdfaBIkarGnuvtþBiFIsarm:uger:Gal;. > esdækic nigbanic kmμ Geneva EdlCYyRbeTsCaeRcInedIm,IbBa ÚlkarKitKUrBIbrisßaneTAkñúgeKalneya)ayesdækic nigbanic kmμ nigefivkarcamyyepñkhirbaøvtßúedim,ibba ÚlnUveKalneya)aykarGPivDÆn_edaycirPaB. skmμpab UNEP DTIE ykcitþtukdak;elikarelikkmbs;karyl;dwg begáinkarepþrcmenhdwg nigb½t mancmrujkic shkarepñkbec kvitüa nig PaBCaédKU niggnuvtþgnusbaøa nigkic RBmeRBogGnþrCati. cmebahb½t manbenßm sumculetakan;ekhtmb½r 156

159 karrcnam:udedim,i[mancirpab (D4S) KWCa vifisarsþbegáitfμimyyedlmanrbeyacn_kñúgcm enamvifisarsþepsg²etot EdlmansMrab; shrkasbc úb,nñenh kñúgkareklmgplitpl enaxn³edlykcitþtukdak;elikarrbyy)armö BIbrisßan nigsgámduccafatuyut sarsþknøwh kñúgkarbicarna. enakñúgrbetskmbuggpivdæedaysaretkar yl;dwg nigbtbiesafn_mankmrit karksag smtßpabepñkbec kvitüakmritmfümrtuvkar edimi,bgðajbi D4S. vifisarsþgnuvtþenhgac CYyGnþrkarI EdlGacdMeNIrkar)anCamYy SMEs nigrkumh unedlcaédkurbs;ekkñúgkar RbtibtþiKMerag D4S. Éksare)aHBumÖpSayenHbkRsayBIGIVCa D4S niggivedlrbehlcamincmrujtwkcitþrkumh un minttylyk. cmnuccmbg²enakñúgéksar e)ahbumöpsayenhrymmankargnuvtþn_cmnynbi yut sarsþcacmhan² edim,ignuvtþkmerag D4S³ karvaytmélbitmruvkar karrcnam:udelig vij nigkarefvikmru. B½t manbiéksareyag c,as;las; nigkrnisiksaedlgackamrtkm eragk¾rtuv)anbgðajpgedr. kmμvifibrisßanshrbcacati P.O. Box Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (0) Fax: (0) uneppub@unep.org cmebahb½t manbenßm sumtmnak;tmng³ UNEP DTIE saxaplitkmμ nigkarerbir)as; Quai Andre Citroen Paris CEDEX 15, France Tel: Fax: unep.tie@unep.fr saklvitüal½ybec kvitüa Delft mhavitüal½yvisvkmμrcnam:ud]ssahkmμ kmμvifikarrcnaedim,i[mancirpab Landbergstraat CE Delft The Netherlands Tel: Fax: dfs@tudelft.nl InWEnt-Internationale Weiterbuildung und Entwicklung ggmbh Capacity Building International, Germany Friedrich-Ebert-Allee Bonn Germany Tel: + 49 (0) Fax: + 49 (0)