zicedi ziteqelit zxeqn ly dzxivie oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqn ly dzxivie oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri ztxv mexca m"anxd zxez :`ean.` "`ivpiaext" `id,qpaext) ztxv mexc icedi eqpzd dxyr yelyd d`nd jldna ely "mikeapd dxen"e m"anxd iazk eribdyn.zizeaxz dktdna (miixard zexewna ly ceqi ixeaig.zepyxt lye zebd ly zicegii zxeqn dgztzd,zixarl mbxez lr od "dxen"l zeqgiizda od,zixarl enbxez ziaxrde ziaxrdîzipeeid diteqelitd,zeibelezp`e mixivwz,zeictelwivp`,mipexb` oebk uri ixtq.ezpada riiql zpn.xeaivl maxwle miiteqelit zepeirx lye diteqelit ly mzvtda riiql ick exvep yxtle - yxtl ick dnyei diteqelitd,envr m"anxd dxedy itk :lekn aeyge miiteqelit miyexit enqxete exagzp jk.miiq`lwd miicedid zexewnd z` - ycgn,dlitzd ly miiteqelit miyexit,zeiteqelit zeyxc,l"fg zextq lye `xwnd ly ebdp wqtd ixeaigle cenlzd iyexitl mb.zeevnd inrh ly miiteqelit mixe`iae 1.zcd oial diteqelitd oiay miqgiae diteqelita miipeir mipeic micwdl oeaiz oa` l`eny did,zicedi zebd ly ef zicegii zipenin zxeqn ly dcqiin dxen" ly ixard mebxzd.`xwnd oyxte seqelit,mbxzn,(1232 - aexiwa 1165) mxz s`e,zicedid zebdd ly iceqid cenild xtq z` xvi oeaiz oa` icia "mikeapd einebxz.miipiad ini jldna micedid micnelnd z` yniyy ipkhd gepind zegztzdl miixard minebxzd oia eid cyex oa`e ehqix` ixeaigl oeaiz oa` l`eny ly d`nd ly zicedid zebdl oeeik z`ixw oirk eide,miicedi `l mixeaig ly mipey`xd elrtn did qpaexta zipenin zxeqn zxivil xzei cer aeyg,mxa.dxyr yelyd,df xn`na,m"anxl mikeapd dxenn mihehivde mewnd i`xn.yiael cec zilbp`n mbxz.b"nyz milyexi,l`enyîoa` 'i zxecdnl miqgiizn I. Twersky, Aspects of the Social and Cultural iwqxah ly ivelgd exn`n e`x rwxl History of Provençal Jewry, Journal of World History 11 (1968), pp. 185 207 (=H.H. Ben-Sasson and S. Ettinger [eds.], Jewish Society through the Ages, New J.T. Robinson, The Ibn Tibbon e`x zpkcern zextql.york 1971, pp. 185 207) Family: A Dynasty of Translators in Medieval Provence, in J. Harris (ed.), Be erot Yitzhak: Studies in Memory of Isadore Twersky, Cambridge 2005, pp. 193 224 * 1 579

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri ly eizepexwre eizepeirx meyii jeze,m"anxd ly ezkxcda.oeaiz oa` ly ipyxtd ly mipey`xd miipenind miyexitd z` oeaiz oa` xvi,miycg minegza m"anxd ly ekxc it lr weqta weqt zldw zlibn z` x`an zldw xtql eyexit.`xwnd il dlbpy dn itl [`l`=] wx epyxt` `l dnkg xacn ea yxt`y dn lke") m"anxd cakpd xn`na dricie oeir el mcwy in" zaehle,("mdd mixaca ezrc `edy eixtqn 2 aezkd,ely "mind eewi xn`n"."zeipeird zenkgd on hrn gixde,mikeapd dxen ly oey`xd xe`iad z` z`f mr bivn,izhiy yexitk `le iaiqxewqic xeaig zxeva 3.m"anxd ly egexa "dakxn dyrn" lye "ziy`xa dyrn" `ed.dzeedzdl mxz oeaiz oa`y ef zxeqn oiit`l `id igkepd xn`nd ly ezxhn zextq zepyxta,zi`xwn zepyxta epiid,zxeqnd ly dizehiyae diqetca cwnzi Îziteqelit zeaxz dgztzd ji` mibcdl zpn lr,zeevnd inrh ixe`iaae l"fg rb`,envr oeaiz oa`a cwnz`y s`."dxen"a envr m"anxd ly eizexrdn zizeaxz oeaiz oa` dyn,(1256 - aexiwa 1194) ilehp` awri :eicinlzne ei`v`vn dnka mb dnly oa mgpne,(1306 - aexiwa 1215) mdxa` oa iel,(1274-1244 mipya lrt) dzginvl,`id dkxca,dnxz dl` zeiencn zg` lk.(1315-1249) ixi`nd.zilqpaextd zipenind zxeqnd ly dzegztzdle Samuel ily xehwecd zceara iwlgd mebxzde dxecdnd e`x zldw lr oeaiz oa` ly eyexitl Ibn Tibbon s Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, oldly mewnd i`xn.aexwa xe` ze`xl micner mlyd ilbp`d mebxzde dnlyd dxecdnd.2002 ze`aenl.xehwecd zcearay dl`n mipeyd,dxen`d dxecdna ze`wqt ixtqnl miqgiizn.38,35 ze`wqt,my e`x lirly cgeina e`x,"zipeaizîzipenin" zxeqn ly dcqink eciwtz lre,oeaiz oa` ly elrete eiigl d`na zipeaiz zipenind zebdde og l`izl`y oa wgvi oa digxf 'x ly ezpyn",iwviax xfria` ze`ivnd zexyt`",l"pd ;g"lyz milyexi,zixard dhiqxaipe`d,xehwec zcear,"b"id ;97-67 'nr,(h"lyz-g"lyz) 3-2 zrc,"dxyrîyelyd d`na m"anxd zepyxta dzeixwne,l"pd ;46-19 'nr,(b"nyz) 10 zrc,"mikeapd dxen ly eceqe oeaiz oa` l`eny 'x",l"pd zecdid zebda zibele`iz diral zipeh`lte`ip daebz :dpeilrd dnkgd ly df`zqetidd" :mikeapd dxen ly ezxez ixzq",l"pd ;38-7 'nr,(a"nyz) b dilhi`,"b"id d`na dilhi`a,l"pd ;69-23 'nr,(e"nyz) d l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn,"epizexecae eizexeca zepyxtd milyexi ixwgn,"ziy`xa dyrnl zipeniind zepyxtd ikxce ehqix`l dwibelexe`hnd xtq" l`enyl m"anxd on",lwpxt qelxw mb dpexg`l e`xe.250-225 'nr,(o"yz) h l`xyi zaygna,oilxa zhiqxaipe`,xehwec zcear,"mikeapd dxenl oixi`gl` 'dl`lc ly ekxc :oeaiz oa` J.T. Robinson, Samuel Ibn Tibbon s Commentary on Ecclesiastes and the :oke ;2000 Philosopher s Prooemium, in I. Twersky and J. M. Harris (eds.), Studies in Medieval Jewish History and Literature, vol. 3, Cambridge 2000, pp. 83 146; idem, The Ibn Tibbon Family: A Dynasty of Translators in Medieval Provence, in J. Harris (ed.), Be erot Yizhak: Studies in Memory of Isadore Twersky, Cambridge 2005, pp. 193 224 2 3 580

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd `xwnd zepyxt.a xeaiga - xaecn dna."mikeapd dxen" z` beeql ce`n dywy `ed zenqxetnd on zcd lr dpbd epiipry,ihbelet` xeaiga xaecn `ny e`?ipyxt?ibele`iz?iteqelit?ziq`lwd zecdid ly dal ala diteqelitd ueaiy e`,diteqelitd iptn migpen x`al ezxhn :ipyxt `ed xeaigdy envr m"anxd oreh "dxen"l dncwda 4.dl`kk zedefn opi`y zeixebl` oke,`xwna mi`ad ("myd seziya") miirnynîec "dxend".izxeqnd qetcd z` zn`ez dpi` `xwnay miaezkle milinl ezepyxt mxa eppi` s` ;xtq xg` xtq,weqt xg` weqt,`xwnd ly,izhiy,libx yexit eppi` laewnd oaena miizextq mipan lye milin ly ixehxîiwecwc xe`ia e` miyxcn uaew cgiin,zifkxn zeaiyg ilra miaezk ddfn "dxen"a m"anxdy `l`.dl` migpen ly zcnrd,mifnx :zepey mikxca mzernyn z` oitiwra x`ane mdilr xeaicd z` zeiernynd xe`iae,mxe`ial mifnexd l"fg zexewn z`ad,df cil df miaezke milin miaeygd mii`xwnd mixtqde mixetiqd,miweqtd.miaezka d`ad dlin ly zepeyd,zefinxae dtiwr jxca,"dxen"a mx`ane xeaicd z` mdilr cgiin m"anxdy xzeia ;(bl zeny) 'd ipt z` ze`xl dyn zywa ;(gk ziy`xa) awri mleq xetiq :md ;e ediryi) "dakxn dyrn" ;(b-a my) ocr ob xetiqe (` ziy`xa) "ziy`xa dyrn" ziirale zidel`d dgbydl xywda mipecipd,aei` xtqe ilyn xtq ;(i,` l`wfgi ytpd zywal exyew m"anxdy,mixiyd xiy ;(ak ziy`xa) wgvi zcwr xetiq ;rxd ziiral zeqgiizd jez eyxtn m"anxdy,bk-ak,h edinxie ;lretd lkya wacidl 5.zipeir e` dlirt `id m`,mc`d ly ezilkz recn xiaqd `ed envr "dxen"a.mixen`d miaezkl libx yexit xaig `l m"anxd.d-c 'nr,oey`xd wlgl dgizt,mikeapd dxen e`x miipkcrd mixwgnd z` wx oiiv` oldl.xwgna dax al zneyzl dzkf m"anxd ly ezepyxt :ziy`xa zyxta mc` lr mixetiql m"anxd yexit,ialqxaîoiilw 'y :xzeia mitiwnd e`,mlerd z`ixa xetiql m"anxd yexit,l"pd ;f"nyz milyexi,m"anxd ly mc`d zxeza miwxt zhiqxaipe` ly dpyd xtq,"awri ly mleqd melgl m"anxd yexit",l"pd ;g"nyz milyexi zrc,"xevd zxwp xetiql m"anxd iyexit",xyk 'g ;349-329 'nr,(g"nyz) bk-ak oli`îxa milyexi ixwgn,"dxend xtqa `xwnd zepyxt lr",bxapfex 'y ;66-29 'nr,(1995) 35 zexrd :mixiyd xiyl ziteqelitd zepyxtd",l"pd ;157-85 'nr,(`"nyz) ` l`xyi zaygna edinxil miiteqelit miyexit :lldzi l`",cnln '` ;151-133 'nr,(o"yz) hp uiaxz,"`ean c l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn,"qp`qpxde miipiadîinia zicedid daygna bk-ak :h R. Eisen, The Book of Job in Medieval Jewish Philosophy, ;31-82 'nr,(d"nyz) Oxford 2004, pp. 43 77; J. Stern, The Unbinding of Isaac: Maimonides on the Aqedah (forthcoming); E. Wolfson, Asceticism and Eroticism in Medieval Jewish Philosophical and Mystical Exegesis of the Song of Songs, in J.D. McAuliffe, B.D. 4 5 581

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri mxa 6.icn ielb didiy e` icn menr didiy e` - dfk yexit :yexit aezkl dvx `l mzernyn l`,dfinx ly jxca,`xewd ziiptde dl` miaezk lr dravd ici lr lgd.eizeawra dxvep ok`y zipyxt zxeqn ly dizeceqi z` gipd `ed,ziteqelitd,miig oa mdxa` oa iel,dyn epa,ilehp` awri epzga jynde oeaiz oa` l`enya ekxc ikiynne m"anxd icinlz - ixi`nd dnly oa mgpn s` minieqn mipaenae miaezkd ly mdihxtl ecxi md.lecbd xypd ea lgdy lrtnd znlydl exqnzd z` enyii ok.fnx wx xy` z` yxetna elibe,mze` ex`ia,m"anxd cgii mze`y.mdil` fnx `l m"anxdy miaezka m"anxd ly ezhiy oa` l`eny ly zldw zlibnl yexita lgd - `xwnl ipenin yexit xeaig - df jildz,eiweqtn dnk wx x`ia m"anxdy jka df xtqa ezxiga z` wnpn oeaiz oa` 7.oeaiz 8 milydl,repvd cinlzd,eilr lhed jk.zllekd ezxhn z` xexiaa gqip `l mbe yexitd.eizefinxe eifnx lr zepryide ezhiya zewac jez,lecbd exen lgd xy` z` xg`le,ezhiy z`e ezxhn z` oeaiz oa` xiaqn day,dkex` dncwda gzet envr oeaiz oa`.oiipr xg` oiipr,dlin xg` dlin,weqt xg` weqt zldw yexit `a okn zeny" xe`l dlibna migpen x`an,miccea miweqtl m"anxd iyexit lr jnqp lr jlnd dnly ly dnkegd xtq z` x`ane,"dxen"a m"anxd xicbdy "mitzeyn llkk zldw zlibn ly dzhiy z`e Dpan z` mb.m"anxd ly eizepexwre eillk it jlnd dnly,oeaiz oa` ly ecicl."dxen"d ly ezhiye edpan it lr oeaiz oa` yxtn lr,ytpd zex`yid cbp mipencwd mipwtqd iperih z` zegcl zldw zlibna dqpn zencw cra miperihd z` x`ia m"anxdy itk.mdly dtxezd zecewp ztiyg ici ytpd zex`yid cbp miperihd z` dnly x`an jk,mzegcl zpn lr mdihxtl mlerd zgz" ievnl wxe j` mitwz dl` miperihy ze`xdl xnelk - mzegcl ick mdihxtl 9."ynyd on dlrnl" `le "ynyd zepwqnd lk zwqd jez,ipkx` hexita zldwa weqt lk xe`ia lr sqepa miax x`al ick mrt icn ekxcn dheq mb oeaiz oa`,zeibele`izde zeiteqelitd z` hexita x`an `ed."dxen"a xeaicd z` m"anxd cgii mdilry mixg`d miaezkdn xefgn lre (h-`,b zldw) "lkl zr" lr dnly ixac ly xywda,ziy`xaa ` wxt xywda ziy`xa xtqa mc` ipae deeg,mc` ixetiq z` yxtn `ed.(f,` my) mind Walfish and J.W. Goering (eds.), With Reverence for the Word: Medieval Scriptural Exegesis in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Oxford 2003, pp. 92 118.h-g 'nr,oey`xd wlgl dgizt,mikeapd dxen e`x.lirl 2 dxrd e`x.35 dwqt,(lirl 2 dxrd) zldw lr yexit lynl e`x.29-27 ze`wqt,my 6 7 8 9 582

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd xiy,aei` ixtqa miweqt mb.zldwa "zenn xn dy`d"e "mc`d ipa","mc`"l mxeyiw jeze "dxen"a m"anxd ixaqd ceqi lr,hxetn xe`ial mikef ilyne mixiyd miweqtd z` mb eyexita x`an oeaiz oa`.ziy`xaae zldwa zeiernynle miaezkl mda `evnl sicrn `edy s`,bk-ak,h edinxi epiid,"dxen"a mipecipd mipexg`d,h edinxi weqtd ly eteqa cwnzd m"anxd.m"anxd mdl wiprdy dfn xg` ybc :ezligza cwnzn oeaiz oa` eli`e,"ux`a dwcve htyn cqg dyr 'd ip` ik" :bk yi cg` xaca wx,ezrc it lr."ize` rcie lkyd - lldznd lldzi z`fa m` ik",o`k.`l eze - ezbyde 'd zrici epiid,"ize` rcie lkyd" `ede,"lldzdl" ly mzeticra xaecn,m"anxdn lcap `ed mday oeaiz oa` iazka mixg` zenewnak 10.dlertd iig lr oeird iig dvnn xe`iaa od,myxit `l m"anxdy miycg mihqwh xe`iaa od,df oiipr xn`n",oeaiz oa` ly ipyd exeaiga mb ievn,lecbd xypd mda oc xaky mihqwhl ezxbqnk oky,dlind ly wiecnd oaena yexit eppi` df xeaig mpn`."mind eewi oi` recn,irahd mnewnl zeceqid mit`ey mpn` m` - zibelenqew dl`y zynyn weqt,mixgap miaezk ekldna mix`azn z`f mre -?mina ixnbl ztwen ux`d `veid dfkl `l`,iaiqxewqic oeicl dkef dpi` dnvr zibelenqewd dirad.weqta yexitl oeaiz oa` ipira aygpd xenfn) mildza cw xenfn ly iphxt xe`ia jezn oiiprdn oeaiz oa` dheq df xenfn x`al zpn lre ;(ziy`xa xtqa ` wxt ly izeknqd ;aei` xtq ;gk ziy`xa ;i-e ` l`wfgi ;e ediryi :mixg` miaezk df xg` dfa yxtne 11.cw xenfn wx `le,mildz ixenfn lke icia oeaiz oa` zeawra dkynp j"pzd lr ipenind yexitd ly daizkd zk`ln edinxi lr.(lirl 2 dxrd) l"pd izxecdnl `eana zepecip zldw lr yexita zeipyxtd zeihqd xplw mgpn ly ezxecdna,m"anxl miwxt dpeny mebxzl oeaiz oa` ly ezncwd mb e`x h M. Kellner, Maimonides and Samuel Ibn Tibbon on Jeremiah 9:22 23 and Human Perfection, in M. Beer (ed.), Studies in Halakhah and Jewish Thought Presented to Rabbi Professor Menahem Emanuel Rackman on His Eightieth Birthday, Ramat Gan.1994, pp. 49 57 G. Vajda, An Analysis e`x,mind eewi xn`na epecipy zeibelenqewd zeirad xaca rwxl of the Ma amar Yiqqawu Ha-Mayim by Samuel b. Judah Ibn Tibbon, Journal of ;(lirl 3 dxrd) dwibelexe`hnd xtq,iwviax ;Jewish Studies 10 (1959), pp. 137 149 G. Freudenthal, (Al)Chemical Foundations for Cosmological Ideas: Ibn Sînâ on the Geology of an Eternal World, in S. Unguru (ed.), Physics, Cosmology and Astronomy, 1300 1700: Tension and Accommodation (=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of ziy`xa yexit lr.science, vol. 126), Dordrecht, Boston, and London 1991, pp. 47 73 A. Altmann, The Ladder of Ascension, in Studies in Mysticism and e`x gk Religion Presented to Gershom G. Scholem on his Seventieth Birthday etc., 10 11 583

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri m"anxd ly cizrl mdipbne mdivixrn oke,oeaiz oa` dyn epa,ilehp` awri,epzg cnln" eizeyxc xtqa j`,ynn ly yexit azk `l mpn` ilehp`.oeaiz oa` lye ilyn ixtqn cgeina,miifkxn miipenin miweqt lr dagx zepyxt dlelk "micinlzd 12,mixiyd xiy lr izhiy yexit azk,dyn,oeaiz oa` ly epa,`qib jci`n.mildze ezncwda xaqeny itk 13.zipenind zxeqnd jyndk rcenae oeekna aver xy` miweqta dxend axd yxity dn xg`" dnly zxiy z` x`al dzid ezxhn,df yexitl dnly x"a mgpn dkldd lra mb 14."[cea]k [ezgep]n ixn `a` aigxd xy`e dpnn zxeqnl mxz,1306-1303 ly gekieed jldna zipenind zxeqnd ly dpbn,ixi`nd gexa miaezk mildze ilyn ixtq lr eiyexity it lr s`.deedznd zipyxtd,m"anxd iazkn zeli`ye ze`aen miyecbe mi`ln md,eincew lyn zegt ziteqelit 15.ilehp`e oeaiz oa` Îzizebd zxeqn ly ilxbhpi` wlg eaygp mixg` miipyxt mixeaige dl` miyexit ezaizk `id jkl xzeia daehd zecrd ile`.zinvr zercen zlrae dcikl zipyxt alyd mez z` xexiaa zpnqnd,(1336 iptl - aexiwa 1261) inexd l`epnr ly did `ed,qpaexta `le inexa azk l`epnry s`.zipenind zepyxtd zxivia oey`xd dl`.miipenin mivaw xac ly ezn`l md eiyexite,zilqpaextd dlekq`d ly dciqg miixewnd mdixywdn eylzpy,xzeia miaehd miipenind miyexitd on mixgan md xeviw `l` eppi`,lynl,zldw xtq lr eyexit.`xwnd iweqt it lr ycgn ekxrpe 'nr,(lirl 5 dxrd) aei` xtq,ofii` e`x aei` xtq yexit lr.jerusalem 1967, pp. 1 32.110-79 M.L. Gordon, The illk gxe`a e`x,dnvr zekfa xwgnl die`xd,ilehp` ly ezepyxtl lr.rationalism of Jacob Anatoli, Ph.D. Dissertation, Yeshiva University, 1974 cnln'a ipicnd oeicd :'miqt` in'",cnln '` mb e`x eizeyxc ly mipey mihaide ilehp` M. Saperstein, Christians oke ;115-91 'nr,(1988) 20 zrc,"ilehp` awri 'xl 'micinlzd and Christianity in the Sermons of Jacob Anatoli, Jewish History 6 (1992), pp. 225 242 (=Your Voice Like a Ram s Horn: Themes and Texts in Traditional Jewish Preaching, Cincinnati 1996, pp. 55 74).c"lxz wil,mixiyd xiy yexit,oeaiz oa` dyn e`x.e 'nr,my oia,lhxald 'n e`x dllka zipenind zxeqnde oeaiz oa` l`eny oial ixi`nd oia dwifd lr G. Stern, ;q"yz,milyexi,qpaexta mipeniind dkldd ilrae ixi`nd mgpn iax :dnkgl dxez The Crisis of Philosophic Allegory in Languedocian-Jewish Culture (1304 6), in J. Whitman (ed.), Interpretation and Allegory: Antiquity to the Modern Period, Leiden 2000, pp. 187 207; idem, Philosophy in Southern France: Controversy over Philosophical Study and the Influence of Averroes upon Jewish Thought, in D. Frank and O. Leaman (eds.), Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy, Cambridge 2003, pp. 281 303 12 13 14 15 584

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd zeizebdd zeihqd z` hinyd l`epnr.xtqd eze` lr oeaiz oa` yexit ly ceaire zeipyxt zeihq oze`.ilehp`e `xfr oa` lyn mixac mye dt siqede zeipyxtde zeixwird oiipad ipa`k okn xg`l eyniy zldwl oeaiz oa` yexitn hinydy xiard `ed ;mixiyd xiye aei`,ilyn,mildz,ziy`xa lr l`epnr ly eiyexitl miyxtne oeaiz oa` dyn,ilehp`,m"anxd lyn mixe`ia siqede mi`znd weqtl oze` dxwn lka hrnk.epnex dcedie og digxf cgeina,epnf ipa ode mincew od,miiwlhi` ly mdixagn zedfl edylk fnx hinydl,ueaiwd zk`lna dgnenk,l`epnr citwd lk izeknq ipyxt lelkn eeid dl` miyexit,d`xpd lkk,eipira.uaiwy miyexitd 16.miccea mixagn lr zeixg` zlhda edylk jxev did `ly cr jk l"fg zextq zepyxt.b.envr `xwna xy`n zegt `l,iteqelit oeirl xewn m"anxd d`ex l"fg zextqa mb d`vezk,ef zextq ly iteqelitd dpkez z` zedfl xzei dyw,zeax zepigan mxa epc xy`k l"fgy zeid,m"anxd ly ezrc it lr.zicedid dixehqidd zeketdzn ly zetewz jldna eca` zxeqna miax zeceqi,dt lra z`f eyr zebd ly zel`ya mixikn mpi` mc`d ipa aexe,mye dt zecg` zefinx `l` epl exzep `l.zeticxe zelb z` mi`ex md ;jezd on minlrzne dtilwa mifkxzn md.oze` mipian mpi`e oze` 17.xzqpde iniptd z` ze`xln egh mdipir j`,oirl hleade ipevigd zfnxp `ide,dpynd lr m"anxd ly eyexita xak dievn l"fg zextq ly ef dqitz,`r,` "mikeapd dxen"a iehia icil d`a `id."mikeapd dxen"a zenewn dnke dnka.l"fg zebd llek,zicedid diteqelitde diteqelitd zeclez z` m"anxd xweq my :`ad rhwd aeyg eppiiprl yexit ly eizexewn lr",iwviax '` cgeina e`x zexewna eyeniy jxce inexd l`epnr lr rwxl ly diteqelitd",onxhgy 'c ;739-726 'nr,(`"nyz) ep xtq zixw,"inexd l`epnrl ilyn,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d,xehwec zcear,"ziy`xa xtql eiyexit t"r inexd l`epnr,mdn zxiihvnd ziteqelitd dhiyd :ep`nex dcedi iaxl j"pzl mixe`ad",ebix 'w ;c"nyz zixard dhiqxaipe`d,xehwec zcear,"zixvepd dwihqlekqae l`xyi zaygna mdizexewn epia dwifde,inexd l`epnrl zldw yexit lr siwn xwgn mqxtl cizr ip`.e"pyz,milyexia.oeaiz oa` oial ipiptd dirci 'x",iwqxah wgvi e`x iteqelit xewnk l"fg zextq z` m"anxd ly ezqitz lr S. Stein and R. Loewe (eds.), Studies in Jewish Religious jeza,"dcb`l eyexite and Intellectual History, presented to Alexander Altmann on the Occasion of his 70th birthday, Tuscaloosa 1979, pp. 63 82; M. Saperstein, Decoding the Rabbis: A Thirteenth-Century Commentary on the Aggadah, Cambridge 1980; E. Lawee, Isaac Abarbanel s Stance Toward Tradition: Defense, Dissent, and Dialogue, Albany 2001 16 17 585

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri hlyae onfd jx`a eca` mipiprd el` zzn`da epzn`a ª eid xy` zeaxd zenkgd ik rc.epx`ay enk,mlk mc`îipal mixznª izla mdd mipiprd zeidae epilr zelkqd zen`d ª daqd `id z`fe [...] cal mixtqd ixac `l` mlkª mc`îipal xznd ª xacd did `le zephw zexrd `l` mdn `vnz `le,dn`d ª on minevrd miyxyd el` wqrdl zaignd cr,zeax zerlw mdilr,mihrn al ixibxb ode,zeyxcnae cenlza e`a,zefinxe 18.mipt meya al mzgz oi`y eayge mdd zetlwa mlkª mc` ipa ewqrzdy ziteqelitd zxeqnd z` xfgyl dqip m`d?df mebr avn oewiz myl m"anxd dyr dn `ly hilgd m"anxd,`xwnd xe`iaa dyry itk?cvik ok m`e,l"fg ly dcea`d "dxen"a xga z`f mewna 19.cenlzay `zcb`l e` l"fg iyxcnl izhiy yexit aezkl riavdl,i`xwn hqwh xe`iaa riiql zpn lr mze` hhive l"fg ly mihqwh zexyra zi`xwnd daizkd oiipra ezpyn gezitl mexzl e`,xg` e` df izebd oeirx lr eizefinxn witdl eicinlzle eixg` mi`al xized aey j`,mihqwha xga `ed.dllka.zyxetn zipyxtîziteqelit zxeqn eizexrdne mexca yxcne zecb` iyexit ly zipenind zxeqnd,`xwnd zepyxta rxi`y itk xgay l"fg ly mihqwh mze` x`ane hhvnd,oeaiz oa` l`enya zgztp ztxv oeaiz oa`.miycg mixywdae miycg miweqta mze` xyewe "mikeapd dxen"a m"anxd ly eteqay jildz - mda wqr `l m"anxdy l"fg ly mihqwh x`ale xegal mb lgd oke,dyn epa icia dcb`d lre yxcnd lr miizhiy miyexit zaizk icil `iad xac 20 oa iell "og ziel" xeaigd z` mb oiivl ie`xd on.ipiptd dircie dirci oa wgvi icia miwxt s`e l"fg zexewn ly miiteqelit mixe`ia zeaexw mizrl llekd,mdxa` 21.zecb`e miyxcn xe`ial miycwend micgein oldl e`aei l"fg ly mihqwh lr zipenin zepyxt zxeqn ly dzginv znbcdl aqde m"anxdn Fl`y `edy l"fg ly hqwh :oeaiz oa` ly exeaign ze`nbec izy 22.dax ziy`xa yxcn z` ely ez`ixw zeawra syg `edy yxcne ;ycg oiiprl.apw-`pw 'nr,`r,` mikeapd dxen.h-g 'nr,` wlgl dgizt,my C. Sirat, A History e`x,ezxcdda zrk zwqer h`xiq hlewy,oeaiz oa` dynl d`td xtql oa wgvi lr.of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages, Cambridge 1993, pp. 228 231.(lirl 17 dxrd) mipaxd geprt,oiihqxtq e`x dirci oeivl miie`x.c"qyz milyexi,lqixw 'g zxecdn,og ziel,miig oa mdxa` oa iel e`x 'nr,(lirl 15 dxrd) dnkgl dxez oia,lhxald icia epecipy cenlzd lr miyexitd mb.151-109.h 'nr,f"vwz bxeaqrxt,qikilqia ail ikcxn jxr,mind eewi xn`n cgeina e`x ef d`ixwl 18 19 20 21 22 586

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd "oihren ode diilr ipa izi`x".1 :a"r fv oixcdpq,ilaadn xn`nl oeaiz oa` wwfp dpey`xd dnbeca,mdn ipae ip` - md sl` m`.oihren ode diilr ipa izi`x :i"ayx meyn dinxi x"` 23.md ipae ip` - md mipy m`,mdn ipae ip` - md d`n m` yngn diipyd daiql dzknq`k,cl,` "mikeapd dxen"a df xn`n `iad m"anxd oiiprd iyew :ode,zidel`d dnkegd zrici z` biydl milbeqn mpi` mc` ipay zeaiqd jxevd ;daexn dpkda jxevd ;geka wx `vnpd xac lretd l` `ivedl jxevd ;envr rbepd rhwd dpd.dfd mlerd ipiiprn mlrzdl jxevde ;zeni`zn zeclen zecina :oeaiz oa` ea ynzyn eay ote`a oec` okn xg`l,eppiiprl ezenly el oyp `l mc`d ik - dfe.mzelgza mlkª miyp`d zerc xevw - zipyd daqde `xt xire" :`edd lrtd xcrp ezlgza `ede,gka ea zenlyd la`,dlgza oexg`d gkd `viy gxkda ie`x gka cg` xac el yiy yi` lk oi`e ;[di,`i aei`] "clei mc` dna cenl hernl m`,mirpenl m`,epexqg lr x`yiy xyt` la`,lrtd l` `edd exn`e,[h,al aei`] "enkgi miax `l" :xn`p xe`aae -,lrtd l` `edd xacd `iveiy micixhnde,miax zenlyd on mirpend ik -,"mihrnª mde,dilr ipa izi`x" :l"f 24.miAxn ª dpnn zelekiy epiid - ikepigîiteqelit oeirxl dzknq`k df xn`n `ian m"anxdy cera - dievn dppi`,zixyt` `idy s`,zilkyd zenlyd zbydye zelaben mc`d ipa :xn`nd mr ezrcl mixywp miaezk ipy.ipyxt gztn zeidl ea xgea oeaiz oa` ip`" :f-e,at mildze,"dlrnl `id dlrd mc`d ipa gex rcei in" :`k,b zldw dnly,oeaiz oa` ixacl."oezenz mc`k ok`.mklmª oeilr ipae mz` midl` izxn` dl xyt` mpn` :l"fg ixac z` m`ez exn`y dne,cg` xac exn` cec eia`e jlnd zewac icil ribdl,oeilrîoale midel`l zencidl,zelrzdl egexl e` mc`d ytpl zi`lir meiw zbxcnl ribdl milbeqn cala mihrn la`,mlerl zeigle lretd lkya zedfl oeaiz oa` icia riiqn,cl,` "dxen"a m"anxd z` yniyy itk,l"fg xn`n.ef `id ytpd zex`yidy s` :mildz xtq lye zldw zlibn ly mzpyna ifkxn ceqi 25.ce`n `id dxicp,xyt`d xcba.a"r dn dkeq,ilaa mb e`x.bq-aq 'nr,cl,` mikeapd dxen.746,476,455,435,272,139 ze`wqt,(lirl 2 dxrd) zldw yexit e`x 23 24 25 587

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri "?mik`lnd e`xap izni`".2 yxcn,"dxen"a `aen eppi`y yxcn oeaiz oa` x`an cvik dnibcn diipyd dnbecd :(b,` dax ziy`xa) yxcnd ixde.eihxtl Fx`ane "mind eewi xn`n"a e`ian `edy mina dxwnd" :aizkc `ed `cd,e`xap ipya :xn` opgei 'x?mik`lnd e`xap izni` :xn` `pipg 'x.[c,my] "zegex eik`ln dyer" :aizke,[b,cw mildz] 'ebe "eizeilr,[k,` ziy`xa] 'ebe "ux`d lr steri sere" :aizkc `ed `cd,mik`ln e`xap iyinga oia :wgvi 'x mya xn` oixah xa `pilel iax.[a,e ediryi] "steri mizyae" :aizke oey`x meia `xap `ly micen lkd,opgei iaxc dizrc lr oia `pipg iaxc dizrc lr ccnn d"awde,epetva l`ixabe,riwx ly enexca gzen did l`kin :exn`i `ly,melk,[ck,cn my] "iz`n ux`d rwex ical miny dhep lk dyer 'd ikp`" :`l`,ervn`a?mler ly eziixaa inr szey did in - aizk iz` in zlir `ed ecal 'd :zeipyd cbp l"fg ly qenlet d`xpk swyn envr hqwhd,oeaiz oa`.eycew oevxle 'dl setk - df llka mik`lnde - x`yd lk ;ze`ivnd xeyiwa xzei cere,zelird zlira xy`n xzei daxd mikeezna oiipern,df znerl `pipg 'xe opgei 'xy yxcnd on wiqn `ed.mecw iteqelit qenletl l"fg ly oeicd,milcap milky md ixde) dnvrlyk mik`lnd z`ixa xaca `l zecbepn zerc mirian jke.mewia mciwtz xaca `l` 26,(mrt xg` mrt epl xikfdl gxeh oeaiz oa`y itk lk ly mzhiya wac,ipyd meia e`xap mik`lndy orehd,opgei 'xy x`an `ed lkl zexevd z` ozp xy` `ed lretd lkyd ik exaqy,ehqix`l encwy miteqelitd orehd,`pipg 'x eli`e ;miigd ilrae mignvd llek,gxid lblb zgz mi`vnpd z` lretd lkyd wiprd mc`l wxy ehqix`k xeaq,iyingd meia e`xap mik`lndy dxeva yialdl zpn lr mik`lna jxev did `ly minkgd ipy lr did mkqen.ezxev 27.xzei zedeab zeivwpet `le dnyp `l mdl oi`y,milxpind z` e` zeceqid z` zeevnd inrh.c df oeic.zeevnd inrha oeicd `ed "mikeapd dxen" ly xzeia miipiite`d mieewd cg` znwennd,"dxen"a xzeia dkex`d dcigid z` deedne miwxt dyinge mixyrk wifgn.ipy cvn iyep`d meiwd zilkza oeicd oial,cg` cvn ryxae dgbyda oeicd oia.e,a mikeapd dxen e`x mixacd rwxle ;c wxt jxe` lkl,mind eewi xn`n e`x,zexfd zelnd yexit mb e`x mixacd rwxl.c wxt,mind eewi xn`n e`x oeaiz oa` ly epeicl ;401 dwqt,(lirl 2 dxrd) zldw yexit ;(71 'nr,l`enyîoa` zxecdn) "lretd lkyd" jxr.233 'nr,(lirl 21 dxrd) og ziel 26 27 588

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd day jxca wx `le - zcgein zeevnd inrhl m"anxd ly ezyib,meid epl recik mipeic znerl,cgiizn m"anxd.ibele`izîiteqelit oeica dkldd z` zalyn `id dyer `edy yeniyae,dklda dibele`ilh ly dwfg dyegza,df `yepa mincew - dxezd zeevn inrh xe`ial mexzl ick (mfivixehqida dyrnl e`) dixehqida `ed.ilpeivx mrh dxe`kl odl oi`y - zepaxewd ogleta zexeywd zeevnd cgeinae (milil`d icaer) "da`v"d ly mincew miip`bt mibdpnl mixezieek dl` zeevn x`an dxyt` da`vd ly dfl dneca zepaxew oglet ly ef dbdpd.l`xyi ipa eniptdy z` micaer cvik mcnlle miiebd ikxcn h`îh` l`xyi z` lenbl `ed jexa yecwl 28.cigide cg`d l`d,'d inrh xe`ia zk`lnl m"anxd ybip dl`k dnver iax miipyxt milk zervn`a - maexl xrfnl e` - mlek lre,zeevnd lkl minrh yi eixacl.ax oeghiaa zeevnd.eizexiwg jldna llk el exxazp `l odinrhy zeevnd ce`n zehrn.cenrl ozip :izkldd epeic z` micwnd wxta xak zvxnp dxeva raen df oeghia didie,miax millkl zeevn dxyr ylye ze`n yyd wlgl d`ex ip`,ok oiprdy xg`e llk lk zaq jl cib`e ;mpipra miaexw e` cg` oinn mdy zeax zeevn llek llk lk dnvr ipta devn lkl aey` jk xg`e.dgcn `le da wtq oi` xy` ezlrez d`x`e mdn zvw wx mdn x`yi `ly cr,dzaq jl x`a`e `edd llkd mllki xy` mdd zeevndn 29.meid cr mzeaq il ex`azd `l xy` md c`n zehrn zeevn,l"fg ixaca dyry yeniyde `xwnl ezepyxt enk,zeevnd inrh lr xeaigd iwxt,dirad z` xicbd m"anxd.zeevnd inrh ly ziteqelit zxeqnl zeceqid z` egipd rivd `ly zeevndy,xnel ozip mxa.dxiwgd ilk z` avire oeicd zxbqn z` opek megza ziteqelit zxeqn ly dzegztzd cecira xzei aeyg ciwtz e`lin minrh odl z` x`al rci `ly,ecvn d`cedd mvr.minrh odl `vny zeevnl d`eeyda,df ixehx ciwtz d`lin,lynl,dnec`d dxtde oiid jqp,miptd mgl z`e ogleyd zeevn milydl et`yy,eixg` eicinlzle eiciqgl xbz` meyn el` zeevna did :dnver ax.da lgd maxy dniynd z` theory of) "dn`zdd ziixe`iz" mya dzepkl ile` xyt`y,m"anxd ly ef dyib rwxl S. Benin, The Footprints e`x,m"anxd lv` llka zeevnd inrh lre,(accommodation of God: Divine Accommodation in Jewish and Christian Thought, Albany 1993; J. Stern, Problems and Parables of Law: Maimonides and Nahmanides on Reasons for the Commandments, Albany 1998.gqz 'nr,ek,b mikeapd dxen 28 29 589

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri zxeqna xak dagxda epecip dnec`d dxtle miptd mgll,ogleyl minrhd miptd mgle ogleyd mrh" mya xvw xeaig azk oeaiz oa` :dziy`xa zipenind "micinlzd cnln" exeaiga dnly dyxc cgii ilehp` awrie 30,"gegipd gixe dxepnde 31 zipenin zxeqn ly dzginv z` mibcdl ick dl` ze`nbec izya ic.dnec`d dxtl.zeevnd inrh ly gegipd gixe miptd mgl,dxepnd,ogleyd.1 dxen"a driten miptd mglle ogleyl mrh `evnl gilvd `ly m"anxd ly ez`ced :eixac dke.okynde ycwnd zia lr wxtd `ed,dn,b "mikeapd,cinz xpd ea wlecy ziad ik -,zial zx`tzle ceakl,eiptl dxepn dnyed ok xg`e zlcb ª zpen`a dxezd wefg zrci xake.dlecb dlrn ytpa el yi,zkxta xzqpd :xn`e -,ed`xiyk aald zekxe dlngde deprd zcn mc`l ribiy cr,ez`xie ycwnd jxvde -.ycwnd z`xi wfgl zay zxinya eknqe ;[l,hi `xwie] "e`xiz iycwne" `l - cinz mgld eilr zeide oglyd ª la`.x`ean mdilke dlerd gafne zxhwd gafnl 32.meid cr eze` qgi` xac df i`l rcei ipi`e,daq ea rc` zerh,oeaiz oa` it lr?lecbd xypd z` dkiady dirad z` oeaiz oa` xzt ji` dqip `ed.miptd mgle ogleyd zpadl m"anxd ly ekxc z` dnqg xy` `id zixebhw da`vd zca mi`zn bdpn `vn `l j`,ely "dn`zdd zixe`iz" zxbqna mpiadl did `l oeaiz oa` ly ezrcl izn`d mrhd mle`e.ef znieqn deevn qpxtl did lekiy eppi` 'dy epiid,ibele`iz gwl cnll jxevd `l`,mecw ilil` oglet mr qnltzdl.ef dxhn miybdl deevnd zlret,orh `ed,jke.zeipteb zeieeg deeg eppi`e seb,onxbpl v"i ;1 dxrd 20 'nr,(lirl 3 dxrd) digxf 'x ly ezpyn,iwviax e`x df xtq lr 'nr,(b"pyz-a"pyz) cq xtq zixw,"mipiad ini ly zicedid diteqelita ycg uaew" dyrn iyexit el sqepe,ezlawa mipeire eiazk lk - cec oa xy` 'x,qnxa` 'c ;1432-1427 oldly oeicd.64 dxrd 21 'nr,e"pyz ql'bp` qel,dpexibae qp`aexta milaewnd ly ziy`xa Hamburg 251 (IMHM 912), 218a 221a; Russian State Library, ci iazk ipy lr qqean ezxrd e`x mxagnk oeaiz oa` iedif lr.moscow, Yevreiski 209 (IMHM 53178), 27b 31a J. Perles (ed.), Kalonymos ben jeza,itqk oa` sqeil ezxbi`a qenipelw oa qenipelw ly ogleyd oipra mb" :Kalonmyos Sendschreiben an Joseph Kaspi, München 1879, p. 6 `ed dpd,daxd ea azke,lawzne d`p mrh xkfpd l`eny 'x mkgd ea ozp dxepnde miptd mgle."ice zn`d rcei zn` midl` i"ie `xaqd izla el` mixac epl oi`e epilv`.`"r `v - a"r et mitc,e"kxz wil,micinlzd cnln,ilehp` awri.flwz 'nr,dn,b mikeapd dxen 30 31 32 590

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd wilcdle dxepn aivdl,zexvevga rewzl,zxehw xihwdl,zia zepal deeiv 'd oeeikn,mpn`.oeaiz oa` xne`,'d ok dyr miipyegd eikxv wetiq myl `l j`.zexp zerhl lwpa milelr epiid,dii`xde rnyd,gixd iyeg miaxern dl` mibdpnay,dii`x ly zeieegy meyn z`f - mixacdn idylk zipyeg dieeg deeg 'dy aeygle ly ezlekia oi`,jkitl ;dyegzd `yena oirl d`xp iepiy zekixvn opi` gixe driny milina.dgxd e` driny,dii`x ly dieeg o`k dzidy oeghiaa xy`l uegan cr zexvevgd z` rney,zxehwd z` gixn eppi` 'dy jkl zixneg zecr lk oi`,zexg` mgl z`e ogleyd z` 'd siqed jkitl.ycwnd zia z` mixi`nd zexpd z` d`exe iepiy mda axerny miyeg dl` ixde - rbnde mrhd iyegl dwif mdl yiy,miptd zeixad e`xi xy`k,oky.zipteb dyegz lkn xexiaa 'd z` wigxdl ick - ipteb s`e mreh eppi` 'dy oeghiaa ercii,iepiy `lle rif `ll ogleyd lr xzep mgldy ziieeg mby jkn ewiqi,rbep eppi`e mreh eppi` 'dy egkeeii xy`ke.rbep eppi` elek xeywd - zepaxewd oglet,oeaiz oa` it lr,jke.ea oi` mixg`d miyegd.sebd zeieeg deeg eppi`e seb eppi` 'd :zizn` dpen` xicgdl oeekn - miyega zrlez ipy,aef`,fx` ur,dnec` dxt.2 xak.dnec`d dxtd ly ef `id,miptd mgle ogleydn xzei cer dreci,zxg` deevn mb izax dcigl daygp `ide ;minrt dnke dnk da oc m"anxd ;dze` ecgii l"fg dnlyy dcigid deevnd ef dzid l"fg ixacl.zeevnd inrh lr xzei mixge`n mipeica,zxaqen izla dnvr dxtd wx `l,envr m"anxd ixacle 33,dnrh z` rci `l jlnd cwnzd m"anxd.qwha dllkpy,fx`d ure aef`de ipyd zrlez ztxy mb `l` wxtd,fn,b "dxen"a - gqtd gafae zrxva s`e - dnec`d dxtl dwifa dl` mihxta :eixac dke.zexdhida ocd xwrde.eze` epericede edex`a ok mb l"f minkgde,dpipr epx`a xak zrxv z`nhª la` dyr m`e ;milzka ligzi `edd iepydye,rxd oeyl lr ypr `ed - eilr mkqnd ª ;ezia ilke ezhn ilkl `edd iepyd hytzi - eixna cnr m`e,oeknd ª `ed - daeyz in enk dn`a ª lawn ª zten edfe.etebl jk xg`e,eicba l` hytzi - eixna cnr m`e zrlez ipye af`e fx` ur"a dzxdh zeid j` [...] zx`an dpen`d z`f zlreze.dheu ze`p epi` mpn`e,zeyxcna enrh rcep xak,[c,ci `xwie it lr] "mixrv izye zrlez ipye aef`e fx` ur mrh `le,mdn cg` mrh meid cr izrci `l ip`e,epzpeka.eqz 'nr,ek,b mikeapd dxena `aend,bk,f dax zldw e`x 33 591

oeqpiaex (qnii'b) awri cegia eilr jnq`y xac `ven ipi`,gqtd mc da mifny aef` zcb` ª oke ;dnc` ª dxta 34.mipind dl` m"anxd z` dkiady deevn x`ia cvik?dxend axd ly df xbz`l cinlzd dprp cvik rivd xak,ilehp` awri ixacl?envr dxendn miae`yd zepexwrl zewwfid jez 35.df yexit epl dlib `l ilehp` la`,dnec`d dxtd ly xzqp yexit qehewq l`kin zial ipyd jixcixt xqiwdy qenipelw oa qenipelw xqn dxyr rax`d d`na mihqwh xe`l dnec`d dxtd z` x`ia,ilehp` lye qehewq ly mpexht,ote`hypded l`kin icia mb didy xe`iaa xaecn ile` - m"anxd ipir cbpl ecnr `ly,da`vd ly yxcnle zeilnql xzei dhepd,zxg` dyib gztn envr ilehp` mle`e 36.qehewq "mikeapd dxen" ly zepexwrl dcin dze`a dpn`p z`f mre,dixehqidl xy`n.oldlck mkql ozip exe`ia z`.ezepyxtle zcaekn dxeawl znd zteb z` `iadl,ilehp` zrcl,`ed uegp s`e oebd bdep.eixiic z` dpn`p yniy xy` zia ly epaxeg lr la`dn dpey df oi` - eilr la`zdle yiy s`,ef daiqn.ytpd oeayg lr dtebl icn ax jxr qegiia znieqn dpkq yi mxa dbdped ef daiqne ;`nhn df rbn `qib jci`n,`qib cgn miznd mr rbna jxev dnvr dxtd.sebd lr ytpd zepeilr z` mirhdl `ad qwh - dnec`d dxtd ztixy zrici ilad z` - fx`d ure aef`de,xyerd ilad z` - ipyd zrlez,sebd z` zlnqn epcnln df qwh :ilehp` xiaqn (ak,h) edinxi xtqa aezkl qgiizda.rahd znkeg zegp oinn dnkegae (ipyd zrlez) miqkpa,(dxtd) ze`ixaa lldzdl mc`l el l`y.gayle dlidzl die`x - ezbyde 'd zrici - zidel`d dnkegd wx ;(fx`d ure aef`d) edinxin miweqtl m"anxd xe`ial oeaiz oa` rivny zpweznd d`ixwd ceqi lr,jke `l envrae eceaka jlnd dnlyy,deevn ly ilnq xe`ial ilehp` ribn,(bk-ak,h)!oiad.fpwz 'nr,fn,b mikeapd dxen.a"r gl sc,(lirl 31 dxrd) micinlzd cnln e`x rney milaewn epgp` dpde" :6 'nr,(lirl 30 dxrd) qenipelw oa qenipelw zexbi`,qlxrt e`x,dnec` dxt oipra witqn mrh oeaz oa` l`eny 'x mkgd l` ozp wil`cixt xqiwdy rney itn dze` zenck miyer eidy `a`vd ixtqn xtqa `vn xqiwdy dfe,epnn mlrp ji` axd lr `ltpe m`y,`edd xtqd l"f axd d`x `ly exnbe,'eke mi`nhd exdhi ext`ne mec` ixra dk`lnd mrh xkfpd l`eny 'x mkgd ea ozp dxepnde miptd mgle ogleyd oipra mb.ea wtzqp `l ed`x zn` midl` i"ie `xaqd izla el` mixac epl oi`e epilv` `ed dpd,daxd ea azke,lawzne d`p."ice zn`d rcei 34 35 36 592

zicedi ziteqelit zxeqne oeaiz oa` l`eny,m"anxd mekiq.d zxeqnl zeceqid z` m"anxd gipd day jxcl ze`nbec yely izpga df xn`na,eicinlzle ei`v`vl,oeaiz oa` l`enyl xized j`,zepyxte zebd ly zipenin Îziteqelit zxeqn ickl eizepexwr z`e eizepeirx z` gztle eizeawra cervl minegza s`e zexg` zeax ze`nbeca mb df jildz mibcdl ozip.dcikl zizextq,zepyxtd zehiy,zixarl ziaxrn enbxezy mixeaigd zxiga - lynl.mixg` zxigaa xewg winrdl mb did ie`xd on.izextqd oepbqde dwixehxd,daizkd zehiy m"anxd ixacn wx hhvl miipenin minkg ehp dxyr yelyd d`na oky.zexewnd dkiyndy lkke ;miipenind ipey`xe m"anxd ixacn ;exykdl ekfy mixeaigdne xy` - miipeninîmcwne,"mixyk" miipeninn,m"anxd ixacn - gztzdl zxeqnd.eixacl en`zed mdixace m"anxd mr dgiy icil lekiak e`aed zexeqn xwga mb meyiil zpzip qpaexta zipenind zxeqnd ly z`fk dpigay il d`xp ztewza,miipiad ini idlya ;cxtqae,mixvna,oniza,dilhi`a :zexg` zeipenin dwifd zpadl mexzl ieyr df beqn xwgn.dycgd zrd ziy`xa s`e,qpqpxd jildz cecigle,eiazk eginvdy zeaxde zepeyd zexeqnl m"anxd oiay zakxend dlrnl la`.mllka miipiad ini ly zicedid zebda zelekq`e zexeqn ly zegztzdd oekpd dnewnl zipenind zxeqnd zxfgda riiqi df beqn xwgny deewz ip` :dfn,oenin oa dyn iax,yi`d ribd ef zxeqn zekfa wx oky.zicedid zebdd zecleza zeceq lr cenrl ep` dkfp dkxc wxe,"idel`d seqelitd"e "izn`d mkgd" ly cnrnl."wcvd dxen"e "dxend axd" 593