,zxet dcedi zilbp`n mbxz,d`eyd uw,cltpfex 'd oieel` 'nr 231,b"ryz milyexi,mye cie qpb`n

Átírás

1 ,zxet dcedi zilbp`n mbxz,d`eyd uw,cltpfex 'd oieel` 'nr 231,b"ryz milyexi,mye cie qpb`n icenil' dpeknd megza miaeygd zelewdne d`eyd zextq ixwegay mihleadn `ed cltpfex oieel` 1 mixeaigdondid,1980zpyaxe`l`viy,a Double Dying extq.(holocaust studies)'d`eyd ly megzdz`exviy(mixg`eqiwqex cec,xbplqpxel,igxf`dxcqly dl`mrcgi)mipey`xd wqr okn xg`l jxre azky mixn`nae mixtqa.mipey`xd eipeeik z` eezde d`eyd zextq xwg,'d`eyd uw',oexg`d extq.dxkfle d`eyd beviil mixeywd mi`yep ly ce`n agx oeebna cltpfex l` xfeg,2013 zpya zixarae 2 (The End of the Holocaust) 2011 zpya zilbp`a xe`l `viy.'d`eyd uw' ± el zfnex xak xtqd zxzeky,ycg oerih zxbqna elld mi`yepd zvwn reci?da yi yecig dn.`weec dil`n zpaen dzeid meyn dxe`kl,ce`n zpxwqn zxzek ef xikfdle aeyl yi recn.i`pz `ll drpkp dipnxbe oilxa dyakpyn,1945 i`na dniizqd dnglndy oeekzn oaenk cltpfex?dniizqd ok`,ixehqid rexi`k,d`eydy xg`l dpy miray hrnk z`f.ixwn epi` lealad mle`e.evw l` ef dtewza ribn d`eyd oexkify xnel `a `ed :dpey edynl al l` miqpkp xak ep` o`ke.d`eyd oexkif ly evw dyrnl `ed,eixac itl,d`eyd ly dvw cner xtqd cwena.envra mlbn mb zra dae extqa cltpfex ccenzn enry iyewl s`e oiiprd `ed xecd ipa ly mziieegay rexi`k eteq oial rexi`d ly miixehqidd eizeleab oiay dfd gznd izn `id o`k dlerd zipexwrd dl`yd.miig md eay deedd on wlg cer `le xard on wlg xak.z`f miraew cvike ixehqid rexi` miizqn cg`lyzcdcdndez`ixwz`daxdcinadxikfnd`eydlydteqxacacltpfexlyezriaw zpya xidvdy,(françois Furet) dxit d`eqpxt,ziztxvd dktdnd ly mipeixehqidd iaeygn dktdnd ly dwenrd zihiletd dzernyn lyay,orh `ed.'!dniizqd ziztxvd dktdnd' :1978 dixehqid dazkp dktdnl :cala ibele`ci` gztn itl dizece` lr miixehqidd miaihxpd eazkp azkiz dktdnly,dxit orh,zrd dribd.zipihxail e` zihqikxp`,zipiaewri,zilxail,zipkeln `ed.ze`ivnd aiegn rexi` dxit xear dziid dktdnd ly dteq.zizcaere zipiipr ditxbeixehqid rexi`l epiidc,ixehqid xarl dktdnd z` jetdl ozip xak dpy miiz`n xg`ly xnel oeekzd eay ote`d z` ihppinec dk ote`a aizki `l deeddy ick eic opeve wgexn zeidl leki ea oeicdy zlekid eli`e,jynzn deed dktdnd ly dzeid z` eipira lniq miaihxpd ieaix.averne azkp `ed dzegkepn dktdnd ly,ecicl zkxeand,dzxard z` onqn ipiipr oeic ickl mixrtd z` mvnvl 3.ixehqidd xard megz l` deeda zihppinecd wx libxk.zelirend mdizexrd lr epitpew oel` 'textle lhxf zicr 'textl zecedl ywan ip`.azkpl zeixg`a `yep azekd Alvin H. Rosenfeld, A Double Dying: Reflections on Holocaust Literature, Bloomington 1980 idem, The End of the Holocaust, Bloomington Indianapolis 2011 eixac.françois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution, Cambridge 1981, pp :laee lyin hqiqwxnd oeixehqidd ddz okn xg`l cine,oeicd ly meiqd cxew` eid `l dxit ly * [(c"ryz)hrdpy,l`xyizeclezxwgloerax±oeiv]

2 [32] zexiwq 564 mkezay mixywdde miaihxpd ieaix :dketdd dprhd z` weica oreh cltpfex oieel` ly extq ly dvw lr cirn `ed `weec ± zxkfpe dpecip `id mdaye zepexg`d mipya d`eyd zxbqenn jildzd z` dkan cltpfexy ixd,ixehqid xarl dktdnd ly dzkitd z` bbeg dxit m`.d`eyd x`znd ieewy,ziblhqep dnipa cltpfex oreh,'mipnf eid'.d`eyl qgia ezrcl ygxznd liawnd gvx ly miiy`xd zepaxwk eqtzp micedid:mixexa xzei e` zegt eid d`eyd xetiq ly miixwird x`znd ieew,ezrcl.(4±2 'nr) xlhid bidpdy dcnydd ziiqqae` jezn miv`pd eliaedy mrd.ziv`pd dtewzd ly(4'nr)'miipivxd mixwegd' dpkn `edy dn axwa mxwira mixnyp oiicr elld mikildz miygxzn deeda mb,ihpze`d d`eyd xetiq z` xnyl mikiynnd dl` cvl,mle`e dn.ixnbl etlql jkae xara rexi`d on d`eyd xetiq z` wzpl milretd,dnver iax miizeaxz wxy orehdxitm`,jke.gkypewgexnxarl jiiy xzepihpze`dd`eyd rexi`kcltpfex qtezy daih z` xzei aeh oiadl didi ozip xard inegz l` dktdnd ly dzebbetzd jildz ygxziyn,dly zzeern dpade d`eyd ly dzedna dciba `id ef zewgxzdy oreh cltpfex,dktdnd ly.z`f dkan `ede dxar d`eyd,cltpfex oreh,dpey`xae y`xa.ef dnbn mipnqnd mikildz dnk dpen cltpfex cvl.dleg drx e` leer,dibele`ci` lk ly ienic oirnl dktd dzxbqnay,zpkeqn divfixethn izla dagxd exar,dnbecl,'d`eyd zepaxw'.zexexa zeixebhw dnk eyhyhid mb dl` mikildz zeine`l zeveaw s` mdipiae,zeiv`pd zeticxd ly micedi `l zepaxw mb mda lelkl ick,zlaqp,miagx miixehqid mixywd jeza daley mb d`eyd.miv`pd mr inyihp` dlert seziyl ehpy xetiqd ly eal ala cwnzdl mewnae.iltexhqhwd dcegii z` miyhyhnd,mrd gvx zrtez enk zixehqidd dnxca dpyn iciwtzl e`,'oexkif' enk dpyn zeibeql ald zneyz zwzren ixehqidd,ipwixn`d xeaivl xzei minirpe migep dl` miweqir.micxene mingel e` 'milevip'e 'milivn' enk jkae iltexhqhwd xard ly zetixgd `eln z` zedwdl mixyt`nd miinihte` mixetiq ytgnd.ezedna cebal mb,d`eya ieeykrd weqird ly dcibak qtez `edy dnl ze`nbec ly dkex` dxey oiivn cltpfex ziltexhqhwd dzeicegii `eln z` (mda ynzyn `edy milrt dl` lk) ziian e` lnxpn,oznnd zelawzda.dcindlrxzideelydz`cxehepi`yote`azeaxzdipepbpnjezl`dlkrlxyt`ne,ceeiled ihxqae ieecexa zena lr ely zeihnxcelnd zewtdae wpxt dp` ly dpnei ly ziyhiwd xywda oiivn mb `ed.o`k mb jkl yxcpe ay `ede xara cltpfex oc xak,miyingd zepya cer wa`nd zxbqna wpxt dp` ly dzenca dyrpy,il`xyi ihp`d xwira,ihiletd yeniyd z` df i`avd zexawd ziaa obiix clpex zixad zevx` `iyp ly mrhd ixq eixac.il`xyidîipihqltd,q"q ot`ee iliig mb mipenh zexawd ziaay s` exewia z` wicvd mday,1985 zpya bxeahiaa dktdnde mipeixehqid,onxwev dyn:e`x mipenyd zepy seql cr zixara izivnz mekiq.'?mpne`d' mb,'opekn xar'k d`eyd cnrnl dktdnd ly dcnrn oia deeyn oeicl.1990 aia` lz,ziztxvd Alon Confino, Foundational Past: The :ly oey`xd wxta e`x,ynn elld mixywda d`xyd epitpew a`ey df xtqa.holocaust as Historical Understanding, New York 2012 cervlickmb`l`cltpfexlyefnzilkzadpeyzitxbeixehqiddcnrrivdlickwx`ldxitn.d`eyd ly 'zizeaxz' d`ixw rivdle xcplcixt ly ixehqidd aihxpl xarn

3 565 zxewia ixace mixtq [33] oiivpy sicr ile` xard iqrk z`e zepexkif ycgn xxerl mewna'.xen`d jildzl ztqep dnbec `id dzxzkd`idztqepdnbec.(13'nr)obiixorh,'zeciciemelyelgddpymirax`iptlymeikdfmei wpxt dp`'l migxf`d zngln onfa dxevpd eaiixqn dxyr yelyd za'uiaetilit dhlf dxrpd ly,dxrpl dihtniqd lk mr.mlera ldwd zrca zewfg zeaebz xxere mqxety dpnei lya,'eaiixq ly dazk mday mi`pzd ixdy,d`eyd ly divfilpa znxebe dnewna dpi` ef d`eeyd,cltpfex oreh.wpxt dp` ly dl`n mipey dk eid dhlf diicedid zihqipintd zxiivd ly 'd`eyd hwiext'l cgeina izxewiae jex` oeic yicwn cltpfex wcvd i`' cbp,midefn d`ey iienic zervn`a,z`vei `id zipzt`y mixeiv zxcqa.ebwiy ice'b zexagd eze` etk`e exicbdy ietk gek ly d`vez `ede zeilkx`ixht ly ilaelbd dpana oenhd dhea divfipwixn`l iehiak cltpfex d`ex ebwiy ly dzxivi z`.(54'nr)'mixkf ici lr zehlypd mfiqiwxpl my`xae,dikxvle dikxrl dze` dni`zne dzernyn z` oihelgl zzeernd,d`eyd ly zevx` lr dhlzydy zepaxwd zeaxzl iwqhexb iehia edf,cltpfex ly ecicl.zeleab xqg ipaxw.hlgend dzeeir ick jez d`eya ilithe lef yeniy dyere zixad dixehqiddlyihxwpewdeiynndmegzdonrexi`dlyezwzdlrriavnxtqd,xaclyellk oeq`n zktede dfetxenhn d`eyd zxaer dl` mikildza.dxethnde qezind,ienicd megz l` lkl yeniyl onefnd,xgeql xaer ilnq rahn ly beql micwz ixqg laqe rex ly iltexhqhw ycwend,xtqd ly oey`xd ewlg cwnzn eae,d`eyd uw edf.oeirx lkl e` rexi` lkl,ytp.(h,d±` miwxt,dncwd) felpe ziian yeniy d`eya miyer xy` 'mirx'l,ixn` o`'f:miifkxn milevip mixteq dnka cwnzn xtqd ly(g±e miwxt)'iaeig'd wlgd,eznerl,zicegiid ekxca cg` lk,mzaizka minlbn md,cltpfex zrcl.iel enixte lfie il`,qhxw dxni` on cg` lk.eizepaxw ly ipeviwd laqle eay iltexhqhwd cnnl on`pd xard ly ihpze` oexkif ly ebeviiay iyewd mr znkgezn zizextq zeccenzdl elyn jxc deezd s` elld micrdîmixveid orhp,z`f mr cgi.d`eyd rexi`ly icegiid eite` z`xnyl dl`mixteq migilvn jka.df xar miwxt.exewnn wgxzn oexkifdy eyibxde clepd z` e`x xak elld micrdîmixteqd,dl` miwxta dxeng dprh.ixn` lye iel ly drecid mzeca`zdl mxz oexkifd ly df seliqy mifnex s` dl`.xtqa rpkyn qeqial xrvnl dkef dpi`,xnel yi,ef ygkzdlxyt`i`,cg`cvn.cltpfexzrclqwecxtlybeqad`eydoexkifievndl`mipaena zpyl jixcnd z` hhvn cltpfex.iaxrnd mlera zrd lk jlede xaeb wx d`eya oiiprdy jkl iagxa mipebx`e zecqen miyinge miiz`n dpen `ede,d`eya miwqerd mipebx`d cebi` ly 2010 yelyn xzei dpen oebx`d meik) d`eyd zgvpdae jepiga miwqer zxg` e` ef jxca xy` mlerd 4 :xg` cvn.( zecqen ze`n zkted `id...xzei dyecp ziyrp `idzeaxzd ly ifkxnd mxfl xecgl xzei dgilvn`idy lkk...'migwl'lyxb`n±xg`edynlzkted`idax`lonfjez.zilnxepziyrpemeimeilyoiiprl 4

4 [34] zexiwq 566 zenxcelnl zireplew rwx zxe`tz,zizbltn dwihiletl,dwixehx,zepaxewl zillk dxethn.(8 'nr) zia zexwrl dizereef zxneg z` ddwi d`eyd ly jynznd zeiad'.'xarl on`p epi`'y ixehqid oexkif xak edf dnver mze` z` xxerl wiqtn xak rexi`d.'odilr ercii `l seqale zegt erfrfi od onfd mre.dnglnd ixg` cin milevipd axwa xxery aerize ziybx divfilaelbd ikildza dxeywd zeiziirad lr dax zetixga riavnd,xtqd ly egek df,ok` zeipxcend' wa jixle` beleiveqd dpiky dnn xarna xacn'±iaxrndmlerdzegtle`±mlerdlkhrnkydncp 5.mipexg`d mixeyra d`eyd oexkif xaery 6 'zxge`nd zeipxcend' l`'zncwend zeiedf zxcbda zernyn ax jildz df oaena lnqn d`eyd oexkif.zxg` e` ef dxeva 'd`ey xyewn iveaiwd oexkifd izxeqn ote`a oky,qepz`d e` me`ld zeleab z` zevegd zeiaihwlew mine`l enk (zpiinecn m` mb) ddeab zecikl zelra zeizxage zeihilet zeveaw ly drcezl z` avrn xy` szeyn dnec xar lr ztzeynd ozedf z` zeavrn dl` zeveaw.zeipz` zeveawe,iveaiwd oexkifd obx`zn me`ld zpicna.cizrl deewze oeinc ly wte` xyt`ne mdly deedd diilr ly mewn miynynd,'oexkif zefegn' dxep xiit dpiky dn aiaq dax dcina,izxeqn ote`a edylk beq xviin d`eyd oexkify dnec,mle`e.mitzeyn dixehixhe drcez ly xyw mipnqne lbxl dlecb zpiinecn dlidw ly beq zppeknd,ztzeyn zekiizyd zrcez `ny e`,ztzeyn zedf ly dl` mikildz ly mzxbqna.ilaelbd iaxrnd xtkd zegtl e`,'ilaelbd xtkd','dtexi`' :ce`n mei ixcql m`zda avern `ede,zexeve mipt axl ± d`eyd eply dxwna ± xkfpd rexi`d jted.ixehqidd exewnn wzpzd xak `edy dncpy cr,mipeye miax miihilete miizeaxz m`d:`id dpey`xd.cltpfex ly extq zeawra ce`n zeaeyg zel`y izy zeler dl` mixywda mr ddcie jli jk meyne erah mvra cbea `edy meyn envr z` dlkn d`eyd oexkif eixack,miinihibl mpi`y d`eyd ly oexkif iqetc miniiw m`d :`id diipyd dl`yde?mlriy cr mipyd rivdl ywa` oldl mixaca?inihibld oexkifd ly eizeleab zriawl mipeixhixwd md dn ok m`e.ely ezcnr lr zxewia z`lrd ick jez,cltpfex rivny dl`l zeiaihpxhl` zeaeyz lyeixack,ok`m`d?envrz`xnylopeknoexkiflekicvik:dpey`xddl`ydl`dligzdpt` oaxeg ly icedid dxwndy dncp?oexkifd oca`l liaend mxeb md divfixethn ikildz,cltpfex.oihelgl zi`fext dnbeca gzt`.jtdd z` weica epze` cnln ziad zgz aia` lzn owf oa lii` oicd jxer ly eazkn 'ux`d' oezira mqxtzd 2013 qxna 14Îa lr ehlzydy oecnde aixd,zwelgnd lr owf oa oiln azkna 7.'ziad oaxeg iptl rbx' zxzekd owf oa jiynn,jk meyn.jk awr cqenl mxbpy mevrd wfpd lre,l`xyia oicd ikxer zkyl Daniel Levy and Natan Szneider, The Holocaust and Memory in the Global Age, Amos Goldberg and Haim :e`x dl` mikildzay dwihnlaextd lr cer.philadelphia 2006 Hazan (eds.), Marking Evil: Holocaust Memory in the Global Age (Forthcoming) Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, London 1992; idem, Cosmopolitan Vision, Cambridge

5 567 zxewia ixace mixtq [35] mrtae?ziad oaxegl mrt xg` mrt d`iad mig` z`pyy,ze`xln epipir egh mpne`d' :dxzne.'dkyld zia df didi z`fd ly ziaihxebitdîzixehxd zipazd mle`e.oaenk eppiiprl jiiy epi` envrlyk azknd okez rexi`a,xebye laewn ce`n ote`a,yeniy azekd dyer eay ote`d o`k oiiprn.ok `weec azknd avn eil` zencl ick ± ycwnd zia oaxeg ± icedid mrd zecleza iltexhqhwe ihxwpew ixehqid,oklrxzi.2013zpyaoicdikxerzkylly davn:zixehqidzeaiyglklehpeineiîmeii`fext dtya zrweynd zibeletihd d`yilwd jeza rlap xak'ziad oaxeg' ly envr ihxwpewd rexi`d icegii iltexhqhw rexi` eze`.'mpig z`py' lya cinze oaxegd ygxzn'mrt xg` mrt'y,zixard ilane iyew lk `ll 8,ibeletih ienick envr z` li`ydl lbeqn icedid mrd zecleza lxeb dxde i`fextdejenpd on ±mi`yepe zeieygxzd ly ce`n agx crpnl,zxewiae`ddinzxxerixacdy,'zia'd jtd,dfd jildzd jeza,jke.ih`etd e` iteqelitd,ibele`zd df,xzeia deabl cre xzeia.ixethn e` ihxwpew ± ziae zia lk ly onqnl,ycwnd zia did ernyn ixewnd epaenay zeyrlmewnayoiincpdad:`adlibxzdz`rivnip`d`eydlydcnrnalcaddzygndmyl d`ey' :oepbqa edyn azeke,d`eya yeniy oicd jxer dyer did ziad oaxega ixethn yeniy dcnyd micge`n ep` oi`y okid ik dixehqidd on epcnl `l m`d.oicd ikxer zkyl lr znii`n okezn zhqen dziid ald zneyze,ixnbl xg` ote`a `xwp did eazkny wtq oi`.'?epilr znii`n eperih z` wfgl mewna.mi`zn `l ixehqid ienica mrh xq yeniyk qtzp didy dn l` azknd,mpn`.dlelige d`eyd zelif lr zxewial azekd z` syege eze` yilgn i`ceea dfky yeniy did,divweaext aygidle zxreq daebz xxerl mgeka yi oiicr j`,onfd lk dl`k miienica mitven ep`.zixeaivde zipeyld zeyibxd ly zeleabd ycgn miwcap mrt lkae ely zeihxwpewd on'ziad oaxeg' z` riwtdl zeaxzl xyt`n dn?lcadd dyrnl edn,mle`e dze`a xyt`zn xacd oi` 'd`ey'l qgia eli`e,ce`n dagx miienic zty ly dcyl ewizrdle?dcin `ed,dnbecl,onfd wgxn.elld zepexkifd ipy oia zernyn ilra milcad dnk yiy wtq oi` jiiyd rexi`k zieegp d`eyde epaxwa miig milevipd cer lk.zeaiyg el zrcepy mxeb i`ceea ienicl jetdln rexi`d z` xenyl yiy `id zgeexd dyegzd,miig ep` eay ixehqidd deedl divfixethndyxekflyi,z`fmrcgi.mipy1944iptlygxzdy,ziadoaxegiabljk`l.wegy riten (i,e dheq) `ztqeza xak,dnbecl,jk.ezeygxzd mr cin hrnk dlgd ziad oaxeg ly on caekd fkxn zwzrda.'ycwnd zia oaxegk mewnd iptl miwicv ly ozzin dyw' :`ad iehiad ± miwicv ly mzen z` mipey`x minkg enic yxcnd izae minkgd icinlz l` iycwnd ogletd lrdlrimelk.dne`diigaihne`xhrexi`,ziadoaxegl±eneiameiicnygxzndi`fextrexi`?'dwpilaxhe uieeye` zetxynk d"awd iptl miwicv ly ozzin dyw'y oerhl zrcd lydfkbeqlekid`eylxywayokziie,efoirndtixgdivfixethnlmi`pzdelyamxhydnec mrd ly ixehqidd oeiqipd ik d`xp,z`f mr cgi.ie`x izlae mrh xq mlerl aygidl dwixethn zecdia zixehqid drceze zincz,oiihypwpet qenr :e`x zecdia ibeletihd oexkifd zty lr.30±13 'nr,`"pyz aia` lz,zizeaxzd dzaiaqae 8

6 [36] zexiwq 568 lr riavn,mippekn mirexi` dnk mipy itl`e ze`n jyna epexkifa xnyl aihid xy`,icedid ihxwpewd on,zeiernyn ly xzei agx crpn likn rexi`dy lkk.cltpfex ly efn dketd dprh ly xzei agx oeebnl envr z` li`yn `edy lkke ;xzeia ifithnd s` e` ixethnd cre xzeia.xecl xecn xnzynd,opekn rexi`l jetdle oexkifa xnzydl eiiekiq xzei milcb jk ± zeiepyxt zeidl jiynz d`eyd m`,xnelk,cltpfex ly ezpiwl dprp m` `weec `eai 'd`eyd uw'y ipnec z`f eegy itk,xzeia mixvd eizeleaba cekld,gpretn izla,xaqen izla ihne`xh deedk zeegp oeic,rexi`d aiaq xzeia mvnevn oeic xnyl,cltpfex ly ezyixcy dncp,jkn dxzi.zepaxwd z` zplegnd dixehqidd l` dyrnl wizrn,ezailn zewgxzdk eipira qtzpy dn lkn rpnpd dpirxb d`eyd dziid lyn ;izcd megzd on ienic epiidc ± 'dpenzlkelqt jl dyrz`l'xaicd edf,dxtw dl wipinec it lr.xzeia bi`cdl dkixv ef dnbn.dycg zycewn zipelig zc ly izla zeihilete zeiz` zeklyd jkl zeidl zelekie,dkxev lk dcaer `ly dne`xhl mehtniq miihtilwet`' miwte` lra,dfky raewne `etw oexkif len ik,igxf` dxcq dz`xd xake 9.zeievx,ziaihpxhl` oexkif zeaxz znwxp mb,'xegyd xegd' l` ilhtixhpv ote`a zrd lk xzegd,'miizine lr reaw ozne `yn jez,rexi`d on oekpd wgxnd z` zrd lk zytgnd,diite`a zilbetixhpv 10.zepzynd eizeiepyxt d`eyd oexkif z` mieeln md.xwire llk miycg mpi` cltpfex riavn mdilry mikildzd,dyrnl zeizniad eizewtde wpxt dp` ly dpnei,dnbecl.dixg`l cine dnvr d`eyd ztewzn cer 'miihnxceln'e'miiyhiw'e'miinihte`' mibevii.mixyrd d`nd ly miyingd zepyn md zeireplewde,jk.dnglnd xg`ly xeyra enqxtzd xak mda `veike mipexg`d mixeyrd ly yecig mpi` zixletetd xeciad zipkz zxbqna 1953 zpya dpii`ex xpdew jela dpg d`eyd zlevip,dnbecl.2014 zpy ly daihwtqxta ynn dwqhexbk d`xpd ote`a This is Your Life zipwixn`d drztda eritede dpg ly ibxhd diig xetiq xteq,zewc ynge mixyr dkynpy,zipkzd jldna lky xg`l dpgnd on exxgey f`n dz`xzd `l ez`y,dig` s`e,hhypifxhne uieeye`n mixag z` iheixht ote`a dbbge mitzzynl miqxt zipkzd dwligtwa zxag zeqga.dztqp mzgtyn zeiexyt`de zexigd ux`,zixad zevx` ± dycgd dzclena dpg ly xye`nde glvend dnewiy 11.zelaben izlad miixletetd mibeviia helyl ozip `ly zcnln,cltpfex oiivny zexg`d ze`nbecd lk enk,ef dnbec ozip `le,ipeeik ax `ed eizeiernyn aiaq izxewiad oeicd.d`eyd enk opekn rexi` ly mixg`de wzepn epi`y jynzn oexkifk,oexkifd ly exeniyl daexr.cala die`xe'dpekp' zg` jxcl envnvl lr ldpzn cinzn oeic.dxethnde dibelp`d,lynd inegz l` x`yd oia ezwzd `id,xard on wtq oi` j`,cg`k il`ehwlhpi`de ixehqidd,ixletetd agxna,df jildz ly miie`xd zeleabd xear opekn oexkifk d`eyd oexkif ly eznverl miiehia md,ea oeicd mvre,envr jildzdy ipira.2006 aia` lz,dne`xh aezkl dixehqid aezkl,dxtw dl wipinec :lynl e`x,zxewiae dixe`iz,'oexkfd ztna miitelg mixz`e dcnydd dpgn:uieeye` z` bviil',igxf` dxcq.179±171 'nr,(1996 uiw)

7 569 zxewia ixace mixtq [37],cltpfexlyeiaiagncg`,lfieil`lyezxivi`weecy,oiivlie`xab`zxrda.mlerace`nmiax.miiz` `le mipin` `l,miiyhiw mibeviik miax ipira dqtzp miie`x mpi`y mibevii miniiw m`d :diipyd dl`yl cltpfex ly ezaeyz `id dcixhn zegt `l oey`xd epi` oaenk cltpfex?ilaelb rexi` dktd `idyn xwira,d`eyd ly miinihibl `l s`e mipn`pd mibevii wx:dywepe ipxny ce`n ew onqn cltpfex,epi`xy itk,mle`e 12.ef dl`y dlrny mibevii `xwidl miie`x md wx ± znlbn `idy ipeviwd laqle dzecdil,d`eyd ly zeicegiil dnl cebipa,envr iel enixt lynl `hazdy itk,ef dcnr lr welgl xyt`.d`eyd ly mipn`p yi xtqly al izny mipyd selga' :xn` `ed,dnbecl,'mc` edfd' extq lr.cltpfex el qgiiny df oaenae mc`l llerl lbeqn mc`y dn lr zilqxaipe` zecr ea ze`xl xyt`e,ztqep zernyn `l`icnmil`epi`mc`d':wiqnielepil`xzeiaexwxywdae 13.'dipnxbl wx zrbep dpi` zecrd...zegt zvw z`f eyry itk...miv`pd eyry itk zecewtd z` `lnne ziivn `ed.icn rnyenn dn,jkl xarn mle`e 14.'oepala mil`xyid [1982] meid z`f miyery itke mph`iea mipwixn`d.diraa lthn `ed eay,oin`î`ld leab lr,rpkyn `ld ote`d `ed cltpfex ly extqa cixhny dheadtwznlyite``yepdfwxt.oexg`deiriyzdwxtdz`dfxywdaoiivpdpey`xaey`xa miwlge l`xyi zpicny dprhd z` zelrdl frdy in lk cbp,zwnepn `l llk jxcae,dtixge zixwird eztwzn.d`eyd oexkifa drxl yeniy miyer zixad zevx`a zcqennd zecdia miifkxn ik,orh wiaep 15.dwixn`a d`eyd oexkif lr extqa,gepnd wiaep xhit itlk zipten cltpfex ly zixad zevx` zecdi z` zynyn `ide micedi zeaxz ipkeq icia iaiqphpi` ote`a zvten d`eyd ± xwirae ± mbe,zipwixn`d zixeaivd dxifa mieqn scren cnrn biydl mb,dzedf yeaibl mb.l`xyi zpicn ly diyrn lr zxewia repnl ick 16 'd`eyd ziiyrz' extqy,oiihylwpit onxep `ed cltpfex ly ezxewia ivgl xzei ifkxn cri dcaerd z` mb `l` ef 'diiyrz' ly ihiletd ilhpnexhqpi`d haidd z` wx `l zetixga swez lynl odae,zeienc ly dkex` dxey lr zxewia gzen cltpfex jk jeza.dceqin zzgyen `idy l`xyi dyery dni`d lihne cqtpd,iaihletipnd yeniyl orh xy`,zilbxn iyia` seqelitd 17,The Ethics of Memory,extqa orh zilbxn `weec.mipihqlta ihnelticd dwa`na d`eyd xkfa lr,miryzde mipenyd zepya,xcplcixt le`y ly daxda zakxende dtprd ezaizk lynl e`x milyexi,mfiv`pd zetwzyd lr :zeene yhiw,xcplcixt le`y :mipeye miax mixywda ef dibeq Saul Friedländer(ed.), Probing the Limits of Representation, Cambridge, MA 1992; ;1985 Martin Broszat and Saul Friedländer, A Controversy about the Historicization of National Socialism, New German Critique, 44 [Special Issue on the Historikerstreit] (Spring Summer 1988), pp aia` lz,ihxb wgvi mbxz,ihiletla ewxn zkixra,1997±1963 :zepei`xe zegiy,iel enixt.80 'nr,f"qyz milyexie 50 'nr,my Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life, Boston New York 1999 Norman Finkelstein, The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Sufferings, London New York 2001 lr zxewia btq zilbxn.avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory, Cambridge, MA

8 [38] zexiwq 570 zpnfny zeirad lr ziz` daiygl dcin dpwl ektedl ie`xy cr ipeviw dk rexi` `id d`eydy.'d`eyd uw' xicbn cltpfexy dnn jtdd weica ± epztewz epl dzeicegiin dze` wigxnd d`eya oeic lka d`exd,cltpfexy zetvl did ozip.xzeia ddenz ef dcnr miyery in cbp dpgnd y`xa cenri,dlign zxqg dciba da melbd ipeviwde iltexhqhwd laqd one zecdia minieqn minxeb lre l`xyi lr zxewia geznl eilr did.dl` mi`yepl d`eya yeniy xxerl ick,ixethnîibelp`îizin ite` lra,iaihletipne cqtp yeniy d`eya miyerd zixad zevx` mipihqltd itlk l`xyi zeipicnae o`xi` `yepa zinlerd ldwd zrca zxewia repnle dkinz.min eit cltpfex `lnn jk lr `weec mle`e.dakpd zl`yae xecbia`,l`xyi zpicn ly igkepd uegd xy ly ezxin` gexa mixac cbp `vei `ed oi` recn 18,( eneia mei icn zenqxtzn da `veiky zixwn dnbec oaenk efe) 2013 xaehwe`a 20Îa,onxail zrvany ze`eeydd lr zxewia gzen `ed oi` recne 19?'xlhid oepbqa dhqd mirvan mipihqltd'y oiae ziv`pd dipnxbl o`xi` oia,edipzp oinipa dlynnd y`x dy`xae,zil`xyid dihnelticd mb wfg iehia odl yiy ze`eeyd,mixyrd d`nd ly miyelyd zepya dtexi`a avnl meik avnd?d`eyd ly 'miipivxd' mipeixehqidd iaeyg e`vi ocbpke zixad zevx` zecdi axwa ihp`d mipeixhixwd zxnegle d`eyd ly dlcebl daxd ezeyibxa,`ed `weecy zetvl did ozip miiplewd diplnrez z`e l`xyi zpicn z` mixwand y`xa aviizi,da oeicl aivn `edy miixethn zewegx zeixehqid zeibelp` ly e` miienic ly zxbqna d`eya geexd myeniy lr zixad zevx`a dnxz ok` xy`,eaiixqa dxevp dxrp ly onei lr `weec cltpfex ly etvw `vei recn.ce`n wxe j`,uieeye` ly lcebd xcqa md oi` m` mb,my eyrpy mi`xepd dnglnd irytl zercenl dxiczd mz`eeyd lr llk mrxzn `ed oi`,z`f znerl?'eaiixq ly wpxt dp`' dzpeky meyn?d`eya micedil l`xyi zpicn lye,miv`pl,minecne miizin`,milecbk miphw,l`xyi iaie` ly ezprh z`mxet `ed mle`e.ipniihilet ite``yepcltpfex ly izin`d meid xcqy `et`dnec zpicnl qgia ixdy,d`eyd ly dibelp`de divfixethnd,ienicd xeqi` xaca,envr ely zixwird.xzen lekd rztl l`xyi od(194'nr)'zeiz`e zeixqen,zeizc,zeixehqid' zeaiqy cltpfex epze` rpkyi cvik,ok lr xzi dpwqn lk wiqdl ozip `l,dicic `ail`,dyrnl xy`k,d`eyd xkf ly getihd qiqaa zecnerd zicegiid dzednl,eixack,`hgp oky,d`eyd on zilqxaipe` ziz` e` zixqen,zizc zixehqid daxd dpet cltpfex ly ziz`d ezeyibxy dncp?zilpa dze` jetdpe dze` ccxp,ziltexhqhwde,zcqtp z`vei zixehqidd dpadd mb,jkn dxzi.deedd zeleer l` xy`n xard oexkif l` xzei mixwnl d`eyd oia xexa ixehqide ibyen svx epyiy jk lr miax mipeixehqid ecnr xak oky :e`x.dakpd oexkif z` mqeg `edy meyn,ilaelb zeidl leki `l d`eyd oexkify dprha,jk Karin Fierke, Who is My Neighbor? Memories of the Holocaust / al Nakba and a Global Ethic of Care, European Journal of International Relations (published online), 24 October 2013, pp a"qyz dcedi xe`,dwihilet,oexkif,dixehqid :zeende dne`d,lhxf zicr lynl dgikeny itk nana10.co.il/article/?articleid=

9 571 zxewia ixace mixtq [39] miyexib enk,zeipxcen me`l zepicn zervany miipeviw zegt mirytl s`e,mr gvx ly mixg` me`ld zpicn zldpny zeiedfd zwihileta zxg` e` efk dxeva mixeyw mlek ;miipz` mixedihe z` jkn zegt `le,zixehqidd dpadd z` ccgne rpnp izla `ed szeynd weqird 20.zipxcend l`xyi zpicnl cinzn ihpeelx mb df weqir;dl` zeibeqa weqird ly zihiletde zixqend zeaiygd.'zihxwence zicedi' dpicnk,izin`d meid xcq z` oihelgl xibqn xtqd ly meiqd htyn.ic oi` jka mby d`xp,mle`e cbp oexkifd ziiptde uieeye` seliq ly] dl` zenbn ekynii m`' :elek xtqd ly,xzqpd m` mb mrd ly ezxfgd `l "uieeye` ly uw"l dti`yd yeninn d`vezd didz,uxn dpyna [eizepaxw eavnl ezxfgd `l`,o`k izhhivy mixwand on dnk miprehy itk,dlrpd iz`d eceriiil icedid diite`l zhlgen zepn`p `ly ipnec.(196 'nr) 'dzeygxzdl eriiq xy`,uieeye` iptlny ribtd xyt`n epi` xy`,gkep deedk xard z` xnyl cltpfex z` ripny `ed d`eyd ly iltexhqhwd ly avnl dxfgn zihilet dcxg `l`,dxethnd zklnn mb `idy,oexkifd inegz l` xearl dl zzeernd,diepxt xnel `ly,dfxtd ly znieqn dcin o`k oi` m`d,mle`e.ilwicx mipe` xqeg ly eizeyyg lkn ± xzei s` ile`e ± zegt `l dcixhn `ide,ihiletde iz`d zrcd lewiy z`?cltpfex bxacleb qenr.'d`eyd uw' cltpfex oieel` ly extq lr zxewia ixn`n ipy eybed 'oeiv' zkxrnl :zkxrnd zxrd] ezxecdna hxta,xtqd lr eazkpy zeaxd zeaebzd lya od,zexewiad izy z` mqxtl dhilgd zkxrnd [.efn ef zepey zeyib zetwyn zexewiady meyn od,zilbp`d Eric D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation, Princeton 2005; Donald Bloxham, The Final Solution: A Genocide, Oxford 2009; Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing, Cambridge 2005; Mark Levene, GenocideintheAgeoftheNation-State,2:TheRiseoftheWestandComingGenocide, London 2005; Benjamin Lieberman, Ethnic Cleansing versus Genocide?, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, eds. Donald Bloxham and A. Dirk Moses, Oxford 2010, pp