,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl` :mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`

Átírás

1 ,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl` :mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl` oncixt wgvi ixyt`d aeliyde mfiqiwxpl mfi`exhl` oia gznd `ed igkepd xn`nd ly epiipr `id xn`nd ly ceqid zgpd.mdicinlz mr mixen ly oilnebd iqgia mdipia zlawl xewn mdl ynynd,(selfobject) invrîhwiiae` mdicinlza mi`ex mixeny bivn xn`nd.zeizecici ielible al zneyz oznl,d`xedl cri mbe dkxrde dxkd eitle,"mzzika mixend ly zeihqi`exhl`îzeihqiqiwxp zeitiv" :ycg lcen zeitiv :miahw ipy oa ibyen svx lr zeqxtp d`xeda mciwtzn mixend zeitiv ipy oiayk,xg`d ahewa zeihqiqiwxp zeitiv znerl cg`d ahewa zeihqi`exhl` self-serving) invrd zexiyl zeihqi`exhl` zeitiv zenwenn dl`d miahwd z` zixitn` dpiga oegal dziid ezxhny,xwgn lr geecn xn`nd.(altruism.(facet Theory) zeghyd zxez dziid xwgnl zibeleceznd dyibd.dfd lcend ziyrnd mzxykde mdicenil meiq alya d`xedl mihpcehq 160Îk eid mitzzynd d`xeda mzcearn mdizeitiv lr egeeic eay,oel`y e`lin mitzzynd.xtqd izaa zeitivy jkl zecr ewtiq xwgnd i`vnn.mdicinlz mr mdiqgia xeywd lkae mfi`exhl`,"xedh" mfi`exhl` :dl`d miaikxd on zeiepa mixend ly ciwtzd zeitivy jkl zeiecr e`vnp ok enk."xedh" mfiqiwxpe cqgîax mfiqiwxp,ipexht miqgid) izxagd haidle (d`xedde dzikd ledip) izniynd haidl zeqgiizn dl` mxeb mfiqiwxpde mfi`exhl`d aeliya ze`xl o`k rven.mzcear ly(miiyi`îoiad zeihqiqiwxp zeihpa ze`xl oke,d`xedd revwna xegal miyp` ripnd mixen ly mzebdpzd z` `aple xiaqdl zexyt` zeil`ivpxtic zeihqi`exhl`e.dzika zernynd od oday zeixwird,zepey zeaiqn d`xeda weqrl mikynp zepey zeieaxza miyp` Brenner, Zalkowitz, &) ziyi` dnybdl zlekide dceara zyxcpd zeirevwnd,zizxagd oiiprde mdl riiqle miyp` mr cearl oevxd.(toker, 2002; Johnson, 1990; Lortie, 1975,cnll zexyt`d Ð zexg` milna e`,miicenil mipkz ziipwdae dibebcta milbn mixendy,ok enk.(johnson, 1990) d`xeda weqrl miyp` ripny ezeaiyga oey`xd mxebk e`vnp,deeg` zllkn,jepig zekxrn ldpnl xtqd zia ;milyexi,cl`q dhiixpd oekn,oncixt wgvi 'text :ipexhwl` x`ec.diaeh x`a zixef` dvren * 35±3,(1) gn,2011,zenbn

2 oncixt wgvi 4 mr jynzn rbn xyt`n `edy meyn d`xedd revwna mixgea miyp` ik e`vn mixweg mi`ex mdy meyne,zeiybx zerxtda e` dwevna,ilega hrnk xeyw epi`e mixirv miyp` zegily ly dyegz.(lortie, 1975) deab ixqen jxr zlra zicegii zizxag dniyn ea mixgea miyp`y jkl zeixwird zeaiqd zg`k `id mb d`vnp miiyi` mikxv ieline zizxag zqgiizn zizxagd zegilyd zyegz.(2002,xwehe uiaewlf,xpxa) revwnk d`xeda oiiprncenilgihadlemcizrz`zepal,xirvdxecdipalymiite`z`avrlzexyt`l,rci zxiqnl,"jnvrn zzl" ly dyegzl mb zqgiizn zizxagd zegilyd zyegz.dpdne z` zevtl miyp`l zxyt`n d`xedl dqipkd.dxagl dnexz znxdle zeaxz ikxr xeniyl,miiyi`d mdikxev ielin opiipry zeti`y miybdl jke,zeclia mxewny mikqg lr mnvr mlnr ixtn d`pde milaewne miaed` zeid,mdly eb`d wefig,miizxag miqgi meiw oebk.(2000,qw) ribd,ddeab dlkydl zecqena ez`xed zepy 45 z` enkqa,(sarason, 1999) oeq`x`q "akek",iy`xdowgyd`eddaydaiaq d`xeddznalrxveiezzikadxendik dpwqnl ritend owgyk,micinlzd ldw,eldw iptl "bivdl" dxendn zyxec d`xedd.dlidzîax mipet miaxe,dna lr mipwgyk milret mdizezika mixen,mpn`e.oexh`za mitevd iptl mihrn `l mixen.(2 'nr,my) zrc a`z ldw iptl bivdle ritedl oevxd lya d`xedl e`le,zhleade zicegiid mzeiyi`a mze` miyxdl dpeek jezn mdicinlz iptl miriten dxc`dl mipeekn,ciwtza mipwgy md eli`k mibdep md.mdly d`xedd zlekia `weec dcina mitet` mzzika cnll miribn mixen,jky oeeik.mcewtzl ahid mircene zinvr `l`,dl`k"mipwgyîmixen" aagl mihep micinlz.dnaîzcxg e` ldwîzcxg ly znieqn wqry,xwgnd.(5±3'nr,my)rcimipwndmicnlnkdaxzeaiygmdlmiqgiinmdoi`y zeti`y ynnl ick z`f miyer miyp`y wiqn,d`xedd revwna mixgea miyp` recn dl`ya ielba z`f oiivl mihrnn mixwegdy `l`,miihqiqiwxp mikxv wtqle zeihqi`exhl` weqrl zeti`yd ceqiay ihqiqiwxpd haidd z` hiladln mixwegd erpnp cgeina.yxetnae.d`xeda,d`xedd zcearn migztn mkxc ziy`xa mixeny zeitiv xwga cwnzn igkepd xn`nd geecnd xwgnd ly ceqid zgpd.mdicinlz oiae mdipia oilnebd iqgin mdizeitiva cgeinae zlawl xewn Ð 1 (selfobject) invrîhwiiae` mdicinlza mi`ex mixeny `id df xn`na zwprdl cri mdixenl miynyn s` mde,ziyi` dgeexe dvxrd,wetiq,dkxrde dxkd,mzebdpzdl rbepa mixend zeitiv,z`fd ceqid zgpd itl.zeiztk`e zecici,al zneyz zepeekn,jepigae d`xeda,dzikd ledipa mdly invrd iehiad zeiexyt`le mdizelertl miihqiqiwxp mikxv yeninle (zeizecici ielibe d`xed) zeihqi`exhl` zeitiv znybdl upiid ly zihilp`ekiqtd ezpyn `ed z`fd dgpdl ihxe`zd qiqad.(zebidpne dvxrd) Îhwiiae`" mebxzd z` sicrn ip`."invrîzlef"k Selfobject dlind z` zixarl minbxznd yi.byend ly zixewnd zernynl xzei on`p il d`xpy,"invrd 1

3 5 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv x`eziy itk,invrdîhwiiae`e (self) invrd ibyen z` ezqitze (Kohut, 1977) hedew ly zeihqiqiwxpîzeihqi`exhl`d zeitivd lcen" :ycg lcen bivn xn`nd.jynda zeitiv) mfi`exhl` mibyend oia miibel mixyw ly zipaz x`znd,"mzzika mixend zebdpzdd iqetcl mxywde,(invrîzecwenn zeitiv) mfiqiwxpe,(zlefîzecwenn mixen lr geecn xn`nd.(miqgia zecwnzde dniyna zecwnzd) ezzika dxend ly zizebidpnd.rvend lcend z` zixitn` oegal crepy,dcy xwgn zihqi`exhl` zebdpzde mfi`exhl` zlrez dwiprnd zebdpzdk e`,mixg` ly mlxebl zeiztk` e` db`ck qtzp mfi`exhl` ernyn mfi`exhl`y aeygl laewn llk jxca.wiprnd cvn drwyda dkexkd,mixg`l lk `ly `l`,zihqi`eb` (divaihen) dripd `lae lenbzl zeitiv lk `la dxedh dpizp zllek zihqi`exhl` zebdpzd.(batson, 1987, 2001 lynl e`x) ef dqitz milawn mixwegd zecgein zeaeh ozn,dcd`e dkinz zwprd,zlefa oiipr ielib odae,zelert ly agx oeebn.(meyers, 2005; Singh & Krishnan, 2008) dxfrl miwewfd ly miqxhpi`d lr dlirt dpbde licbdl ziteq dxhn el yiy,izripd avn"k mfi`exhl`d z` xicbd(batson, 1991) oeqha zpeeknd,cigia dievnd dibxp` `id zihqi`exhl`d dripdd.(6'nr)"zlefd ly ezgeex z` ezaiaqay yibxn mc`dyk dlertl xxgzydl dleki z`f dibxp`,oeqha itl.dxhn zbydl gek `et` `iddripdd.dxhnleielinjtedjke,e`lnleze` jyeny,"jxev"edyfi` yi oianrpendmc`d.bpereldaqndxhndzbyde,ezxhnl`mc`dz`jyeny,dnverlra,dievx dnx oiae il`ivphetd dxfrd lawn ly zigkepd ezgeex zcin oia(ilily) xrt yiy yiy ink qtziiy jixv il`ivphetd dxfrd lawn,zexg` milina.dgeex ly,xzei ddeab dxfrd wiprn ly ezxhn md ezphwd e` jxevd ieline,z`fd dxfra jxev el dripdd ly ziteqd dzxhn `id zlefd ly ezgeex zlcbd,ef jxca.zihqi`exhl`d byenl hrna j` zepey zexcbd.(gleason, Iida, Bolger, & Shrout, 2003) zihqi`exhl`d Karylowski) iwqaelix`w,(rosenhan, 1978) odpfex,(krebs, 1970) qaxw epzp mfi`exhl`.(lerner, 1982) xpxle (Sober, 2002) xaeq,(1984 lenba xwira ecwnzdy,miax mixweg dwiqrd mzlefl miriiqn miyp` recn dl`yd df `ed ipevig lenb.ely dxfrd ivn`nl dxenza lawl dtvn mc`y iniptd e` ipevigd lrlrtenddf`ediniptlenb.dneckedad`,sqkoebk,ipevigmxebiciîlrmc`lozipy,piliavin & Piliavin, 1973) zeiyi`d eizepekza e` iybxd eavna xetiy oebk,envr mc`d lv` riten mixaqd dnk rivd mfi`exhl`d iripna wqry xwgnd.(479'nr,meyers, 2005 ripn Ð mfi`eb`n reapl dieyr zihqi`exhl` zebdpzd,cg` xaqd itl.drtezl miixyt` z`f `id (ipevig e` inipt lenb) ziyi`d dgeexd eitle Ð zinvr dgeex licbdl oeeknd zeizxag zenxep,xg` xaqd itl.(myers, 2005) zlefd ly ezgeex zlcbdl dlertl dripnd yi oditle,zizxag zeixg` zellek dl` zenxep.miievxd epiyrn z` zepeeknd dl` od

4 oncixt wgvi 6 dxenzl zetvl ilan,mzxfrl miwewfe mda miielzd dl`l xefrl miyp`n diitiv miaexw miihqi`exhl`d miripnd,sqep xaqd itl.(berkowitz, 1972; Schwartz, 1975) Eisenberg & Miller,) zlefd ly ezgeexl,zizn`d,dxedhd db`cl Ð dcd`l mzernyna zebdpzdd lr miritynd dl` md,zinvrd dhilyd zleki cegiiae,mikxrde,(1987 dlrd mfi`exhl`d iripn ziibeqa xwgnd.(sosik, Jung, & Dinger, 2009) zihqi`exhl`d e`,xedh ihqi`exhl` xewnn,ihqi`eb` xewnn reapl dleki xg` mc`l dxfr ik `et` zlefl zeqgiizdn reapl ieyr ihqi`exhl` dyrn,xnelk.cgi mb zexewnd ipyn dyrn edf,xnelk.divwpet `lnnk zlefl zeqgiizdn e`,dxfrd zlawl crik,hwiiaeqk lyeikxvz`zxylcrepyciwtz`lnndfkdxwnazlefdy`l`,zlefdlenbzloeeknd Batson, Ahmad, Yin, Bedelle, Johnson, Templin, & Whiteside, 1999; Cialdini) lnbznd & Kenrick, 1976; Dolinski & Nawrat, 1998; Foa & Foa, 1975; Kenrick, Baumann, &.(Cialdini, 1979 `ixade ibeleztd Ð mfiqiwxp mc`dlyoiiprlye`dibxp`lyfekixke`drwydk,xzeiaillkote`a,xcbenmfiqiwxp,zepeilr ly dcnra mnvr z` mibivnd miyp`a milwzp epgp` meiîmeid iiga.envra l` miqgiizn dl`k miyp`.dxdei ly dcxtdl zpzip izla dcin sexiva zeaexw mizrl,laben izla xyer,zidel` dnver ly miipeinc zenlera mihheyn,dnfbda mnvr mixen` epgp`e,mnvr ipira miakek md.dl dnec oi`y zeprecie ddeab divpbilhpi` mze` xxgyl epilry mixeaq md,mdil` epzvxrd z` ynnl ick.dvxrda mda opeazdl md oi`.mzlidz z` ynnl ick ze`il `la milret mnvr md cera,ivx` ciwtz lkn l`kmzlefl`miqgiizn`l`,mixg`nxzeimiaehkmnvrz`mi`exmdyjkamiwtzqn.(millon, 1990, 2004) mizegp l`k `l m`,"mirvenn" zihqiqiwxp zebdpzd.dieqg e` die`x izla,die`x zeidl dleki zihqiqiwxp zebdpzd.zlefd mr zexagzda jxev lye dhilya jxev ly zipepia dnxa dxeyw d`vnp die`x dnxae dhilya jxev ly ddeab dnxa dxeyw d`vnp die`x izla zihqiqiwxp zebdpzd m`zna d`vnp dieqg zihqiqiwxp zebdpzd eli`e,zlefd l` zexagzda jxev ly dkenp.(struman, 2000) zexagzdle dhilyl oevx mr ilily ibeleztd mfiqiwxpd Brown, Budzek &;) hxtd lv` ibeleztd mfiqiwxpd iaikx lr cenrl eqip xtqn mixweg Tamborski, 2009; Hill & Yousey, 1999; Raskin & Hall, 1979; Raskin & Terry, 1988; miaikx dray epiiv (Raskin & Terry, 1988) ixhe oiwqx.(rosenthal & Hooley, 2010 :ibeleztd mfiqiwxpd dpana

5 7 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv sicrn ip`") invr oeghiae zeizxewia,dbdpd,zeiaihxq`,dhily:(zeknq) zebidpn.1,"miyp` lr ritydl irah oexyik il yi","aeh bidpn invr d`ex ip`","bidpn zeidl.("iaihxq` ip`" wx") zizxag zegkepae qehhqa zekfl dti`ye "getp" eb`,invr oeghia :zelcb.2 lawle zeixg` lehil ade` ip`","mixac zeyrl mixg`a ielz ip` zewegx mizrl.("mixg`n xyken xzei ip`","zehlgd ip`","otec `vei mc` ip`") ezrteda e` envra otec z`vei dee`b :zinvr dvxrd.3.("ze`ngn lawl ade` ip`","aeh ip`y rcei ip`") mitgca dhily xcrde zeiaiqletni`,miyebix yetig:(mfipeiviaidqw`) dpvgd.4 mipiganmpi`miyp`ykoavrznip`","zepncfdilyiyzrlkainvrz`ze`xdldhep.("mipiiprd fkxna zeidl ade` ce`n ip`","xeaiva riten ip`yk d`xp ip` ji`,"xtq enk miyp`'`exwl' leki ip`") zlefd zeybxae zebdpzda dhily:divletipn.5 zkeaqzlknz`vllekiip`","oin`iydvexip`ydnaoin`dlcg`lklmexbllekiip`".("ily mixeaica wx ade` ip`","d`xna invr ze`xl ade` ip`","iteba opeazdl ade` ip`") :sebd zad`.6.("dee`xl iteb z` bivdl,zepier,zeinxetpew xcrd,zepcxn :("il ribn") zekf zyixc,ziyi`îoia zeplvp.7 law` m` `l` oevx ray did` `l mlerl") mixg` itlk zeplaeq xcrde zeaygzd xqeg."dnverlwfg oevx ia yi","miyp`ndaxdldtvnip`","ilribnydnlk oiivn (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) DSM-IV zeiytpd zerxtdd xicbn ixwirdaikxdz`(zeiyi`dzerxtdxiv`edy,axis II)zerxtddlyipydxivdzxbqna cvn dvxrda jxevk,(zeifeicpxb) zelcb ly qetck zihqiqiwxpd zeiyi`d zrxtd ly.zlefd itlk dcd` xcrde zlefd "`ixa"d mfiqiwxpd,revwnd iyp` axwa laewn mle`,zibelezt drtezk xeaiva qtzp mfiqiwxp d`ixa drtez mfiqiwxp ly zepezn e` zekenp zenxa ze`xl,cegiia mi`wihilp`ekiqt hedew upiidl qgeind byen `ed "`ixa" mfiqiwxp.(kohut, 1971, 1977) dliren elit`e bxapxwe (Hartman, 1964) onhxdk mixg` mi`wihilp`ekiqt ik m`,(kohut,1977) zeawra,(kernberg, 1975) bxapxw.okl mcew cer cer ea eynzyd (Kernberg, 1975) mc` ly mitgce zeibxp` zrwydk "ilnxep" mfiqiwxp xicbd,(hartman, 1964) onhxd miiynnd oilnebd iqgia envr z` mc`d zqitz ly oaena,(ely "invra") envra zeawra,(kohut, 1966, 1977) hedew.(316±315 'nr) izernyn zlef mr ely miipeincde ik,ipilwd epeiqip jnq lr,xaq `ed.(eb`l `le) invrl mfiqiwxpd z` qgii,onhxd,(xaq ciexty itk,zlefd zad`l) xg` dnîxacl enewn z` dptne mlrp epi` mfiqiwxpd dbiqp gxkda didz ef zegztzdy ila,miigd jyna gztzne miiwzdl jiynn `l`

6 oncixt wgvi 8 mfiqiwxpy oeirxd mb clep jk."`ixa" mfiqiwxp ly iqiqad oeirxd rited jk.zibelezt envr cigia cwnzn mfiqiwxpd Ð miliawn mixiv ipya cigia migztzn mfi`exhl`e mfiqiwxp,z`f dqitz itl.enr oilneb ixyw meiwle zlefl dpizpl oeekn mfi`exhl`de.(2000,xniidpte`) df z` df minilyn `l` micbepn mpi` zihqi`exhl` dad`e zlefl dcd`e xened,zeizxivi oebk zepekza zexbaa eiehia z` `ven `ixa mfiqiwxp glven,aeh aygidl wfg oevx,zirevwne ziyi` dee`b mb ea zedfl xyt`e,(kohut, 1978) dcez zxkdl,zrnynl,zeyixcl zlefd cvn zxytzn izla zeprida jxev oke,lirie qiqa zeidl dieyr `ixa mfiqiwxp ly zegztzdd svxa dnila e` drxtd.ie`x ceak oznle mfiqiwxpd xewn opiipry,zeihilp`ekiqt han zecewp.ibelezt mfiqiwxp ly ezexveeidl hwiltpewd zii`x cg`d edvway svx lr ze`vnp,mc`d ly ziytpd zegztzda ewlge oevxe jqgd e` iewild zii`x xg`d edvwae,miiptebe miiytp mikxve zel`yn,zepevx oia Kohut,) ibelezt ihqiqiwxp zebdpzd qetc ly ezeyabzdl xaqdk,eze` `lnl e` owzl.(1971; Toplin & Kohut, 1980 e`,zeknqe zebidpn miyxecy miavna e` zecnra miyp`l liredl leki `ixa mfiqiwxp Hill &) izxag qehhqe zizxag al zneyz mc`l miwtqnd miweqira xegal miyp` oeekl lr lehile miizxag miweqira xegal miyp` sgec `ixa mfiqiwxp,jkitl.(yousey, 1999 zerevwn.(rosenthal & Pittinski, 2006) miyp` zpeekde dlaed,zebidpn iciwtz mnvr dnver ea miwqerl dpwn izxag revwny meyn,`ixad mfiqiwxpd z` minled miizxag,z`f znerl.mge izecici mizrle,rpkyne rityn `ed,mdl miwwfpd lr zepeilre,micri zbydl zxytzn izla dti`ye zeyigp,d`vnd miyxecd dl`k,minfei zerevwn oia xywd z` ecnly mixweg.mi`ixa izlad miihqiqiwxpd zeiyi`d ipiit`n z` minled micwtzn mzeiyi` z` mledd weqira mixgead miyp`y epiiv,dweqrzl zeiyi` ipiit`n mi`ixa miihqiqiwxp zeiyi` ipiit`n ilra miyp`.(holland, 1985) ahid ea mdikxev z` wtqi df revwn m`e,revwnk d`xeda xegal miieyr miihqi`exhl`e.zeax mipy jyna ea ecinzi Ð miihqi`exhl`de miihqiqiwxpd svxe dinehekic:mfiqiwxpe mfi`exhl` cg`d ahewa.(bi-polar self) iahewîec `ed xbead invrdy orh(kohut, 1966, 1977) hedew dpbtd `idy,zepzt`yle zetygidl diihp dlbnd,(grandiose self) ifeicpxbd invrd ievn il`ci`d invrd ievn xg`d ahewae,invrdîhwiiae` itlk zeiaihxq`e oeghia ly d`ixa mc`d z` zetgecd) zeivian`d.(zil`ci`d zixedd zencd ly d`ixa dxc`dn raepd) zxc`de,ifeicpxbd invrd ahew aiaq zefkxzn (zixeaive ziyi` zehlazdl,mibyidl aiaq zfkxzn (zeihqi`exhl`,zelrp zexhn zbydl se`yl mc`d z` dliaend) zlefd xewn ynyn il`ci`d invrd ahew.zeil`ci` zeti`yl xewn deedne il`ci`d invrd ahew `le hwiiaeq ynyn invrdîhwiiae` day,dxedh zihqi`exhl` zebdpzdl sgce d`xyd

7 9 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv zegztzdd ly mincwend mialya mirehp dl` miahw.divwpet `lnnd ciwtz lra xeywd lka,dlawae dnkqda,dvxrda,al zneyza zekfl miipey`x mikxv lr miprype.zelcb ly zeti`yl zcear ly dbynd yaib,hedew ly iahewîecd invrd lcen lr orypy,(2003) oncixt dxend ly invrdz` zbviinzg`d :okez zeghyizy lrzqqeand,eicinlz mrdxend dpanllcenrivdz`fddbynddqiqalr.dxendlyirevwndcewtzdinegzz`zxg`de ly irevwnd invrd,dfd lcend itl.(friedman, 2006) dxend ly irevwnd invrd ly :miahw ipyn akxen dxend dkinze zecici zwprdl zel`ynd z` llekd,zeihqi`exhl`d zeti`yd ahew.1 ;miywzn micinlza xeqne iyi` letihle zeiztk`e dcd` iielibl,micinlzl dcez zxkdle ceakl,drtydl zeti`yd z` llekd,miihqiqiwxpd mikxvd ahew.2.xeaivdne mdixedn,micinlzdn zebdpzd iqetc ly mneiw xyt`nd,ibyen svx miiwzdl leki dl`d miahwd ipy oia `ed ihqiqiwxp mfi`exhl`.ihqi`exhl` mfiqiwxp e` ihqiqiwxp mfi`exhl` oebk,mialeyn xyt`e,zlefd lr drtyde dhily ea hwepl dpwnd,dxe`kl ihqi`exhl` dlert qetc qetc.(self-serving altruism) invrd zexiya mfi`exhl` edf."ipexht mfi`exhl`" ezepkl zeiztk`,db`c riadl cigil riiqn,zlefd ly eikxv z` wtql oeeknd,df zebdpzd mfiqiwxp.ihqiqiwxpd epearx z` oifn zeiztk`de db`cd rian eli`e,zlefl al zneyze dl`e,miihqiqiwxp mikxv `lnl dpey`xae y`xa oeeknd,dlert qetc `ed ihqi`exhl` ick jez,dkinzle dxfrl wewfd zlefd ly eikxvl zepridl micreind mirvn`a mibyen "cqgîax mfiqiwxp" mya df zebdpzd qetc zepkl xyt`.zlefa zpvgen zeaygzd ielib.(benevolent narcissism) invrdîhwiiae`e invrd miifitde miilkyd,mircen izlade mircend,mipiit`nd lelknk xcben (the self) invrd cigid ly eizeieeg lelkne meiwd,dieedd,ziyi`d zedfd `ed invrd.cigid ly ly eciwtz xaca zepeirx elrd dwinpicîekiqtd ly mipwihxe`z.(vandenbos, 2007) 'nr) "cigid ly mlerd fkxn"k invrd z` xicbd (Kohut, 1977) hedew.zeiyi`a invrd ly dlawd fkxne dnfid fkxn `idy,onf jxe`l agxna zniiwy zckeln dcigi"ke (311 ly ezegztzd xaca dtiwn dixe`z rivd `ed.(99 'nr) "mc`d ly minyxde zeieegd gnev,ezexirvae ezewpia cigid ly (izlgzdd e`) ipey`xd invrd ji` x`ize,invrd ckeln invr zeidl ezexbaa jtede,eaiaq milrete miigy mixg` miyp` mr xywd jezn qgiizn cigide,(dxedd zenc llk jxca `edy) il`ci` hwiiae` yi ipey`xd invrl.mlye ifeicpxbd invrd.ifeicpxb invr dpea jke,dkinze cecir,wefige dxkd epnn a`ey,eil` zyegzae (zeniyxnd) eizelekia,(miaehd) eiyrna,ea cwnzne envr cigil qgiizn

8 oncixt wgvi 10 zpfe`n zeiyi`a alzyne sle`n ifeicpxbd invrd,dbxcdae,mipyd mr.eznvere ezlecb,mixedd) il`ci`d hwiiae`d z` dbxcda ze`xl cigil xyt`n xbead invrd.zckelne jezl mipxwen il`ci`d dxedd zenc ly mihaidd z`e,zcxtp zeyiik (llk jxca.(33 'nr,kohut, 1971) eb`îxteqd (selfobject) invrd hwiiae` mc`l qgiizn "hwiiae`" gpend,llka dfilp`ekiqta mb enk,invrd ly dibelekiqta byen `ed invrdîhwiiae`.(ezegkep z` miywany xg` mc` e`,a`,m` enk) iygen xear znieqn divwpet `lnnd hwiiae` xicbdl ick rah (Kohut, 1977, p. 87) hedewy.ziyi`dgeexe`invrjxrlyzeyegzlqgiacegiia,invrdonwlgkdeegpye`,invrd mialya.(st. Clair, 1996) eze` deegd mc`d xear wx zernyn yi invrdîhwiiae`l z` wtql lbeqne eic ozi` invrd xy`k,`ixad mfiqiwxpd zeyabzd ly xzei mixge`n crik oke,miwetiql xewnke zinepehe` zeyiik hwiiae`d ly eneiwa xikn invrd,eikxv,miinvrîmihwiiae`a jxev cigil `et` yi zexbaa.(cooper, 1986) zrteye daic` dpizpl ovixrdl lkeiy zeienc e`,dkxrda e` xye`a,dxkda zekfl el dpnexbzy zeienc mieedny,(kohut, 1984) invrd hwiiae` zeieeg ly mibeq dyely xicbd hedew.(silverstein, 2007) :md dl`e.dvxrd elit` e` dkxrd,dxkd lawn mc`d dzervn`a :(mirroring) zeiz`eaa.1 eipiit`ne eizeaygn,ezebdpzd z` zewfgn daiaqd zeaebz eay irvn`d `id zeiz`eaad.ezaiaqnxeyi`jklrlawldtvneznieqndxevalreteaibn,bdpznmc`d.mc`dly (Kohut, 1971) hedew.eze` miaiygne mikixrny ezyegz z` zwfgn z`fk ziaeig daebz dti`yd on,zetygidl oevxd e` jxevd on zraep iytp jxevk zeiz`eaady xaq jxev.mc`l miaeygd mihwiiae`d cvn dvxrda jxevde oevxdne invrd ly zifeicpxbd,z`fn dxzi.zilnxep ziyi` dgeex ly dyegzke zilnxep dee`bk qtzp,hedew itl,df.mneciwe miyp` zpeekd,dbdpd oebk miaeyg mixac zxivil ripn gekk qtzp df jxev md dl` zecliae zewpia) mixg` miyp` xic`dl mc`l zxyt`n:(idealizing) dxc`d.2 ywan `ed eznver z`y,dnverdîaxe il`ci`d invrdîhwiiae` z` ytgn clid.(mixedd mc`d.daebze zebdpzd ikxc cenlle zewgl dxc`dd zxyt`n jk.ely invra alyl.dilr oryidl leki `edye ea jenzl dlekiy,zabyp zenc invrdîhwiiae`a ze`xl ywan.ezaxwa migehae mirebx yegl elkeiy ick zlefd ly ezxc`dl miyp` d`ian z`f dii`x.zenly ly l`ci` zeidl miktedd miinvrîmihwiiae` mixvep jk Kohut,) hedew.oeince zetzey zyegz zxyt`nd hwiiae` ziieeg:(twinship) zene`z.3 letkyk qtzp invrdîhwiiae` day,zinihpi` dieegl ddinkk zene`zd z` x`iz (1984.ely invrdîhwiiae` oial mc`d oia d`ln zedcfd lr qqeand,envr mc`d ly(dwiltx).zilnxep zegztzdk qtzp invrdîhwiiae` ly df ciwtz mb zyegzl qiqad ode invrd zecikl z` zencwn invrdîhwiiae` ly dl`d zeieegd yely

9 11 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv iciîlr,mc`d ly "miiw ip`"d zyegz z` xyt`n invrdîhwiiae`.mc`d ly eneiw iciîlr,(eipiit`ne ezeaiyg,ekxr z` qqale reawl cigid ywan dzervn`ay) zeiz`eaad (dlert e` zebdpzd ly miqetce millk envrl mi`zne dwgn cigid dzervn`ay) dxc`dd lkk.(2000,oexhiw) (zedcfd zxyt`nd) zene`z zyegza jxevd ielin iciîlre (dneciw z` repnl e`) invrd zecikl z` mcwl xzei deab l`ivphet yi invrdîhwiiae`ly dxen` `ixa invr ly daeh daiaq.(silverstein, 2007) xzei dax mc`l ezeaiyg jk Ð zeegl wewf invrdy meyn z`f,invrdîhwiiae` ly ciwtz `lnl milbeqnd miyp` lelkl aeyg z`fk zknez daiaq.ezenlya jenzzy,zipeirx e` ziyep`,zipevig daiaq invrdîhwiiae`.(selfobjects) invrdîlyîmihwiiae` cvn zeiztn` zeieeg lr qqazzy zeaebz daiaqd on lawi m`,dipenxdde gekd,zecg`d zyegz z` mc`a xnyl leki.dxkde dlaw ly xwira,zenled dxend ly invrdîhwiiae`k cinlzd,invrdîhwiiae` z` mdicinlza mi`ex mixeny jkl zeixitn` zeiecr ewtiq mixwgn ciwtzd z` mi`lnn mpi` micinlzd mday,miavn ly zeixyt`d ze`vezd lr mb eriavde Brophy, 1999; Carter & ;1992,oncixt) `lnl mdn mitvn mixendy dfd ibelekiqtd Doyle, 2006; Day & Leitch, 2001; Friedman & Farber, 1992; Granstrom, 2006; l`xyia dyrpy xwgna mb.(hargreaves, 2000; Jones & Jones, 2004; Marzano, 2003 zepy jyna d`xedd mdilr drityd cvik geecl mixen eywazp eae,(`2008,oncixt) dxen,lynl) invrdîhwiiae` z` mdicinlza mi`ex mixendy zeiecr e`vnp,mzcear jxc jnvr lr cenll leki dz` xrepd lv`" :d`xeda wze zepy 15,iceqiÎlrd jepiga mixendzeitivikdfxwgna`vnpokenk.("miayegmdydnmixne`md.mdlymiipird,mdicinlz z` oeekl) dhily:dl` od,invrdîhwiiae`k mdicinlza zexeywd,zeixwird :zetygid) envr zvxrd;(iewigl zenc mxear zeedle mcizr z` reawl,mdilr ritydl,mdixede micinlzl xarn daxd rci oibtdl,zehlea ze`xdl,zinvr zeaiyg yibxdl zhlgen zrnyna zekfl)("il ribn") zekfe,(mze` ead`iy) dad`;(dxkdae ceaka zekfl lr geecl mihep mixend ik mb elrd mi`vnnd.(mdizeyixcl micinlzd ly dnkqda Ð,yxcpd lka mdl reiqe dkinz zwprd,micinlzd itlk zeiztk`e zepiiprzd,zexiqn ielib mixendzeitivymi`vnndondlerokenk."zzl"froevxðdllkdae`,zeplaqielib miqgiae dcinla,d`xeda,dzikd ledipa oiehia z` ze`ven mdicinlz mr xywl.miiyi`îoiad invrîhwiiae`k mi`lnn micinlzy ifkxnd ciwtzdy micnln dl`d mixwgnd i`vnn cinlzd mxeary mixen yiy zexyt`d z` elly `l ik m`,zeiz`eaa `ed mdixen ly igkepd xywda zeiz`eaad.zene`z ly ciwtza mbe (dxc`d) zil`ci` zenc mb ynyn mzebdpzd z` miwfgne milawnd,mdicinlz ipira mixend ly mzenc zetwzyd `id dkxrd,dcd`,zepeilr,dhily,dnver mixend miyg mdicinlz zervn`a.mdizeaygne

10 oncixt wgvi 12 zii`x ly ziyrnd zernynd.(friedman & Farber, 1992 ;`2008,oncixt) dvxrd e` miyxdl mzlekiay lk eyri mixendy,`id invrdîhwiiae`k mdixen iciîlr micinlzd enk.mzkxrdae mzad`a zekfle mze` aed`l,mze` oiiprl,zepey mikxca mdicinlz z`,dnver z`hand zebdpzd mzxagae mdicinlz itlk oibtdl zevxl miieyr mixen,ok lcen mdl ynyle mcizr lr ritydl zevxl,xqenae mikxra,rcia zepeilr,dhily `yep e` ihqiqiwxp "oefn iwtq" mdicinlza mi`ex mixend,zexg` milina.iewigl zeihqi`exhl`d zeti`yd.zeihqi`exhl`d mdizeti`y yeninl crie,mdly mfiqiwxpl ynyn cinlzd Ð hwiiaeqk.divwpet `lnnk mbe hwiiaeqk cinlzd zii`xl `iadl zeleki zebdpzdidef.dxendcvndcd`iieliblokenke,reiqedkinz,alzneyzoznliteqcri beqn mfi`exhl`.lnbznl idylk dxenzl diitiv `la,cinlzd `ed iteqd dcriy,zriiqn Îhwiiae`k.(Baron & Miller, 2000; Hoffman, 1981) xedh mfi`exhl` aygidl leki df irvn` `l`,iteq cri ynyn epi` cinlzd Ð ilhpnexhqpi` e`,divwpet `lnnd invrd invrd zexiya `ed mfi`exhl`d,z`fk dii`xa.ald zneyze dkinzd wiprnl lenb zbydl Foa).(hqi`exhl`d) lnbznl lenb zbydl zpeeknd zebdpzd `ede,(self-serving altruism) z` oiiprl dxend ly dti`yd.(& Foa, 1975; Gleason et al., 2003; Meyers, 2005 oibtdle cinlz lkl "ribdl",zife`ehxie d`xed iciîlr `yepl mze` wzxl,micinlzd cqgîax mfiqiwxp edf.lirene jnez,aeh ze`xidl oevx `id,miybcen dkinze dad`.(benevolent narcissism),dxkd lawl ieyr dxend ozervn`ay,zeiz`eaad beqn invrdîhwiiae` zeieeg,mekiql e` zeihqi`exhl` zeitiva `hazdl zeieyr,eicinlzn dvxrd elit` e` dkxrd sgc `lae lenb zlawl zeitiv `la dxedh dpizpa `hazn xedh mfi`exhl`.zeihqiqiwxp dpizpa dxend lv` `hazn (invrd zexiya mfi`exhl`) ipexht mfi`exhl`.ihqi`eb` dhily zxveid dxiyrne zpxwqn d`xedae mda drwyda,al zneyz ozna,micinlzl xedh mfiqiwxp.mdizel`ynae mdizepevxa,mal zneyza,mdly mipnfd gela,mda mcizr z` reawl,mdilr ritydl,micinlzd z` oeekl oevxd) dhilyl zeitiva `hazn ly dfn ax rcie zehlea,zeaiyg oibtdl oevxd) dvxrdl,(iewigl zenc mxeara zeedle zeitive(mze` ead`iy dti`yd) dad`l(dxkdae ceaka zekfl oevxde,mdixede micinlzd cqgîax mfiqiwxp.(zeyixcl dnkqdae zhlgen zrnynl zekfa dxkd) zekfa dxkdl df beqa.mditlk cqge dlng ielibae zexnl mitetkd on ceakle dxkdl zeitiva `hazn zrnynl dyixcd z`,mdicinlza mdly dhilyd zeriaz z` mibivn mixend mfiqiwxp ly ly dl`d zeitivd znybd.mzaehle micinlzd zgeexl zcreink dxenl zepridd z`e.mdizeleki z`e mze` miaiygne mikixrny mzyegz z` wfgl ick da yi mixend

11 13 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv miqgiae zeniyna zecwnzd:dzikd ibidpnk mixen xaeb oiipra zepexg`d mipyd zexyra eppeazd mdibdpene mibidpn ly mcewtz ixweg jxc ivxet.mdly ite`d zepekza xy`n xzei,mibidpn ly mzebdpzd iqetcae mdiyrna idlya eyrpy,zixad zevx`,eide` ly dpicnd zhiqxaipe` ixwgn eid z`f zeppeazda Stogdill,) licbehq sl`x ly mzey`xa,mixyrd d`nd ly 50Îd zepy ziy`xe 40Îd zepy ly miielz izla micnn ipy edif dl` mixwgn.(fleishman, 1953) onyiilt oieec`e(1948 (eibdpenl bidpnd oia) miqgi zcwenn zebdpzd(1):mipey mibidpn oia mipigand,zebdpzd oebx`) dniyn zcwenn zebdpzd (2) ;iyi`îoia xywe oen` ozn,zeaygzd dyibcnd oeiv.(dveawd on zyxcpd dceard revial zeigpd ozn,zexhn zbyd,dizeniyne dceard bidpnd oia dax zibelekiqt daxw lr dxen miqgi zcwenn zizebidpn zebdpzda deab zbyda wfg ybc zniy lr cnln dniyn zcwenn zizebidpn zebdpzda deab oeiv.eibdpenl ly micnnd ipy zqitz.(organ & Bateman, 1991) dly dceard zeniyne dveawd zexhn md mda mihleady,mibidpn ly miizebdpzd milcenl qiqa dyniy bidpnd zebdpzd Bales & Slater, 1995; Carter, 1953;) mixg` lye(halpin & Winer, 1957) xpiiee oitld ly xwgn zehiya eynzyde mipey mipnfa eyrpy,dl`d mixwgnd lk.(katz & Kahn, 1951 miqgil e` dniynl zpeeknd zizebidpn zebdpzd oia ahid epigad,mipey minbcnae Blake & Mouton,) oehe`ne wiila epigad z`f dagx dnkqd jnq lr.(chemers, 1997) cx`'vplae iqxd.(miqgi) miyp`l db`ce (dniyn) xeviil mibidpnd zb`c oia (1968 zebdpzd oia epigade oehe`ne wiila ly mzcear lr eprypy(hersey & Blanchard, 1988) dkinz z`hand) miqgia zcwnznd ef oiae (zeniyn reviaa dkxcde dpeekd) zizniyn.mibdpend ly ziahin dlrtdl minled zebidpn iqetc erivd,(mibdpena ziybxîzizxag mibviine mi`han mzzika mixen ly mcewtze mdizelert.mdicinlz ibidpn md mixen Lewin, Lipitt,) hiiee hitil,oieel ly iqlwd mxwgna cer efkk ex`eze,zizebidpn zebdpzd ecwnzdy miax mixwgn lr geec zncewd d`nd ly 60Îd zepya lgd.(& White, 1939 Brophy, 2006; Dunkin,lynl) mdizezika mixen ly zizebidpnd zebdpzdd iqetc zpigaa mibidpnk mixend zii`x.(& Biddle, 1974; Flanders, 1970; Whithall & Lewis, 1963 zieefd on mixend ly mcewtza opeazdl zexyt`d z` dwicvn mdibdpenk mdicinlze d`xeda xeywd lka zcwnzn mixend ly zizniynd zebdpzdd.zizxagde zizniynd zebdpzdd.(dxend ly d`xedd ikxc,miaeh mixeriy,cenil ixneg ozn,dzikd ledip) mdicinlz mr mixend ly oilnebd iqgia xeywd lka zcwnzn mixend ly zizxagd miqgiizn mixend eay ote`ae(zizxag dbdpd,zexage dkinz,dad`,zenirp,zeiyep`).mnvr oial micinlzd oiay miqgid l`

12 oncixt wgvi 14 mzzika mixend ly zeihqiqiwxpîzeihqi`exhl`d zeitivd lcen invrdîhwiiae`k micinlzd zii`x,mfiqiwxpde mfi`exhl`d ziibeqa dtprd xwgnd zextq mzebdpzd z` micwnnd mibidpnk mixend zii`x ok enke,d`eaak xwira,mixend ly mixeywd mibyen ly myeaib z` mixyt`ne zepaez milrn dl` lk,miqgia e` zeniyna,szeyn ite` zelra zeiebdpzd xe`izl qiqa xevil leki mibyend aeliy.ezlefa cg`d ly miibyend zeleabd z` megzl zeqpl leki dl`d zebdpzdd iqetc ueaiw.ddf `l j` mfi`exhl` mibyend oia miixyt`d mixywd lr daiygd.mzzika mixend zeitiv :dl`d miaeliyd zrax` z` aipdl dleki,miqgia e` zeniyna zecwnzd oial mfiqiwxpe ea d`ex `ed m`,ezlef lr dxfre zeiztk`,aeh ritydl leki mc` :xedh mfi`exhl` selfless) xedh mfi`exhl`k xicbdl xyt` dfk avn.dkinzde aehd zlaw ly iteq cri mfi`exhl`d zxbqna mixend zeitiv.xg` xac ea oi` onyl dxfre dpizp calny,(altruism leki xedh mfi`exhl`.(other-centered expectations) cinlzîzecwenn zeitiv od xedhd.miqgid megza xwira eiehia z` `evnl d`ex`edykmb,dxfrezeiztk`,aehezleflrritydllekimc`:ipexht mfi`exhl` dpizpd zervn`a.ozepd z` zxynd ciwtz `lnn zlefd Ð xnelk,ilhpnexhqpi` zlef ea (ozepd) hley iqgi elit` e` ozepd itlk lawnd ly zeaiegn iqgi mixvep zeiztk`de :zealeyn zeitiv od ipexhtd mfi`exhl`d zxbqna mixend zeitiv.(lawnd) hlype self-serving-other-centered) cinlzîzecwenn invr zexiyl zeitiv Ð mfiqiwxpîmfi`exhl` invrd zexiya mfi`exhl` ly beq `ed,ipexht mfi`exhl`,dpizp ly df beq.(expectations,miqgid megza xwira iehia icil `eal leki ipexht mfi`exhl`.(self-centered altruism).dniynd megza mb j`,aeh aygidl) zirevwne ziyi` dee`ba `hazdl leki xedh mfiqiwxp :xedh mfiqiwxp zxkdl,zexg`e zrnyn zeyixcl zlefd cvn zxytzn izla zepridl dyixca,(glven dxenîzecwenn zeitiv od xedhd mfiqiwxpd zxbqna mixend zeitiv.ceakle dcez megza xwira eiehia z` `evnl leki mfiqiwxp ly df beq.(self-centered expectations).miqgid megza mb j`,dniynd mipwnd,miizxag zerevwna weqir meldl leki `ixa mfiqiwxp :cqgîax mfiqiwxp rityn zeidl leki `ixad hqiqiwxpd.(d`xed oebk) mdl miwwfpd lr zepeilre dnver cqgîax mfiqiwxp `xwidl leki mfiqiwxp ly dfk qetc.mge izecici mb z`f mre,hleye od cqgîax mfiqiwxp zxbqna mixend zeitiv.iliv` mfiqiwxp e`(benevolent narcissism) self-) cinlzîzecwenn invr zexiyl zeitiv Ð ihqiqiwxp mfi`exhl` :zealeyn zeitiv xwira iehia icil `eal leki mfiqiwxp ly df beq.(serving-other-centered expectations.dniynd megza mb j`,(cqgîax `edy meyn) miqgid megza svx miiwzdl leki mdipia.miahewn mibyen md xedhd mfiqiwxpde xedhd mfi`exhl`d cqgîax mfiqiwxp oebk mialeynd zebdpzdd iqetc ly mneiw z` xyt`nd ibyen.ipexht mfi`exhl`e

13 15 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv,mzzika mixend ly zeihqi`exhl`îzeihqiqiwxpd zeitivd lcen z` bivn 1 miyxz.ibyen qiqak dlrnl zehxetnd zepaezd jnq lr cg`dahewa.miahwipyoaxivlrmixenlydzikîzeitivlyzeveawrax`1miyxza zeitiv Ð xg`d ahewae,(selfless altruism) zexedh zeihqi`exhl` zeitiv zenwenn zeitiv zenwenn dl`d miahwd ipy oia jeeza.(zelcb,dpvgd) zexedh zeihqiqiwxp.(ipexht mfi`exhl`) zealeyn zeihqi`exhl`e(cqgîax mfiqiwxp) zealeyn zeihqiqiwxp mfiqiwxpd oiay ibyend svxa miipia aly md ipexhtd mfi`exhl`de cqgdîax mfiqiwxpd.xedhd mfi`exhl`l xedhd jxrn z` x`zl dqpn mzzika mixend ly zeihqiqiwxpîzeihqi`exhl`d zeitivd lcen

14 oncixt wgvi 16 leki `edy meyn,dax lcend ly ezeaiyg.dzika mdicinlz mr mzcearn mixend zeitiv miixitn`d mi`vnnd zpadl qiqa Ð igkepd xwgnae,ze`ivnd zpadl qiqa ynyl.oldl x`eziy itk,mzepyxtle eizexryde xwgnd zxhn ziahewîecd dqitzd ly ihxe`zd dpand z` zixitn` dpiga oegal `id xwgnd ly ezxhn,zeihqiqiwxpîzeihqi`exhl`d zeitivd lcena mbcend,mixend ly ciwtzd zeitiv ly.1 miyxza bvenk :dl` od xwgnd zexryd dxenîzecwennzeitivðdzikadxendzeitivcwenlymibeqipyoiacebip`vnii.1.(zeihqi`exhl` zeitiv) cinlzîzecwenn zeitive (zeihqiqiwxp zeitiv) zeitiv Ð dzika eciwtz inegzn dxend zeitiv ly mibeq ipy oia cebip `vnii.2.izxagd megza zeitive zeizniyn,eciwtz inegzn eizeitiv mr aeliya,dzika dxend ly zeitivd cwen jnq lr.3 ihqi`exhl` aikx ilra micbepn miipy,dzika dxend zeitiv ly mibeq drax` e`vnii zeitiv:md dl`e,miihqiqiwxpîmiihqi`exhl` mialeyn miipye xedh ihqiqiwxp e` xedh miqgid megza cinlzîzecwenn zeitiv ;(xedh mfiqiwxp) dniynd megza dxenîzecwenn zeitiv ;(cqgîax mfiqiwxp) miqgid megza dxenîzecwenn zeitiv ;(xedh mfi`exhl`).(ipexht mfi`exhl`) dniynd megza cinlzîzecwenn xwgnd zhiy zibeleceznd dyibd zalynd dxagd ircna xwgnl dyib,(facet Theory) zeghyd zxez lr qqazd xwgnd iedifl dhiy drivn zeghyd zxez.(guttman,1959) mipezpd gezipl xwgnd oepkz oia mipzynd zbvd iciîlr mdipia oilnebd iqgi zbvdle miihxe`z mibyen ly mdiaikx miihxe`z mibyen beeiql miwege millk ly iedife xezi` zalyn `id.iagxn miyxza cegiia,zexg` zeyiba seygl dywy miwege millk,miihpeelx miixitn` mipezp geziple.(shye, Elizur, & Hoffman,1994) ipzynîax gezipa zeghyd zxez `yepd beeiql oein zpiga `id dghy.(facet) "dghy"d `ed zeghyd zxeza ifkxn byen z` miaikxnd miaikxd hexit dae,a"eike jildz,diiyr megz,zebdpzd qetc Ð xwgpd

15 17 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv htyn" `ed mixwegd zeyxl dcinrn zeghyd zxezy ifkxn ilk.zxwgpd zibyend dcigid z` zhxtnd) diiqelke`d zghy :zeghy ly mibeq dnkn akxen ietind htyn."ietind `yepd ly eiaikx z` zhxtn odn zg` lky) okez zeghy,(zexwgpd diiqelke`d zeveaw dtnn `ed.(xwgna mitzzynd ly daebzd iaikx z` zhxtnd) daebzd zghye,(xwgpd zeaebz z` mdil` jiiyne zxwgpd diiqelke`d zeveaw z`e xwgnd zeitvz ly miaikxd z` htyn oirnl miaikxde mipzynd ietin jted jk.xeyiw zelin zervn`a miiexibl mixwgpd.(levy, 1985, 2005; Tziner, 1987)"ietin htyn",`ixw ixiagz aeyig iciîlr dyrp `ede,ietin htyna zeghy lr qqazn xwgna mipezpd gezip incwn" mi`xwpd,min`znd.mitvpd mipzynd oia miihqihhq min`zn ly dvixhn dhiya zehhxeynd,ixhne`b agxna zecewp oia miwgxn iciîlr mibvein,"zeipehepen.(smallest Space Analysis SSA) xzeia ohwd agxnd gezip zervn`a zixhnîl`,mipzynd oia daxw e` oeinc ly ccn mieedn mitvpd mipzynd oia miihqihhqd min`znd m`zndy zecewp izy.zecewp izy lk oia iagxnîifit wgxn iciîlr agxna mi`hean mde.diipyd l` zg`d zeaexw odyk ziagxnd dqixtd ztna dpnwenz deab odipia ihqihhqd enweni mze` zebviind zecewpd izy,jenp mipzyn ipy oia m`znd xy`k,z`f znerl zecewpd ly dqixtd ztn.(guttman,1968; Lingoes,1973) diipyd on zg`d lecb wgxna mipezpd ly ziagxnd dqixtd zpenz."ssa ztn" z`xwp mixwgpd mipzynd z` zebviind miqetc milbzn dzxfrae,min`zn geln zepyxtl xzei dlw z`f jxca zlawznd(dtnd) xaecn ziyrn.zexg` mikxca milbzn eid `ly,mipzyn oia miihqihhq mixyw ly oeinc e` daxw z`han zekinqd.mdipia zeicebipe mipzynd oia zekinq ly zepekza micenv e` miaexw mixef`a m`vnid iciîlr SSA ztna zbvein `ide mipzynd oia ihpnq ztna zbvein`ide mipzyndoia ihpnq cebip e` wgxn z`hanzeicebipd.ipydl` cg`.ipyd len cg` mi`vnpd mixef` iciîlr SSA `l`,miiepa mipzynd eay ote`l wx zeqgiizn opi` zeghyd zxez itl xwgnd zexryd.(borg & Shye, 1995) miixitn`d mipzynd elawi ixhne`b iehia dfi` dl`ya mb zewqer ztna mixef` ly mneiwl qgiizn zeghyd zxez zxbqna zexryd ly cg` aeyg beq on cg` lky,`id z`f zxbqna zifkxnd dxryddyk,mipzynd ly zixitn`d dqixtd htyna zeihpeelxd zeghya miritend miaikxl m`zda mihixtd z` liki dtna mixef`d mixivzkxrnamipzyndzqixtlyqetcdexcqdz``apnzexrydlyipybeq.ietind.(shye et al., 1994) zieef zxyi dqixt ipan dnk yiy micnln xahvpy oeiqipde zeghyd zxez ceqiay dixe`zd ly zieew dqixt `ed cg` iqiqa dpan.zeghyd zxez itl mixwgpd mipzynl miipiite`d jxca,zihpnq zeakxen ly heyt bexic `han df xcq.mipzynd z` zebviind zecewpd izyn zeize` aeliy Ð Simplex) qwltniq `xwp dfk qetc jkitle,izenk bexic llk SSAÎd ztn agxna mipzynd zqixt z` obx`nd sqep qetc.(simple complexitymilind z` x`zn df dpan.dcigi dghyn xvep `ede,(circumplex) qwltnewxiq,ilbrn `ed

16 oncixt wgvi 18,lbrna mixceqn mdyk,dghya mipzyn zebviind zecewpd z` e`,dghyd ly miaikxd dpana ewd lr dcewpl dcewpn zencwzdd.ziy`xd zcewpn ekxe`a deey qeicxa xnelk lr dcewpl dcewpn drepzd eli`e,zecewpd oia idylk zizenk ztqez z`han qwltniqd lk,qwltnewxiqd dpan ly ilbrnd xcqa.zxg`l zg` zeki`n xarn z`han lbrnd xcqd.(guttman, 1954) zeakxend zbxca ipey `l j`,dpey okez e` beq bviin dpzyn miaikxd e` mihixtd oia daxwd.zihpnq daxw z`hand"zepky" ly `ed qltnewxiqay zilpeivwpet zelz lr zfnxn zilbrnd dqixta(ssaîd ztna mixef`d ly e`) zeghyd ly,iyily,sqepdqixtdpan.izenke`izeki`ipeymdipiayim`oia,miaexwdmihixtdoia qetcdeieewddqixtdqetclyaeliyaexl`eddfqetc.(radex) qwc`x`ed SSAÎd ztna.ilbrnd mb ze`xwpd) ixhne`bd agxna mipezpd zqixt ly ixitn`d dpand xaca zexryd htyna zeghyd ly beqde xtqnd zpiga iciîlr zegqepne zeyaebn (zeipan zexryd dpana `lnl dieyr z`f dghyy ciwtzd lr riavdl ieyr dghy lk ly dite`.ietind oia miqgid Ð cgeinae,zeghya miaikxd ly iniptd xcqd.zeixitn`d zeitvzd ly zixitn`d dqixtd z` z`apnk dghy lk ly"dciwtz" z` miraew,zeghyay miaikxd zeghyl yi,zeghyd zxez itl.mipezpd ly dqixtd ztna,xnelk,agxna mipzynd ly iciîlr svx ly cnna bveind,(axial) ixiv ciwtz :dl`k miifkxn "miciwtz" dyely iciîlr izieef cnna bveind,(polarizing) ahwn ciwtz,agxna mixivdn cg` lr wgxn,(modulating) zqeen ciwtze,szeyn cewcew zelra zexfbk mi`xpd miixhne`b mixef` zagxdl) miixhne`bd mixef`d ly szeynd cewcewdn wgxn iciîlr izrahd cnna bveind.(a2008,oncixt e` ;Levy, 1985:e`x xaqdd okez zeghy Ð mixend ly dceard zeitiv:mipzynd zxcbd :okez zeghy izy itl,mdly d`xedd ciwtzn mixend zeitiv z` beeql xyt` :miaikx ipy z`f dghya :zlefa e` envra zecwnzd Ð (A) dxend ly oiiprd cwen zeidl mileki z`f dghya miaikxd.cinlzîzecwenn zeitive dxenîzecwenn zeitiv leki SSAÎdztnlrmipzyndzqixtadghydlydciwtze,(xiv)svxiptlrminwenn.(axial) ixiv zeidl `et` oilnebdixywlyizxagdcnndedniyndcnnð(b) dxend zcear ly zelirtd inegz z`f dghya miaikxd.miqgie zeniyn :miaikx ipy z`f dghya :eicinlzl dxend oia jkitl dieyr dghyd.micbepnk mixend iciîlr qtzidl miieyr s`e,ipyd on cg` mipgaen.ssaîd ztna mipzynd zqixta (axial) ixiv ciwtz `id mb `lnl ietind htyn zerven ode,2 miyxza oldl x`eznd ietin htyna miaikx od dlrnl excbedy zeghyd.mipezpd gezipl zexcbd zkxrnk

17 19 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv jepigamixenð(x)zxwgpddiiqelke`dzghyz`llek2miyxzaritendietindhtyn icwen z` zexicbnd,(bîe A) okez zeghy izy oke,mixabe miyp,iceqiîlrde iceqid e` dniyn) ezcear ly zelirtd inegz z`e (cinlzd e` envr `ed) dxend ly oiiprd.ely zeitivd znver geeh z` dxicbnd(r) zg` dghye,(miqgi miixhne`b migpena zegqepn xwgnd zexryd miaikxd ly aeliyn rtyen zeidl ietv SSAÎd ztna mipzynd zqixt ly ixitn`d dpand z` xiva mwnz BÎe A zeixivd zeghyd izyn zg` lk.bîe A zeixivd zeghyd izya m`ez mpkezy mihixt lelkiy,letk (axial) ixiv dpan lawzi jk.dl mikiiyd mihixtd.zeghya miaikxd ly ihpnqd okezl,mipgaen mixef` ipya dtna zenwenn dpiidz mixend zeitiv,dpey`xd dxrydd itl dxenîzecwenn zeitiv mi`hand mihixtd z` lelki cg`d :A dghy iaikxl dn`zda cinlzdîzecwenn zeitivd,dxrydd itly xg`n.cinlz zecwenn zeitiv Ð xg`de mipgaend mixef`d ipy ik xryl xyt`,zecbepn zeitiv zebviin dxendîzecwenn zeitivde.xg`l cg`d miahewn mdyk minwenn mb eidi mipgaen mixef` ipya dtna zenwenn dpiidz mixend zeitiv,diipyd dxrydd itl zeitiv mi`hand mihixtd z` lelki cg`d :B dghy iaikxl dn`zda mb miahewne zexeywd zeitiv Ð xg`de,(dkxcde d`xed ozne dzikd ledip) dniynd ielina zexeywd

18 oncixt wgvi 20 iqgi ly izxagd megza zebdpzd iqetcae eicinlzl dxend oia miiyi`îoiad miqgia.(a"eike diztn` zpbtd,dkinz,zebidpn) mdipia oilnebd dqixtd ztna mixef` drax` xevii zeitivd ibeq ipy oia jezigd,ziyilyd dxrydd itl miyxz e`x) ietind htyna BÎe A zeghyd iaikxl dn`zda,(ssaîd ztn) mipzynd ly mfiqiwxpð(a 1 b 1 )dniyndmegzadxenîzecwennzeitiv(1):(1miyxze`x)mddl`e,(2 zeitiv (3) ;xedh mfi`exhl` Ð(a 2 b 2 ) miqgidmegza cinlzîzecwennzeitiv (2) ;xedh cinlzîzecwennzeitiv(4)îe;cqgîaxmfiqiwxpð(a 1 b 2 )miqgidmegzadxenîzecwenn.ipexht mfi`exhl` Ð(a 2 b 1 )dniyndmegza mbcnd meiq alya,iceqid jepiga d`xedl mnvr mixiyknd mihpcehq 156 eid mitzzynd ux`d fkxna mixen zxykdl zellkn yelya ecnl dl` mihpcehq.mzxykde mdicenil ziaxn.cgeind jepigde libxd jepigd lelqna,izcîizklnnde izklnnd iceqid jepiga.jynda x`eznd xaqdd itl,oel`y `lnl eywazp mitzzynd.miyp eid mihpcehqd xwgnd jilde xwgnd ilk on zeiyi` zeitiv" :dziid ezxzeke,(127 xtqnd `ed eiedify) oel`y did xwgnd ilk epgp` ezervn`ay,oel`y a"vn" :df did oel`yd i`lnnl ozipy xaqdd."d`xedd mitvn d`xedl mnvr mixiykndy,zepen`de zeiebdpzdd,zeaygnd lr cenrl miywan,miax mihixt llek oel`yd.d`xeda mzceara zexeywd,mzxykde mdicenil jldna odl mixiyknd ly zeitiv mi`hand micbid (jiiptl) jiptl.d`xedd mlern migewl mlek j` jizeitiv z` x`zn cbidd dcin efi`a,(ipiiv) oiiv `p`.dzika mzcearn d`xedl mnvr 56 llk oel`yd."xzeia jl dni`znd dxtqd z` lebira (itiwd) swd `p`.(jiizeitiv).65 cr 10 mdixtqny,micbid zeitiv z` dpgay,(2002) yiab ly dzcear lr eqqazd oel`ya ellkpy micbidd dpii`x yiab.d`xeda dpey`xd mzcear zpya mixend zwigyl oxywde miligznd mixend mr mdly oilnebd iqgin,d`xeda mzcearn mdizeitiv z` x`zl eywazpy,mixen zexyr exgapietindhtynjnqlr.xeaivdmremixeddmr,ldpndmr,mdizinrmr,mdicinlz mre dzika mzcearn mixend zeitiv mpiipry,mihixt 60 zeitivd icbid xb`n jezn oiiprd cwen(1):oein zexcbd izy itl micbidd z` beeql eywazp mixen ipy.mdicinlz invr zexiyl zeitive cinlzîzecwenn zeitiv,dxenîzecwenn zeitiv) mixend ly d`vnp llk jxca.(miqgie zeniyn) mixend ly ciwtzd inegz (2) ;(cinlzîzecwenn xwegd zrxkdl e`aed mdibeeiq oia zen`zddîi`e,mixend ipy ibeeiq oia daeh dn`zd geeh.xb`nd on e`ved dixebhw meyl mbeeql xyt` did `ly micbid drax`.iy`xd

19 21 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv micbida gzetdhtynd.(okhlgda)6cre(`lllka)1îndidoel`ydihixtlzeaebzd ietipd xg`l oel`ya exzepy micbidd zniyx."...dtvn ip` dzika ily d`xeda" :did.ietind htynay zeghyd itl zbeeqn `ide,1 gtqpa driten.(dllkna micenild lelqne dllknd beq,oin) oel`yd `lnn lr mihxt mb llk oel`yd.df xn`n ly epiiprn mpi` elld mipzynd ipezp mi`vnn dpkede mihixtd oia(zeipehepen incwn) min`zn eayeg mipezpd gezip ly oey`xd alya min`zn mb eid j`,mipzyn milcbae miiaeig maexa eid min`znd.min`zn zvixhn xzeia ohwd agxnd ly llweyn gezip dyrp ipyd alya.mihixtd oia miccea miilily Hebrew) HUDAP zpkez zervn`a (Weighted Smallest Space Analysis, WSSA) dpgap mipezpd zqixt.min`znd zvixhn qiqa lr (University Data Analysis Program 2 zexfd mcwny xg`n.(jxe`e agex iciîlr bveind agxna) zicnnîec dbvda dligz minwenn mihixtdy did d`xpy s`e,hrn deab aygp,.26,zicnnîecd dbvda `vnpy,ztqep dpiga dzyrp,ietind htyn itl miietvd zenewna zicnnîecd SSAÎd ztna.mipzynd zqixt ly,(daebe jxe`,agex iciîlr bveind agxna) zicnnîzlz oia icnl daeh dn`zd bviine xzei aeh `ed,.18,zicnnîzlzd dbvda zexfd mcwn HUDAP zpkez.agxna mdly dqixtd ztn lr mipzynd zbvd oiae eayegy min`znd htyna mixcben mdy itk,zeghya miaikxd ly agxnd zeleab z` onqle aygl zxyt`n ccn e`) dn`zdd aih ccn.mipzynd ly ziagxnd dqixtd ztna mze` hhxqle,ietind ccn.b dghy xear.985îe,adghyxear.961didmipezpdzqixtly 3 (zeixef`d aih lr mihixtd mewin oia hrnk znlyen dn`zd yiy cnln igkepd dxwna dn`zdd aih mixef`a enwen `l,34îe 59,mihixt ipy) zeghyd itl ietvd mnewn oiae SSAÎd ztn zexfd mcwn Ð mipezpd ceaira e`vnpy miccnd ipy ikxr.(dxrydd itl mdl ecrepy mixyt`n 3 miyxza SSAÎd ztna mibvend mipezpdy micnln Ð dn`zdd aih ccne.ixitn` qeqia ly xzeia daeh dnxa mi`vnnd on zepwqn zwqd miifitd miwgxnd dnk cr `hand ipkh gpen `ed (Coefficient of Alienation COF) zexfd mcwn 0 `ed zexfd mcwn ikxr geeh.mdipia min`znd jxrn z` dpn`p mitwyn SSA ztna mihixtd oia e`.2 ekxry zexf mcwn.xzei daeh dn`zdd jk,xzei jenp zexfd mcwn ly jxrdy lkke,1 cr.min`znl SSAÎd ztna mihixtd oia miwgxnd ly daeh dn`zd oiivn zegt ixitn`d dpand day dcind z` `han,zeixef`d aih ccn e`,(goodness of fit) dn`zdd aih ccn ogapd ihxe`zd lcend oia dnildd zcin z` xnelk,zexreynd okezd zeghy z` swyn lawzdy lkke,1îl 0oia `ed dn`zdd ccn ly mikxrd geeh.miixitn`d mipezpd ly ziagxnd dqixtd oial.xzeidaeh dn`zdd jkxzei deab jxrdy 2 3

20 oncixt wgvi 22 SSAÎd ztna mixef`d ipkez xe`iz zicnnîzlzd dbvdae zicnnîecd dbvda SSAÎd ztn lr mipzynd zqixt,xen`k xzei dgep `idy,zicnnîec dbvda mipezpd z` bivdl izxga jkitl.xzeia dnec dziid SSAztnlrmipezpdlyziagxnddqixtdzpenzz`bivn3miyxz.dpadlezeppeazdl.mdicinlz mr mzcearn mixend zeitiv z` mibviin mipezpd.zicnnîecd dbvda zeitiv Ð oinin :dagexl mixef` ipyl dtnd z` zwlgn A dghy ik d`xp 3 miyxza zeitiv) cinlzîzecwenn zeitiv Ð l`nyne,(zeihqiqiwxp zeitiv) dxenîzecwenn

21 23 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv,zeniyn Ð oeilr :dkxe`l mixef` ipyl dtnd z` zwlgn B dghy.(zeihqi`exhl` ly zipaza mixef` drax` mixvep BÎe A zeghyd izy ly jezigd on.miqgi Ð oezgze.zeghyd iaikxl m`zda odipia mipigan zeleabe szeyn cewcwl aiaqn zexfb mi`hand mihixt Ð zeniynd megza dxenîzecwenn zeitiv Ð dpeilrd zipnid dxfba zeidl") dielbe zpvgen zebdpzd iciîlr xwira,mdil` al zniy jeynl mixen ly zeitiv fkxnadcinrlydieegdonzepdil";41hixtð"dzikad`xedaowgylymixeyiklra zeidl") dvxrda zlaebd,dax dkxrda zekfl mdizeitive,(50 hixt Ð "dxenk dzikd xeztiy ick eil` miybip mixg` miyp`e mixed,micinlzy,dgnen revwn yi`:`tex enk hlgdalke`,icinlzibyidlyzeaehze`vezd`x`xy`ky'';42hixtð"zeiramdl zyegz ly dcine dpvgd mi`hanz`fdxfba mihixtd.(40 hixt Ð "izekfl oze` sewfl.xedh mfiqiwxp :xnelk,zelcb mixvei Ð miqgid megza dxenîzecwenn zeitiv Ð dpezgzd zipnid dxfba mihixtd lr ritynd,dzika izernyne ihnfixk bidpnk dxend (`) :zeitiv ly mivawn ipy lra `edy dxen zeidl" ;23 hixt Ð "dzikd ldpn `ed ip` dxenky yibxdl") eicinlz xear iewigl `yen`idy zenc zeidl";13 hixt Ð"dzika ely micinlzd itlk zeknq deeda mikxrmdldpwn,eicinlzlrritynd,"miigl dxen" (a) ;(15 hixt Ð"icinlz xecz`avrnd,bidpnenk`edydxenzeidl")zeaxmipyiptlrzkynzndrtydlrae dxend zeidl" ;22 hixt Ð "miclid len ihnfixk bidpnk zeidl" ;20 hixt Ð "cizrd zexyrjpglzekfdildidzy";19hixtð"xtqdziaz`daehlexkfimicinlzezekfay hixtð"xzeimiaehmiyp`izekfaeidiicinlzy"oke;18hixtð"micinlzlyze`ne xyt`e,zlefd mr aihidl zepeeknd,zeihqiqiwxp zeitiv mi`han dl` mihixt.(14.cqgîax mfiqiwxpk oxicbdl miqgid megza cinlzîzecwenn zeitiv Ð dtnd ly dpezgzd zil`nyd dxfba mihixtd micinlzd ly zeiral aiywdl") zeiyep` (`) :zeitiv ly mivawn dyely mixvei Ð yibx zeidle icinlz z` xzeiy dnk xikdl" ;27 hixt Ð "mdl xefrl lbeqn zeidle eipeivlxarnmbcinlzlklyezlekiz`jixrdl rc`y";28 hixt Ð"iniptd mnlerl hixt Ð "eil` zeptl xyt` cinzy edyin icinlz xear zeedl" ;55 hixt Ð "mipgana cinlz lka ze`xl";58 hixt Ð"zeiyi`d eizelekia oin`dl icinlzn cg` lk `iadl";17 rbex oixwdl rc`y" oke ;36 hixt Ð "miicegii zepevxe zepekz zlra zcgein zeiyi` zihzq` daiaq xevil") zenirp (a) ;(21 hixt Ð "ugl iavna mb icinlzl zenirpe Ð "ily micinlzl izexage cngp mc` zeidl" ;10 hixt Ð "micinlzd xear dribxne wiprdl";34 hixt Ð"icinlzl izn` xag zeidl") zexage dkinz,dad` (b) ;(11 hixt cg` lklzzl";32 hixt Ð"dlmiwewfmdydad`de megdzpnz` migtewndicinlzl aed`llbeqnzeidl"oke;37hixtð"eze`afk`n`leecvl cinz ip`y dybxd icinlzn z`fd dxfba mihixtd ly mipkzd sexiv.(29 hixt Ð "dlind oaen `elna icinlz z`.xedh mfi`exhl`k aygidl leki df sexiv.ezgeexl dwenr db`ce zlefd zad` `han

22 oncixt wgvi 24 Ð dniynd megza cinlzîzecwenn zeitiv Ð dpeilrd zil`nyd dxfba mihixtd lk ccerl") cinlzd ikxevl zcwenn d`xed ozn (`) :dl` zeitiv ivawn dyely mixvei miiziieeg eidi ixeriyy" ;33 hixt Ð "miiyi`d eixeyike ezeiyi` gekn lertl cinlz mcwleizzikaylgcinlzlklziyi`xefrl";38hixtð"dzikamicinlzdz`ewzxie cinlze cinlz lkl ribdl ick zeiaihwt` d`xed zehiya hewpl" ;57 hixt Ð "eze` izzikacinlzecinlzlklyeikxvitlilymixeriydz`zepal";62hixtð"izzika lk z`izzika miywzndmicinlzdoncg` lklyicwdl";56 hixtð"zipazitl`le icinlzn cg` lkl mini`znd zeiepneine rci zepwdl";63 hixt Ð"eneciwl yxciiy onfd izzika cinlze cinlz lky") micinlzd ly dcinll zeaiegn (a) ;(64 hixt Ð "hxtk zexble izzika cinlze cinlz lk oxwql lke`y" ;"54 hixt Ð "ax rci mr mlerl `vi zebdpzd zerxtd envnhvi xeriyd z` ahid opkz` xy`ky";61 hixt Ð"dcinll eze` "ahid cnli izzika cli lk day jxcd z` `evnl lke`y" ;60 hixt Ð "icinlz axwa hixt Ð "eicenila mcwzie eze` cnl`y dn z` oiai icinlzn cg` lky" ;52 hixt Ð ;46hixtÐ"ilymixeriyaiz`micinlzdlkz`segql")zwzxnd`xedzzl(b);(65 mexb`y" ;61 hixt Ð "dcinll eze` zexble izzika cinlze cinlz lk oxwql lke`y" rbepa rc` cnl`y dryay" ;45 hixt Ð "xeriyd onfa icinlz axwa dax zeadlzdl mpn` xicbn elld zeitivd uawn.(49 hixt Ð "`l e` iz` `ed m` cinlze cinlz lkl,ozipy dnk cr icinlzn cg` lkl invrn zzl":53 hixt xwira) zeihqi`exhl` zeti`y micinlzd lr dhilyl oevx mb bviin mle`,("ycegd seqa zxekynd lr aeygl ilan d`xedd zervn`a,mcizr lre mdilr zihppinec drtydle(62îe 46,49:mihixt) dzika mfi`exhl` e` ipexht mfi`exhl` bviin z`f dxfba mihixtd ly mpkez.(54 hixt) dxeqnd.invr zexiya xedh mfi`exhl`,cqgîax mfiqiwxp,xedh mfiqiwxp oia xywd dpan ipexht mfi`exhl`e xywd dpan z` mb ztyeg 3 miyxza SSAÎd ztna mipzynd zqixta ztqep zeppeazd haidd :ipexht mfi`exhl`e xedh mfi`exhl`,cqgîax mfiqiwxp,xedh mfiqiwxp oia,cqgdîax mfiqiwxpd zxfb len znwenn ipexhtd mfi`exhl`d zxfby jka xkip icebipd ipeincd oeqkl`d lr han.xedhd mfi`exhl`d zxfb len znwenn xedhd mfiqiwxpd zxfbe x`eznd ihnkqd dpand z` syeg dhnl l`ny cv l` dlrnl oini cvn dtnd z` dvegd miahw ipy lra xiv lr minwenn xedhd mfi`exhl`de xedhd mfiqiwxpd :1 miyxza ipy oia dfd xivd fkxna minwenn ipexht mfi`exhl`e cqgîax mfiqiwxpe,micbepn zexfbde mipzynd zqixt ly (Circumplex) ilbrnd haidd z` mibcn 4 miyxz.miahwd.3 miyxzay SSAÎd ztna

23 25 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv zxfbl jenqa znwenn xedhd mfiqiwxpd zxfb.oeryd oeeik mr 4 miyxza opeazp znwenn dl jenqae,xedhd mfi`exhl`d zxfb znwenn dl jenqa,cqgdîax mfiqiwxpd mfi`exhl`d zxfby d`xp,oeryd oeeik mr opeazdl jiynp m`.ipexhtd mfi`exhl`d zxfb `ide,zilbrnd drepzd zkynp jk.xedhd mfiqiwxpd zxfbl jenqa znwenn ipexhtd.oerydoeeik cbp Ðjetdoeeikamb miiwzdldleki oeic zeitivd ik `vnp,dpey`xd dxrydl m`zda.xwgnd zexryd yelya miknez mi`vnnd zeihqi`exhl`d zeitivd on zepgaen (dxenîzecwenn zeitiv) dxend ly zeihqiqiwxpd dxend ly zeizniynd zeitivd,diipyd dxrydl m`zda.(micinlzîzecwenn zeitiv) ely e`vnp,ziyilyd dxrydl m`zda.ely miqgid zeitivn zepgaen dzika eciwtz inegzn zeitiv Ð xedh mfiqiwxp :eicinlz mr ezcearn dxend zeitiv ly mibeq drax`

24 oncixt wgvi 26 iciîlr xwira,al zniy jeynl oevx iciîlr ze`heand,dniynd megza dxenîzecwenn zeitiv Ð cqgîax mfiqiwxp ;zelcb zyegz ly dcine,dielbe zpvgen zebdpzd df beql.micinlzd mr miqgid megza xwira,zlefd mr aihidl zepeeknd zeihqiqiwxp dxen"e,eicinlza hleyd dzika ihnfixk bidpnk dxend:miiehia ipy e`vnp mfiqiwxp ly xg`l zeax mipy zkynpd drtyd lrae mikxr mdl dpwn,eicinlz lr ritynd,"miigl dyelya ze`haznd miqgid megza zeitiv Ð xedh mfi`exhl` ;mdipia xywd meiq Ð ipexht mfi`exhl` ;zexage dkinz,dad` ly aeliye,zenirp,zeiyep` :mihaid zcwenn d`xed:mihaid dyelya ze`haznd,dniynd megza micinlza zecwennd zeitiv mi`vnnd.zwzxn d`xede,elikyie ecnli micinlzy jkl zeaiegn,cinlz lk ly eikxvl ly zeihqiqiwxpîzeihqi`exhl`d zeitivd lcena zknezd zixitn` zecr miwtqn dl`d.(1 miyxz e`x) igkepd xwgna ogapy,mzzika mixend mfi`exhl`,invrd ly miahewnd zeceqid ipy ik xnel mixyt`n igkepd xwgnd i`vnn zebdpzdiqetclyaeliyðmiipiazecewpizyeaeibyensvx lrminwenn,mfiqiwxpe hedew ly iahewîecd lcendn dpeya ik xnel mb xyt`.miihqiqiwxpe miihqi`exhl` x`eznk,ely ilbrnd dpana `ed mfi`exhl`l mfiqiwxp oia xywd,(kohut, 1977) rahd ly ezeakxenl epal zniy z` `et` miptne mixfeg xwgnd i`vnn.4 miyxza mb llek `ed `l`,(mfiqiwxp e` mfi`exhl`) irnynîcg beeiq ebeeql xyt` i`y,iyep`d.ripn gekk mc`a miiwzdl mileki dl`e,miipia ipiit`n,revwnk d`xedd zxigaa ripn mxebk miihqi`exhl`e miihqiqiwxp mikxv oia aeliyd xwira) mixirv miyp` ly mzxigal minxebd lr,dpey zieefne,sqep xe` jetyl ieyr miyp` `iand ihppinecd ripnd ik xnel laewn.d`xedd revwna (mlerae ux`a,miyp yi revwn zxigaa miicala miihqi`exhl` miripnl mle`.mfi`exhl` `ed d`xeda weqrl zetelgdy `l`.dl`a `veike crq ciwt,zil`iveq dcear,ceriq oebk,zeirevwn zetelg lirtdl,ldw iptl ritedl oevxd.miihqiqiwxp miiehial zeiexyt` zellek opi` elld,zebidpn,d`xed iciwtz `lnl miyp` oeekl ieyr,mbidpdle mzebdpzda helyl,miyp` revwna mi`ex,miyp maex,d`xedl mipetdy okzii.mixg` miixeaiv miciwtz e` ledip xwgnd i`vnn.mlediple miyp` zlrtdl odizeti`y yeninl cgeina jyen lelqn d`xedd d`xedd revwnl mipet miyp` ditly,dxin`l zizcaer zizyz `et` miwtqn igkepd wtql oevxd iciîlr mipeekn mb j` mdly zeihqi`exhl`d zeti`yd iciîlr mirpen mdyk.zeihqiqiwxp zeti`y ip`d) zirevwnd zeiyi`ay miihqi`exhl`de miihqiqiwxpd mihaidd mr zexkidd e` z`fk zebdpzdl minxebde d`xeda weqird zxigal miripnd,mixend ly (irevwnd mixirv mixenl ynyl mileki,mdicinlz mr mixend ly oilnebd iqgiae dzika zxg` enk irevwnd weqird iripn mr zexkidd.daeyg zirevwne zinvr dpigal qiqa miwizee e` lthnîbelekiqt lk xn`i jk,ziyi`e zirevwn zebdpzd iqetcl miripnd mr mb.cewtzd xetiyl(igxkd `l m`) aeyg ceqi `id,i`wihilp`ekiqt

25 27 cqgîax mfiqiwxpe ipexht mfi`exhl`,mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl`:mixen ly ciwtzd zeitiv micinlzdîzxwa ziibele`ci`e mfiqiwxp,mfi`exhl` itk,mdicinlzl mixend oia oilnebd iqgie zeitivd dpan oia oeinc lr riavdl xyt`,(student control ideology) micinlzdîzxwa ziibele`ci` oiae,igkepd xwgna `vnpy ef dibele`ci`.(willower, Eidel, & Hoy, 1967) iede lcii`,x`eliee iciîlr drvedy ziqtexhet` dxwa oiae (humanistic control) zihqipned dxwa oia gznpd svxk zx`ezn z`e hxtk cinlzd ly ezeaiyg z` dyibcn zihqipnedd dxwad.(custodial control) dxwad.mwetiq lr cinlzd ikxev e`eai day,xtqd ziaa dxiee` zxiviay zeaiygd ipeeike zehlgdd z` oixxer `ll lawl micinlzd z` zaiign,z`f znerl,ziqtexhet`d z` oiadl miqpn mpi` ziqtexhet` dxwaa milbecd mixend.mdixen ly dlertde daygnd,zihqipned dxwa mihwepd mixend miyery itk,da aygzdl e` mdicinlz zebdpzd dribt dxend zeyixcl zepridîi`a e` dripd xqega,micinlz ly zrnyn zextda mi`exe zqitzl e` zebdpzdl xzeia daexw zihqipnedd dxwad.(hoy & Miskel, 1982) mda ziyi`.zihqiqiwxp zebdpzdl xzeia daexw ziqtexhet`d dxwade,zizn` zihqi`exhl` mler dxwad zyib z` ehwpi mfi`exhl`l dwfg diihp ilra mixen ik xryl `et` xyt` lr xzei oezn ote`a ecitwi,mdicinlz ikxeva xzei dax zeaygzd elbi md.zihqipnedd,micinlzd ikxevl micenild zeipkze mz`xed z` mi`zdl eqpi,dzika zrnyn ixcq ehwpi dwfg zihqiqiwxp diihp ilra mixen,z`f znerl.dzika mzinczl zegt eyygie lr ecitwi,dzika dwfg zrnyn mdicinlzn eyxci md.ziqtexhet`d dxwad zyib z` icrla hrnk ote`a erawi dl` mixen.mditlk die`x zebdpzd lre yxcpk mixeriy zpkd.zyxcpdmibyiddznx z`e d`xeddipkezz`,dzika d`xeddjxcz` mdizeitiv lr qqazda diieaipe dzika mixend zebdpzd zpad xy`kziytpdwigyzeeglmiieyrmixenikxrylxyt`igkepdxwgndi`vnnjnqlr mdikxev z` zwtqn dpi`y wx `l ze`ivnd eay avn) zihqiqiwxp dribt mieeg md eay avn) zihqi`exhl` dribte,(dl` mikxv lr iynn mei` deedn `l` miihqiqiwxpd ly zeprid xcrd.(ze`ivnd iciîlr zeipeviwa zenlap zeihqi`exhl`d mdizeti`y dpnny zencd itlk zepier zexveeidl liaedl ieyr cigid ly eizeitivl invrdîhwiiae` xwirae,mikqg.(45'nr,2000,xniidpte`) invrdîhwiiae` ly zeivwpetd ielinl mitvn e` oe`kic oebk zeipilw zerteza `hazdl miieyr,invrdîhwiiae`a oxewny zeribt ly zeaebze zxewial zxaben zeyibx,dxdei e` zexixw dpibtnd ziyi`îoia zebdpzd Îhwiiae` cvn dxkda zekfl eynnzp `ly zeitivl daebz zeidl miieyr dl` lke,qrk invrd zenlya dribt lr riavdl zeieyr,zepiere qrk xwira,dl`k zeaebz.invrd.(kohut, 1977) zeig xqge ylgen invra diehia z` `evnl dlekiy dribt,ezeciklae zipteb zeyiyz ly zeyegza xwira diehia z` z`vend,ziytp dwigy `han dfk jildz itlk divfilpeqxtîdc ly qgia elit` e` oier qgia Ð cgeinae,dnybdîi` ly,zilhpne