zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd

Átírás

1 zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd did xyt`,epzxag lr eneyix riahd zeripvd mzeg oiicryk,dpy miyelyk iptl,cg` cg` mixdep,epnr ixirv ytp aevir lre xrepd jepig lr micxgd,miyiyw ze`xl frde sivgdy oereayd,'dfd mlerd' z` evitdy mipezird ipkec l`,d`ex oi`a lekiake zexidna dl` da elrlry zeadlzdd ;dnexir dyi` zpenz hrnk zxaeg lka qitcdl daexn dcina dxikfn,'darez' xihtdle dpenzd z` dwiwyae szga ze`xl ick,oezira yigndl,dixeaib igay meyxle `exwl zi`zayd drepzd iaixin wlg ly mzeadlzd z` enqwed dnk cr eprpkyl miyn ilane,dicde` lye ef drepz ly dpelw z` lkl lekiak wizrdy zeiecrd 'iqteh' zrax` z` `xewd lk.dil` ekynpe dle`bd zxeyan mnvr md lr cenriy ick,hwlnd zecr,ezecrl wwcfi `l,'ze`pwd zxez' extql ocnr awri 'x 1 jqg `l ocnr.ocnr ly ezeigiyn lr qail dcedi ly dtid exn`nl `l mbe,okezn jk :ik extq gzta reawln envr mr diqgie zi`zayd migayd zextq zeclez lk ie`xk xxal z`f znvnevn zxbqna lke` `l o`k.ziciqgd migayd zextql dixyw enk,dxyr dpenyd d`na mihqiwp`xtd lv` dizexexb xg`l mipey`xd zexecae iav izay inia z`fd zextqd ly dpiipre daih x`zl oeiqipa wtzq` 'h"yrad igay' mr qetca dpey`xl dritend,ziciqgd migayd zextqy oiiv` wx.ezc xindy znerle,dxyr ryzd d`nd ziy`xay mipnfd iepiy ly drtyd xak da yi,(d"rwz hqet`w) ixeaib lr zxewiae diqwltx ixetiq da yi,zi`zayde zip`ixeld cgeinae,zncewd migayd zextq ezivde icedid ly ipgexd ehixtzl eqpkpy miycg mibyen ly oeylae aevira zertyd,zeciqgd?eafk xetiqd ahin mpn`d',qixb 'f :e`x miizpia.jix`dl mewn o`k oi`e,miazeke mixtqn oeinc ;94-91 'nr cgeinae,94-85 'nr,(q"yz sxeg) 44,zrc,'zeciqgd zecleza migayd zextq mewn xweg ly elegknl oeixehqidd ly migzpnd oikq oia - h"yrad ly zixehqidd ezenc',l"pd.my zexrde, 'nr,(2000) 5,dlaw,'zextqd 'nr,(m"yz) hn,uiaxz,'ze`zayl eqgie oicnr awri 'x ly ezeigiyn',qail 'i :e`x , 'nr,d"pyz milyexi,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq,l"pd :qtcpe ay * 1 [`"qyz,(fi-fh,l`xyi zaygna milyexi ixwgn) a-`,dizegelye zi`zayd drepzd :exaye melgd]

2 2] ecirdy dn yigkdl xyt` i`y rahd jxca did `l dyrnd df zn`a ik rcil yi exqny mler iciqg dnde dxexa dricie di`x icr minid oze`a mler ilecb eilr dxezd zneg xval 'd zxnyn exnye mdicia zwfgend l`xyi zpen` lr mytp 2.dreyie dle`b oevx zr f` didy wtq oi` okl.mirehd oa` zegnle xagn lk' zaiign 'epizenewna bedpd oepbqd zxbqn'y,jk lr qail rixzd xak mpn` 3 zebeqd xwgny orh`e fr` z`f lkae,'exwgn `yep xara gpfed dnk cr dxdvda geztl xtqd zeclez,ezellka agxd `yepdy myk,eileziga oiicr l`xyi zextqa zeizextqd.ce`n gpfen ok`,zebeqd ibck mibc cer ea yiy qepiiwe`d `edy,ezelawzde icedid aih z` oiit`l mixweg eyry zepeiqipd z` zerav` dnk lr xetql xyt`y dxwn df oi`.mi`xewd ldw lv` ozelawzde ozvtd,ozaizk jxc,izextqd obeq,exwgy zecerzd,lyeke ccea oeiqip `ed 'zeciqgd zeclez' extql gtqpa z`f zeyrl aepaec ly epeiqip 4,mely myxb 'text,df llka ze`zayde,dlawd ixweg lecb mpn`.jk lr izxrd xake mda dyry mipeyne mipey mixeaigl mipeiv aivdl ezaizk ly jelidd jxca gxh extqa jk.mda rbpy zexewnd zxewiaa eiaezk miiq `l` gzt `l la`,yeniy 5.'eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay' ilhpnepend.dzxcdda weqr ip`y,ileky` f"`,exec oa ly ezcear z` oiivl yi df xywda `weec zeigiynd zerepzd' dlecbd ezcear jezay ipyd jxkd `edy,iav izay lr jxkd gzta maihl mipey`x mieew hhxyl dqip ileky`,cala oey`xd jxkd qtcp dpnny,'l`xyia,(extq zixg`a eixg` melyk) ei`xewl xqn,dnbecl,jk.mda ynzydy zexewnd ly :lr miqqean,'ze`pwd zxez' xkfpd extqa ocnr `iady zeiecrd iqteh zrax`y,xfer x"a ail,mcxhyn`a ifpky`d zqpkd zia yny ly yiciia zepexkif.` onlf icia ievnd,xewnd ly ci azk epiciae,mcaire zixarl mnbxz ocnry fkxn z`veda zipeylîec dxecdna xe` d`x miizpiay ci azk.(xfy) aeyaex 6.xfy onlf.2 'nr,l"xz aeal,ze`pwd zxez xtq,ocnr awri :e`x.581 'nr,(d"pyz) cq,uiaxz,'dkld xtqk xdefd',qail 'i :e`x aia`îlz,wvewn lcpn mgpn cre h"yrad on zeciqgd ziy`xa xetiqe xteq xtq,qixb 'f :e`x.2 dxrd 110,17 'nr,a"pyz 'nr,(iav izay :oldl) d"lyz aia`îlz, 2 eiig inia zi`zayd drepzde iav izay,mely 'b :e`x 'nr,(c"pyz) 6,miipgn,'dcenill xewnk dlaw ixtq zqtcde zwzrd',qixb 'f :mb e`x ,[g"rz-`"rz mcxhyn`,iav izay oet bpeaiixya] iav izay iyrn xetiq,xfer x"a ail :e`x,(h"lyz) cp,xtq zixw,iwqp`ipxeh 'g :e`x,dxecdnd lr zxewia.1978 milyexi,xfy 'f zxecdn L. Fuks, Sabbatianism in Amsterdam in the Beginning of the :e`x ok enk 'nr [354]

3 zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd [3 yi ocnr lv` ik oiiv mely.(coenen) opew ihphqhextd xnekd ly exetiq 7.reci `l xewnn zetqez xeviw lra,oiihytr lkin l`igi 'x did ewizrny,iwpew mdxa` ly exetiq mgl ocnrky,fib`g dyn ly zexrd etqep ik xird mely.recid d"ly.mi`zaya iyiy xn`n,` wlg,'diaeh dyrn' extq gzta `texd u"k diaeh ixac divpe ipaxy,'l`xyi ipal oexkf' qxhpewd z` mb llekd,(f"qz d`ivipie) zecr zlaw eae qtcen oelr ly eneyix cer siqed mely.g"kz zpya eqitcd milyexi ipaxn,aiag oa dyn 'x itn mipin`nd lre iav izay lr zexeqne 8.f"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna.a.b.c ikxc,yeniy oda eyry zeizextqd zebeqd z` oiit`l eqip `l melye ileky`,z`f mr.ozelawzde ozvtd,ozaizk exkfpy zeiecrd iqteh z` mi`lnn dl` ;migay zizextqd dbeqa o`k xcbzp ep` dbeql zkiizyn,mlerd zextqak,l`xyi zextqa ef dbeq.'ze`pwd zxez' xtqn lirl,zeig`îzebeq jeza zyletne jezl zylet `ide,ditxbeibd f"rla,miyecw iig zextq ly dizeipaz.rqn ipnei mllkae,mipneie zepexkif,ditxbeiaehe`de ditxbeiad miizextq dxearz ilka cgein e` sqep orhnk e`,mitevx dyrn ixetiqk migayd 9,zitexi`d zextqa dlaepd ceqine ceqiil dze` eliaed,rqn ipnei e` zexbi`k,mixg` zextqa miliyany,miixlehqit`d mipnexd f"rla,miazkna mipnexd mb enk 10 xetiqa mziy`xy,iwqx`witd onexd f"rla,zerqnd ipnexe,g"id d`na zitexi`d 11 xtqa mkynd,'qnxeh yi` eixql iig',f"hd d`nd zivgn oa xvwd inipep`d rqnd 18th Century: Some Reflections on Leib ben Ozers and his Work, Studia Rosenthaliana,,qqxe 'y :e`x cer.ilbp` xivwz el sqepy zicpleda xn`n - vol. 14, no. 1 (1980), pp 'nr,g"nyz milyexi,wa`n ly eizeclez :ze`zaye dlkyd ly ezenca elbzdy itk micedid ly `eey zeitiv,opew 'z :ixar mebxza xe` eiykr d`x xtqd.g"pyz milyexi,oltw 'i :zexrde `ean ;il`eny '`e xia`b`l `"` :zicpledn mebxz,iav izay,edipa 'n :e`x,iwpew mdxa`l xy`a.830 'nr,iav izay,mely ;g wxt,ileky` f"` ci azk 'nr,(b"iyz hay) (bvw) d zxaeg,al jxk,ipiq,'l`ixa dcedi iaxl iwpew mdxa` iax zexb`'.hiy-y qixb :e`x,migay dbeqd lr 'nr,f"kyz aia`îlz, 3 xetiqd zepn`,bxacleb 'l :e`x.ztqep ditxbeilaia mye,96-90 zexrd, ,35 'nr,(4 dxrd lirl) igay zvtd siqedl yi my aezkd lr zexrd, ,32-31 'nr,my,qixb :e`x lkl.'wicv ogea'e 'oixinh dlbn' eixtqa lxt sqei dyry miazkna onex oirna zixih`q miciqg zegztzda mipeir :eyxeye xetiq,'lxt sqei ly dxih`qd zehiy',qqxe 'y :e`x,dagxda oiiprd.45-9 'nr,`"lyz obîznx,zixard dfextd miig :xac zixg`e zexrd,zicxtqn mebxz,eizeglvde eize`lz qnxeh yi` eixql iig : e`x [355]

4 4] 12 mipy ryzke,f"id d`nd ziy`xa qtcpy,qhp`eexql 'dhegiw oec',zexecl ritydy qcpn m`pxt zerqn',zixarl mbxez `l meid cry,zifbehxeta edxgzn uetp eixg` 13 yi` q`la li'f ly eize`wztxd' ztxva mler zlidzl ekf g"id d`nae,'ehpit bpiclit ixpd z`n 'qpe'b mez zexew' dilbp`a eixg`e,'f`ql dpxîol` z`n 'dp`ihpq micea`d mihayd zxyrl mirebrbde l`xyi zelidw mre l` xyw yetig eplv` eli`e.mlera liihle xezl gepn ixqg miplhae mipwztxd,miliihn ekiled oeihanql xarny cvl,'digzt 'x ly eaeaq'e 'dlcehn oinipa 'x zerqn' xetiq miipiad inia evetp mdn onex ly daizkl eyabzp recik dl`.dle`b iytgn ibibde diyxece dcb` ilra zeiyrn,'iyilyd oinipa zerqn'a mixtq xken ilcpn icia wx eahina oey`x iwqx`wit `xwp recne.micea`d mihayd zxyr z` ytgl oaenk e`vi lixcpqe oinipa eixeaiby,gkyp meidy xtq mey lr,xpfelw sqei xak gikedy itk?'iyilyd oinipa zerqn' micea`d mihayd zxyr z` ytigy,oinipa sqei l`xyi 'x `ed,'ipyd oinipa zerqn' 16 oinipa zerqnl mi`xewd zrceza sxhvde,h"id d`na zixarae ziztxva uetp extqe.dlcehn oinipa 'x,oey`xd lh :xac zixg`e mebxz,eize`lze eizexew qnxeh yi` eixql iig ;g"kyz aia`îlz,di`axa`.1554 zpya dlwl`a dqtcpy dnlyd dxecdnd itl `id ef dxecdn.g"pyz aia`îlz,oxwîovip yi` heyiw oec :wil`ia p"g ly xvewnd enebxze eceaira zexecdn daxda zixara uetp did xtqd oec,dxcie`q qhp`eexq dc 'n :e`x,icxtqd xewnd on `ln mebxz.j"yz aia`îlz, 6`ypnl aia`îlz,ovipîoxw 'h :dkixre mixiyd mebxz ;e`cpl 'le e`cplîiwqiexwq 'a :mebxz,dhegiw.zevegp zexrd xtqd sebae xac zixg` e`cpl qi`el siqed ipyd jxkd seqa.1994 enebxz. Fernao Mendez Pinto, Peregrinacam de Fernam Mendez Pinto, Lisboa 1614 :e`x Fernao Mendes Pinto, The Travels of Mendes Pinto, ed. and tr. R. D. Catz, :e`x,zilbp`l Chicago 1989,weqa ecir :xac zixg`e zexrd,mebxz,dp`ihpq dc q`la li'f ly eize`wztxd,'f`ql dpxîol` yi` oixhxh,dcec qpetl` ly extq xzeia recie ce`n zixletet ef dbeq ztxva.d"pyz aia`îlz dxecdn dpey`xd mrta zixarl mbxzl miiq weqa.1966 aia`îlz,le`y oa dyn :mebxz,oewqxh ceqid.f"hd d`na azkp reciky,dlax z`n 'l`exbhpte d`ehpbxb zelilr' ly zxrene d`ln onfd ipa ly mdizerce mdizepen` sewiya el dlecb zeaiygy xeaiga ipyd hegk xaer iwqx`witd L. Febvre, The Problem of Unbelief in the ly dwinrnd ezcear e`x jk lr.zcl mqgi cgeinae,dyrnl.sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rablais, tr. B. Gottlib, Cambridge, MA 1982 ifkxn mewn iwqx`witd ceqil `vnp,'cicpw',g"id d`nd oa,xhlee ly ixih`qdîizebdd extqa mb A. Vartanian, On Cultivating One s Garden, in: D. : e`x.ezlilr aevire xtqd zipaza.hollier (ed.), A New Histsory of French Literature, Cambridge, MA 1989, pp dixehqidd f"rla,zercde zepen`d zeclezl eznexze Febvre ly l"pd exwgn lr zycegn dkxrd S. Kinser, The Problem of Belief, ibid., pp :e`x,zilhpnd.f"kyz milyexi,aelicpn `"` :`ean ;itqk '` :zexrde mebxz,qpe'b mez zexew,bpiclit ixpd.(h"ixz wil) 'l`xyi irqn xtq'k 'cibnd' jxer oecxeb cec mebxzae ziztxva xe` d`x dpey`xl oiivl yi 'nr,h"iyz milyexi,e,dycgd zixard zextqd ly dixehqid,xpfelw 'i :e`x [356]

5 zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd [5 giynd oky,epnn lylzydy iwqx`witd onexd l`e rqnd onei l` mpigl iztgqp `l miqp,d`ilt iyrn,zepbe gay ixetiq mdixg`e mz`e eccp izfrd ozp e`iape iav izay zvtda mdilrp zeileqe mdini eliay miccep mi`iapae migikena mb ewacp dl`.zeiexfe zneyze,mireci uihqext e` uipqext dlaile j`ln miig 'xk miyp`.giynd zxeya 19.ifpky` ikcxn 'x ecinlzle ebieex mdxa` 'xl mb dpzip al mzelirte mdiig xwir,izfrd ozpe iav izayk,mwlgy,zextq ixeaiba xaecny oeeik mdiig,ifpky` ikcxne ebieex mdxa`,uipqext dlail,j`ln miigk,mwlge,gxfna.mzaiaqa zicedi `ld zillkd migayd zextq aevira,oaenk,aygzdl yi,axrna exared daxd minrt gxfnd on mixeaib ly mdigaye mdiyrny dcaerd zkaqn oeicd z` 20.jtdle,axrnd on mixqen icia eazkpe eaver,dt lra on mziilre micea`d mihayd zxyra zepiiprzdde,dnxz xecd gex mb,wtq oi`.'jxcd zvitw' mya iwqx`wit xvw xetiqa egek dqip `ed mby,oecxeb ail dcedi `ed,b"li z` ly dixehqid,xpfelw 'i ;148 'nr,f"yz aia`îlz,zixard zextqa dlaepd,xpfelw `"i :e`x,miipiad inia mixiizde mirqepd iqetih lr.449 'nr,c"iyz milyexi,c,dycgd zixard zextqd M. Wade-Labarge, Medieval Travelers 2, New York and London 1983 :e`x ; 'nr,(e"yz) `i,oeiv,'j`ln miig 'x z`n zxb`',mely 'b :e`x,ezxeya lre eizece` lr milyexi,dileblbe ze`zayd zeclezl zexewne mixwgn,'oileta zi`zayd drepzd',l"pd j`ln miig 'x ly zei`zayd lr ztvn ifpky` dil` iax zeiecr',edipa 'n ; 'nr,c"lyz,xfer x"a ail :e`x,zeiecrde zerenyd lr 'nr,(`"lyz) i,l`xyi ux`,'ciqg dcedi 'xe,qail 'i :xicdd,ze`zay ixwgn,mely 'b ; 'nr,(7 dxrd lirl) iav izay iyrn xetiq.757 'nr,ekxra gztna,a"pyz aia`îlz `iapd - "mler ceqi wicv" xtq xagn',qail 'i :e`xe 'nr,my,xfer x"a ail :e`x,l"pd :jeza qtcpe ay ; 'nr,(h"lyz-g"lyz) 3-2,zrc,'uipqext ilail 'x i`zayd,'mler ceqi wicv' xtq,uipqext ly extq lr 'nr,(1 dxrd lirl) zi`zayd dpen`d ceq 'i :e`x.exagn in rci `l oiicr f` la`,i`zay xtqdy giked eay,okl mcew xn`n qail azk :jeza qtcpe ay ; 'nr,(g"lyz) 1,zrc,'i`zay qezin - "mler ceqi wicv" xtq',qail 'nr,zi`zayd dpen`d ceq i`zayd ly eizenelg,l"pd ;808 'nr,'mdxa` ebieex' jxra,gztna,a,iav izay,mely :e`x,ebieex mdxa` 'x ly ecinlz ifpky` ikcxn 'x ly zenelgd qwpt xac lr :ifpky` ikcxn 'x yi',obiealpvw qgpt ly ditxbeiaehe`a mb mixkfp miipydy f` rci `l mely.u"xgz milyexi zr mybty (e oniq,my) cirn qgpt 'x.cxetqwe`a - sxbehe` - cigi ci azka dievnd,'oiligpn lr cnr iayz.'mdxa` ly`' mya xdefl ikcxn 'x yexit z` qitcdl ick eribd myl,`cxita edy c-b,zepetq,'n"z-d"lz zepyn ebieex mdxa` iaxl `tex xi`n iax zexb`' exn`nl gtqpa jk milyexi,a,dizegelye dlaw ixwg,l"pd :qtcpe ay ;lw-hkw 'nr,(xfy xtqî) (k"yz-h"iyz),oiligpn yi,obiealpvw qgpt :e`x.d`ltp dxecdna xtqd qtcp miizpia 'nr,b"pyz.dr-cr 'nr,my e`x,lirl zx`eznd dyibtd lr.e"nyz milyexi,clrt c"i zxecdn.m`lq`d zevx`a migeexd miwicvd igay z` ziphxtd dpigale ditxbeilaial siqedl yiy o`kn I. Goldziher, Veneration of Saints in Islam, Muslim Studies, II, London 1971, pp. :e`x [357]

6 6] ipiite` i`av yeal dlaiwe,micedi oeinc daidld milyexi z` xxgyl ick xacnd zexbi` l` zetr zerenye migay,zeiyrn etq`y,mixvep miigiyn mipin`n igeeica,odiazek ly aeygd mcnrn lre zexbi`d ly oaih lr,recik.evitdy dlenrzd eny mby enk,mely myxb od iwqplie ikcxn od ecnr xak,qeix`xiq xhit bele`zk cgein xeaig azky,mcxhqn`n l`xyi oa dypnk xeca lecb qpxt ly ezeaxernl al 23.df oiipra 'l`xyi dewn' onexl eyabzp,azkae dt lra mipey milka evetpy migaye zeiyrny dxwn df oi` iwipel`y) epic`la zg`,h"id d`na zexecdn dxyr yya zegtl zixara uetpy ely dpynd zxzeky,'iav zerxe`n' mya,(qetc zpy dxqg) yiciia zg`e,(`"lxz dleah,zipax zixeiv oeyla ziwqx`wit zizextq dxivi oin `ede,'zenelg ixetiq' oey`xd eqetce inipep` exagn df xtq.dtexi` gxfna dlkydd ziy`x ly wc ahexa.(oldl e`xe) c"rwz zpya `ed df xtqy ixri d`xd xak j`,1804 bxanl,jkl mcew oey`x qetc yi dxe`kl Îi`e mixtqd zgxad myl jk xg` mipy zexyr aeala e` `eewl`fa etiefy mixtqdn c"vwz zpya aeala qtcp d`xpky,siefnd qetcde oey`xd qetcd.qkn e` qn melyz,epiidc,'iaxrn' envr `xewd xagn ly zedbd,miqetcd x`yk `ly,millek,(1834) oiay zenglna bdep edf ik eaeha ipxird ifpky` l`eny.dwixt` oetv - axbndn xg` mewn ipak zefgzdl,mixg` l`xyi ipen` inely e`,miciqgd mdiaixil milikyn ecinlz,uxdpxhy ozp 'xl qgeiy,'ze`av 'd z`pw' xtqa jk.miwgxna mzecr zelzle,dwixt` oetv,epiidc,axrn ux`n ci azka exewny aezk exryae,alqxan ongp 'x ly 1804 zpyn 'iav zerxe`n' qteha myx mely.l`xyi ux`n opaxc gily icia ribdy mr deezyd `l j` oey`x qetcn qteh milyexia d`xy oiive,siefn `ed ik ezeyxay yxcnd zia ziixtqa eiykr `vnp df qteh.eci zgzn hnyede xignd lr mixtqd xken aexa ehnyedy,'iaxrn' ly zedbddn ueg ik,ce`n aeyg qteh edf.wxei eipa mipaxl oiive ifpky` l`eny `vn,xen`k,aeala siefnd qetcd z` `ivedle,mi`ad miqetcd i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd ziaay zixard ditxbeilaiad lrtn zqhxka gn mitcd ehnyed,dpey`xd dxecdnd z` `ivedl,zexecdnd x`y lkay,milyexia 24.`"r bp-a"r,(a"iyz) fi,oeiv,'e"kz-d"kz zepya zi`zayd drepzd lr miilbp` miqxhpew 'c',iwqplie 'n 'nr 'nr,`,iav izay,mely 'nr,h"nyz aia`îlz,l`xyi oa dypn,onxec 'n :e`x dpey`xd dxecdnd ly qitcnd `ed - dti l`xyi 'x c"ag yi` qetca c"rwz hqet`w oey`xd eqetc qetcd edf) c"vwz bxanl,d"rwz hqet`w :qtcp jk xg` - (d"rwz hqet`w) 'h"yrad igay' ly oievi.j"xz xinehi'f,x"z dyx`e,[h"vwz] bxaqbipw,g"vwz bxaqbipw,g"vwz dyx`e,(siefnd [358]

7 zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd [7,eilr jenql xyt`y ixehqid jnqn zpiga epi`y xeaigk exht melyy oiivl oiiprn 25,migayd ehlwpy ote`d ly bviin ea d`x `weec ileky` eli`e,ehhvn epi` ok lre ie`xk df xtq wcap `l dk cr.yeniy ea dyr okle,mdiyrne drepzd ixeaib zeclezk mixnega ynzyd dnk yigndl ick mdiaixie mi`zayd ly miixetiqd zexewnd znerl.ealn dca dnke mcaire mxfgn,mincew oiipr did diaixilk da mitzeyl xy`k,dkkye dxrqy drepza mixacn ep`y oeeik zeiecr hwll dyw,ezc xind dgiyny rbxd onl cgeina,zianet zegtl,dl ygkzdl miade` ly zecerze zeiecr jeza llkidl ekf migayd `weec,z`f mr.dilr zeaezk igay odae zexbi` evitd mip`ixel milaewny myk ynn,cere z`f.cg`k miaie`e 26 edipa mpn`.mi`zay eyr mb jk,zebdpde mipewizl sqep,mzxeage e"gxd,i"x`d `ed,aezk xewn lr eknqp,i"x`d igay z` evitdy,uipfxcn lnily 'x zexbi`y xaeq,d"pyz-c"pyz milyexi,a-`,ixard xtqd xve`,cxbepie 'i it lr `ed df itxbeilaia meyix ik cer zeievn milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd zia sqe`a.cala 1863Îa zeqtcd cr ribnd `ed epic`la xtqd meyix.o"xz my,b"nxz `yx`ee,`"lxz my,d"kxz bxanl :zexecdn rax` mixtqd zia sqe`a `vnp ef dxecdnn wzer.`"iyz aia`îlz,mixtq cwr zia,bxacixt c"g it lr ayg (220 'nr,[6 dxrd lirl] ze`zaye dlkyd) qqxe.milyexia i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld wcva yibxde xtqd z` x`iz `ed.seifd lr rci `l oiicre xzeia dnecwd `id 1804 zxecdny mihewil',ixri '` :e`x,miteifd oiipra.( 'nr,my) ilikyn izextq aevirl eixywa 'nr,(y"z) fi,xtq zixw,'aeala yip`f`x zicedi zipaxd ly dqetcîzia :el,miitxbeilaia.46 'qn 108 'nr,my - epxtq lre,97 'nr,my e`x,`eewl`fae aeala mixtq iteif lr `l oiicry ixn`na zizeaxzd dixehqida mnewne dl` mitiefn mixtq lr izazky dn e`x cer History of Print in the Nineteenth Century as a Source for the History of the :mqxtzd,d"nyz milyexi,l`xyi ifpb,aelcei 'i :e`x,'iav zerxe`n' xtqd lr.hasidic Movement,1757 'qn 263 'nr,my e`x,ze`av 'd z`pw xtq lr.my ztqep ditxbeilaiae,1277 'qn 205 'nr zhxetn zeqgiizd eae sqep xn`n qtcp,xn`nd zdbd jeza,dpexg`l.my ztqep ditxbeilaiae igaya zewace weaic',wxn 'v :e`x.'h"yrad igay' zkixr lr ezrtydle 'iav zerxe`n'l lhxa 'i,sq` 'c,qwh` 'r :jeza,'zeciqgd ziy`xa oerbiyd ly dibelepneptl zexrd :h"yrad milyexi,iwqplie ikcxn ly exkfl ycwen mixwgn uaew :miciqg ilbrna,(mikxer) xpiix '`e 'nr,q"yz zxrdk,zexewn lr zexrd xtqd gzta `vni,r 5035,mely sqe`ay siefnd qteha oiirnd ik m` xwira dnecd ipikid `"x ly "qik" lr xetiq' :(a"r f) ipikid mdxa` ly exetiq lr,my,ddinzd,u"y 'xe ekln 'i :qetca e`x,ok`e.'!dnpecd lv` jl jl 't lr i"ka `vnpd xetiql ely aihend ;anz-`nz 'nr,(xfy xtq=) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b,zepetq,'daeh iel dcedil "jl jl" yexit' my azek cer.iz-hz 'nr,my,'zei`zayd zezikd zg` ly zipgexd dzencl',u"y 'x :eeyde wiplrqn [!jk] seqilet sqei mkgd laewn za cakei dnye c`n [!jk] ziti dleza' xekf` lr mely.'dnpecd zxeqna mb' :'(a"r bk) zextq,qixb 'f ; ,90-41 'nr,f"kyz milyexi,i"x`d zeclez,(xicdn) edipa 'n :e`x,my 42 dxrde 'nr,o"yz milyexi,h"yrad ly eiciqg iiga dnewne dizeclez,zebdpdd 'nr [359]

8 8] 27 lk epl oi`e,zizxewia dxecdna edipa xicdd eze`y 'i"x`d zeclez' ly cid azk lkae.ozp e`iape iav izay igay ly edylk izeknq izextq xewn did ok`y dgked `weec dzehytzde drepzd zegztzd lr zizextqd zecra yi ifkxn mewn,z`f mii`zay ci iazka dvlnd `vn ik oiiv xak melyy,aeyg mewnd jk ick cr.migayl eiepik - eced mexi epkln eppec`] d"xin` igaya xtqiy in lk' ditly,`iapd ozp itn,h"yrad iciqgl zexiyi ribd o`kny ayge,'dakxn dyrna wqerk,[iav izay ly 28 igay' zqtcdl mcew uetp df mbzty izgked ip`e.'h"yrad igay' zncwda xteqnk dyrna wqerk miwicv igaya xtqiy in lk' :erawy,l"fgl qgeink,'h"yrad 29.'dakxn eidy xxazn?exared zeizextq zexev eli`ae,azka mii`zay migay evetp ji` ediryi icia dpwpe dlbzp eqwpty,ebieex mdxa`k,etq`y 'zereny' mnvrl eazky ly eziaa miaye mixaerd zniyxe,mixvw migaye zepexkif ihewil mqxt epnne,dpf 30 lr yye adlzn epi` envr `edy,ei`xewl dpf xiaqd dniyxd gzta.ebieex mdxa`,xwand ze`zay lr zi`ce di`x oi`y mewn lka ok lre,miycg mi`zay ly 'miielb' dpf ly exn`n ileya miievn dineyixy,mely ly ezng xxer jka.dfkk eze` dpn `l gqepl dl` migay deeyd xy`k,dpf ly eixac owize edipa `a eixg`.etqe`a ievnd 31.eicinlze (j"axd) odk oinipa 'x icia xzei uetpe ci iazka wzredy migay zrxkn drtyd,wcva,oiive j"axde ebieex iqwpta mdibeql migayd z` oiin edipa miqwpta mpkeze mii`zayd migayd aevir lr 'i"x`d igay'ay miaihene zeipaz ly `l`,migay cenile mixetiq hewila exvr `l ifpky` ikcxn ecinlze ebieex la`.dl` 32 xazqn,ok m`.mpexzt zaizka el xfr ebieex exene eizenelg z` azk mb ifpky` itn oia mixiyi zenelgk oia,mzvtde mzniyxl ilk mb md migay i`yepk zenelgy.my,edipa G. Scholem, The Neutralization of the Messianic Element in Early Hasidism, : e`x idem, The Messianic Idea in :jeza qtcpe ay ;JJS, XX ( ), p. 51 and notes Judaism, New York 1971, pp , notes dxrde 376 'nr,(m"yz) dp,xtq zixw,['jygpd xe`d',cbn 'n ly extq lr zxewia] qixb 'f :e`x.27 dxrd 255 'nr,(26 dxrd lirl) zebdpdd zextq,l"pd ;my 24 xtq=) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b,zepetq,'ebieex mdxa` iax ly eqwpta iav izay ipiipr',dpf 'i :e`x,'h"pz-h"lz zepya ebieex mdxa` iax ly eziaa miaye mixaer',l"pd ;hq-`n 'nr,(xfy.dvx-frx 'nr,(`"kyz) (dpf xtq) d,zepetq mdxa` iaxe odkd oinipa iax ly mdiqwptn zei`zay zereny',edipa 'n :e`x,oey`x meqxt,oeeia zi`zayd drepzd,l"pd :e`x,milw miiepiyae ;`r-h 'nr,(b"lyz) `,l`kin,'ebieex.dkwz-hnz 'nr,([g"lyz-`"lyz] c,oeei xtq ;ci,zepetq) b"lyz milyexi.(19 dxrd lirl) ifpky` ikcxn 'x i`zayd ly eizenelg,mely :e`x [360]

9 zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd [9 33 ly ekxc ikiynn mr.jli`e f"hd d`nd onl reci ipefg izextq xiykn `edy,cibn 34.ipikid mdxa` mb zi`zayd drepza dpnii ely 'zepeifg xtq'a mlegk e"gx dl`.ezxeyae giynd ly mirayen micde`e miade` ly miazkl yi envrl mewn meqxtl dkfy xtq,'l`xyi ipal oexkf' mya,fvx`n oeyxb oa jexa 'x icia mlerl e`ay 35,iwpew mdxa` 'x icin yi dl`k mitqep zepexkife,op`nixt oexd` icia epinia sqep lgd mixf iazkl elblbzdy zexeqnl cg` cvn,d`eeydl mipzip dl` mb.lirl xkfpy 36,xg` cvne,d`exwîdlîdc iztxvd ly efe,lirl xkfpy opew ihphqhextd xneka dyne ocnr awrik mixge`ne,yhxetyy awri 'xk,onfd ipa mdn,miaixi ixacl 37.fib`g z`xwl jxrp ely 'iav laep zviv xtq'y zenqxetnd on ixd,yhxetyy awril xy`a miiepiy eae xeviwk wx `l`,exagn inia qetcl ribd `l mlern la`,g"kza xak meqxt 38 azkn eli`e.xvwnd zeadlzd `lle xagnd ugla dyrpy xeviw,mihxte zecerza op`nixt zwzrd el e`vnp eplfnly,oiihyt` ci azk,ca`y cg` wzer cxy ixewnd cid ze`xl ozip xtqk xe`l iayz F`ivedyk.zipwiicd ux`eey dixkf zwzrde zyaeynd,yhxetyy ly dywe dxn zxewia jez zexbi`e miazmn migayd zexeqn ea ealey ji` 'nr,`,iav izay,mely :e`x,izfrd ozpe ipikid mdxa`k,mitqep mi`zayl eidy micibn lr 'nr,my :e`x,mixg` miyp`l eidy mitqep micibn lr.792,634,624,217,178,171, d`na zecibnd zrtez lr.(ebieex mdxa`l) ,(xev oa sqeil) ,(ield oinipal) 138.e"pyz milyexi,oxev 'i :mebxz,laewne dkld lra :ex`w sqei 'x,iwqaelaxe i"vx :e`x,f"hd sqei,edipa 'n :mb e`x.'mixyin cibn' extqn recid,jexr oglyd lra ly cibnd lr my e`xe,oeei xtq) `i,zepetq,'wvhih sqei 'x ly cibnd',mely 'b ;aiz-`vy 'nr,`"pyz milyexi,ixiga ly cibnd',edipa 'n :e`x,g"id d`na l"gnx ly cibnd lr.aiw-fq 'nr,(g"lyz-`"lyz) (` zixwgn dcear dvegp oiicr ik oievi.ely-fvx 'nr,(`"kyz) (dpf xtq) d,zepetq,'l"gnx,`xnbd ixetiqa lew zepae mifexka lgd,minyd on zelewd z` oiit`l ick zixehqide zizextq dagxda eiykr azk eilry,'zelkidd iwxt' seqa xkfpd dxezd xyk mixye mik`lna jynd M. Swartz, Scholastic Magic: Ritual and Revelation in Early Jewish Mysticism, Princeton,.mda epxaicy micibna dlke,nj dxrda lirl xkfpd 'nr,b"rxz oilxa,iav izay ipipr,(xicdn) op`nixt '` Chevalier de La Croix, Memoires du sieur de La Croix contenans diverses relations : e`x tres-curieuses de l Empire ottoman... 2, II, Paris 1684, pp E. Carlebach, The Pursuit of Heresy: Rabbi Moses Hagiz and the : e`x,fib`g dyn lr Sabbatian Controversies, New York 1990 lr.en-bi 'nr,`ean,c"iyz milyexi,iayz 'i zxecdn,iav laep zviv xtq,yhxetyy awri zi`zayd drepzd cbp qenletd llegn :yhxetyy awri iax,l`ien '` :e`x,yhxetyy yi`d M. Goldish, Rabbi Jacob Sasportas: ;a"pyz milyexi,dkldd oehly ornl eiwa`ne Defender of Torah Authority in an Age of Change, M.A. Thesis, The Hebrew University, Jer usalem [361]

10 10] dywd eite`l mb `l`,zi`lp izla zn` zticxl wx `l wcva Dxyw iayzy zxewia 39.eiwa`n ixywd it lr,cg`k micicie miaie`,miyp` itlk enrh dpiyy yi`d ly ezeiyw yxiy,ocnr awri,xzei xge`nd,xg`d xeaibl yhxetyy dnec,oaenk,jka eqetc `ed,zeizextqd eizengln myl cgein qetc miwdl ul`pe,iav mkgd,eia`n jk xg`e ci azka zewzrd onvrl zecner 'iav laep zviv' beqn miazk cvl.dpehl`a 40.onxad n"` mqxty zexbi`k,migay ly zeteq` odae zexbi` ly qetca zllekd,dxiyl yi dkeza cgein mewn.migayd zextq zniizqn `l jka j` ly zexrd ziieela y`ih` dyn `ived gayd zxiyn mly xtq.mipey mipinn zegayz ozeeydl yi dl`.zeycg zegayze zexiy zelere zetv mrt icne,mely myxb 43 oirn deednd,qiqp`xt l`epnre awri mig`d ly 'gcen iav' dxivia zizxewia dxiyl icia migaya yeniyk,ezlily cvn dxiya gayd sewiyl ilk `edy cbp lwyn.dfexta ocnre yhxetyy 44,xacd wegx oiicr j`,cg` qetxewl migayd i`vn lk z` seq`l uilnd edipa mpn` iyrn mze`a zexfge miiepiy,zeielitk hrn `l yi,lirl xdaede mbcedy itk oky zexewn mitv mb mrt icn.miaixi e` micici hrn,mzvtd ly zepeyd zeipaza gay 45.iav oa oeknl eribdy eiilix`n` le`y ly cid iazk sqe`a enk,miycg.hk-bk 'nr,`ean,my,iayz,'zi`zayd drepzd oiipra miazkn ihewil' :a,'ze`zayd cbp qenletd zeclezl',onxad n"`.ehx-fx 'nr,(`"yz) a zxaeg,(bi) b xtq,dycg dxcq,ci lr uaew 'b :mixe`iae zexrd ;y`ih` 'n :cid azkn mebxze dwzrd,mi`zayd ly zegayze zexiy xtq miyl yi o`k.g"yz aia`îlz,iavîoa 'i :cid iazke iwipel`ya mi`zayd zk lr dncwd ;mely.ihqin xeaib zenc zehhxyne zeavrnd zegayzl cgeina al xtq=) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b,zepetq,'qxtn ci azka ze`zayd lr zecerze miheit',edipa 'n :e`x 'nr,(c"yz zekeq) h oeilib,a jxk,gxfnd cd,'zi`zay dqpnex',y`ih` 'n ;ck-h 'nr,(xfy,y`ih` 'n :e`x cer.8 'nr,my,'zi`zayd dqpnexd ly ixehqidd dpkezl',iavîoa 'i zxrde,8 ic y`ltpew',l"pd ; 'nr,(g"iyz lel`) f,zxagn,'ifpky` `hana i`zay heit' zecerz',eiilix`n` '` ;elwz-dkwz 'nr,(xfy xtq) (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b,zepetq,'epipec` cegii xiy.hnx-flx 'nr,(`"kyz) (dpf xtq) d,zepetq,'eiilix`n` le`y iax ifpbn zei`zay 'nr,dkw oniq,(e"lyz oqip) (gv) ai zxaeg,g dpy,dxez xe` :e`x,yecwd i"x`l qgeiy,i`zay.dqz-hpz lk,dep 't :eeyde 'nr,(d"nxz) `,ci lr uaew,'gcen iav',qiqp`xt l`epnre awri 'nr,h"kyz milyexi,yiqp`xt awri ixiy,`vnpy sqep ycg ci azky oiivn `ed my,gi 'nr,(31 dxrd lirl) 'zei`zay zereny',edipa :e`x mixetiq e`xe.1807 oniq,iav oa oekna eiykr xeny,iletixhn oetlk mdxa` iaxl 'miwicv dyrn','m`cxhyn`n `pcpa` `hyew ic mdxa` ci azka mii`zay mixetiq',ik`ln 'v `vny mitqep 'nr,(h"lyz) gn,uiaxz (k"yz-h"iyz) c-b,zepetq,'efecx`w ly zeitxbeiaehe` zexb`',eiilix`n` '`e ekln x"i :e`x.crx-flx 'nr,(42 dxrd lirl) eiilix`n` ;`nx-btw 'nr,(xfy xtq) [362]

11 zi`zayd migayd zextq zxcbd [11.zi`zayd dibele`zae yexca gayd ly eaeliye ezrtyd `ede aeyg oiipr cer xzep yexc'a iccd` zeaaxern zip`ixel ceq zxeze ditxbeiay jk lr mely cnr xak 46 cg`k xagny aidxn azk miiwl` mdxa` xicdd dpexg`le.`iapd ozpl 'mipipzd 47.xrhtrdlxrt xra 'x z`n giynd ly diipyd ezcil lr gaye qezin,yexc xzei erwzyp micde`e mipin`n zeaalay oeghia ly dax dcina xryl ozip,oaenk ik mely azk xak.ozp `iapd ly zkaeqnd dibele`zd xy`n ze`ltpe miqp ixetiq exe`ia cre 'mdxa` d`xn' dqtilwet`d zaizka ezelirt ziy`xn,ozp ly eizerc z`f lkae.'d`ixad xtq' z` exeaigl mcew daxd,xzeia zeipktdn eid,'mipipzd yexc'a 'mipipzd yexc'a `exwl ekfy dlebq icigi elit`y dgked lk epl oi`e ldwa evetp `l dl` 48.eixac ly zkld zewigxn zeiernzydle exagn zrc seql ecxi iciqg ixaca ixehqidd xad on dcb`d oaz z` cixtdl ziaxn zepicra dqip mely on`p ixehqid xe`iz zzl ick dyr z`f.mz` miqnltznd ixacae,ozp e`iape iav izay lk dvaew `l oiicr,z`f mr.dipin`n iyrne drepzd zegztzdl xyt`y dnk cr migay zextql dzeeydl ick,mely ly epeyla zi`zayd dcb`d,migayd zextq.onfd zae zncew zicedi diqhpte onexd ziy`x z` zpiit`nk lirl dpievy,ze`wztxde dcicp ly zizextq zxbqn xa oerny ixetiqn - dzenka dphwd,zicedid migayd zextq z` deeln,iwqx`witd,'jea dyrn'a fpky` iciqg ixetiq,xdefd xtq ly zixetiqd zxbqnk ezxeage i`gei.zi`zayd migayd zextqa mb dzrtedl mcew - ezxeage 'i"x`d igay' xge`n xzeie,dpikyd icecp mr wicvd icecp zxeqn z` xnynd aihend `ed raw aihen ef zextqa 49.'xdfd ipewz'a exewny igayk,eiyrn lr `ed ezecr len xeaibd igay zeeydl epicia yi zewegx mizrl 50 in.xg` mewna iznbcd mdipia ipeyd z`y,'aeh lbrn' erqn onei znerl `"cig ly zerenyd qwpta aezkl oze` deeyie efecx`w ly zeitxbeiaehe`d zexbi`a `xwiy gwl cenll lkei `l,ebieex zepexzte,ifpky` ikcxn,ecinlz zenelg xtqle ebieex.my 2 dxrde 150 'nr,iav izay,mely 1,dlaw,'xrhtrdlxrt xra 'xl miycg miielib,giynd ly diipyd ezcil',miiwl` '` :e`x gztnd it lr,(17 dxrd lirl) ze`zay ixwgn,mely :e`x,yi`d lr cer 'nr,(e"pyz) 'nr,ekxra gztnd it lr,b"pyz milyexi,b,dizegelye dlaw ixwg,iayz 'i ;758 'nr,ekxra 'nr,iav izay,mely :e`x,wicvd zeriqp lr.a"r `,dncwd,g"lyz milyexi, 2 zeilbxn 'x zxecdn,xdfd ipewz :e`x 'nr,(26 dxrd lirl) zebdpdd zextq,qixb 'nr,(1994) b,`xeh,'h"yrad igaya oeire oeicl zencwd :dixehqidl zextq oia',qixb 'f zexrd 176, [363]

12 12] ed`xn znerl `ixnn `edyk xeaibd d`xp cvike ize`ivnl ihqhptd oia dn lr mieqn 51.ze`ivnd rwxw lr eilbxyk daxdl mipken eid,dnifne dnif,diihqe gay ixetiq ehlwy zexecdy il d`xp enk,iav izay iyrn lr mi`ltend mixetiqd on `l eybxzd `le,ze`ivna miiepiy 52 wdaen cbpzn zecr oeira `xewd.dikxc jexiya dny`edy ziyilyd ezbef iyrn mcxhqn`a ldwd z` zeaidlnd zeieygxzdd wteca yegi,xfer x"a ail 'xk,lekiak did dligzkl eli`k mdn rnzyny mixac ezixg`a myxe afkpy cr,eze` mb d`xpke.izxewiae ipwtq i`zayd oiiprl eqgi ditly,ozp zrc ik rawy mely myxb mr mikqdl xyt` iige dreyz dpwnd izc jxrk dxezd zeevn meiwa dielz dpi`y dxedhd dpen`d eli` dl mitvn epiidy daebz dze` llk dxxer `l [...] oin`nl `ad mler od :`wr `ce.zepekp eid zexvpe zecdi ly 'ozedn' lr zeiteqeixehqidd zercd 'xzen' dn weica mirceid dl`d miipxcend mideabd mixeaicd lk.zepekp opi` xzeia miwtwetn,zipgex dpigan 'icedi' edne 'ixvep' edn,`l dne zecdid leaba dl oi`y,zihnbfc dxcbd itîlr rawp `l,mieqn xeca 'zecdi' dzid dn [...] enikqd l`xyiîipen`îinelyy dn iciîlr `l`,zixehqidd ze`ivnl qgi lk 53.mpnfa ixyt`k edeayg e` eilr ikcxn ly extq lr efecx`w z`n dkxrde zxewia) bx-ax 'nr,my.45 dxrda lirl exkfpy zexbi`.('mdxa` ly`',ifpky` 'nr,iav izay,mely :e`x,zegt zeiecade zeiecad zexeqnle oiiprd lkl.230 'nr,my [364]