שתי היסטוריות של רגשות אשם

Átírás

1 שתי היסטוריות של רגשות אשם ניטשה ופרויד על היהדות הקדומה והמעבר לנצרות יניי שפיצר ciwtz `lin micedid axwa miizce miixqen miieeiv lye my` zeybx ly cak qner oeinc ieewe ef dprh.zecdid jezn zexvpd dclep ekldnay ixehqidd jildza rixkn ebivd mze`y dwizrd zra zicedid dixehqidd ly miaihxpl mitzeyn mixg` miax mibedd ipy eazky mixe`izd ly iz`eeyd gezip jxrp epiptly xn`na.ciexte dyhip zeybx,zeizc zexenz,zeipicn zeielylzyd oia rivd mdn cg` lky mixywd mipecpe mirexi`a d`exd ztzeyn dyib yi mixe`izd ipy ceqia.zeipgex zeiegztzde,my`.dixehqidd ly milecbd mikldnl ceqid z` miiytp ile` mixyewn (1900±1844) dyhip jixcixte (1939±1856) ciext cpenbif ly mdizeny zil`ehwlhpi` dfrdl,jxc zvixtl zipxcend zebdd ly dixehqida xg` my lkn xzei ly zepeirxd mler lr mdipyl drcepy drtydd zeaiyga hirndl dyw ;zeixewnle zepya dtitg dziid `l,lecb did `l mdipia mi`libd xrty s`.mixyrd d`nd `l onf eixtq z` mqxtl lgd ciext :mipey zexec ipy ipa eid md dyrnle,mzelirt dyhip did oday dxivi zelehp mipy xyr xg`l rxi`y zeen,dyhip ly ezen iptl ax zivgnn xzei dcixtn mdipiay zexewn ipya weqr` xn`na.sexihae ipgex mecnca iexy zeaxz' qxewd zxbqna miidy` oaihq xeqtextl dybedy zipeixpinqîext dcear it lr caer df xn`n *.a"qyz,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d,'1914±1870 dtexi` 75 Ÿ [היה היה, במה צעירה להיסטוריה, גיליון 5 (תשס"ו), עמ' 97±75]

2 xvity iipi 76,jk m`.ezen zpya xe` d`x xy`,ciext ly oexg`d extqe dyhip ly eiazk :d`nd zrd belelit,ihphqhext xnek ly epa,dfed seqelit eze` oia oeinc ytgl epl dn ircn megz ly egztn,`texe orcn envra d`xy,dpie yi` lleaznd icedil,dwizrd df dcnrdd ik xxazi ekldnay ipxeaqe,eite`a iz`eeyd df xn`n ok it lr s`?ycg oeincdn `weec dler ddinzd ile`e,zpiiprne dtwz miwgexnd miccvd ipy ly df cbpk 1.mdipiay wgxnd s` lr lawznd axd zecdidn xarnd ly dxe`kl miixehqidd mixe`izd ipy oia `id epiptly d`eeydd zecdid ly dzexveeid xetiq z` ciext qxt oexg`d extqa.mibedd ipy iazka zexvpl begd zepexcqna zeidz xxerl dieyrd zepyxta zexvpd ly dziilr cr mixvn z`ivin zeaiygde eivn`n,eizeprh ly zrcend zeiaihlewtqd zexnl.l`xyi mr zeclezl xe`izd.xiee`a zepeirx ly zinzq dgxtda ea xaecnd oi`y micirn xtql qgiiy mewnd wdaen ote`a cenri gezipd cwenae zibelekiqtd ezxez jeza wenr rehp ixehqidd.minid ixaca mc`d ytp xe`iza ciext bivdy dixehqidd ly xidae izhiy xe`iz `iad `l `ed.dpey dxeva riten dyhip ly exe`iz eazkpy eiazk ipt lr zexfetn eizeprh ;zexvpl dpnn xarnd lye dnecwd zecdid ly bivdy zixehqidd zipaza cg` cvn d`eeydd jxevl izynzyd okl.mipyd jxe`l.mi`lhd jezn izakxd eze`y,dyhip ly eiazkn raepd liawn xe`iza xg` cvne ciext xtqnd ixehqid wxtke xyt`d lkk yaebn aihxpk cinrdl iziqip dyhip ly exe`iz z`.zexvpl dpnn xarnd lye dnecwd zecdid ly dxetiq z` zehytd.mibedd ipy iazka oeird jildza dl izyxcpy dhiya lcad yi jk meyn eizeprh lr oeicde,zepadîi`l ax mewn dxi`yn dpi` ezxiwq z` bivn ciext day jk `l.hytd jxc lr odil` qgiizdl lw jkitl,`xwpd zpad ly zeira lr aeqp epi` mday mipeyd mixywdd llbae ezaizk ly ltxernd diite` llba.dyhip lv` xacd okl.dil`n zpaen dpi` elv` yaebn aihxp ly eneiw zgpd mvr,zeriten eizexrd oian ip` recn xzei `ln hexita izxaqde zeax izhhiv,eiazk ly zepyxta izxfrp.mpian ip`y itk mixacd z`.mdly zeitxbeiaa e` mdizepeeka,miiyi`d mdiripna weqrln oeekzna izrpnp oeica `weec driavn zixwgnd zextqd aex,jtdl :mdixac okezl mihpeelx mpi` dl`y `l erawy miripnd lre mdn cg` lk ly ezebdl ezeiyi` oiay wdaend xiyid xywd lr epiptly znvnevnd zxbqna j` ;zexvpde zecdid ly dixehqidd xe`izl mqgi z` jetyl dieyr mihqwhd oia dxiyi d`eeydy dgpd jezn,mdixac okeza cwnzdl izxga df oi`.ciext it lr dixehqidd xe`iz dxvwa `aen oey`xd wxta.mdizexez lr xe` dprhn wlgk `l` envrlyk `aen epi` dfk xe`iz xtqa oky,xtqd ly mly mekiq

3 77 ly eiazkn izakxdy zixehqidd dfzpiqd zbven ipyd wxta.bivn ciexty zillk z` zvnzl oeiqipa df cbpk df mixe`izd ipy z` izcnrd iyilyd wxta.dyhip.xyt`d zcina mdizeceqi ziyep`d ytpd ixzqn jez l` xwg winrdl,ezhiyl cg` lk,eqip ciexte dyhip mirexi` lre mc`d ly zilbpd ezebdpzd lr dly zxzqpd zeakxend zrtyd z` reawle ipy exyiw zexvpl xarnde dnecwd zicedid dixehqidd xe`iza.swid iagx miiyep`,dnec dyib jk jezn etyge miixehqid mikildzl mzedna miiytp mikildz mibedd cg` lk oiad ji` xxa` igkepd xn`na.'zibelekiqt dixehqidîece`qt' dxicbdl ozipy dfd xywd zervn`a cg` lk yxit cvike dixehqidl dibelekiqtd oia xywd z` mdn.zeizce zeipgex,zeixqen zertez א. היהדות הקדומה והמעבר לנצרות לפי פרויד Der Mann Moses und die) 'cegiid zpen`e yi`d dyn' oexg`d extq z` mqxt ciext xg`l,ezen iptl xvw onf,oecpela ezelba 1939 zpya (Monotheistische Religion xtq `l` zeircn zexnei lra ihilp`ekiqt xtq df did `l dxe`kl 2.miax miqeqid zel`yd ewqr okle,mikxten xtqa dlrdy miperihdy exaq mi`xewd ziaxn.ixehqid zeraepd zeiernynae dfk xtq `weec aezkl ciext z` eripdy zeaiqa xtqd lr el`ypy 'cegiid zpen`e yi`d dyn'a `.envrciextlyzedfdziiralrzel`yelrokenk.epnn xarnd lye zecdid ly dzexveeid jildz ly laewn izlae ipktdn xe`iz `ian ciext dxwna od ezeygxzdl zeixehqidd zeiecrdy mly jildza my xaecn.zexvpd l` dpnn `l` xe`izd ly izcaerd swezd zkxrd ziibeql qgiiz` `l o`k.ce`n zeyelw aehd 3.eppiiprl ihpeelxy dn zybcd jezn dxvwa eze` `ia` 4 "אם היה משה איש מצרי..." d`na,dxyrîdpenyd zlyeyd inia.mixvn z`ivi jezn dxvep zecdid :ciext xn` dk jildzd a.oz` ilqxaipe`d l`d oglet qelipd ux`a hytzd,dxitqd iptl dxyrîrax`d mdizeawray,dtewz dze`a zixvnd dixtni`d ly miglvend miyeaika xeyw did mdixtqa `yepa ihpeelx oeic `evnl lkei oda oiiprznd `xewd.igkepd xn`na zepecp opi` el` zel`y xg` yetigl daeyzk xtqd z` qtz inlyexi :(1998) oiihypxa cx'vix lye (1991) inlyexi miig sqei ly mr ciext ly zedcfdl iehiake,mzernyn z` mica`n miizcd mipkzd eay ipelig mler jeza zecdid zedn.oeeik eze`a xtqd zece` oeica jiynd oiihypxa.ef zedn a `la miixvnd zenyd lk o`k mi`aen okl,dreci dpi` dwizrd zixvnd dtya zerepzd ziibd jxc.extqa ea xga ciext mbe,athen `ed l`d my ly laewnd zei`d.cewip `

4 xvity iipi 78 mr ddefn epi`y l`a jxevd xabzde f` cr egeexy zeinewnd zeiedl`d ly opxw dcxi `ed.oz`îog`l eny dpiyy,iriaxd szgîoen` drxt gtih oz` oglet z`.mieqn xef` dqitz dlrde zixvnd zcd z` dpiit`y dibnl diihpd z`e oen` l`d oglet z` `kic.mfi`zepen ± ilqxaipe`e cigi l` miiw ditly zedel` ly dycg zcd ipdek icia zncewd dpen`d ly dnil` divxehqx dygxzd oz`îog` zen xg`l cr.opk lr eayed zepyid zepen`de,dnxetxd dwgnp mipy zexyr dnk jez ;dpyid dcewpa mle`,ef dtewz zece` mipeixehqidd axwa laewnd rcid lr ciext qqazd dk z` gztl lgde miixvn z`ivi oiae dl` mirex` oia zxyewd dycg dxryd dlrd `ed ef zca weacl jiynde dkelnd zgtynl axewn didy ixvn liv` did dyn :eizexryd z` hilyd `ed,ezc z` sweza dzgcy divxehqxd xg`l,dxxa zila.zihqi`zepend.miipctwd eiweg lr oz` oglet z` eilr dtke qelipd ux`a okyy iny mr lr envr.ebxde ea cxn,ezxxya q`n df j`,mixvnn ycgd enr z` `ived dyn lra xg` iny mr ipa eidy,mipiicnd oiae dyn ly enr oia cegi` lg xzei xge`n ipy oia ybtnd zeawra.dedi ipwleed l`a epin`dy,dyn ly enrl zipz` daxiw dcina aexw did ipey`xd alyay,zexeqnd izy ly cegi`,ycg oglet xvep minrd.cge`nd mrd ly l`l jtd dedie,gkyp hrnk dyn idel`.dedi ly epgletl dax ozip `l jkitle cxtpd exar z` xizqdl ywia cg`zdy mrd ly mixvn `vei xeaivd lra rexi` mrd xear did dyn gvx,jkn aeyg ;daezkd zxeqna iehia dyn idel`l jk ick cr `eypn cak ryt dziid,dne`d ia`,dyn zbixd.zeihne`xh zeiernyn `l xkf epnn xzep `le,ziveaiwd drcezdn wgnpe xzqed gvxd.ewigcdl gxkd didy ektd dcak dk dny`n hlnidl xyt` i`y oeeikn j`.dielbd zxeqna `le miaezka.zexecl l`xyi ipa ly mziieedn cxtp izla wlgl mixzqpd my`d zeybx היהדות מכיבוש הארץ ועד ישו ly efl dznce dkld ezence,miipiicnd eipiit`n z` dbxcda dedi cai` onfd selg mr megzy ilqxaipe` l`,mixg` mil` ly mneiw z` lleyd cigi l`l jtd `ed.dyn idel` icedid mra xgay l`l did `ed,dyn idel`k `ly.mieqn mewnl laben epi` ezklnn jildz.zeevn miiwl epnn yxc dxenzae mrd ly elxebl be`cl jiynd mbe enr zeidl,dyn ly ekxc ikiynn,mipdekd eid einfei.mipy ze`n jx` l`d ly ezenc iepiy aexiwle dedi oglet zcgkd ornl zeaiwrae zfvxgp englpe exkf z` idylk jxca exniyy.zixewnd dyn zc l` micedid zpen` eavn xe`l zetvl xyt`y dn z` zn`ez dpi` ilqxaipe`e cigi l`l dedi ly ezkitd dkelnd lye ux`d yeaik ly dlecbd ztewz xg`l.dtewz dze`a l`xyi mr ly ihiletd

5 79 zeixtni`d e`a ef xg` efa.zipicn zexcxcid ly dywe dkex` dtewz dribd zncwend,edecinyde eze` elbd,edegvip,eilr exv,l`xyi mra englpy,qxte laa,xey` ly gzity jlnd ly sewiyk clep oz`îog` ly ilqxaipe`d l`d.leage dken xzep `ede drtydd inegz da ellkpy,ezklnn ly sewiyke ± leki leke wfg,lecb ± epglet z` zedel`d z` ycwle zinewnd zedel`d oeirx z` leqtl daiig `id okle miax mil` ly l`a l`xyi ipa ewac recn,ze`ivnd dzpzydyn,ciext l`ey,mle`.zilqxaipe`d mdilil` z` mdiptn ewliq dl`k zepeq` eegy miax minr ixd?dpen` dpyna dfd,zilqxaipe`e dcigi,dleki lek zedel`a dpen` eavn dfy mr envrl gzti recn.eaifkdy zeiegztzdd?ma xgay l` eze` okid?mlxebl zb`ec mb `id `l` eipaa dxga wx `ly.xaqd odl `evnl yie,zeixehqidd zeiegztzdd zexnl `et` erxi` zeizcd ly ezc xeniya `ed icedid mfi`zepend xewny wiqdl gxkd d`ex ciext jk jezn ly zizcd zegztzdd z` zibelekiqt dpigaa ogea `ed.zirah zegztzda `le dyn gvx :cigi mc` ly eiig z` ogea `edy myk zexvpd ziy`x cr dyn ztewzn micedid dnr ccenzdl xyt` did `l oey`xd alyay,d`xep dne`xh,a` gvx oirn did dyn uavae wgcend dlr jyenne ih` jldna.dzgnp `l j` dwgced ± oihelgl dwgced `ide zyxena exnzyp ezgivx xkfe dyn zc.dax dnvra envr z` dtke dgkyd iltxr jezn wigcde ezeclia dne`xh xary mc` lv`y myk ;'rcen `l'l dzeeydl ozipy znvnevn dpen`l dziide dyn zc dxfg jk,minid zeaxa eilr zhlzyne zxfeg dne`xhd dze` ly mfi`zepend,wgcend ly ezxfg `l` epi` icedid mfi`zepend.icedid mrd ly zgeexd.ezc z`e icedid mrd ly ezenc z` mipy itl`l raiwy `ed yi`d dyn jkitl.dyn zc dqitza.zeipgexd zbxca zencwzda,ciext it lr,zpiite`n zecdid jk lr sqep zecr yi ("[...] jl dyrz `l") inybk ezqitz lr xeqi`ae zedel`d ly zhytend zxkip dxngd `id zihqi`zepend zcd zernyn.zeipyegd ipt lr zeipgexd ztcrdl mdizeinc oday zenecw zezcn dpeya) zedel`d on zeipind ly dwgxd,xvid yeaika,zicedid dpen`d zeceqin `edy,xvid yeaik.(zeipine zeinyb od zel`de mil`d ly jezn ipteb wetiq envrn rpen mc`d xy`k.zeipgexd zcin zencwzda zexiyi xeyw zxnd lr deevnd xqend znxy lkk.ipgex wetiqn zitelg d`pd witn `ed inipt ieeiv zizeaxze zipgex dnx l` mcwzn mc`d jk,xzei dxingn ipgex wetiqa inybd wetiqd.zeaxzae wega ze`xtd z` silgn `ed,zyakp ezenil`,mi`kecn eixvi.xzei ddeab dipin`n ly zeipgexde xvid yeaik znx okl,xzei wfg zicedid zca ixqend ieeivd.xzei ddeab ciext it lr zcd zeclez xaqdl rbep ixqend ieeivd zxngdl mfi`zepend oia xywd oiivl aeyg 5.e`elna eilr xefgl mewnd o`k `le,'ea`he mheh' xeaiga `aen `edy itk

6 xvity iipi 80 אחן אתן נפרטיטי "פרעה אחן אתן" מלך בשנים 1350±1367 לפנס"ה. בשנת 1887 נתגלתה בתל אל עמארנה, כ 280 ק"מ מדרום לקהיר, עיר הבירה שהוא הקים: אחנת אתן. הוא הקימה לאחר שנטש את הבירה הקודמת תביי על רקע הרפורמה הדתית שהנהיג והמעבר מפולחן האל אמון לפולחן אל השמש אתן. יורשו של אחן אתן היה חתנו (אולי היה אף בנו) הצעיר תות אנך אתן אשר מלך בשנות הראקציה של כוהני אמון, ואשר כאות הזדהות עם הדת הקדומה נטש את העיר החדשה ושינה את שמו לתות אנך אמון. בשנת 1912 נתגלתה בתל אל עמארנה הסדנה של פסל חצר המלוכה, ובה דיוקנאות רבים של בני משפחת המלוכה. פסלה הצבוע של נפרטיטי, אשת אחן אתן, נחשב לאחד היפים ביותר שנשארו מן העולם העתיק (מצוי כיום במוזיאון המצרי בברלין, ראה תמונה). שמו של אותו פסל היה 'תותמוסיס', שם מצרי נפוץ שפרויד התייחס אליו כאשר טען למקורו המצרי של השם משה (משה האיש ואמונת היחוד, עמ' 10). פריט מזויף מאוספו הפרטי של פרויד ± תחריט אבן בסגנון תקופת מלכות אחן אתן. פרויד החזיק באוסף של כאלפיים פריטים ארכיאולוגים מיוון, רומא, המזרח הקדום, הודו וסין. אחד מהם היה תחריט אבן מתל אל עמארנה שרכש בחנות עתיקות וינאית, אשר תיאר פקיד מצרי שידיו מושטות קדימה בהערצה. פרויד דק ההבחנה, שהאמין כי חשף את הסילוף הגדול של ההיסטוריה של עם ישראל, כשל בזיהוי הזיוף שבתוך ביתו: ככל הנראה היה התחריט מעשה ידיו של אקסן אסלניאן, ארמני יליד יוון שפעל במצרים, בברלין ובהמבורג והתמחה בזיוף עתיקות אל עמארנה.

7 81 xear opekn rexi` didy,oencwd a`d gvx ly mecwd rexi`a `ed xywd xewn ik wx exvi dny`d zeybx j`,wgced gvxd xkf ;eipa icia gvxp oencwd a`d.dlek zeyep`d jk xfge xabzd wgcendy lkk.a`d ly enewn z` silgdy izcîixqen ieeiv ei`v`va,xzei wfg dyrp xvid yeaik,xzei xingn dyrp ixqend ieeivd,dny`d ybx mvrzd zeipgexde (mc` zenc l` dig zencn dlblbzd ezenc) oencwd a`l xzei dnec dyrp l`d leblb `l` dpi`y,zihqi`zepend zca `ed jildzd ly e`iy.zeipyegd ipt lr dtcred znvr oia wecdd xywd o`kn.leki leke cigi ilqxaipe` l`a oencwd a`d ly ezenc zenc,dyn gvx.zeipgexa zencwzdde my`d zeybx,mfi`zepend,izcîixqend ieeivd,ieeivd jkitl.micedid ly mpetvn lr uaxy sqep a` gvx did,icedid mrl a` ziqgi xzeia zedeabd zenxl eribd l`xyi mr ly zeipgexde xqend,my`d,mfi`zepend.zeyep`d x`yl המעבר לנצרות ezenc mpn`.e`elna `l j`,xfg wgcend.`iyl `et` eribd micedid ly my`d zeybx dynlygvxddyrnj`,xengmfi`zepenzxevaexfgdynlyezceoencwda`dly jezn,ciext it lr.ea xikdl e` zrcd lr ezelrdl xyt` did `ly cr `xep dk did,yxetna `l.a`d gvxa dxikde zexvpd d`a my`d zeybx ly laqp izlad qnerd dny` ± 'oencwd `hg'd zervn`a,oitiwra `l`,zlaqp izla dziid efk dxkd oky z` d`ian zexvpd mb o`k.zeyep`d xgyn lekd lr zvaexd zltxern ziaihwlew `l` ;lekd i`hg zxtkl rytn sgd eyi alvp dxe`kl ditl xy`,ziaihwlewd dxtkd.ezailva,oad zyprda `l` dxtk el oi`,eipa icia a`d gvx did `hgdy oeeik,dyrnly ly micxend eipa mewn z` epa eyi silgn jk oencwd a`d mewn z` silgn l`dy myk dny`d on llkd z` dwpn ezyprde,mipad ly m`hg oeera zn oad eyi.oencwd a`d.a`d gvx ly ziaihwlewd `ed.zizcd zegztzdd jldn z` milyd qeqx`z yi` qele`t gilyd,mieqn oaena wgcend ly d`lnd dtiygd z`e oz` zc ly zhlgend zeilqxaipe`d l` dxfgd z` xyt` zeevne l`xyi mr ly ezexgap oeirx :zicedid dpen`a mihpnl` ipy lr xezie zervn`a a`d ly ezcn zbql a`d gvxa d`ced jezne zexkfid jezn zexvpd dlki zrk.dlind zettexzd dlg dn`zdae,my`d zeybx qner zgted d`lde o`kn.ea cxny oad zc l` eid `l miyecwd lye m`d ly mdizeience yecwd yeliyd.zihqi`zepend zrnyna ieeivde,zcl excg miihqi`zilete miibn zeceqi.mil`d ieaix ly dxfgl deeqn `l` zeybxne ixqend ieeivdn dxeg` dbiqp zexvpl xarnd did zipgex dpigan.lwed ixqend.ytpd lr dlwdd l`e mfi`ziletd l`,zeipyegd l` ± my`d

8 xvity iipi 82 ב. היהדות הקדומה והמעבר לנצרות לפי ניטשה ניטשה והיהודים zxev,ixehqidd exe`izae eiperih zbvda ciext ly zizhiyde dcgd ekxcl cebipa xarnd z`e dnecwd zecdid z` ezqitz ly dxida dpad lr dywn dyhip ly ezaizk mixywda mi`aen mixacd ;mixtqe mitirq ipt lr xfetne rhewn xetiqd.zexvpl dpnn dyhipiazkmeqxtf`n,jklxarn.edpynz`cg`dmixzeqmdikd`xpmizrlemipey mixeaiga xzeia migikyd mibyend cg`.zeiepyxt ly lecb oeebnl gzt mda xzep,eketide xac xne`e xfeg `ed eli`k dncp ± 6 'zeihpleeian`' `ed ezxez z` x`al miqpnd llkn `vei epi` micedil dyhip ly eqgi.zernynîec eixaca yiy gipdl iezitd lecbe `evnl xyt` epnf ipa minyihp` lr zeyxetn zetwzd cvae llde gay ixac cva ;df `.dz`pya edeniy`d miaxy `lt oi`e,zecdid lr sixg bxhwn miax zenewna dyhipa dpi` daiwr dcnra wifgn epi` dyhipy dheytd dpwqnd,zeaexw mizrl mle` miixwn il mi`xp mpi` zecdid itlk oibexiql migayde zevnydd.eixacn zaiigzn zepey zetewz oiae mipey mihpnl` oia ezhiya oigan `xewd m` icnl miiawr `l` dpada ihphqiqpewd ceqid z` xzei dax zexidaa ze`xl zxyt`n z`fk dpgad.zecdia mr cgi.mipexg`d eiazka xwira dlbzn `edy itk,zicedid dixehqidd z` dyhip ly dnky dkxrdd on qepn oi` ;cg` dpwa zeler eizexin` lk ik oerhl dqpn ipi`,z`f.z`f oiiv` zen`zd xqeg iipira elbzi xy`ke ef mr ef zeayiizn opi` odn mdipiay zecdia zepeyd zeakyd e` miaikxnd md dn `id zrk le`yl aeygy dl`yd,dne`k l`xyi) 'l`xyi' migpend oia dpgad dyhip lv` `vn ccl` l`xyi.licadl yi gpend ik orh `ed 7.(hyten byenk,zck) 'zecdi' e` 'micedi'e (z`f oian ip`y itk wnpn epi` ccl`.ililyd qgid dpten eil`y `ed ipyd aex it lre migayl dkef oey`xd dpgadl ztteg `id day dcina wx `l`,miweciv dl `evnl dywe ef dpgadl einrh z` zecdid z`,ef dprh it lr 8.mipey`x zekf raez laei edinxi dilry,zlaewn zxg` mcwd,mecwd l`xyi") 'dpyid zixad' zecdi :zetewz yelyl zixwir dwelg wlgl yi dyhip.'zipxcen'd zecdide,ipy zia zecdi 9,(xwpixa mgpn itl,"ipax mcwe i`eap.dxe`kl ezeiawr xqeg o`kne zetewzdn zg` lka dpey dxeva zecdid z` oiit`n miteliqd z` ebivda zecdil dyhip ly eqgi zl`ya ipiiprd weqirl ceqid z` gipd (b"nyz) onte`w xhle j`,zecdi z`py ly aax lkn ezewpl citwd onte`w.zinyihp` dnbna mixge`nd eiazkl eyry miaxd.zepier zenbn dnkn eizexrda mlrzd `ed ike dcind lr xzi zeihbelet` eizeprh ik mizrl epiiv eikiynn ;245±227 'nr,(f"nyz) aneleb ;(1986) ofii` d`x zecdid itlk dyhip ly ezcnr zl`ya oeicd jyndl.(1994) eliip`hpq ;(1988) onlhine itc `

9 83 iedifa `ed zepeyd zetewza zecdil dyhip ly eqgia milcadd xewny dprhd zgeex 10 xyt`.eizetwzdl zeixwird zexhnd oia `idy,zexvpd,dzcelii mr ipy zia zecdi zeinyihp`d ziibeqa 'micedide dyhip' zl`ya oeicd zecwnzd awr ik dncp j`,jky getzl `l` zecdil mipeekn mpi` dyhip ly eivgy jk lr riavdl dwfg diihp yi zecdid oia `ven dyhipy miizednd milcadd z` yhyhl jkae,dy`x lr gpend ixvepd dyhip ly zpgaend ezqitz diic dxdaed `l jkn d`vezk.ixvepd dleblbl zipdekd mgpn ly ezcnr z` mb oiivl aeyg,z`f znerl.zexvpl xarnd sq lry zecdid z` 11 gkepl.dyhip ipira zecdid ly dreaw zillk dpenz ly dneiwl zprehd,xwpixa cegiid lr `weec riavdl,izrcl,aeyg ciextl d`eeydd jxevle dl`d zecnrd zeyik dze`xl `le miwzepn miavn oia da oigadl `l :zecdid ly dixehqidd zeikynde dpezpd zecg` `evnl yi,(zexvpl cr zegtl) dyhip ly zecdid zqitza.dpzyn izla,zexvpd ly dpenzd oiae dpia milecbd mixrtd lr ahid cenrl yi oke zegztzdl.dialy zyely jxc ef zegztzd xewq` oldl.odipia xarnd ini mvra elit` יהדות 'הברית הישנה' :mipekpe mi`ixa miigl dnbec dziid,j"pza zx`ezn `idy itk,zncwend zecdid zencdl lkeiy ecede oeei zextqa melk oi`y,jk lk lecb oepbqa,mine`pe mixac miyp`" eid micedid,mrd ly zipicnd eznvr z` dtwiy zcd `.(52,rexle aehl xarn)"eil` zeig,dnvr ± zeiaeig zepekz ly iehia did l`de,mzepeilr lr my` zeybx ilehp :dgnye iehia did ely dedi.irah qgi,rnyn,oekp qgi l`xyi mr ly eqgi mb did dkelnd inia idel` `ed dedi [...] envrn deeiwy deewzl,envr lr gnyy dgnyl,dnverd zrcezl eze` zexqiin eizeilk oi`e ecia dnverdy mr lk ly epeibd df,wcvd idel` okle,l`xyi miieb lk lr oeilr edeny xy` zelecbd zeieygxzdd lr dcez ybx `ln `ed [...] jk lr.(25,hqixkihp`) [...] l`xyi idel`.eipky ipt lr oeilr edeyry zegekl dcez xiq` envr z` yg l`xyi mr mrd ly eznvr z` swynd l`,ilqxaipe` `l xnelk ± ihay ;irahe ihay l` did miigle zcl mincwend micedid ly dpekpde zirahd mzyibn lrtzn dyhip.el cbeqd 12.zten mda d`exe xicpe xwi edyne,zexeab sep,milecb miyp` da `ven ip`!dpyid zixal ceakd lk [...].sirqd xtqnle xeaigd myl,laewnk,zepeekn dyhip iazkl zeiptdd `

10 xvity iipi 84 `ven ip` ok lr xzi,el dneca oi`y mez,miwfg zeaal ly mezd df,zenc` ilr xzeia.(22 b,dibel`ipb) dne` ea d`eeydd,mipencwd micedil o`k wpredy dfn dlrp gayl oeiv oi` miip`iyhip migpena 13 l`xyi mr,zixehqid dpigan.dil`n dlere hrnk eilr zvxrpd ziqipeicd zeipeeil d`vezk.dnvrl epevx z` dn`z eiig ze`ivne,gvpne wfg ± ezx`tz `iya f` did cnr `l xace,ezgny z` riadl ecia did ;`ixae aeh mrd ly iytpd eavn did jkn xferd l` ly zenca,l`xyi mr ly l`d,dedi aver jkitl.zeirahd eizeti`y ipta ipa cer lk :mrd avn z` dtwiy l`d zenc.miieeiv eilr dtek epi`e i`pz `la enrl.el riiqne enr z` ade`d ihay l`a epin`d md migvpne miwfg eid l`xyi יהדות בית שני yibcdl dzilkzy zxbqn jeza aivn dyhip 'dpyid zixad' zecdi ly adlpd xe`izd z`.dzepeepzda zecdid dgpv odil`y zenedzd z` `weec miirah mikxr ly mzeirah xewir lkl ztenl zeclezk odl jexr oi` l`xyi mr zeclez" lha mizird wevay xg`l mb,l`ci`k miax mini yniy cer dfk xy` miig gxe`.[...].(25,hqixkihp`) "uegan xey` axg yie zian xy oi`e jln oi` :febpe.zeilbde miyeaikl oaxew ezlitpe l`xyi mr ly zipicnd driwydn drap zexcxcdd l`d ik cer oin`dl xyt` did `le,egekne eznvrn l`xyi mr cai` miklnd ini f`n un`l jxev dide ze`ivnd z` dxzq zncewd zibele`zd dqitzd.avn lka el xfer xfer ok` midel` ± yperde xkyd oeirx zenca oexztd dlr f`.zvwna dpey dqitz yperae zepziiv lr xkya mlyn,miieeiv enr lr deevn l`d.i`pz lka `l j`,enrl ini ly l`d z` mebrde ycgd avna miiwle jiyndl xyt` did jk wx.eit ziixnd lr getih zervn`a mpehly meciwl df avn elvip xy`,mipdekd eid iepiyd ipkeq.dlecbd ewtzqd `lyk zeyrl elicbd s` md.mzirxn o`v axwa my`d zeybxe `hgd zyegz :dixehqidd z` etiif mb `l` dnecwd zcd zeeira,rnyn,mnr xar z` zeizcl enbxiz md,zixehqid ze`ivn lkl cebipa,zxeqn lkl cebipa zepn`p lye,cin ypere dedil `hg ly zpekzn it lr ytehn dreyi mfipkin dfi`l edektd.(26,hqixkihp`) dciva dxkyy,el ixac.dilr yperd `id zelbdy zixqen dcixi ztewzl maezkya dktd zelcbd ztewz mlerl `a.zeivîi`k e` zeivk yxet jldn lk,ypere xky ly zkqnk eyxet minid oehly z` zniiwnd zkxrn dxvepe,etief ycewd iazk.l`d oevx zenca ycg xqen

11 85 dze` ly qxhpi`d ly iehia `l` did `ly,mipdekd weg `ed,weg zervn`a mipdekd `l,(17,hqixkihp`) "miylgd idl`"l jtde eite`n dpiy l`d.zhly zizc daky,mc`d rah ly seliq dlek lky dqitz evni` micedid `.dnvrd ilraa jnezd l` cer meiw dl`yd ipta mcnera" :miixqen miieeiva exq`pe e`kec xzeia miiqiqad mixvid seliq did xignde.xign lka meiwa oihelgl dnidcn zercen jezn exga,oelcg e`.(24,hqixkihp`) "[...] zeynn,zeirah,rah xcba `edy dn lk ly ipeviw z` epiit`y,dyhip ly ezpigan,ce`n miilily mihpnl` ipya jexk did iepiyd z` ;miipyd oia lcada ybc my xwpixa a.oeeipe zipnwp dpih ± ef dtewza zecdid ly oihelgl miirah zeybx" :jk x`zn `ed zecdia oey`xd aikxd ly ezegkep zxev irahe ipevig owxet xcridn d`vezk miylgd lv` milawn oegvpe mwp zee`z 14 irahd ybxd `edy,dnvrl oevxd,xnelk."zipnwpd dpihd `idy znpten zeptwez Îzihiletd div`ehiqa iehia icil `eal cer leki did `l,mc` ipa ripnd `ixade ly zeybxl gekd zti`y ly miiaeigd zeybxd ektd `ven oi`a.dxvepy zixehqid `l j`,xvei gekl jetdl diieyr zipnwpd dpihd.miwfgd itlk eptedy dpihe d`py :iaeig oaena cilene xvei gek zeidl jted envr hpnihpqxdy,jka gzet b xqend dcya micard cxn,mdilr dxeq`,yrnay ef,dpey`xd daebzdy,dl`ky mc` ipa ly hpnihpqxd `ed :mikxr.(10 `,dibel`ipb) zpiinecn dnwp ici lr mnvr mivtn mde (dnxb e`) dxyti` ef zxvei dpihe,zipnwp dpih ifeg` eid ipy zia ztewz ipa micedid mlerd zqitz c.mpehly z` xic`dl jkae xqend ikxr z` ycgn `ivndl mipdekl zgzetn "daeh"d zilqxaipe`d zedel`d oiae dnvrl oevxd ly zihayd zedel`d oia dpga`d.17±16,hqixkihp`a qpcwcd.jli`e 8 `,dibel`ipba hpnihpqxd oeirx z` gztn dyhip.xewnd oeyla,qpcwce hpnihpqx a.'hqixkihp`' xeaiga xwira ynzyn `ed eay byen `ed.dwizrd zrd f`n xqend ly dixehqida ifkxnd jildzd `ed xqend dcya micard cxn,dyhip itl b hlzydl gilvd,zipdekd zecdia exewny,micard xqen ik orehe 'miliv` xqen'l 'micar xqen' oia oigan `ed.zexvpd zervn`a dtexi` ly ipgexd dnler lr zipnwpd dpiha mifeg`d dl` eid mipdekd,7 ` dibel`ipb itl :mipey zelew ipya xacn dyhip,ef dcewpa c mikxrd z` evitd mznwp z` ynnl icke ("mipdekl xy` mwpd gex cbpk qt`ke oi`k `id zxg` gex lk") mihleyd mipdekd cera,mrd ipend md zipnwpd dpihd ilra,15 b,dibel`ipba,z`f znerl.ze`ivnd icbep odekd") mda mzfig` z` eniiwy my`de `hgd zrcez z` mdipin`n axwa xevil ick df xvi milvpn mda xn`py itk,zipnwp dpih jezn erped mipdekd m`d,ok m`.(ily dybcdd,"hpnihpqxd ly epeeik dpyn `ed?ipyd rhwd on rnzyny itk,helyl oevxd ici lr wx `ny e`,oey`xd rhwa oia dyhip ly ezebda xarn ly (c"qyz) xyin mxei rivdy iedifd jezn ixyt` oexzt cenll xyt` (1886 zpya azkp) 'rexle aehl xarn'a.dnecwd zecdid ly zixqend dktdnd ly zepey zeqitz izy 'hqixkihp`'a.oeieeyd oeirx z` xwirae,miizxag xqen ikxr qp lr dlrnd,'zi`iap' dktdn x`iz dyhip `

12 xvity iipi 86 zxwrn,mc`d ly erah z` zcbep xy` dqitz,mrd ipendl mipdekd ici lr dlgpedy.oeeipd avn ly exwir `id,`hegke my`k eze` dcinrne ze`ivnl irahd eqgi z` המעבר לנצרות elwzp,ynn ly ze`ivn lk,irah jxr lk,`ed irahy dn lk ea,afk ly df erwxwn zxev ef,zexvpd dgnv dfk rwxwn,hilyd cnrnd ly xzeia miwenrd eixvi zecbpzda.(27,hqixkihp`) dpnn dlrnl oi`y d`py,ze`ivn lkl zenn dfrd d`pyd dpigan deeid zrd dze`ay,icediîmipt cxn oirn mipey`xd eialya did zexvpl xarnd jezn `l` zexvpd z` oiadl oi`".zpeepnd zicedid gexd ly xiyi jynd zibelekiqt "dpekpd ezeikynd m` ik,icedid hwpihqpi`d cbp zecxnzd ef oi` ± dgnv epnny rwxwd dribd,mdipin`nl mipdekd eligpd dze` ze`ivne zeynn lkn dcilqd.(24,hqixkihp`) oehly ± xzepy zize`ivnd zegkepd lra oexg`d xacd itlk zhlgend d`pya d`iyl mipdekd hwpihqpi` [...] dycg dxecdna icedid hwpihqpi`d [...]" :mnvr mipdekd.(27,hqixkihp`) "ze`ivnk odekd z` cer z`yl leki epi`y ly dpadîi` ef dziid mle`,eyi oaenk did cxnd ia` mipey`xd mixvepd ipira zeyibxn laqy mc`,ihqidcea ite` zlra zenc did 'izin`'d eyi.zizin`d ezxez l` dbiqpae rahd zygkda,el dvegny zeynnd ziigca oexzt `vne ze`ivnl xzi zlilylyzpeepndgexdz`bltenote`ad`hiaezeiyi` `.zeinipt eleky mler eikiynn,xen`k.(31,hqixkihp`) "mihpc`wicd lkay oiiprn"l did `ed jka,ze`ivnd `l` mlern did `l" df oaena ;exetiq z` etliqe sihd `ed dxear jxcd zpada erh xized max ly riztnd zeend.(39,hqixkihp`) "alvd lr zn `ede cala cg` ixvep,df rbxn.hilyd mipdekd cnrn lr elihd md df rexi`l zeixg`d z`e,dkeana mze` ezxeya lky s`,cxnd qp z` mixnd i`pw,mipdekd oehlyl cbpznk mci lr yxet eyi mixeqi` eilr dtek,hxta zwqer xy`,'zipdek' dktdn da d`x `ede ybcd dpzyd,(1888 zpya azkp) mikxr jetid exvi cvik xiaqdl dcrep ipnwp hdl ilra eid mipdekdy dprhd.`hgd zyegz z` ea zgztne okez zlra dktdn ly xzei zncwend dqitzl zkiizyn jkitle,"mipec`"de "miliv`"d z` dlilya d`exy dqitzd l` zkiizyn mnr ipa ala diexyd zipnwpd dpihd z` elvip mipdekdy dprhd,z`f cbpk.izxag `hg zrcez jka exvie mnvr itlk mdly dpihd zeybx z` zeptdl mipin`nl enxb mipdekd) xzei zxge`nd 'xqend ly dibel`ipbl' xeaigd,xyin it lr.(mda helyl,jynda xaqeiy itk,mipdekl dxyti` xy` my`e zxazqn jkl m`zdae,(462 'nr,my d`x) elld zeqitzd izy oia xarn aly deedn (1887 zpya azkp),z`f mr.zepey zeqitz izy l` 'xqend ly dibel`ipbl' ly b wlgn dprhde ` wlgn dprhd ly dn`zdd zqgiizn diipyd dprhdy cera micedid mipdekd l` yxetna zqgiizn dpey`xd dprhd ik oiivl aeyg.zepeyd zeivfilieeiva mipdekd zecnrn l` dllkda ` zibelelitd ezxiwg zervn`a mitleqnd dxeyad iazk jezn,dyhip itl,uleg 'izin`'d eyi ly xe`izd.(39±28,hqixkihp`)

13 87 15?zenl midel` el gipd cvik,mdl cnr iyew cere.yrnd on dwgxe zeiaiq`t dxn` did `eeyl `l :mipdekd mda egtihy `hg zyegz dze` jezn rap jkl epzpy xaqdd 16.llkd i`hg zxtkl m` ik ezen sqep hpnl` ly ezxcgd z` xyti` mb alvd lr mcwend zeend z` lkrl jxevd "milad lad epzpen` lk,diigzl mw `l giynd" m` ixdy ± eyi ziigz z` ± mzpen`l oicd mei,ytpd zex`yid ibyen dxezl cer eqpkp df oeirx mr cgi.(41,hqixkihp`) 17 xear,miigd ly caekd fkxn z` hiqd dfd ibele`zd iepiyd.miznd x`y ziigze dyrnl ;`ad mlerd e` minid zixg` ly mipiinecn miig l` dfd mlerd iign,oin`nd dxezd z` lvpl rciy df did qele`t.oeeipd znbna `iy ± okezn miiynnd miigd epwex rtena zipdekd gexd ycgn dnlbzd ezeiyi`a.ezaehl zexvpd ziy`x ly deedznd ± eyi ly mipey`xd eicinlz ecxn dilra cbpk `weec ipexi` ote`ay gex dze`,xg`,dnvr zee`za sven.(42,hqixkihp`) "dnver envrl ywiae odekd xfg qele`t mr" eynyl did leki xy` gek,zxvpn yi`d ly exetiqa oenhd axd gekd z` oiad `ed mdicin dpzip ziyi` dle`bl dghadd xy`k.mipin`nd ixcra fer xzia zecxl icka 18.ux`d ipec`l jetdl dl` elki,`diy lkk lty,mc` lkl ixvepd mleblba mipdekd ly mvnevnd enegzn mipdekd oehly zwzrd :xzeia zipqxd dziid d`vezd zipgex dpigan gexd ly dzehlzyd jildza rixkn aly dziid miiebd lk ibeg l` l`xyi mr ly yeninl oepbpnn wlgk z`f lk,miliv`d gex ly dzwigce axrnd zeaxz lr zpeepnd.dnverl ipdekd oevxd ik dncpe `'xgy inecnc' xzei mcwend xeaiga mb qele`t ly eiripna wqr dyhip.mixge`nd eiazka xy`n dpey ote`a my zbven zexvpl xarnd ly ziytpd dwinpicd :zeevn xney icedi didy zra cer deegy zelbzda oneqn xarnd ly rixknd rbxd did qele`t.(68,xgy inecnc) "micg` miicedi zk iyp` `l` `vnpa eid `l f` icr" oevxd jezn rped `l `ed ik d`xp xzei xge`nd xe`izl cebipa j`,dnvr zee`za sehy.dxezd ly ze`ivnd cbepe xengd ixqend ieeivd zgz ezexqiizd jezn `weec l` helyl `kecnd epevx lre zexeq`d eizeti`y lr eze` xqii epetvne gepn el epzp `l eiiee`n wacy lkke,xzei dax ze`pwa dxezd zeevna wac jk leaql xzei daxdy lkk.dnvrl dwxaday cr xqiizde jld a.dqxdle da mewpl ywiay cr dil` ez`py dxab jk xzei da `ld,`vend df `ld!`wec df giyn secxl dpeazd on df oi`" :eavnl oexzt `vn zg`.1881 zpya mqxet zepnwp zvwn did qele`t ly df ecrva ik okzi" ± zepnwp qele`tl qgiin ciext mb ik oiivl oiiprn.(90 'nr,cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn) "ziyi` ` a

14 xvity iipi 88 "!dxezd ly dqxdn icia wfgene icia ozip cala [eyi] enr,dnly dnwpl gzt dt.(68,xgy inecnc) "!zeixvepd ly d`ivnn,oey`xd ixvepd edf" :zexvpd z` qele`t cqii zeevnd lehiaa dxezd iweg z` d`exd,dlrnl dbvedy dqitzd on lcada xnelk `.(68,xgy inecnc) zeybx eniiwzd ea xy`e mdn laqy `ed envr qele`ty d`xp o`k,mipdekd icia ilkk itl ± dnvrl qele`t ly epevx ly d`vez did zexvpl xarnd mixwnd ipya.my`d ezcnr wefigl eze` yniy xarnd,'xqend ly dibel`pbl' ly b wlgde 'hqixkihp`' xxgy xy`,zeevnd lehia `weec `ed xarnd ly exwir 'xgy inecnc'a ;"xcrd drex"k mcwen mpn` qele`t ly dfd xe`izd.envr ely my`d zeybxn qele`t ly egex z` jynda xxaiy itk mle`,xzei mixge`nd mixe`izd mibven eay xywdd on hrn yelze.ciext ly mixe`izd mr d`eeydd jxevl ax oiipr ea yi awr :`ad ote`a zexvpl xarnl liaedy jldnd zivnz z` x`zl xyt`,mekiql mre dnvrl mpevx z` ynnl zleki `la micedid exzep l`xyi mr ly zipicnd dbiqpd xy` izc iepiy lg,jkn d`vezk.ze`ivnd z` cer zn`ez dpi`y zibele`z dqitz dfd iepiyd z` eliaed mipdekd.ycgd ipicnd avnl zibele`zd dqitzd z` mi`zd ly zipgex dnbn exvie mpehly z` jka exvia md ;yperde xkyd zpixhwec z` egzite 'zizin`'d ezxeya did oey`xd ± mialy dyelya d`a zexvpd.mipin`nd axwa oeeip,eicinlz ly zirhend zepyxtd did ipyd alyd.hlgen oeeip z`hand miig jxc,eyi ly eyi mle` zpeepnd gexd ly ipeviw iehia did df aly mb.mipdekd cbpk cxnl dktdy zhlgen dygkd ick cr oeeipd oivwd eyi ly ekxca :mipey miaizp ipya exga eicinlze cbpk oeepnd "icedid hwpihqpi`d" eicinlz ly mkxcay cera,ziynnd ze`ivnd ly.mipdekd oehly ± xzeia dwfgd zegkepd lra ize`ivnd xacd cbpk cxnl jtd ze`ivnd did xy`,qele`t ly ezaehl zncwend zixvepd zxeqnd znizx did iyilyd alyd qele`t ly jldnd,mipey`xd mialyd ipyl cebipa.zipdekd gexd ly dkiynn `weec dnvrlipxzgoevxly`l`ze`ivndlyzpeepndiigclyiehiaenvrykldid`l.mipin`nd ly zpeepnd mgex z` lvip xy` ` `l` ;"cala cg` ixvep `l` mlern did `l dyrnl" :lirl `aedy dn z` zxzeq ef dxin` dxe`kl.eyi ly ezxez mr xac dl oi`e,dycg zc `id qele`t cqiiy zcd :ddf zenewnd ipya mixacd zpeeky

15 89 "ומן הסתם העיקר" הרכיב המהותי של היהדות,'ea`he mheh' exeaig ly oey`xd ixard mebxzl 1930 zpya ciext azky dncwda xy`,"eizea` zcl xf"d icedik :dxezt izla ziyi` dnlic mi`xewd ipta bivd `ed epi`e icedik ezlebq cegii z` yg" j`,"miine`ld mil`ci`a wlg zgwl epnn xvap" lk z` zgpfy xg`l,zeicedid on cer ja yi dn" ± "dfn mipey mixacd eidiy dvex oexztl deewz riad `ed j`,ziwlg dziid ezaeyz."?jnr ipa mr dl`d seziyd iciv `l la`.xwird mzqd one,ce`n daxd cer :aiyd f` ik" :zircn dxeva dl`yd ceqie mei `eai i`ce.dfd izednd ceqid z` zexexa milina riadl meik lbeqn did mqxity micdîax xn`na.(8 'nr,([l"yz] ciext) "zircnd dxkdd ici lr oalzi df dqip ([d"qyz] 28,miitl`,'zeinyihp`d zizyz ly dpade iedifl oeiqip') dpexg`l dnlicd l` my xfg `ed.zeinyihp`de zecdid ceqi zl`y mr ccenzdl ryedi a"` mixg`a xfridl ciext ywia day [...] dcigid mrtd ile`"k dze` x`ize ciext ly ixteql ef dira xized `l ciext,d`xpd lkk mle`.(13 'nr) "envr z` oiadl ick.dpexg`d ezcear z` dl cgiie gxh `l` elyn oexzt dl rivdl `la mi`ad zexecd z` xiaqd (1991) inlyexi miig sqei daeyzk 'cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn' mipy,dncwd dze`a gipdy dl`yl zecdid ly zednd :okl mcew zexetq dxwir ;dly dlbpd izcd okeza dppi` mitzey okle iaihwlewd rcenîzza `ed.cg`k milleaznde zxeqnd ixney dl zixarl zrk mbxezn inlyexi ly extq.mly fkxn z`veda xe` ze`xl cizre זיגמונד פרויד בלונדון, שבה ישב בשנה האחרונה לחייו כגולה והשלים את ספרו האחרון. ג. פרויד מול ניטשה elld dixehqidd ixe`iz ipy ly zipey`x dxiwqn xak xexa mdipiay axd ipeyd s` lr lr dligza cenr` mdipia d`eeyda.llke llk ziley dppi` mdipia oeincd zcin ik zecdidn xarnd xe`izl zenec zeixebhwa eyry yeniyd z` oiiv`e oeincd zecewp Îzeixehqidd mdizeqitz oiay miipexwrd milcadd l` ribdl dqp` jk jezn.zexvpl mitzeynd mihpnl` dyelya gzt`.o`k zelbzn ody itk ciexte dyhip ly zeibelekiqt.mixe`izd ipyl

16 xvity iipi 90 האשם, החוק ורמת הרוחניות jildz z` oiadl ozip `l ciexte dyhip ly mzebda wegde my`d zeceqi z` oiadl `la xvei ciext?my`d ybx ly exewn edn.mdiazka x`eznd zexvpl zecdid oia xarnd dne` ly ziaihwlewd dixehqidl cigid ly zil`ecieicpi`d dixehqidd oia dibelp`,ezeclia rviay (dnecn) a` gvx lr mc` ezexbaa sewzl ieyr my`d ybxy itk.dnly,mipy itl` s`e ze`n iptl,zexgyd inia ygxzdy a` gvx lr my` ybx riten jk.zexbazd ly xetiqk qtez `ed eze`y,zeyep`d ly e` mrd ly ezegztzd jildza,ezrcl,diyxeyy ziaihwlew ziytp drtez `ed ziyep` dveaw swezd my`d ybx mirexi`le,cg` ixehqid rexi` jezn xvep my`d ybx.ziaihwlewd zeclid zne`xha ezexbal ribd f`n laq l`xyi mr.eilr drtyd oi` hrnk xzei mixge`nd miixehqidd mipya.(dyn lye oencwd a`d ly) letk a` gvxl i`xg` ezeid lr my` ybx xzin lkk.oihelgl dwgced `id f`y `l`,diixh dne`xhd dziid cer mixvn z`ivi xg`ly ezxfg ly jynznd jildzd llba icedid mrd ly my`d ybx mvrzd mipyd etwpy.wgcend ly x`ezl dkf icka `le,rixkn ciwtz miwgyn miiytp mikldn dyhip lv` mb iptly mipyd ze`na l`xyi mrly oreh `ed mb `.onte`w ly extq zxzeka 'belekiqt' qpkp o`k.cak qner ickl cr my` ybxn laqd zexabzd zipiite` zexvpl xarnd zeti`y,mixvi mc`dîipal yi irah ote`a a.my`d zeybx z` xveid mxebk,wegd yenin icil l`xyi mr ly gekd zee`z d`a ('dpyid zixad') oey`x zia inia.zee`ze zexcxcidd mr dpzyd avnd.eizepevx ly lretl d`vedd z` rpn xy` weg did `le midel`l jtd l`xyi idel`e,l`d zqitz z` okcrl uegp did dizeawra.ihiletd ecnrna lre zeirahd zee`zd lr mixeqi` dleky weg zkxrn mipdekd exvi jk ;xqe`e deevn zeybx mipin`nd axwa dxvi mc`d rah z` zcbepd zeevn zkxrn dze`.dnvrl oevxd.mpehly z` qqal mipdekl eriiqy `hg zrceze dny` z` xvi wegd `l.dyhip lv` x`ezndn jetd wegde my`d oia xywd,ciext it lr dny`d ybxe,xefgl ywia wgcend.wegd z` exviy md my`d zeybx `l` my`d zeybx gvxd xfg,onfd slgy lkk.dyn ly zizeknqd ezenc z` silgdy weg xvi gvxd lr mixvid lr xeqi`d.xingde jld wegde Ecak my`d zeybx,xzei dax dnvra wgcend.xzeie xzei ipctwl jtd zibelekiqt dpyn lrak dyhip z` bivnd,(f"nyz) 'dnverl iezitd' aneleb awri ly extqa mb jke `.ciext ly eizepeirxn miaxl mixhnke dxecqe dxexa a zeiytegd mdizelert z` zeliabnd zeizeaxz zenkqenk ezernyna weg gpena o`k ynzy` dllkda dlwn `id mle`,icnl dqb dllkd idef mpn`.dnecke dpicne zc iweg,miixqen miieeiv oebk,mc`d ipa ly.xzei zizivnze dxexa d`eeyd zkixr lr

17 91 o`kn,wegd ly ezxneg zcinl xiyi iaeig xywa dxeyw zeipgexd znx ciext xear ezcnr.zeipgexa zkynzn zencwzda epiite` zexvpd cre dyn gvxn zecdid zeclezy.oeeipd `a mixvid `kcn wegd ly ezxngdn dxiyi d`vezk.oihelgl zcbepn dyhip ly.ze`ivn lley weg ezedna did,oekpe irahy dn lr xqe` `ed xy`a,ipdekd wegd zexzeqe ltyde aelrd,ylgd z` qp lr zelrn,mc`d ixvi z` ze`kcn dxezd zeevn lertl ekiynd mipdekd.zee`z wetiqle dnvrl iyep`d oevxd ly zeipeigd z` jka gexd z` ehilyda jka mdl riiq evitdy wegde,dnvrl mpevx wetiql dlzlzt jxca hlgend dcebip `ide micard xqen ly zpeepnd dktdnd idef.axrnd zeaxz lr zpeepnd zcin zegztzdl wegd zegztzd oia `et` xyew dyhip mb.zeipgexa zencwzdd ly dbiqp ly jildz lg icedid wegd ly ezxngdn d`vezk :ilily `ed xywd j`,zeipgexd oiay iceqid lcada rehp `l` ixwn epi` mibedd ipy oia lcadd.zkynzn zipgex ea d`x dyhip eli`e,zixqen zelrzd xvid yeaika d`x ciext.zeixqend mdizeqitz.mikildzd xe`iza `le dkxrda lcad ± ixqen oeeipl oniq xkf,ciext itl.mlerl zexvpd ly d`ea z` oiadl yi iwegde iytpd avnd rwx lr.milaqp izlal ektd zecdia efg`y my`d zeybxy cr dax dk dnvra xfg wgcend gvxd z`lrdae arzpd gvxd dyrna dt ivga d`ceda ef diral oexztk dcqep zexvpd dlwdl ekf miycgd mixvepd.dzervn`a dbyedy dxtkd lre oad zyprd lr zepeirxd zeevnd,hrn xzed oqxd.ipctwd wega mrh cer did `l jkn d`vezke my`d zeybxa xe`l ;dny`d z` xviy `ed wegd ik raw ip`iyhipd xaqdd.lwed wegd ugle elhea,xgy inecnc'a x`ezy itk) ezwevnl qele`t `vny oexztd z` oiadl xyt` z`f xnelk.my`d zeybxn envr xxgyl ick zeevnd z` lhal jixv did qele`t ± (mcwend.my` zeybxa dlwd jxevl wega dlwd,ciext lv` x`ezy dfl jetd did mfip`knd dghada `l` zeevnd lehiaa epi` zexvpl xarna ybcd,xzei xge`nd,'hqixkihp`'a oky,wfgzd s` ile`e epk lr xzep mipdekd wegy d`xp,dyrnl.ytpd zex`yid ly df xe`iz itly o`kn.mipdekd oehly qeqiaa aeyg ciwtz crep xviy `hgd zrcezl ziytp dlwd mle`,miheytd mipin`nd xear weg zxzda jexk did `l zexvpl xarnd.dfd mlerl xarny miigd zghad zxfra d`a zniieqn ciext xear.ziaeig dppi` zexvpl xarnd ly zipgexd zernynd,mibedd ipy zrcl irvn`d dziid zexvpd dyhip xeare,zeipgexa dcixi dxxb ixqend ieeivd zekkxzd ly dzeipgex z` dzigyde l`xyi mrl xarn l` zicedid zpeepnd gex dbxg day.zitexi`d divfilieeivd ciext :d`ad dpenzd dler onf jxe`l elld mihpnl`d zyely ly zlert ly dpigaa eribdy weg lye my` ybx ly zexaebe zekled zenxa dpiite` zecdidy minikqn dyhipe

18 xvity iipi 92 jildzd ly zipgexd ezernyn lr `id mdipia zwelgnd.zexvpl xarnd sq lr `iyl dqitzd zniiw mibedd ipy lv`.dyhip it lr zkynzn dbiqpe,ciext it lr zencwzd ± enr `iade `icedid my`d ybx zwevn z` xeztl crepy izc oexztk zexvpd z` d`exd,qele`t zeawra zxkip dcina dttexzd wegd ly ezfig` ik oreh ciext.zipgex dbiqp.'xgy inecnc'n mcwend xe`iza jk lr ez` mikqn dyhipe mcew my`d zeipgexd znxle wegl my`d oiay xywa,ciext ly ezhiyl,ok m` mcew `ed ixvepd oexztd okl.zeipgexd znx zraep wegdn,wegd raep my`dn.lekl.jkn dxiyi d`vezk zeevnd lehia jk xg` wxe,ea dlwde my`d ybxa d`ced lek lr.epnn mixfbp zeipgexd znx mbe my`d mb ezqitzae,wegd mewn z` micwn dyhip xe`iza.my`d zyegz z` zedwdl ick lhean wegd,qele`t ly mcwend xe`izd it,`hgd zrcez z` xviil jiynne ezxnega xzep wegd 'hqixkihp`'a ritend xge`nd.zipgexd zeltyd mb zhytzn jkn d`vezke משה פסלהשיששלמיכאל אנג'לו נמצא בכנסיית 'פטרוס הקדוש באזיקים', רומא. כעשרים וחמש שנים לפני פרסום 'משה האיש ואמונת היחוד' דן פרויד בדמותו של משה במסה שכתב אודות הפסל הידוע של מיכאלאנג'לו. פרויד בחן את פרטי הפסל תנוחות הידיים, מחלפות הזקן, הבעת הפנים, תנוחת הרגליים והאחיזה בלוחות הברית ומסקנתו הייתה כי הוא מנציח את הרגע שלאחר זעמו הראשוני של משה על מעשה העגל. הפסל מבטא את הכעס הכבוש של משה, שעמד בניסיון ונמנע מלנפץ את לוחות הברית (פרויד (תשל"ז [1914])). כמו בספרו האחרון, טען פרויד כי סיפור משה שוכתב וסולף, הפעם על ידי האמן מיכאל אנג'לו. היסטוריה, פסיכולוגיה, מוסר ודת ziyep` dveaw ly ibelekiqt oweic hhxql zeqpnd zeakxen zeqitz izy `et` epiptl,zeixehqidd zeiernynd zpadn.dly dixehqidd z` ezervn`a xiaqdle dlecb mibedd ipy eze` epiady itk zexvpl zecdidn xarnd ly zeizcîzeixqende zeibelekiqtd.mdizexeza llka mc`d iiga dl`d mihaidd oiay mixywd zernyn lr cenll ozip.xzei mixge`nd mixeaiga z`vnp dpi` ef dqitz d`xpd lkk j`,'xgy inecnc'a oekp xacd dyhip lv` `

19 93 `ea cr l`xyi mr lr xary `ixehqidd jildzdy dler dyhip ly eizeprh mekiqn ly zexabzd `ed iytpd jildzd ly exwir ;zkynzn driwy ly jildz `ed zexvpd liabnî`lde ihayd,irahd l`a dpen`n xarn ± izcîixqend xeyinae,my`d zeybx mirexi`a `ed jildzd ceqi.ze`ivnd lley oeepnd xqenle yperde xkyd idel` zcl Îmiixqene miiytp miiepiy mze` milg eid `l zihiletd driwyd `lnl` ;miixehqid iepiyd z` enr `iady `ed driwyd jildz :df `ed mihaidd oia xyewd mfipknd.miizc dqitzd.oeepnd xqend z`e `hgd byen z`,yperde xkyd zepeirx z`,l`d zqitza zeawra.dze` okcrl jxev dide,ixehqidd avnl cer dni`zd `l dpyid zizcîzixqend.`hge my` zeyegz ± iytpd iepiyd lg,mixvi icbep miieeiv llky,izcîixqend iepiyd oi` o`ke,mixvn z`ivi inil,xzei dwegx dtewzl dxeg` xfeg ciext ly exe`iz zecdid ly zipicnd ze`nvrd inin dligzn dlawdd a,dyhip mr d`eeydl mewn zxngd z`e l`xyi ipa ly zipicnd dbiqpd zeaiyg z` yibcn ciext mb.dnecwd zexabzd z` zifkxn ziytp zeygxzdk d`ex `edy oaenk.miizcîmiixqend miieeivd zexvpl xarndy oreh `ed dyhip lv` qele`t ly mcwend xe`izl dnecae my`d zeybx.mihaidd zyely oia xvei ciexty mixywa `ed ixwird lcadd.mda dlwda jexk did mivn`n dyer ciext ik s`.ixehqid `le ibelekiqt `ed jildzd z` ripdy iceqid rexi`d rexi` df didy `id zixwird dcewpd,ygxzd ok`y rexi`k dyn gvx z` x`zl miax `id dcal ef dne`xh.mrd ly eytpa dnzeg driahdy ziceqi dne`xh,ibelekiqt miwegd zxngd ly izcîixqend jildzde,l`xyi mr ly iytpd eite` z` drawy ibelekiqt rexi` did zexvpl xarnd.dfd ite`d zegztzd ly zxfbpk xvep miieeivde avna iepiy xviy `ed iytpd avna iepiyd.dny`a d`cede `hg lr zeceezd,sqep.zizcîzixqend dlwdd z` xyt`e izcd avnd lr drtyd lk miihiletd mirexi`l oi`.eppi` `ed?ixehqid jildzd okide xarna zernyn lk oi` eyi cr dynn dixehqidl xnelk,izcîixqend avnd lre iytpd,mze` x`zn `ed,jtdl,miixehqidd miiepiydn mlrzn epi` ciext,ok lr xzi!zexvpl :ze`nbec izy dpd.dpwqnd z` lqet j`,ip`iyhip hrnk ote`a mze` gzpl dqpn `ed dlgzda.oz`îog` zc ly mfi`zepenl rivn ciexty xaqdl zrbep dpey`xd `.miiytp mirexi`n licadl,miipicn mirexi`l xwira `id df wxta dpeekd 'ixehqid'a a dxezd seliqa wqerd aeyg rhwa eny z` xikfd ik m`) df xywda dyn ly ezenca wqr `l dyhip mi`zn in.icedid odekl qetihîa` el ynyl dleki dziid ik dncpy s`,(26,hqixkihp` d`x,mipdekd icia ipa l` cixed,mipdekd y`xl eig` z` dpin,micar mr lr envr hilydy mwepe mref yi` eze`n xzei jkl ezelrtzd ile`?`xwie xtq ly oeepnd xqend z` eilr dtke ze`ivnd zecbep zeevnd xyr z` xdd on l`xyi cqiink,dl mcwy,dyn z` ze`xl epnn drpny ef `id l`xyi mr ly zipicnd ze`nvrd ztewzn dyhip ly.qpcwcd uitne micard cxn

20 xvity iipi 94 miyeaikd.zixvnd dixtni`d ly ipicnd davna iepiydn rap ixvnd mfi`zepend ik gipn jxev did.miihpeelx cer eid `l miinewnd mil`de,dixeq cre l`xyi ux` cr eribd day dycgd div`ehiql eni`zie miilqxaipe` eidiy jk l`d zenc z`e zcd z` okcrl iepiydn zizcd dxenzd drap dxe`kl.ce`n miagx mighy lr zhley dpicnd 19 eixac jynda eze` xzeq `ed j`,eil`n oaen xaqdk df xaqd `ian ciext.ixehqidd Îllk ibelekiqt jildzk mfi`zepend zegztzd z` cinrnd,ibelekiqt,xg` xaqda `.oencwd a`d zenc zxfgn raepd iyep` dxvwa mcew x`ez xak.dyhip ly ebeqn oerihl zexiyi zqgiizn diipyd dnbecd dywd ze`ivnd mr zicedid l`d zqitz aeliyay zeiziirad z` xiaqn ciext cvik :hrn agxei zrk,zipicnd driwyd ly,daehl mticrn leki lkd l`dy,jka dpen`d z` cg`l micedil lw did `l ik,xazqn z` exiabd m` ik mkxcn exq `l md,la`.ze`ivna oda eqpzpy zeinenbrd zeieegd mr 20.mzny` iybx xiaqn `ed dyhipl dneca :ely miwfgd miperihd cg` z` wiqn `ed,xen`k,o`kn zedel`d zqitz lr xenyl ipeibd did `l ihiletd mipiiprd avn itl irah ote`ay :dpyid oeirxd on mzencwzdl cebip zilkz micbepn miihiletd mi`pzd eid mipencwd micedid lv` xirf mrl d`a oipne.[il`qxaipe`] inlek mler hily ly oeirxl mrd ly ical del` ly zpen`e yi`d dyn)?lecbd oec`d ly eigetih clik envr bivdl,dtvegd df mipe` lcge.(69±68 'nr,cegid eneiwl ezprh z` wicvn `ed zixehqidd zegztzdl zizcd zegztzdd oiay dxizqa xne` ef dcewpa dyhipl ciext oia lcadd z` ccgl ick.iepiyl ibelekiqt xewn ly `id ik mikqn ciext.zihiletd dbiqpd llba dpkcer zicedid zcd ik oreh dyhip :jk exaqdn zywazn da wqer ippi`y zxg` daeyg d`eeyd.130±129,87±83 'nr,cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn.mincewd zexecl aegd zrcez jezn miclep zcde wegd ik orh `ed.mfi`zepend zrtezl dyhip ly liawnd zxahvn jk zexecd mitlegy lkk.zepaxw mxear aixwdle zea`d ibdpn z` miiwl mipad z` d`ian ef drcez ia`e,dni`l jted cgtd.xzei mi`xepe xzei milecb mincpe mikled mipencwd zea`de,aegd zrcez zxaebe zeieklnl xarnde,zwxtzn zihayd zxbqnd xy`k mb dpira zxzep aegd zrcez.l`l jted hayd aeg,zilniqwn aeg zrcez xvi ilniqwnd ixvepd l`d.zeilqxaipe` zeiedel`l izc xarn xvei zeilqxaipe` dlwdd ornl envr z` (eyi zenca) midel` zaxwd ly cxeqa`a `ed cigid hltnde,eze` rextl ozip `ly dpen`d zegztzdl rivn ciexty xaqdl ce`n dnec dfd xe`izd.20±19 a,dibel`ipb d`x ;mc`d ipa lr zpad.df dyrn lr dny` ly ybxl aegd zrcez z` jtde a`d gvx zlilr z` siqed ciext.zihqi`zepend oeeikn.my`d zeybxn zxhet ezaxwd recn xzei aeh dxiaqn envr l`d `le l`d ly epak eyi ly eciwtz.o`k ea wqer ippi` micedid ly zixehqidd diiral `le dlek zeyep`l qgiizn epi` dfd xe`izdy `

21 95 ile`e,midel`a zewtqd z` wipgdl ick,mzny` iybx z` exiabd m` ik [...]") dpkcer 'nr,cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn] "dilr xdxdl oi`y,jxazi myd zxfb lr eriavd s` ayiizdl lkez zcdy ick zwtqn dcina izernyn did `l oekcrd ik oreh `ed j`,([67.xvepy ycgd avnd mr aiwr ote`a ixqende iytpd,ixehqidd avnd oia,ciextc `ail`,miniiwznd mixywd,ok m` xyw e`,ylg xywe izcîixqend avnd lr iytpd avnd ly dxiyid ezrtyd md,izc ipey`xd rexi`d.iytpde izcd avnl ixehqidd avnd oia,dyrnl miiw epi`y dxe`kl miixehqidd mikldnd.zexecl l`xyi mr ly ziytpd ezenc z` raw dyn gvx ly.df ozi` ceqil d`eeyda zernyn ixqg hrnk eid eixg`ly `ed oey`xd.mibedd ipy oia miiceqi milcad ipy mixxazn axd oeincd rwx lr,jk lr riavn ciext.zcde xqend inegz oiae dibelekiqtd inegz oiay zertyd ipeeika izc ixqend avnd dyhip lv` eli`e iytpd avna izcîixqend avnd ly d`ln zelz z` zexvpd ly dpexzt zqitza iehia icil `a ipeyd.iytpd avnd z` avrny `ed lr dlwdae d`ceda lek mcew `a oexztd ciext lv`.miicedid my`d zeybx ziira.(izcîixqen rexi`) wega dlwdd zxyt`zn jkn d`vezke,(iytp rexi`) my`d ybx zxyt`nd `ide,zncewd `id (izc ixqen rexi`) wega dlwdd 'xgy inecnc'a dyhip lv` dlwd dziid `l,'hqixkihp`'a dyhip lv`.(iytp rexi`) my`d zeybxa dlwdd z` ly enewnl rbep ipyd lcadd.miiwzdl dkiynd `hgd zrcez okle wega ynn ly.mikildzd x`y z` ripny `ed,lekl ziy`xk eze` cinrn dyhip.ixehqidd avnd,cigid mc`d lv` enk,`ed mrd ly ezenc z` raewy dn ;gipf mxeb edf ciext ipira.ely zeclid zeieeg סיכום dyhip ly mdizeqitz it lr zexvpl xarnde dnecwd zecdid ixe`iz oia d`eeyddn mdipy.zetzeyn zepgad dnk mdl eide zenec zeixebhwa eynzyd mdipyy dler ciexte ;dnecwd zicedid zcd z` dpiit`y my`d zeybx ziiral oexzt zexvpl xarna e`x ly odipt z` ex`ize izcd okezl iveaiwîibelekiqtd oweicd z` zexiyi exyw mdipy zeipgexd ze`vezd lr eriavd mdipy ;zeipend zefexiep oirn ly d`vezk zexvpde zecdid dveawd ly ipgexd davn z` exicbd md xnelk,iaihnxep oeixhixw it lr jkn zeraepd zwelgnd :dax dnkqd mdipia yi mikildzd zxcbdl xy`a.dlrp e` zegpk ziyep`d miihiletîmiixehqidd mirexi`a `ed dyhip lv` qiqad.mze` ripnd mfipknd lr `id.iaihwlewîiytp `ed cigi hrnkd izernynd ripnd ciext lv` eli`e dxwna,mzqd on elawzi miiytp mipiit`n itl minly minr xicbdl zepeiqip epinia

22 xvity iipi 96 mirityndn,mibed ipy epiptl dpd j`.ipivx giya oxiki `l onewny zeivlewtqk,aehd ini ixac z` mibivnd,mixyrd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgna dtexi` zeaxz lr xzeia ywany in if`,iytp xevi dpey`xae y`xa `ed mc`d m`.mc`d ytpl cran mler oiadl aiig da zeygxznd zeixehqidde zeizeaxzd zertezd z`e zeyep`d z` oiadl daiaqd zrtyd z`e mdn laeq `edy mikiaqzd z`,mc`d ly miiqiqad eixvi z`,miniiw md m`,dpeaz e` aehl dti`y,cqtde geex enk miripn.eytp lr zipevigd,mitgc lye mixvi ly,zeybx ly dal zgzex dizgzny dwc zthrn `l` md oi` jezn mc`d ly ezenc z` x`zle zthrnd mexw jxc xecgl `ed dbedd ly eciwtze minr,mihay ± zelecb zeiyep` zeveaw oiit`nd.zexzqp zeaiq ly i`xt lila eze` dklyd,edylk ote`a,`edy,odly iveaiwd ibelekiqtd dpand `ed ± dlek zeyep`d e` dl`d zeveawd ly dixehqidd z`.cigid ly ibelekiqtd dpand ly llkd l` hxtdn ytpa miygxznd mikildzd lr dcinre ghyd iptl zgzn l` dcixi zervn`a oiadl yi.ziaihwlewd lk mle`.ixehqidd xwgnl mznexzl zeced `weec exkfii `l ciexte dyhipy d`xp zexyt` mlerl ze`xdl dvx,edrxl yi` oeinc jezn mb j` zicegiid ekxca,mdn cg` lre zepicn lr,zecqen lre zepeirx lr xetiqk wx `l :dixehqidd z` oiadl zxg` mikldn ly dixehqidk mb `l`,milecb zerxe`n lre milrp mc` ipa lr e`,zengln.zibelekiqt dixehqid ± miiytp מראי מקום.296 'nr,(a"qyz) ccl`.2 dxrd 133 'nr,(1997) laei.426 'nr,(q"yz) xwpixa.197 'nr,(e"pyz) laei.435 'nr,(q"yz) xwpixa.127 'nr (1997) laei.297 'nr,(a"qyz) ccl`.438 'nr,(q"yz) xwpixa.40,hqixkihp`.41,hqixkihp`.42±41,hqixkihp`.43,hqixkihp`.26±25 'nr,cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn.67 'nr,cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn dyhip oia d`eeydd z` miwicvnd miperihl.4±3 'nr,(f"nyz) aneleb d`x ciextl yi`d dyn,oldl ;([1939] h"lyz) ciext.cegid zpen`e 'nr,(1991) inlyexi lv` xtqd zivnz d`x.4±3.19 'nr,(h"lyz) ciext.(l"yz) ciext itlk dyhip zcnrl zeihpleeian` qegiil edinxi ly exn`n zxzek lynl d`x micedid ly dpan :micedide dyhip' laei aneleb mb d`x.(1997) laei,'zeihpleeian` yeniydn hrn biizqnd,231 'nr,(f"nyz).df gpena

23 97 רשימת מקורות zeaxza dyhip,(jxer) aneleb awri,'j"pzde dyhip',(a"qyz) l`xyi,ccl`.(milyexi) zixard.gn,oeir,'micedide dyhip',(q"yz) mgpn,xwpixa.(milyexi) ciextl dyhip oia :dnverl iezitd,(f"nyz) awri,aneleb.(aia`îlze milyexi) micedide dyhip lbd :dlt` dcig,(e"pyz) edinxi,laei.ap,oeir,'dyhip ly xqend zektdn izy :`iape odek',(c"qyz) mxei,xyin Îlze milyexi) ccl` l`xyi :mebxz,xgy inecnc,([1881] g"kyz) jixcixt,dyhip.(aia`,xqend ly dibel`ipbl / rexle aehl xarn,([1887±1886] h"lyz) jixcixt,dyhip.(aia`îlze milyexi) ccl` l`xyi :mebxz l`xyi :mebxz,milil`d zriwy,'hqixkihp`',([1888] b"lyz) jixcixt,dyhip.(aia`îlze milyexi) ccl` zeq`n,b,ciext cpenbif iazk,'ea`he mheh',([1913] l"yz) cpenbif,ciext.(aia`îlz) wfi` miig :mebxz,a zexgap,a,ciext cpenbif iazk,'el'bp`îl`kin ly dyn',([1914] f"lyz) cpenbif,ciext.(aia`îlz) xa dix` :mebxz,` zexgap zeq`n Îlz) xh` dyn :mebxz,cegid zpen`e yi`d dyn,([1939] h"lyz) cpenbif,ciext.(aia`.(aia` lz) hqixkihp`,belekiqt,seqelit :dyhip,(b"nyz) xhle,onte`w Bernstein, Richard J. (1998), Freud and the Legacy of Moses (Cambridge). Duffy, Michael F. & Willard Mittleman (1988), 'Nietzsche s Attitudes Towards the Jews, JournaloftheHistoryofIdeas, 49. Eisen, Arnold M. (1986), Nietszche and the Jews Reconsidered, Jewish Social Studies, 48(1). [xewna aizkd zerh] Golomb, Jacob (1997), Nietzsche s Judaism of Power', Revue des Études Juives, 47 (3 4). Santaniello, Weaver (1994), Nietzsche, God, and the Jews: His Critique of Judeo-Christianity in Relation to the Nazi Myth (New York). Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim (1991), Freud s Moses: Judaism Terminable and Interminable (New Haven & London). Yovel, Yirmiyahu (1997), Nietzsche and the Jews: The Structure of an Ambivalence, Jacob Golomb (ed.), Nietzsche and Jewish Culture (London &NewYork).