iriax xry wcvd zeleab

,mixfa exhri xzeia miwfgde mitid `l,mixgznd `l` mb jk.migvpnd mipnp dl` mr ixdy :mdigaye miigd zeaeh iabl.èd wcv oice,mda ekfi miyerd wx 1 qek`newipl dwiz`d,ehqix` lfne wcv onhhq ipc dncwd.` z` xqend ly diteqelitl lbiip qneze qnìlie cxpxa ebivd dpy miyelyk iptl zeqitzd lr xbiz e`xw jkae,(moral luck) "ixqen lfn" iaihweaextd byend,lfn ipta dpiqg zeixqend el` zeqitz it lr 2.zeixqenl rbepa xzeia zeiqiqad 3 :dketd ìd,qnìlie ly ezxcbdk,"dxnd zn`d" mle` The things for which people are morally judged are determined in more ways than we at first realize by what is beyond their control. And when the seemingly natural requirement of fault or responsibility is applied in light of these facts, it leaves few pre-reflective moral judgments intact. Ultimately, nothing or almost nothing about what a person does seems to 4 be under his control. ly ziqiqa dqitzn zwpei lfn ipta oiqg xqendy daygnd,xiaqn qnìlieey itk ;ezhilya mpi`y minxeb erawi mc`d ly ixqend ecnrn z`y obed `l ixdy,wcv d`vezd,mdn hltn did `lnlè,miigd zepitn dpit lk lr mirityn dl`k minxeb.zncew dheihl zelirend eizexrd lr iwqplinq le`yl dcez.28 'nr,b"lyz milyexi,qail b"i mbxz,qek`newip zxecdn,dwiz`,ehqix` B. Williams, Moral Luck, reprinted in D. Statman (ed.) Moral Luck, New York 1993, pp. 35 55; T. Nagel, Moral Luck, ibid., pp. 57-71.36 'nr,my,qnìlie.59 'nr,my,lbiip * 1 2 3 4 329

onhhq ipc z` èt` yxec wcvd.epkxr lr zizin` drtyd epl oi` eay,wcev `l mler dziid ekxr z` envra reawl epz`n cg` lk lkei eay,lxebde lfnd irbtn hlwn ly eneiw zlekid.eidel`l mc`d oia miqgid èd df hlwn,zeax zeizc zeqitz it lr.ixqend ixag lkl e`) mc`d ipa lkl zpzip ìde,lfna dielz dpi` zizc zenlyl ribdl zixqend dqitzd it lr,ote` ezeà.deey oteà (zihpeelxd zizcd dveawd,ely dxyeiae mc`d ly aehd oevxa dielz zixqen zenlyl ribdl zlekid,dliawnd izcd,minbcd ipy it lr,cere z`f.deey oteà mc`d ipa lkl zpzip ìd sè jexkd wcvdîi`n izin` hltna xaecny o`kne,dlrp jxrl dyiba xaecn,ixqende rbepa la`,lfna ielz daxd ok`.lfnd ici lr mirawp jk lk miax mixacy dcaera izcd cnrnd xnelk,jxr lrae aeyg znày megza ;meiwd ly miaeyg `l mihaidl.lbx zqixc lfnl oi`,mc`d ly ixqend e` dpi` ixqend megza lfnd z` lxhpl dyixcd,lbiipe qnìlie zprhl,`wr `c mixg`d minegzd enk weica lfnl seyg,mdixacl,df megz.dwetiq lr èal dleki itk,wcvl i`pz ìd lirl xaqedy oteà lfn ipta zepiqg m`.miiyep`d miigd ly.wcev `l mlera zeigl epilr xfbp d`xpd ciled xqend ly zlaewnd dqitzd ipta lbiip xwirae qnìlie eaivdy xbz`d zian lfnd ipta dpiqgd dwiz`d lr obdl oeiqipa,zeizxewia eid oaex.zeax zeaebz zexg` zeaebza 5.el` miteqelit ly miperihde cbpd ze`nbec iptn hp`w ly eyxcn rbepa dwenr zn` etyg ok` lbiipe qnìlieey dprha,mdizecnra dkinz draed zcqeind,xyid lkyd ly zeixqend z` ihqxc iepiy zepyl yi jkitle,zeixqenl mipeic egztzd xqena lfnd lr mipeicd zeawra 6.lfn ipta zepiqg ly oeirxd lr.cere 8 dxkdd zxez 7,zcd lynl,mixg` minegza mb lfnd mewnl rbepa J.J. Thomson, Morlity ;180±167 'nr,my,n. Richards, Luck and Desert lynl e`x M.J. Zimmerman, Luck and Moral ;215±195 'nr,my,and Bad Luck.234±217 'nr,my,responsitility 'nr,my,m.u. Walker, Moral Luck and the Virtues of Impure Agency e`x lr jnzqn helq.m. Slote, From Morality to Virtue, Oxford 1992 oke ;250±235 xyid lkyd ly efe hp`w ly dwiz`d ziigcl rixkn lewiyk (epeylk) ixqen lfn ly qwecxtd.(common-sense morality) C. Katzoff, Religious Luck and Religious Virtue, Religious Studies 40 (2004), pp. 97 111; L. Zagzebski, Religious Luck, Faith and Philosophy 11 (1994), pp. 397 413 D. Statman, Moral and Epistemic Luck, Ratio 4 (1991), pp. 146 156; D. Pritchard, Epistemic Luck, Oxford 2005; J. Greco, Virtue and Luck, Epistemic and Otherwise, Metaphilosophy 34 (2003), pp. 353 366 5 6 7 8 330

lfne wcv lfnd ly ewlgl rbepa mdizeqitz z` egzit mixgè lbiip,qnìlie oday mipya lfnl zzl ie`xy mewnd z` gvtl oeiqipa mixg` miteqelite qlex oe'b ewqr,xqena yiy ìd df megza zlaewn dcear zgpdl dziidy dcnrd.izwelg wcv ly minegza,xzeia agx oteà e` - ilklkde izxagd avna milcad ly mneiwa obed `l edyn,el` zeiteqelit zeira izy oia dwifd 9.lfna mxewny - dgeexd avna milcad ald zneyzl dzkf cinz `l,oiaeh zwelga lfnd ly dirade ixqend lfnd ziira dnka zeeydle,df xqgn wlg `lnl ìd xn`nd zxhn 10.dl die`xd ziteqelitd.oiaeh zwelga lfna jexkd df oiae ixqen lfna jexkd (wcvîi`d e`) wcvd oia mihaid edylk hwiiaeql lfn ly oiipr èd ` mieqn rexi`y xnel.zibyen dxdada gzt` xzei daeh ` ly ezeygxzd (`) :xnel ernyn,`îl rbepa lfnîxa èd qîy e`,q ly ezeygxzd (a) ;` lr dcez xiq` zeidl jixv q jkitle,`-`îl xy`n q xear oky,"aeh lfn"l dpeekd "lfn"ay oaenk gipn (`) i`pz.q ly ezhilya dziid `l ` llk jxca ezpeek,"!il did lfn dfi`" xne` mc`yk ;df iehiaa geexd yeniyd edf,rx lfn oiivl ick mb "lfn" iehiaa miynzyn ep`,oaenk.rx lfnl `le aeh lfnl oiipr èd ` mipiipr avn e` rexi`y xnel yi ef zexyt` mb lelkl ick.lfn yia e`,`î`ll dèeyda q ly eavn z` rxn e` xtyn ` xy`k,q xear rx e` aeh lfn ly z` (gipp) daihin ìdy meyn aeh lfn ly oiipr ìd ehela diikf,jkitl.dn`zda dryn) dkefd ly ezhilya dpi` diikfde,dkf `leli` eavn znerl dkefd ly eavn èd i`n ycega minyd ztik zgz dpezg zaiqna xreq myb eliè ;(qihxk dpwy,mirpe yai xiee` bfna mavnl dèeyda befd ipa avn z` rxn mybdy meyn rx lfn q xear ilily e` iaeig rexi`k ` ly dkxrdd.mzhilya dpi` xiee`d bfn zriawe `,xnelk.` ly ezeygxzd zra q ly ziaihwiiaeqd hand zcewpa dielz dpi` le`y d`xdy itk.rbx ezeà z`f oian epi` q m` mb q xear aeh rexi` zeidl ieyr zpigan aeh lfn carica èd izin` lfn yia elit`y xxazn mizrl,iwqplinq 11.hwiiaeqd icil à `ly,lfn byend ly xg` haidl ald zneyz z` dptn mybd ly dnbecd y`xn ezetvl xyt`îi`y dcaerd e`,eay drztdd ceqi ède,lirly dxcbda iehia lynl e`x.df oiipra azkpy lk z` lkexk zepnl mrh oiè ce`n dagx df oiipra zextqd T. Hinton, Choice and Luck in Recent Egalitarian Thought, Philosophical Papers 31 (2002), pp. 145 167; P. Vallentyne, Brute Luck, Option Luck, and Equality of Initial Opportunities, Ethics 112 (2002), pp. 529 557; S. Hurley, Justice, Luck, and Knowledge, Cambridge, Mass. 2003.otec `vei ef dpigan èd,my,ilxd ly dxtq S. Smilansky, Fortunate Misfortune, Ratio 7 (1994), pp. 153 163 9 10 11 331

onhhq ipc `l cer ìde zakxl dry ly xegià izrbd :meid llkdn `vei lfn il did",lynl).("!myb,i`n rvnà,me`zte,lilba leihl ep`vi :meid rexb lfn il did" ;"d`vi byena iteqelitd yeniya la`,wtq `ll miiw df ceqi,lfn byena libxd yeniya mipeica.ciwtz el oi`,izwelg wcv ly xywda oiae ixqen lfn ly xywda oia,df did `l `Îy xnel ernyn q xear lfn ly oiipr èdy ` lr xnel,elld miiteqelitd 12 qnìlie,jkl m`zda.qîl drztd xcba èdy jkl aiigzdl ila,q ly ezhilya md) lfn ly oiipr l`k onr eclep mc`d ipay zenieqn zepekzl miqgiizn lbiipe enk zepekz miqtez izwelg wcv ly zeixe`za mbe,("iaihehihqpew lfn" z`f mipkn.lfn ly oiiprk divpbilhpi` e` itei cixhn edyn ea yi m`d,lfn byend ly lirl dqitzd it lr :le`yl xyt` dzr yid?edylk oteà eilr mii`n e` wcvd oeirxl cbepn lfnd m`d?zixqen dpigan?aeh lfnn dpdp ipè iilr xty ilxeby jka iziira edyn.iqlwd mlera zenieqn zelekq` iciîlr dpzip,o`k da weqr` `ly,zg` daeyz lr "minydn mizgep"y oiaehl zrbep dpi` aeh lfna dirad,ef daeyz itl exye`.el` oiaeha,llk jxca dxew ok` jke,gztn èdy zelza `l`,hwiiaeqd miigd.miixwn zeceqia zelzn xyt`d lkk xxgzydl ezlekia oenh mc`d ly ely diwxhe`d,lfnd zl` zepznn dpdp mc`y dcinae,diwxhe` iig md miaehd yi` lry,miihpbpihpew oiaehl zwdaen dnbec md lfna mxewny oiaeh.dpkqa.oeghia xqege zeaivi xqeg eiigl eqpkii ot,mdil` yic` zeidl dlrnd lr lfnd ly mei`l zerbep lfna xcqa `l dn dl`yd lr o`k aiy`y zeaeyzd lfnd ly mei`d :miixwir minegz ipya zewqer el` zeaeyz,lirl fnxpy itk.wcvd wcv ly oeirxd lr lfnd ly mei`de,a sirqa lth` eay,lenba wcv ly oeirxd lr.b sirqa lth` eay,dwelga lenba wcve lfn.a m`zda el ie`xd lenbl dkfi mc` lk,zixqen dpigan xceqn mlera.lenba gzt` it lr `le mc`d ly eibyid it lr mirawp mipeivd.ely ixqend mipeivd oeilibl ezhilya miievn znày mibyid mc`l oi` m`.eiiga lfnd ly zeixwn zeieaxrzd mikxca rityn lfnd,lbiip zprhk,m`.qxew lenb byend,lfn ly oiipr lekd `l` :59 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) lbiip ly exn`n yxetna e`x lfn byend ly ef dagx dpadl Where a significant aspect of what someone does depends on factors beyond his control, yet we continue to treat him in that respect as an object of moral judgment, it can be called moral luck 12 332

lfne wcv The area of :zkl zwigxn ìd d`vezd,epiite` lre epiyrn lr zewenre zepeebn genuine agency, and therefore of legitimate moral judgment, seems to xnel zexyt` oi` lfn icia hlypd mlera 13.shrink... to an extensionless point mixg` mipiipr iavnn xzei aeh mèz èdy df oaena wcev èdy mipiipr avn lr.el miie`x minieqn mc` ipay dn z` jka izpeeke,el ie`xd lenbl dkfi mc` zixqen dpigan xceqn mleray izxn` cnrnd xnel dvex - el ribny ixqend oeivd z` lawi èd,ziy`x :mixac ipyl,zipy ;(lfn ly qiqa lr `le) ezhilya eidy minxeb qiqa lr wx rawii ely ixqend m`.el rxe ryx,el aehe wicv,epiidc,dl ie`x èdy dnxd didz ely xye`d znx eppi` `linne,dne`nl i`kf `l èd,lfn ly d`vez md mc`d ly miixqend eibyid.dl lgiin èdy xye`d znxl ie`x eppi`y myk,raez èdy ixqend cnrnl ie`x zerxl e` zeaehl ie`x mc`y dcaerd lr rityn èdy lkk cixhn lfnd df gezipa ryet ly dnbeca ynzy`.zexvep dl` eay ote`d lr ezrtyd lya `le,zenieqn xida meiy cr,mirebxe migep miig ige mixg` miyp` ly levip zervnà xyrzdy dlkne ezia z` yà dlrn ietv `l wxa) rx lfn lya eyekx lk z` ciqtn èd cg` zixqen dpigan cixhn edyn df beqn lfna d`xi edyiny ayeg ippi`.(eizexve` z` ipera igy wicvd mc`d iabl jke ;(zixqen han zcewpn aeh lfn ;ryetl rx lfn) zecewp izyn aeh lfn) daehl mipzyn eiige ehela dkef èd cg` meiy cr,laqae lr mdl ie`xd lenbl mikef miyp` cer lky èd el` ze`nbecn raepy dn.(hand.lfna xaecn m` aeyg `l,mdly ixqend mipeivd oeilib it md ik eiyrn lr qxtl ie`x `l ipelty dcaerd.dxdad zaiign ef dpexg` dpwqn oi` (d`ld jke odil` oncfdy zeaiqp,glven jepig,miaeh mipb) lfn ly d`vez miglven miig digi epiidc,df "qxt"a dkfiy jka ixqen leqt yiy drnyn epi` mb èd,eiyrn lr qxtl ie`x epi` ipelty daiq dze`n weica ixdy,mixye`ne,zibyen dpigan,xyt`îi`,zixqen ze`kf rpen lfnd m`.mpiba yperl ie`x ìdy dlert mey m`.milaeq miwicve mipdp miryxy jka wcvîi`d lr opelzdl leki epi` mc` mey iif`,ilily e` iaeig,ixqen oeiva dkfn dpi` lfn ly d`vez.el ie`x èdy dnn (xzei aeh e`) zegt aeh iynnd eavny oerhl zpwqn.zixqen dpigan cixhdl jixv lfnd,llka m`,recn dl`ya gztp oeicd lfnn d`vezk mc` ipal mixew mirxe miaeh mixacy dcaerdy ìd ef dcewp cr oeicd lfnd m`.jkl ie`xy in zaehl lertl ieyr lfnd oky,dnvrlyk dcixhn dpi` ixqen jxr m`.ixqen jxr yenin rpen èdy meyn df ixd,zixqen dpigan cixhn.66 'nr,my 13 333

onhhq ipc iif` - lfn xcrid epiidc - dhilya zipzen zeixg` mè,zixqen zeixgà dpzen.ixqen jxr xcrid xxeb lfn ìd epiite` lre epiyrn lr lfnd zrtyd,mixg` miteqelite lbiip,qnìlie zrcl ixqend cnrndy dnebrd dpwqnd z` lawl yi okle,dygkdl zpzip izlae dwenr,dnebr dpwqn idef.lfn ly minxeba dax dcina miielz el mi`kf ep`y dne eply,ef dpwqn migec mixg` miteqelit.wcvl zcbepn zi`xp lfna lenbd ziilzy iptn oiae mdilr dhily epl yiy zeceqid oia zixqend dkxrda cixtdl xyt`y miprehe lke` `l.mipey`xd zeceqia oenh ixqend jxrd ike,mdilr dhily epl oi`y zeceqid ly mzqitza zifkxn dcewp xikf` eppiipr jxevl la`,o`k df wzxn oeicl qpkidl ìdy ìd mzrc z` yxtl zg` jxc.oeicd jynda ize` ynyzy,"lfnd iccvn" itl.laewndn zxg` jxca dpiadl `l`,zixqen zeixg` lr lilk xzeel `ly drivn,epzhilya epi`y dn,epiidc - dhilya zipzen zixqen zeixg`,zlaewnd dpadd.dhilyd geehn agx zeixg`d geeh,ef dqitza miccvnd itl eliè ;el mi`xg` eppi`.eply zelertd ze`vez `l` epzhilyay dn eppi` zeixg`d zeleab z` raewy dn,dn xac epiyr m`.eply (agency) zelretd zeleab,qb oteà,md zeixg`d zeleab 14.dx w heyt xacdy xnel mileki eppi`.jkl epzeixg`n wngzdl mileki eppi` oiaeh zwelga wcve lfn.b lfnd,dhily oiae zeixg` oia dwfg dwif yiy migipn m`y xxazd mcewd sirqa mc`d,zeixg` oi` m` ;zeixg` oi`,dhily oi` m`.lenba wcvd oeirx z` xrxrn.wix byen èd lenba wcv,ze`kf oi` m` ;(no desert) xacl i`kf epi` m`d.cg` lretn xzei yiy gipp dzr.cigi ixqen (agent) lret did oeicd cwen dgeexd znxy cer gipp.5t-1t,milret dying yiy gipp?ztqep dira xxeri lfnd 2tÎe 1t jk meyne,lfn ly minxeb ici lr dax dcina drawp mdly (well-being).5tîe 4t,3t dpnn mipdpy dnxdn xzei daxd ddeab ìde,dgeex znx dze`n mipdp dpi` milret drax` ly ztqezd,el i`kf mc` lky dna zcwenn ald zneyz m` zixqen dpigan mc`d ly lenbd z` raewy dn ;zixqend dpenzd z` df èdk dpyn mzglvda ielz epiè ilècieeicpi` ixnbl èd ogand.ely ixqend mipeivd oeilib èd ik,wcev èd xèznd mipiiprd avn f`,wicv èd 1t m`.mixg` ly mpelyika e` epi` l"pd mipiiprd avn,ryx èd 1t m`,z`f znerl.ddeab dgeex znxl ie`x 1t.dkenp dgeex znxl ie`x èdy meyn,wcev.(6 dxrd,lirl) xwee ly dxn`n cgeina e`x zeixg` ly ef zagxen dqitz lr dpbdl 14 334

lfne wcv dgpd gkepl.xzei e` zegt,zixqen dnx dzeà miievn milretd zyng lky gipp znerl 2tÎe 1t ly mavn) mdipia milcada zixqen dpigan cixhn edyn ok` yi,ef ly d`vez mdy meyn `l,dlrnl xaqed xaky itk,la` (5tÎe 4t,3t ly mavn mc`d ipa eay mler,zixqen dpigan xceqn `l mler mitwyn mdy meyn `l`,lfn jxev oi` wcv xqeg o`k yi m` hilgdl ick,ok enk.mdl ie`xd lenbl mikef mpi` oia zeeydl - jkl uegpd rcid lk epicia did eli` - `l`,milretd oia zeeydl `l,iyi` èd ogand.ely dgeexd znx oiae lret lk ly iyi`d mipeivd oeilib 15.izèeyd,ixqend mipeivd oeilib z` znèz xye`d zwelg cer lky ìd df alya dpwqnd lr zqqazn dpelzd,z`fk dn`zd oi` mè,wcv xqeg lr opelzdl leki epi` yi` lr `le,ezgeex oiae ixqend epeilib oia,ipenl` e` ipelt iabl,ziyi` dn`zdîi`,oiaeh zwelg ipiipray drnyn ;ef dpwqna xfen edyn yi la`.mixg`l dèeyd ef dcnr ;cnrend ly ixqend mipeivd oeilib èd wcvd zpigan cigid aeygd xacd mipeivd oeilib rvenny miyp` ipy yiy gipp.divièhpi`l zcbepne zipxqen zrnyp g"y 8,000 xkzyne ce`n dyw caer ivexg.yny xne ivexg xn,ddf mdly ixqend irahd mqwd zekfa la`,"zewhn wgyl"e mid seg lr akyl sicrn yny.ycega.o`k dxew obed `l edyny ìd dyegzd.mekq eze` z` xkzyn èd lfn zvwe ely elfn z` `le riwyn èdy un`nd z` swyl xen` mc`d ly geexd,il`ci` mlera mixeyik zekfa mcwzny inn xzeil ie`x un`ne dnfi zekfa mcwzny in.aehd ly miixqend mipeivd zepeiliby s`,jkitl.lfnd zl` ly zexg` zepzn e` miclen oeilib z` znèze) deey mdly dgeexd znxy sè,dfl df milewy ynye ivexg.el` zeaiqpa lfnd zrtyda cixhn edyn yi,(mipeivd,ixqen mbt xcba ìd yny ly zeplhady ìd el` mixac lr zixyt` daebz,dpey mdly ixqend oeilibdy o`kn.ivexg ly efn dkenp ely zixqend dnxd jkitle ;deey mdly ( 16 drvedy dnbeca,xkyd e`) dgeexd znxy jka ixqen mbt yiy o`kne lfnd `l - aey - iif`,avnd df m` la`.ixqend avnd z` dkldk ztwyn `l ìd ila,el ie`x didyn xzei lnbez ynyy dcaerd `l`,cixhnd mxebd èd envrlyk ivexgl yny oia milcadd z` bivdl oeiqipd,cere z`f.ivexg laiwy lenbzl xyw xn`na izèeyd izla e` izèeyd byen èd wcvd,oaen dfiàe,m`d dl`ya aigxn ip` R. Avraham and D. Statman, Relational and Non-,mdxa` opex mr azek ip`y Relational Notions of Justice (unpublished),miigd zeki`l ccn ìd dqpkdd znxy migipn izwelg wcv ly zeibeqa mipeicdn xkip wlga mixacd z` hytl ick.(well-being) dgeexl,xzei e` zegt,miliawn miilklk migeexy e`.gpfiz ìd m` rbtii `l ily oerihd j`,ef dgpd lawn ip` 15 16 335

onhhq ipc miplvr md lfndîipae mid sega miland lk `l.zvwna dyern miixqen milcadk `l.iaeig ixqen ite` yi mivn`znde minfeid lkl `l,z`f znerle,mizgyen e`,(mil`d ly mpevx zeriayl iehia) dlern ite`l zecr ìd miny zzny orhè mifb` edyn yi m`y o`kn.rx ite`l oniq ìdy,dketdd dgpdd z` lawl oi` mb la` z` cbep mdly dgeexd avny jka uerp epi` èd,ivexge yny ly xetiqa cixhn.zixqen dpigan el miie`x mdy lenbzd yny ly avna zixqen dpigan iewl,llka m`,dn :dnewnl èt` zxfeg dl`yd eiig,dnec mdipy ly mipeivd oeiliby it lr s`y dcaera uerp iewild ile`?ivexge ribdl ick xzei daxd dyw cearl jixv èd.yny ly eiign xzei miyw ivexg ly ly eteqay s`,xg` oeyl.un`n ilae zelwa zbyeny,yny ly miig znx dze`l df oiipre,xzei rexb ivexg ly eavn dzbydl jxca,deey mdly dgeexd znx xac miipyd ly miixqend mipezpde lièd ;xetiqd ly `vend zegpd gkepl obed eppi` mb `l` jxcd seqa wx `le,deey zeidl dziid dxen` mdly dgeexd znx,mieey.zwcev dpi` divèhiqdy jkl xewnd,ok m`,èd yny ly aehd lfnd.dkldna lenb,dgeex igpena,laiw yny m`,aey,ziy`x.zwtqn dpi` ef daeyz mxa zpigan iewil ok` o`k yi,miixqend eibyid it lr el el ie`x didy dfn xzei ax ipeltl m`.lfn ly d`vez ìd dn`zdîi`dy dcaerl xyw oi` df iewill la`,lenbd dnxl dkfiy (lenb igpena) wcev `l,miixqend eibyid it lr x dgeex znx dribn.un`ne dnfi ly d`vez ìdy oiae miny zzn ìd ztqepd dcigidy oia - 1+x ly dl`ydy ixd,wcev `ld lenba uerp ixqend iewild m`,lirl ybcedy itk,ok enk dgeexd znxl xyw ila iziira yny ly eavne,dwelgl zrbep dpi` o`k zxxerznd.ivexg ly xxgzydl dyw,milretd ly ixqend mipeivd oeiliba mipiirn cer lky ìd dirad zwica ici lr xnelk,cala lenb iaikx it lr wcvd ziibeq z` oegal jxevd on uegn dxi`yn ef dpigae,oeilibd lra ly dgeexd avn oiae df oeilib oia dn`zdd oeicd z` mcwl dcigid jxcdy dnec.dwelg byend z` mbe lfn byend z` dpenzl mpi` miihpeelxd mipeivd zepeiliby gipdle,lenbd ziibeqn dn onfl mlrzdl ìd oae`x,milret ipy oia dwelgl oiaeh zecigi 100 ly zlaben zenk yiy gipp.`vnpa.cala zecigi 30Îa wifgn oerny eliè zecigi 70Îa wifgn oae`x lreta.oernye,(dnecke oekp izxag cnrn,zeclen zepekz) aeh lfn zekfa ribdy dnl ribd oae`x miyw dgizt ipezp zexnle,cinzne dyw wa`na ribdy dnl ribd oerny eliè mè?wcev izla df avn m`d.izxagd ecnrne ezgtyn,zeiyi`d eizeleki zpigan byeiy jk,avnd z` owzl yi cvik?wcvd xqegl mxebd èd lfnd dcin efià,ok?wcv 336

lfne wcv oerhl cer xyt`îi`,ef dnbeca lxhep milretd ipy ly ixqend cnrnde lièd eibyid jnq lr el ie`x milretdn cg` lky lenbl dn`zdîi`n raep wcvîi`dy ebiyd oernye oae`x eay ote`dn raep èd,wcvîi` o`k yi z`f lka m`.miixqend dk gzpa dkfy dcaerd.mibyidl ribd oae`x eay ote`dn weic xzil,mdibyid z` ezcear zexnl dpnn ohw dk gzpa dkf oerny eliè,aehd elfn zekfa dberdn lecb.zpbed izla zi`xp,dywd wx mi`kf ep`y ìd df oeica zrlaend dgpddy dnec?o`k obed `l weica dn la` mi`kf eppi`y cqg xcba èd minyn epl ozipy dn eliè,un`nae lnra epbydy dnl dcina dpnn dpey ìd la`,lenbd zgpdl daexw ef dgpdy dncp,oey`x hana.el,dgeex zecigi jke jk yi oae`xly dcaerd mvra ixqen mbt yiy orhp `l :zxkip avna dira lk dziid `l,mlera cigi oae`x did eli`.el aehe ryx,lekiak,èdy lr oae`x mr mixgzn mde,mlera mc` ipa cer yie lièd la`.ely iynnd dgeexd itle,ezeyxay oiaehd oiae oae`x oia dwifd z` xxal aeyg,zlaben oiaeh zenk miribny oiaeh.un`ne dnfi,lnr zervnà zxvepd dwifn dylg ef dwif orhpd i`d l` miribn m` la`,ez`pdle eyeniyl md ccea i` lr mc`l minyn dpznk eit` zrifa mc` xviy oiaeh,z`f znerl.dl`d oiaehd z` mnr welgiy ie`x,mixg` 17.mixg` mr welgl aiig epi` èd i` ezeà dpdpy ina zrbet dpi` dnvrlyk lfnd zl` ly zeaxrzdd,df gezip itl `le zeiaihhph od dly zepzndy ìd dprhd.ilily oiiprk zqtzp dpiè diyrnn,lfna `ly biydy dnl wx i`kf mc`.lfna `ly gieexn mc`y dnl dèeyda zeaivi miqkpa wifgdl i`yx èdy s`,i`kf èd oi` x`yd lkle,un`ne lnr,dnfi jez ly mzrted mr mil`d zepzn ewlegi cvike.mixg` miyxec mdl oi` cer lk el` ihxe`z qiqa oi` dxcbd sweza ixdy,ipeieey oteà,mzqd on?mixg` miyxec.oeicdn,xekfk,d`ved zixqend ze`kfd ;ezlef ipt lr cg` mc` sicrdl i`kf i`ce oerny.oernye oae`x ly xetiql aeyp,el` zepgada epciihvdy xg`l,lfn ly d`vez od oae`x ly zecigid 70 lk m` ;eit` zrifa gieexdy zecigid 30Îl lawi mdn cg` lky xacd yexit.oerny mr oze` welgl eilre,odl i`kf epi` èd zecigi 65 eidi oernyl eliè dgeex zecigi 35 oae`xl eidi xac ly eteqae,zecigi 35 mlera dievnd dwelgdn xzei wcev mler swyz ef dwelg,rvedy oerihd itl.dgeex.iynnd ipy ly ixqend mipeivd oeilib iabl dne`n gipn epi` df oerihy yibcè xefg` oiaehdn lecb wlg ditly,mfipìxhxaild ixwan ly dvetp dprhn mlrzn ip` oeicd jxevl.ef dxivi mr dxagd ly dlertd seziya ielz eit` zrifa xvei mc`dy 17 337

onhhq ipc jxra llk ielz epi` oernyle oae`xl rbepa xèzy wcvîi`d.xaca miaxernd iabl htyn uexgl xyt` df oeilibn mlrzda mby ìd dprhd.mdly iyi`d ixqend ilewiy ly izwelgd ite`d z` xidan mb oerihd.mdl mi`kf oernye oae`xy oiaehd cebipa,milret dnk ly mzgeexe mze`kf oia dèeyd miaiigny,miihpeelxd wcvd.z`fk dèeyda jxev oi` mdiably,lenba wcv ly milewiyl ze`kfd ik xaqdd dgcpy ixg`.ozi` cenri oerihdy ick dxqg zg` zihixw dileg,dnfi recn dl`yd dpira dxzep,lnrd ly ixqend epexzin zraep lnra zykxpd efn ddeab dpi` oerny ly zixqend eznx m`.zexita mdilra z` mikfn un`ne lnr ddeab dgeex znxn oerny dpdii wcvd zpigan il`ci` mleray ie`x recn,oae`x ly,wel oe'b èd dly hlead bivpdy,dkex` ziteqelit zxeqnn zwpei daeyzd?xzei èd eici izya xviin mc`y dn.eici dyrn oiae mc`d oia zcgein dwif yi ditle izya xviin mc`y dn.miny zpznk eil` ribny dnl cebipa,etebn wlg lekiak èd oi`y xyt` iyi`d lenbd zpigan m` elit`,xzeia daxd dcina ely èd eici,xye`d oiae ixqend jxrd oia mi`zi midel`yk,oicd meiay okziiy sè el ie`x dnfia biydy dnl i`kf mc`y dprha ynynd,ze`kf byend.xvezd epnn gwlii i`kf mc`y dprha ynynd ze`kf byend enk,(non-moral) ixqenîueg èd un`nae ecnrn iabl zeaiigzd ea oi` ipeltl jiiy èdy mieqn utg lr xnel.eyekxn zepdil.df cnrn qiqa lr el ribny dn iabl `le,ipelt ly illkd ixqend `ln oteà mi`kf epgp`,ixqen lenb ly milewiy miixbeqa miny m`,ef drvd itl mr el` migeex welgl miaiig eppiè,un`nne lnrn,dnfin d`vezk epgeexdy dnl miaiig epè,`ln oteà mi`kf eppi` miny zzn zekfa epgeexdy dnl eliè ;mixg` zhilya eppi` epiidc,minyn ozipy dny ìd wcvd zyixc.mixg` mr eze` welgl mizrly jkl mrhd.mc`d ipa oia deey oteà wlegi,lfn ly oiipr èd epiidc,mc`d lfnd ;lfn ly oiipr mdy dcaerd epi` mc`d ly eicin el` migeexn wlg zgwl yi iptn wx edyn mc` ipan zgwl daeg oiè,da rbet epiè ze`kf rpen epi` envrlyk mixg`ly jka dxewn,lfnd igeexn wlg mdn zgwl daeg yi m`.lfna mdil` ribdy mc` ipa oi` oday zeaiqpa.mlek oia mwlgl yi okle,el` migeexl deey driaz yi.elfn zexitn dpdii lfndîoay jka mbt oi` migeexa mipiipernd mixg`.ixqen lfna oeicd ala dievnd z`fl dliawnd dira zxxerzn ef dcewpay `l` od okle dhily mc`l oi` miny zepzn lry ìd eil`n oaen xack dbvedy dgpdd md oi` okle dhily el yi lnre dnfi ly d`vez mdy migeex lr j`,lfn ly oiipr md el` migeex mby oerhl xyt` la`.wfg oteà mdl i`kf ède,lfn ly oiipr mpi` lnre dnfi,ziy`x.ixqen lfna oeica ebvedy minrh mze`n,lfn ly d`vez lbeqn ipelty,`l ipenlè dnfi lra èd ipelty jkl zeaiq yi.oi`n yi mià 338

lfne wcv ipa ly dpeyd iteà zeverp zeaiqd.d`ld jke,`l ipenlè dyw dk`lna cinzdl.mdilr dxagde jepigd zrtyd ici lre mdly ihpbd orhnd ici lr rawpy,mc`d lr hicxwdy oin`n ivexg."iaihehihqpew lfn" lirl xen`k dpekn lfn ly df beq gaya xirv libn eziaa btqy mixqnd z` gekyl dhep èdy `l`,el ribn ezevixg lecbd ytega mdl xtiqyk eixed ly dtixgd daebzd zè,dlhad zepbae dceard.cearl `le zelal wx oeekzn èdy 'h dzik ly md miixqend zepelyikdne mibyiddn lecb wlgy jk lr riavd lbiip,zipy e` (mibyid el` m`) lfn ixqg eid mixg`y,zenieqn zeaiqpl zerlwid ly d`vez mieqn mc` ly ixqend mipeivd oeilib.odil` erlwp `le,(zepelyik el` m`) lfnîipa,eilrpa eid mixg` eli`y xexay s`,dkldk `ly lrty meyn mixg` ly dfn rexb ìd zexit miaipn un`ne dnfiy dcaerd,jkl dneca.xzei aeh milret eid `l md,mixg` eliè,ft zepncfd ekxc lr dzxwpy mfid ly aehd elfn zeaexw mizrl lfn" dpekn dfk lfn.zegt zeglven zeaiqpl erlwp wx,zegt `l eriwydy.(circumstantial luck) "zeaiqpa lre,milcgnde miyrnd ze`vez it lr,dax dcina,rawp ixqend avnd,ziyily,dnfid ze`vezl mb oekp xacd.icnl zlaben dhily mc`l yi dl`d ze`vezd oeinhl micxei zxevad zpy mre,miyceg jyna rifne lnr i`lwgd.lnrde un`nd md migeexde,ecrena cxei mybd xy`k mb iehia icil à lfnd la` ;deewzde lnrd zeiegztzd,miine`lîoiad miqgid,dqxead avn,xiee`d bfn.zeewzl m`zda oteà mirityn mde dhily mdilr oi`y minxeb md dl` lk - zeycg zeibelepkh.lnrde dnfid ly oelyikd lr e` dglvdd lr ihnxc cnrnd lr mirityn iz`vezd lfnde izaiqpd lfnd,opeknd lfndy myk,jk m` ze`kf) el mi`kf mc`d ipay dn lr mirityn md jk,obed `l d`xpy oteà ixqend ritene xfeg ixqend lfnd megza qwecxtd.obed `l d`xpy oteà (zixqenîueg?eze` ayiil xyt` m`d.dwelga wcv ly megza ìd ixqend cnrna wlg yi lfnly dcaerd z` milawn `ly in ly jlnd jxc ('eke zeaiqp,ze`vez) lfna miielzd zeceqid oia zixqend dkxrda cixtdl zeqpl ywrzdle,(eize`qxb oeebna ipìhp`wd aehd oevxd) ea miielz mpi`y zeceqid oiae oia ixqen lcad oi`,ef dyib it lr 18.mipexg`d it lr wxe j` rawp ixqend avndy,yià rbt `l exage lbx jleda rbt mdn cg`y,deey dcina elyxzdy mibdp ipy D. Domsky, There is No Door: :oke,5 dxrd,lirl mixkfend mixn`nd e`x df oexztl Finally Solving the Problem of Moral Luck, Journal of Philosophy 101 (2004), pp. 445 464 18 339

onhhq ipc dl`k miryt rvan didy in oiae lreta dngln iryt rviay in oia lcad oi` sè megzd.izgtyn rexià szzyde ihpeelxd onfa eziaa dxwna ddy `lnl` ly dagxd ezrtyda dxkdd zeawra mvnhvn ea zelg eply zeixqend zekxrddy e` aehd oevxd epiidc,hetiyd ly ixwird `yend.oihelgl mlrp `l la` lfnd.opk lr eply zeixwird zeixqend zekxrdd z` xizene epira cner,zixqend dpeekd lr lfnd zrtyd iabl mb liredl dieyr xqend lr lfnd zrtydl ef daebz m`d zekfa mb la`) un`ne dnfi zekfa byedy dnl ze`kfd epiidc,zixqenîuegd ze`kfd (un`nde dnfid) cala epa ielzy dn oia dcxtd ìd oexztd zernyn?(lfnd zl` jke xiee`d bfn iiepiy,weyd avn ly d`vez mdy migeexd) lfna ielzy dn oiae ile`.epzhilya didy dnl zlaben didz eply ze`kfd,ixqend megza enk.(d`ld enk - la`,oeayga àed lfndy iptl el mi`kf epiidy dnn zegt zvwl mi`kf didp.zxkip dribt rbtiz `l ze`kfd - xqend megza lfnd zrtydl rbepa lirl xn`py lfnd ziiral rbepa oevx riayn df oexzt dnk cr dl`ya o`k oecl lke` `l ely zeiyrnd ze`vezdy ipnec,migeexl ze`kfd ziiral rbepa,dxwn lka.ixqend un`ne dnfi ly dcin dze` eriwydy mi`lwg ipy lr aeygl xyt`.zkl zewigxn weyl zxvezd mr ribd,aeh leail dkf oey`xd i`lwgd.mdly zenc`d ceaira cxa zribt llba rexb leai laiw ipyd i`lwgd.g"y 1,000 gieexde zglven dtewza xknp weyl ìady leaid hrn,jka ic `l mè,mileciba erbty miwifn llbae dnfid èd mi`lwgd ipy ly mzhilya didy wlgd.libxdn mikenp mixigna mnvrlyk un`nde dnfidy ìd dirad.mdipia lcad did `l dfd wlgae,un`nde zekfa wx (ipy dxwna `l la` oey`xd dxwna) xvep geexde,edylk geex eciled `l lry `l`.mi`lwgd cnv ly mzelczyde mzrcez oiae mlerd oia "dlertd seziy" z` ze`xl yi,jkitl.dhily mdl dziid `l,lxebd e`,mlerd ly df dlert seziy ly eze`kf z` lhal okle,lfn ly oiiprk mlerd ly ezeaxern z`vez mdy migeexd ef dpwqn.lfnd yia exag mr mda wlgziy yexcle,eigeexl lfndîxa i`lwgd mda epzhilyy minxeba eply dagxde dwenrd zelzd lya ik,xzeia zkl zwigxn :aey ybceie) mibiyn ep`y xac meyl hrnk ze`kf epl oi`y `vei,ziley e` ziqt` qgia,"dwfg" ze`kf e`,ze`kf epl oi`y `l`,migeexa wifgdl epl xeq`y dpeekd oi`.(dl`k yi m`,mixg` mr mze` welgl epilr okle,mdil` cnrnd lr lfnd ly ezrtyd llba zxvepy diral oecipd oexztdy s`,jk m` lr lfnd ly ezrtyd mr ccenzdl riiqn epi` èd,xiaq rnyp mc`d ly ixqend megzay ìd df lcadl zixwird daiqdy dnec.gieexdy dnl mc`d ly eze`kf,(aeh oevx cgeina) minieqn drcez iavnl xeyw jxrdy daygnl mewn yi ixqend lxhpl xyt`y daygnd o`kn ;dlrp èd el` miavnn raepd jxrdy,z`fn dxzie 340

lfne wcv iynnd iehiad epiidc) elld drcezd iavn ly zeixwnd ze`vezl deelpy jxrd z` megza :zexg` milina.zixqen dkxrdl lecb agxn xzeeii oiicre,(mlera mdly ixqen cnrna zekfl ick (ilily e` iaeig) mieqn drcez avn yeaiba ic,ixqend lfna ielzy dn ly lexhp,mibyide migeex ly megza,z`f znerl.(ilily e` iaeig) zlgd.llk miwitqn mpi` miizrcez miavn df megza ik,xac xizen epi` hrnk deey oteà wlgl yiy dpwqnl liaez izwelg wcv ly zeibeq lr oecipd oexztd.dlawl enikqi mihrn wxy dpwqn - mlera oiaehd lk z` hrnk mdipia lcad oi`,izavdy zegpdd itl.mi`lwgd ipyl xefg` oiiprd zygndl it lr,la`.mipwn dl`y cnrnl (deey oteà) mi`kf mde,un`nde dnfid zpigan od zevixge dnfiy xeaqy in.zlekna mipew `l dnfie un`n mr,xkend iehiad,el` zepekz lr lenbl mi`kf mi`lwgdy aeygl ieyr zixqen dpigan zeievx zepekz.oiaehl ze`kf `l` ixqen lenb eppi` df sirqa `yepd la`,zlekna dgpd zeaxl.mlera zeiynn zelert zervnà `l`,drcez iavn zervnà zipwp dpi` ef ze`kf iptle drixfde rwxwd ceair ly xeìzd ixg` mi`lwgd xetiq z` izrhw eli` mdn cg` lky oiaehd iabl dne`n reawl xyt` did `l,drixfd ze`vez ly xeìzd lfnd ly zihnxc drtyda milwzp,xetiqd z` mikiynn m`y ìd dirad.mdl i`kf.zpbed `l ziyrp oiaehd ly ziynnd dwelgd dizeawrae,ze`vezd lr jixv ile`,oiaehd zwelg ziibeqa liren epi` lfnd icbpzn ly ifkxnd oerihd m` miigdn cxtp izla wlg èd lfnd ditly,mzcnrl zcbepnd dcnrd z` un`l rawp epi` ixqend cnrnd ef dcnr itl,a sirq seqa lirl xaqedy itk.miixqend m`.ely (agency) zelrftd megzay dn lk it lr `l`,lretd zhilyay dn it lr minq,dfeptid zrtydl oezp iziid ok m` `l`,iif`,dngln onfa ryt izrvia z` gvpl mizkie "ily" èd okle,iziyr ip`y edyn èd dfd rytd,dnecke lynl - il rxi`y rx lfn lya odd zeaiqpl izrlwp m` mb,ily ixqend oeilibd weica bdep did ze`ceeay,ize` silgdl xen` didy liigde dytegl z`vl jixv iziid liigd ly oeilibd eliè,dyrnd z` iziyry azkii ily oeiliba.jxca rwzp,ipenk miitnile`d miwgyna :ehqix` ly eixac z` xn`nl ehenk izàd.iwp x`yii xg`d èd ik ok zeyrl zleki el yiy in z` `le gvpne dxgzny in z` mixfa mixhrn.xneè siqen èd,"mdigaye miigd zeaeh iabl mb jke",dxgzd `l j` wfge dti it lr ozip - xg` gayl ixqen gay oia lcad oi` ef dpigane - mc` ipal gay mc`d ipal oi`y zeceqi zepiga dnkn mitet` el` miyrny s`,lreta miyrnd 19.mdilr dhily xwee,my,lbiip,(2 dxrd,lirl) qnìlie lv` zybcen xqena lfna oeica zelretd zeaiyg 19 341

onhhq ipc deedn ìd jk,zixqend dkxrdd z` zraew lreta zebdpzddy myky èt` okzii.mdl mi`kf ep`y oiaehd - wdaen oteà - df llkae,"miigd zeaeh" x`yl qiqa cnrnd zriawa zihixw ìd zelretd mpibay miiteqelit minrh mze` ceqi lr i`lwgd.mdl mi`kf ep`y oiaehd zriawa miihixw lnrde un`nd,dnfid,ixqend i`lwgdy myk,ely miyrnd z`vez ìdy meyn ef dkxal i`kf dkxa ciled elnry - mxkd z` rhpy èdy meyn,miyeà lawi miyeà dyre miapr zeyrl deeiwy oi`y minxeba ielz ziteqd d`vezdn jk lk lecb wlg mixwnd ipyay it lr s`.mdilr dhily mi`lwgl mekiq.c.lfna mxewny minxebd ly lexhp aiign,illk oteà xqend enk,wcvd dxe`kl ixqend cnrndy obed `l :dwelge lenb,miixwir minegz ipya iehia ef dyixcl oia oiaehd zwelgy obed `l oke,lfn ly minxeb iciîlr rawii ( 20 ihtynde).mdilr dhily micnrenl oi`y minxeb it lr rawiz el` oiaeh lawl micnrend eibyid zekfa mdl i`kf mc`dy oiaeh oia dpgadd ìd df oeica dzlry zifkxn dpgad oiaeh oiae,el aeh wicv - zixqen xceqn mleray daygnd zxbqnae,miixqend el dribnd dgeexd znxl dkef mc` m`.ixqend ecnrnl xyw ila mdl i`kf mc`dy m`,z`f znerl.lfnd gekn ìd dgeexdy jka leqt oi`,miixqend eibyid sweza okle,miny zzn mdy oiaeh lr ze`kf mc`l oi`,ixqen lenb ly zeibeqn minlrzn dnl wx i`kf mc` df xeyina.(dl`k yi m`) mixg` miyxec mr mze` welgl eilr mibyid enk,lnre dnfi mle`.lfnn d`vezk biydy dnl `le,lnrae dnfia biydy lehial liaez lfn lxhpl dyixcd ly aiwr meyii okle,lfna md s` miielz,miixqen ixqen lfn ly xywda ef dl`y lr zlaewnd daeyzd.oiaehl ze`kfd ly xenb hrnk megzl mze` minvnvn m` dxe`kl miixyt` miixqen i`pbe gay ik,o`k lirez `l mle`,(minieqn drcez iavn - zlaewnd dqitzd itl) mc`d ly ezhilyay ceqiay oeirxdy dnec.iynnd mxeviin wzepna oiaehl ze`kf lr xacl xyt`îi`,eiyrn lye mc`d ly iaihnxepd eavn zpada zelrftd zeaiyg èd ze`kfd zqitz.ixqen lfna miccvnd zcnr zqqean eilry weica oeirx eze` ieyr zepbede wcv ihetiya lfnd lexhpl dyixcd ly aiwr meyii :xac ly enekiq onhhq,m.c. Nussbaum, Luck and Ethics :uaewa sqep xn`na oke (6 dxrd,lirl).108±73 'nr,(2 dxrd,lirl) xg`l ililtd oeiqipd",ixn`n e`x ililtd oicd lr ixqend lfnd ziira ly zeklyd dnkl.(qetca) 39Îl xeyr,(jxer) ìal 'y,"ixqend lfnd ziira xe`l oiyperd wegl 39 oewiz 20 342

lfne wcv rxd e` aehd oevxd lr milg dl`y lkk miixqen i`pbe gay ihetiyl mewn xizedl mewn xizen epi` èd j`,zeixwnd mdizeaiqpne mdize`vezn wzepna,mc`d ly oiaehd lk ly deey dwelgl dyixc ìd d`vezd.oiaehl ze`kfl rbepa mihetiyl lfndîxa i`lwgd.mc`d ipa lk oia,(minyn micxeid dl` oky lk) mixveind ef d`vezy mkqen m`.geex eze` mqikae meid seqa dziad ekli lfnd yia i`lwgde oi`,oiaehl ze`kf zxivia zelretd ly dzeaiyga xikdl zepekp yi mè cxeqa` ìd zrtyda d`ced xacd yexite,ixqend cnrnd ziibeqa mb dzeaiyga dxkdn qepn mihwepy dcnrd oia wecd xyw èt` yi,dt dbvedy dfzd itl.xqend lr lfnd,zexg` milina.dwelga wcvd ziiraa mihwepy dcnrd oiae ixqend lfnd ziiraa lwynîcak oerih ìd,dyigkdl xyt`îi` hrnky,oiaehl ze`kfd lr lfnd zrtyd lekd" :d`xpk,ewcv dlawd inkg.ixqend cnrnd lr mb z`fk drtyd ly dneiwl 21."lfna ielz.` cenr,clw sc,`yp zyxt,b xdefd xtq,"lkiday dxez xtq elitè lfna ielz lekd" 21 343