Internal Combustion Engine Test

Átírás

1 Engine Test Emission Test and Certification Quality and Performance Investigation 1

2 Excess air factor C 8 H ,5 O 2 = 8 CO H 2 O C 8 H ,5 (O 2 +79/21N 2 ) = 8 CO H 2 O + 12,5 79/21N kg C 8 H kg O ,67 kg N 2 = 352kgCO kgH 2 O ,67kgN 2 1 kg C 8 H ,06 kg air = 3,09 kg CO 2 + 1,42 kg H 2 O + 11,55 kg N 2 λ = m real /m theoretical = m real /B*µ lo Stoiciometric air-fuel ratio 2

3 Requirements of the IC Engines: High Performance High Efficiency Low Emissions Emissions CO 2 CO C x H y NO x Efficiency Performance 3

4 EU Emission Standards for Passenger Cars (Category M1*), g/km 4

5 Spark Ignition Engines, MPI (Ford) 5

6 OTTO CYCLE 1-2 p V 6

7 Control of the Otto cycle (- full load, --- partial load) 7

8 Emissios in the function of the Excess air factor Perfomance Efficiency Passenger Cars Gas Engines 8

9 Catalytic Converters 3-way (NSCR) Catalysts (λ=1) NO x N 2 +O 2 CO CO 2 C x H y H 2 O+CO 2 λ 2-way (oxidation) Catalysts CO CO 2 C x H y H 2 O+CO 2 9

10 Emission Standards for Spark Ignition type Engines 10

11 Compression Ignition Engines 11

12 DIESEL CYCLE p V 12

13 Control of the Diesel cycle (- full load, --- partial load) 13

14 Emissios in the function of the Excess air factor Perfomance Efficiency 14

15 Emission Standards of CI Engines EGR Constraction PM [g/kwh] EURO 3 (2000) Particulate Filter Present Engines Control Without EGR EURO 5 EURO 4 Catalytic Convert. USA NOx [g/kwh] Prof. Bengt Johansson, ECM

16 Stand 500 g Puffer tartály U p mérıperem k 2156 HM 6U 16

17 Water brake absorption k 17

18 Eddy Current Dynamometer absorption 18

19 Different Operation of Dynamometers Const. Torque Const. Speed Square Law mode (like Air Resistence) 19

20 Asynchronous Drives Absorption and motoring or universal AVL: DynoEXACT APA 20

21 Chassis Dynamometers Absorption and motoring or universal Christian Schyr, AVL List GmbH, Graz Austria 21

22 Ambient Conditions: Dry atmospheric pressure at least 96,6 kpa Ambient temperature 23±7 C Correction: F = 99 Ta ps 298 0,7 Cooling liquid by the manufacturer or 80±5 C Cooling air by the manufacturer or 0-20 C, Fuel temperature by the manufacturer or 38±5 C Oil temperature by the manufacturer, constant Intercooler temperature by the nominal temperature given by the manufacturer ± 5 K 22

23 Diesel Engine Emissions at different Speed and Load (Speed/load in %) 23

24 Otto Engine Emissions at different Speed and Load (Speed/load in %) 24

25 Test Cycles Stationary Cycles European Stationary Cycle (ESC) ISO 8178 A-D2 Unsteady Cycles European Load Response (ELR) European Transient Cycle (ETC) ECE R 83 25

26 The ESC Cycle The engine is tested on an engine dynamometer over a sequence of steady-state modes. The engine must be operated for the prescribed time in each mode, completing engine speed and load changes in the first 20 seconds. The specified speed shall be held to within ±50 rpm and the specified torque shall be held to within ±2% of the maximum torque at the test speed. Emissions are measured during each mode and averaged over the cycle using a set of weighting factors. Particulate matter emissions are sampled on one filter over the 13 modes. The final emission results are expressed in g/kwh. During emission certification testing, the certification personnel may request additional random testing modes within the cycle control area. Maximum emission at these extra modes are determined by interpolation between results from the neighboring regular test modes. 26

27 European Stationary Cycle (ESC) 27

28 The engine Speeds are defined as follows: The high speed n hi is determined by calculating 70% of the declared maximum net power. The highest engine speed where this power value occurs (i.e. above the rated speed) on the power curve is defined as n hi. The low speed n lo is determined by calculating 50% of the declared maximum net power. The lowest engine speed where this power value occurs (i.e. below the rated speed) on the power curve is defined as n lo. A speed = n lo + 0,25 (n hi - n lo ) B speed = n lo + 0,5 (n hi - n lo ) C speed = n lo + 0,75 (n hi - n lo ) 28

29 P max 50 % P max P max 70 % A speed = n lo + 0,25 (n hi - n lo ) B speed = n lo + 0,5 (n hi - n lo ) C speed = n lo + 0,75 (n hi - n lo ) 29

30 ELR engine test The ELR engine test has been introduced by the Euro III emission regulation, effective year 2000, for the purpose of smoke opacity measurement from heavy-duty diesel engines [Directive 1999/96/EC of December 13, 1999]. The test consists of a sequence of three load steps at each of the three engine speeds A (cycle 1), B (cycle 2) and C (cycle 3), followed by cycle 4 at a speed between speed A and speed C and a load between 10% and 100%, selected by the certification personnel. Speeds A, B, and C are defined in the ESC cycle. 30

31 ELR Test 31

32 The ETC test The ETC test cycle (also known as FIGE transient cycle) has been introduced, together with the ESC (European Stationary Cycle), for emission certification of heavy-duty diesel engines in Europe starting in the year 2000 (Directive 1999/96/EC of December 13, 1999). The ESC and ETC cycles replace the earlier R-49 test. The ETC cycle has been developed by the FIGE Institute, Aachen, Germany, based on real road cycle measurements of heavy duty vehicles (FIGE Report , January 1994). The final ETC cycle is a shortened and slightly modified version of the original FIGE proposal. Different driving conditions are represented by three parts of the ETC cycle, including urban, rural and motorway driving. The duration of the entire cycle is 1800s. The duration of each part is 600s. Part one represents city driving with a maximum speed of 50 km/h, frequent starts, stops, and idling. Part two is rural driving starting with a steep acceleration segment. The average speed is about 72 km/h Part three is motorway driving with average speed of about 88 km/h. 32

33 ETC test cycle Városi utak Vidéki utak Autópályák Speed % Torque % Idı [s] 33

34 ECE R 83 (Emission standards for on-road vehicles ) 34

35 ECE R-49 (cycle was replaced by the ESC schedule ) 35

36 ISO 8178 A-D2 Tests 36

37 Thank You! 37

38 Literatures: et.go/encoded/ 38