Ethnobotanical survey of plants grown in agriculture in Transylvania, Romania

Átírás

1 1 Ethnobotanical survey of plants grown in agriculture in Transylvania, Romania Nóra Papp and Tímea Bencsik Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Pécs, 2 Rókus street, Pécs, Hungary, H Corresponding author: 1 nora4595@gamma.ttk.pte.hu Abstract The traditional agricultural system encompasses archaic ancestral elements in the regions of Transylvania, a part of Romania. We overviewed 65 Hungarian and Romanian works published in the topic of agriculture of Transylvania since the 1960s. Among the listed 105 plants, the cultivated taxa have been mentioned as food plants and vegetables. People use the -bearing plants mostly to make beverages and conserved products, while other ones as fodder, dyeing and sacramental plants, or in special ethnomedicinal practices and local ceremonies, too. The documented data contain both subsistent and disappeared elements in the selected period, which highlights the necessity of the ethnobotanical collecting works in the country nowadays. Key words: ethnobotany, food plant, vegetable, fodder, medicinal plant Introduction People living in isolated settlements significant role in the everyday life of the people in these regions. generally work in self-sufficient Transylvania, an extended part of occupations worldwide due to the lack of well-organised infrastructure, alimentary Romania is inhabited by the ethnic groups of Széklers and Csángós, who service, permanent medical and speak in Hungarian and Romanian. They veterinary attendance, and pharmacy. live mostly in isolated villages, which are Agricultural activities including the located in the mountains far from major production of plants used as food, fodder, settlements. Traditional agricultural or dyeing plants, and in devices, activities have been surveyed from the handicrafts, or as timber play a 19th century including local and scientific name of grown plant species,

2 2 their use and connected customs. with their varieties cultivated in the Reported data have been published agriculture (Kóczián et al., 1975; mainly in Hungarian and Romanian Kóczián et al., 1976; Rab et al., 1981; articles, books, and monographs. In these Rab, 1982; Szabó, 2002; Antalné, 2003; works, local name of the plants are Babai and Molnár, 2009; Molnár and usually based on Romanian words Babai, 2009; Fancsali, 2010). (Péntek, 1974), or their morphological Ethnobotanical data were completed by features and local use in Transylvania. magical and irrational elements applied in The main aim of this summary was to various customs of the Csángós in review Hungarian agricultural data and Moldova (Diószegi, 1960; Bosnyák, traditions in connection with the plants 1973; Halászné, 1981; Benedek, 1997; used as food, fodder, and in local Csoma, 2000; Halász, 2010), and Uz- ethnomedicine and customs published in the 19-20th centuries in Transylvania. Study areas Several Transylvanian regions have been surveyed ethnobotanically in the main works of Borza (1968) and Butura (1979), which include numerous plants valley (Frendl et al., 2007; Papp et al., ), as well. Traditional knowledge of Székler people, who are also in close relation with the nature, was also studied for the archaic values of agricultural activities and traditional use of plants in home treatments. For example, ethnobotanical with Romanian and Hungarian vernacular inventories were carried out in the area of names and local use. Vörös has prepared the old Bucovina (Grynaeus and Szabó, a detailed etymological summary (2007) 2002), Zona Călata (Kovács, 1976; containing local names of plants known Kóczián et al., 1977; Péntek, 1980; in Hungary and Romania. Péntek, 1982; Péntek, 1984; Péntek and Among Csángós regions, Ghimes Szabó, 1985; Vasas, 1985; Szabó, 2002), mountains were surveyed Ciuc (Miklóssy, 1980; Pálfalvi, 1999; ethnobotanically first time in the country Kosz, 2010), Gheorgheni (Tarisznyás, (Holló and Rácz, 1968). Reports of 1978; Rab, 2000), Trei Scaune (Péntek Ghimes list plants used in home and Szabó, 1976), Cașin (Pintér et al., treatments, as food and fodder, and taxa 1974), Neaua (Zillmann, 1997), Aiud

3 3 (Vita, 1994), Borsa-valley (Vajkai, 1943), and Romanian local name of the plants Homoród (Gub, 1993,1994,1996,2005), are written in italic. Covasna (Rácz and Füzi, 1973; Zakariás, Capsicum annuum (Table 3), a widely 1995; Bartha et al., 2011; Bartha, ), cultivated basic plant is traditionally used and along Kis- and Nagy-Homoród rivers in various foods. The plant has several presenting several new data about the forms based on the shape and colour of local use of plants (Frendl, 2001,2002a,b; the, e.g. C. a. var. grossum () Boris, 2010; Erdei, 2011; Papp, 2011; Sendter (local names: gogosari, arde, Papp and Horváth, ). Ornamental árdé), C. a. var. longum (DC.) Sendter, plants were documented by Péntek C. a. var. cerasiforme Willd., C. a. var. (1980); while wild edible species were frutescens (Borza, 1968), C. a. convar. reviewed by Dénes et al. (2012) in the grossum provar. tetragonum (gogos), C. Carpathian Basin. The selected regions are usually not provided by medical attendance and pharmacy due to their isolation and big distance from other settlements. Although some communities use official services and media sources, the rural people know, collect, and use plants from their a. convar. longum (csípőspaprika), and C. a. convar. annuum (cseresznyepaprika) (Gub, 1993). Fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum (Table 8) also vary in form, size, and colour. Its varieties are called ökörszív and rio del fugo in Bățanii Mari (Papp, unpublished). Pisum sativum (Table 10) is one of the environment for their local practices, as most important vegetable used in each well. part of the country. In Zona Călata, two varieties are known: kerti borsó and Elementary plants in the lúfogú lencse (Péntek and Szabó, 1985). Transylvanian agriculture Phaseolus vulgaris (Table 10) is more In this section, we summarize the most widespread all over the country. The important species together with their types can be distinguished according to subspecies, varieties, convarieties, or the climbing (karós, folyós, felfolyós) or provarieties documented in various not climbing forms with general names of regions of the country. The Hungarian gyalogfaszulyka, gyalogfuszulyka, gyalogpaszuly (Fancsali, 2010), or

4 4 gyalogos (Boris, 2010). These terms play Several varieties were observed in the an important role in the terminology and case of Solanum tuberosum (Table 13), classification of beans cultivated in the second most important plant in the Transylvania (Péntek, 1978). In Zona Transylvanian agriculture. Tubers are Călata, Ph. v. convar. vulgaris was used primarily as food, secondly as documented having 47 varieties with fodder and for medicinal purposes. The more than 100 local names, whereas Ph. following Romanian names of this v. convar. nanus (gyalogbab; Gub, 1993) species were described in the country: with 25 varieties and more than 80 local cartofi albi, c. ceangăi, c. de iarnă, c. de names (Péntek and Szabó, 1985). The lună, c. de vară, c. galbeni, c. păsătoşi, c. varieties Juliska, emberképű, ceruza bab, porceşti, c. roz, and c. săpunari (Borza, zsidóírásos, gyéktojás, aranyeső, tarka 1968). In Zona Călata, varieties called bab, sárga bab, and vajbab were described in the old Bucovina (Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002), while pujbab and horágosbab were found in Moldova (Halász, 2010). In Homoród, Ph. v. var. subcompressus (fehér karósbab) and Ph. v. convar. vulgaris (karósbab) (Gub, 1993) were identified scientifically, while Gülbaba, csegezi, cserepeshaju bojóka, dongaji sárgabojóka, Ella, fontos pityóka, hópehej, hópej, kifli, kík bojóka, Nániék féle, nyári rózsa, takarmánybojóka, takarmánymogyoró, Titóé féle, vásárheji piros, and veres bojóka were known (Péntek and Szabó, 1985), whereas in Homoród the type we collected only the local names of the hópehely, májuskirálynő, némapityóka, other types: fehér, tarka, elejin termő, rózsa (Gub, 1993), kifli, eleintermő, and felmenő fehér karós, bihalfuszulyka, piros késői were introduced by rural Ilonka, gránát, korai sárga, korai ződ, people (Boris, 2010). Among the foods and cérna (Boris, 2010). Besides this prepared from the tuber, pityókatokány region, varieties called Ilona and can be mentioned as a well-known soup Mindenasszon were found in Merești, throughout the country. cirkás, kődökös, and babos in Crăciunel, Numerous hybrids and convarieties of as well as fehér apró gyalog and tarka Zea mays (Table 14) are cultivated and (cirombás) in Bățanii Mari (Papp, used as food and fodder in Homoród, for unpublished). example Z. m. convar. dentiformis

5 5 (lófogú kukorica), Z. m. convar. The following varieties of Prunus microsperma provar. gracillima domestica (Table 11) were documented: (gyöngyszemű kukorica), Z. m. convar. P. d. ssp. domestica (nemes szilva) and P. mircosperma provar. oryzoides d. ssp. rotunda (ringlószilva) in Homoród (rizsszemű kukorica), Z. m. convar. (Gub, 1993), fosóka, bárdás, odolyeán, saccharata (csemegekukorica), and Z. m. birtók, and horgasmagvú szilva, kulkudu, convar. vulgaris (kemémyszemű kukorica) and édesszilva in Moldova (Halász, (Gub, 1993). Maize flour plays a 2010). Along the Kis- and Nagy- significant role in the traditional Homoród rivers, Kolozsvári and preparation of puliszka (Hungarian) or hargasmagvú are known in Sânpaul, mămăligă (Romanian), an elementary horgasmagvú, nyári, and sárga szilva in food in the selected regions. Crăciunel. In Bățanii Mari, édes szilva is Climatic and geographical features influence the cultivation of trees in Transylvania. Among the oldest species, Malus domestica (Table 8) can be mentioned with several varieties (Nagy-Tóth, 1998), e.g. borozdásalma, cigányalma, pogácsaalma, and szappanalma in Bucovina (Grynaeus and also called ringló, magvaváló, and besztercei (Papp, unpublished). Old and archaic varieties of Pyrus communis (Table 11) were summarized in the work of Nagy-Tóth (2006) containing data about the size, shape, colour, and pericarp of s, as well as the size of peduncle, sepals, seed, and Szabó, 2002), ficfaalma, bolondalma,. In Homoród, its varieties are called édesalma, jonatán, kógyis alma, oltovány búzávalérő, dilkörte, magonkőtt, alma, ordos alma, piroska-alma, őszi mézkörte, pergament, pirosbelű, sóskörte bolond, and őszi alma in Moldova (Gub, 1993), gagyás körte (Boris, 2010), (Halász, 2010), jonatán, pónik, and renet mézbelű, őszi vajkörte, téli körte (in in Sânpaul, whereas rozzsalérő, Sânpaul), fekete körte, and pirosbelű citromalma, korai (Klára), Jonared, vackor (in Crăciunel) (Papp, Budai Domokos, pónyi, renet, őszi alma, unpublished); in Moldova they are named and batur in Bățanii Mari (Papp, bikabőrű körte, Nagyboldogasszony unpublished). körtéje, nyakas körte, őszi körte, téli körte, csömögérkörte, ligoráskörte,

6 6 papkörte, and nyivadós körte (Halász, Among the reported species Allium cepa, 2010), as well as téli and nyári körte in Solanum tuberosum, and Phaseolus Bățanii Mari (Papp, unpublished). vulgaris can be mentioned having The climate is less appropriate for the numerous varieties and being the most cultivation of Vitis vinifera (Table 14), popular taxa used in local foods. Triticum which grows only in few regions of the aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, and Avena country having about 100 old varieties sativa are the main types of cereals. (Borza, 1968). This species and the Livestock keeping in farms require produced wines are less popular products several fodder grown besides the food of the Transylvanian agriculture. plants, such as Anthyllus vulneraria, Discussion Lolium multiflorum, Lotus corniculatus, Vegetables, trees and shrubs are of Morus nigra, Trifolium and Vicia sp. pivotal importance in the life of rural people in Transylvania. The studied 65 references include 105 plants cultivated in the agriculture since the 1960s. The local attitudes of rural people are associated with the cultivating traditions in the studied regions. Cultivated taxa are used in fresh, ground, boiled, or cooked In ethnomedicinal treatments, people use decoction, tea, tincture, cream, foment, rubber, and bath prepared from species cultivated in agriculture and kitchengardens (Papp et al., ). They are used in both human (e.g. Brassica oleracea, Citrullus lanatus, and Levisticum officinale), and forms as food, fodder, dyeing plants, and ethnoveterinary medicines (e.g. sacramentals, as well as in local healing Lycopersicon esculentum, Rumex methods and customs, handicrafts, acetosa, Secale cereale) to treat several timber, and construction. Among basic disorders. food types, green vegetables and cereals Some of the summarized species were are consumed in soup, garnish, vegetable, cultivated long ago or only in kitchen salad, pickle, and spice, whereas jam, gardens (e.g. Brassica nigra, Cannabis compote, syrup, wine, liqueur, or brandy sativa, Cicer arietinum, Coriandrum are made from -bearing species sativum, Fagopyrum esculentum, Lens (Table 1-14). culinaris, Nicotiana tabacum, Sinapis alba, Vicia faba); nowadays some of

7 7 them are known as ornamental plants, Babai D, Molnár Zs (2009). Népi such as Amaranthus caudatus or A. növényzetismeret Gyimesben II. lividus. Cultivated plants play an Termőhely- és élőhelyismeret. Bot Közl., important role in special predictions (e.g. 96(1 2): pp Allium sativum), and as dyeing materials Bartha S, Balogh L, Papp N (2011). Népi (e.g. Allium cepa, Juglans regia), gyógynövényismereti adatok protective symbols against bad spirits, Nagybaconban és környékén. and sacramentals in local rituals (Ocimum Gyógyszerészet Suppl., pp basilicum). Handicrafts and tools made Bartha SG (). Népi from cultivated plants and used in gyógynövényismeret Erdővidéken. MSc Transylvanian households are Thesis. University of Pécs, Pécs widespread, such as in case of the of Benedek HE (1997). Adalékok egy Lagenaria siceraria and stem of Sorghum bicolor. These reported data show great diversity of the traditional agriculture in Transylvania. Although several species are also known and used nowadays, cultivation of some taxa were practically decreased in the everyday life of the moldvai csángó falu népi növényismeretéhez. In: Pozsony F (ed) Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság Évkönyve 5. Dolgozatok a moldvai csángók népi kultúrájáról. Kriza János Néprajzi Társaság, Cluj-Napoca, pp Boris Gy (2010). Gyógynövények népi használata a székelyföldi Lövétén. BSc indigenous people recently. This Thesis. University of Pécs, Pécs phenomenon necessitates further field Borza A (1968). Dictionar etnobotanic. trips to collect traditional elements of Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste agriculture in these regions. Romania, Bucharest References Antalné TM (2003). Gyimes-völgyi népi gyógyászat. Európa Folklór Intézet, L Harmattan, Budapest

8 Table 1 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania I Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Allium cepa piroshagyma, bulb cold and pneumonia, pirihagyma, diuretics, gastrointestinal vereshagyma, spasm - together with veresshagyma, scale of Carum carvi and vöröshagyma, Pimpinella anisum as fehérhagyma decoction furuncle - together with pine resin, milk, honey, and soap; to dye clothes and eggs in Easter Allium sativum Allium schoenoprasum Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus lividus Anethum graveolens Fokhagyma bulb pneumonia, cold, pertussis, headache, earache, toothache, high blood pressure, arthritis; appetizing and vermifuge,warts, furuncle, and stroke in pork fat; protective symbol apróhagyma, dughagyma, kitsiny hagyma, pázsithagyma, metélő hagyma bojtvirág, elefántormánya, kakastaréj, pújkaor, seed spice, vegetable, to flavour foods in diet cultivated long ago, nowadays ornamental plant pulykaorr - cultivated long ago, nowadays ornamental plant kapar, kapor spice for food made by pumpkin and pickle; stomach and urinary problems, headache, insomnia, cardiac asthma, artheriosclerosis, laxative as tea Reference Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Halászné, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Papp et al., ; Bartha Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Halászné, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Bartha Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Papp et al., 8 Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980;Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Papp et

9 al., ; Bartha 9 Table 2 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania II Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Anthyllis vulneraria Apium graveolens Armoracia lapathifolia Usteri Artemisia dracunculus Atriplex hortensis Avena sativa luhere, macskaköröm, csoda here, nyúlszapuka, macksa here celler, cëllër, kerti celler, czeller, zeller turma, torma tárkony, tarcón, tarhón, tárhon, tárkon, tárkonyüröm kerti laboda, laboda, spárgaspenót, spenót zab, bükköny, bükken Reference herb Fodder Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985, root root herb herb vegetable, in soup; urinary problems, rheuma, and cold as tea, diuretic, expectorant, high blood pressure, roborant for cold, cough, and pneumonia in fresh form together with honey, rheuma and headache as foment, antipyretic applied on palm or sole, for tuberculosis in veterinary medicine; to preserve pickles for fever as foment pickle in vinegar, meats and soup, arthritis, high blood pressure and toothache as tea, for cold as tincture, for stomach disorders, sedative, appetizing for soup (ciorbă) and pancake; relict; reduced cultivation fodder; together with Allium cepa Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010Bartha ; Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Bartha ; Papp et al., Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010 Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al.,

10 and Zea mays as diaphoretic, cold, cough, toothache, rheuma, enteritis diuretic and expectorant as tea, for burn wound; warmed seeds in bag for backache ; Butura, 1979; Gub, 1993; Halászné, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010 Table 3 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania III Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Beta vulgaris Cukorrépa root vegetable, syrup var. altissima (instead of sugar); Döll. pneumonia, enteritis, dysentery, stomach disorders, vermifuge furuncle as Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. conditiva Alef. Brassica nigra () Koch Brassica oleracea Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides Brassica oleracea convar. Cékla fekete mustár tuber foment vegetable, pickle; liver insufficiency, roborant furuncle as foment, wound in veterinary medicine cultivated long ago; nowadays it grows as weed; rheuma as foment Káposzta sap of sour cabbage for nausea, diuretic, laxative; together with flour for scabies; for frozen body parts, chilblain, and fever as foment kalarábé, kalóráb, répa káposzta, téli/korai/kései karalábé olasz káposzta, kelkáposzta tuber vegetable; inflammed knie and chest as foment Reference 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010 Kóczián et al., 1975; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Papp et al., ; Bartha Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Keszeg, 1981; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Papp et al., Borza, 1968; Gub, 1993; Papp et al., ; Bartha Vegetable Borza, 1968; Gub, 1993

11 11 capitata var. sabauda Cannabis sativa Capsicum annuum magvaskender, kender árdé, ardéj, paprika seed stem cultivated until the 1960s; for worms in veterinary medicine, burn wound as ash, vermifuge as tea weaving long ago vegetable; rheuma, in brandy for gastrointestinal spasm, together with pepper for diarrhoea; blown into cataract of cow in ground form Table 4 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania IV Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Carthamus stigma tinctorius Carum carvi Cicer arietinum Cichorium intybus sofrán, sofránt, parasztsáfrány, tótsáfrány, vadsáfrány köminy, kömin, kömind, köménd, kümén, kemén, keménmag, kömén, kömény csicseriborsó, csiseriborsó, csicsiriborsó, hólyagborsó, borsó, bagolyborsó katánkóré, katángkóré, katánkóró, kotánkóré, kék herb, for jaundice together with wine and sugar cough, asthma, and stomach disorders as tea,carminative, antiseptic; in soup and brandy cultivated between the rows of maize until the 1950s; for urinary problems high blood pressure as tea, furuncle, cough, stomach, liver and Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1976; Halászné, 1981; Gub, 1993; Halászné, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha Reference Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Rab, 1982; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Füzi, 1973; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek

12 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf. Coriandrum sativum Cornus mas katáng, kék kotáng, ketánvirág, kávékatáng, májburján, csikória, cikoria jajkoró, tzikoria, tzikoria fü, cikória görögdinnye, dinnye koriánder, korijánder, kolijander somfa, húsos somfa, som flower root young shoot bile disorders; together with herb of Linaria vulgaris Mill. for jaundice as tea for wound supplement of coffee cultivated hardly in this climate; ground seed as diuretics and for pox as tea cultivated until the 1950s; stomach and bowel disorders as tea compote, syrup, jam; stomach disorders and diarrhoea as brandy or liqueur burn wound as astringent Table 5 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania V Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Corylus avellana Cucumis sativus Cucurbita maxima Duch. Cucurbita pepo magyarófa, magyaró, fájimagyaró, magyorófa, magyaru, mogyoró ugorka, ugórka, ogorka, uborka dry woody parts food plant sap for impetigo after burning for wound as foment vegetable; wart, sap together with salt for nausea; peel for toothache 12 and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Gub, 2005; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Bartha Borza, 1968; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Butura, 1979; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010 Péntek and Szabó, ; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010 Reference Füzi, 1973; Csedő, 1980; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha Borza, 1968; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha Sütőtök food plant Borza, 1968; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010 disznótök, takarmánytök, főzőtök, marhatök, vegetable; cultivated between the rows of maize; Borza, 1968; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and

13 13 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. úritök, bósztán, tök bírskörti, birkörte, körti, birs murok, kerti murok, sárgarépa haricska, háritska, karicska, pohánka, hajdina bark root herb vermifuge Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha food plant, compote, jam, liqueur; cold and heart failure diarrhoea as tea sap for stomach cramp, in grated form for jaundice and enteritis, vermifuge for children, together with tuber of Solanum tuberosum and milk for burnt wound cultivated long ago édeskömény cultivated in kitchen gardens long ago; diuretic, galagtogogue; digestive problems and cramps in veterinary medicine 1979; Keszeg, 1981; Halász, ; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Papp et al., ; Bartha Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Halász, 2010 Bartha Table 6 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania VI Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Fragaria vesca erdei eper, food plant, lányeper, root compote, syrup, lejányeper, jam kerek eper, anaemia, cold, erdeji eperfü, herb digestive földi eperj, eper problems; diuretic; stimulation of rumination as tea diarrhoea as tea muscular pain as bath Reference Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha ; Papp et al., ; Boris Helianthus annuus forgó, forgóu, fatty oil cultivated until

14 naprafórgóu, naputánjáró, napvirág, tányér virág, napraforgó Helianthus tuberosus Hordeum vulgare Humulus lupulus árvapityóka, disznópityóka, édespityóka, tótrépa, csóka, csicsóka Árpa of seed the 1960s; laxative, antipyretic, cold, headache and earache, against lice in veterinary medicine 14 Halászné, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha tuber vegetable, fodder 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010 herb, seed fodder, cereals; cold and high blood pressure in human medicine as tea, dysentery of pigs, vermifuge for horses warmed seeds in bag for backache Komló herb varieties in cultivation; stem in soup and baskets; jaundice and tuberculosis; in beer and breadbaking Table 7 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania VII Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Juglans regia dijófa, fás dijó, food plant; liver dijó, divó, problems and gyivó cough, sap for cramp, kidney root stone dyeing, insecticid; jaundice, rheuma as bath, stomach disorders with milk for rheuma as foment, soaked in Lactuca sativa sajáta, fősaláta, sojáta, saláta water several varieties; vegetable, salad; wound 1979; Keszeg, 1981; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha Füzi, 1973; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010 Bartha Reference Füzi, 1973; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Keszeg, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Bartha 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Halász, 2010

15 15 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley Lathyrus tuberosus Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Lens culinaris Medik. Levisticum officinale Koch. lopó, lopóu, lopóutök, szivó, szivótök, köpely, lopótök barabójvirág, borsóvirág, vadborsó, csicsirivirág, csuma, csunya, jenyestye, juliszta, julisztavirág, csunyvirág, borsó viloja, borsó viola, disznó-pityóka mogyorós bükköny nevendula, levendula tuber flower device for storage of oil, exsuction of vinegar and wine from barrel cultivated at the beginning of the 1940s; food plant, mostly for children wound cultivated long time ago; for respiratory problems and cramp, stimulant; against moth lentse, lencse seed cultivated long ago; vegetable; diuretics lóstyán, leostyán, leustyán, léstyán, leostyán, lobostök, lestyán herb, spice; chills, stomach disorders, diuretics in human medicine as tea; wound, cough, together with salt and rancid fat of pork for digestive problems, sting of fly as rubber in veterinary medicine; grown to keep off snakes; against headache in fresh form 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Gub, 2005; Halász, ; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010 Boris, 2010; Papp et al., ; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Boris, 2010; Bartha Table 8 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania VIII Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Linum lenvirág, len seed laxative (chewed), usitatissimum purulent wound and abscess Reference Füzi, 1973; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Keszeg,

16 16 Lolium multiflorum Lam. Lotus corniculatus Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Malus domestica Borkn. Matricaria recutita Medicago sativa (ground) together with milk as foment; warm seed oil for earache 1981; Halászné, 1981; Halászné, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Bartha ; Olaszperje herb Fodder Péntek and Szabó, 1985 szárvaskerep, szárvaskereszt, szárvaskerep paradicsom alma, paradicsom álmafa, álma, alma kamella, szíkfű, székfűvirág, szegfűvirág, ezerjófű, édesalmabüzü, almabüzü, mezei szelefü, nádra fü, székfű, kamilla lúcérna, lócérna, vadlucerna, lucerne herb Fodder Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Bartha herb herb herb several con- and provarieties; furuncle and wound in fresh form, lack of appetite of pigs in boiled form rheuma as bath several varieties; compote, jam, brandy, soup; ground for diarrhoea of children, peel as tea, stomach disorders cold, sore throat, stomach and liver disorders, cramp, inflammation, wound, pneumonia, toothache, earache, diuretic, laxative, antimicrobial as tea fodder; against menstrual pain in brandy 1979; Keszeg, 1981; Halászné, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha ; Butura, 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010 Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Gub, 1993; Halászné, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Papp et al., 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002 Table 9 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania IX Scientific name Local name Part Use and Reference used preparation Melissa officinalis kerti méh fü, herb, spice, insomnia,

17 citromfű sedative as tea,toothache, stomach disorders, enteritis, rheuma, chest pain Mentha crispa Mentha x piperita Morus alba Morus nigra Nicotiana rustica Nicotiana tabacum fodorminta, vadfodórminta, fehér fodorminta, fodorménta, fodormenta hidegminta, kámforos minta, borsminta, bossminta, fekete fodorminta, borzosménta, borsosménta, borsosmenta, borsmenta fehír eperfa, fehér epörfa, fejéreper, fejér fájieper, faji eper, selyemeperfa, szederfa feketeeper, fekete fájieper, szeder eperfa, szederfa dohán, kapadohány, török dohány, dohány dohán, tabák, tobák, közönséges dohány, herb cold, cough, asthma, stomach and liver disorders, cramp and headache as tea, antiemetics, to flavour brandy, sting of bee as rubber, herb cold, cough, headache, chest pain, insomnia, gastric ulcer, liver and bile problems as tea, diaphoretics and antipyretics food plant; rheuma, hepatitis, jaundice for diabetes as tea 17 Halászné, 1981; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Bartha Keszeg, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Kóczián et al., 1976; Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Papp et al., ; Bartha Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1975; Butura, 1979; Halászné, Csedő, 1980; 1981; Rab, 1982;Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Papp et al., ; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Boris, 2010 food plant, fodder Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Gub, 1993 rarely cultivated; against moth, lices and scabies as tea cultivated long ago; scabies of children as bath, dried and ground leaves for wound, against moth Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Butura, 1979; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha Table 10 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania X Scientific name Local name Part Use and Reference

18 Ocimum basilicum Phaseolus vulgaris Pimpinella anisum Pisum arvense Pisum sativum Prunus avium Prunus cerasus used preparation bórzsalik, buszujok, spice, to buszijok, biszijok, flavour wine; biszijók, bozsijok, smoked leaves biszjog, buszjog, for headache, bazsaika earache and toothace; ritual plant in baptism fuszujka, fuszulyka, seed several confaszulyka, fuszika, and paszuj, puszujka, legume provarieties; puszújka, food plant, fehérpaszuly pickle; kidney and urinary problems; in prediction for high blood pressure and diabetes as tea ánis, ánizs spice, diarrhoea, stomach disorders, carminative, antispasmodic as tea piculás borsóu, mezei-borsó, borsó, takarmányborsó bórsó, bórsóu, cukórborsó cseresnye, cseresnyefa, vadcseresnye, madár-cseresznye, cseresznye meggy(fa) 18 Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Halász, 2010 Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., ; Bartha Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Keszeg, 1981; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Bartha seed Fodder Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 seed peduncle peduncle convarieties; food plant provarieties; food plant diuretic as tea, bilestone and cold convarieties; compote, jam, syrup, brandy diarrhoea, diuretics as tea spice, in pickle of Cucumis sativus 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., Füzi, 1973; Butura, Keszeg, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha

19 19 Table 11 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania XI Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Prunus domestica Szilva several varieties; compote, jam, syrup, brandy; bark laxative, carminative; brandy for lack of appetite, high blood pressure, appendicitis and toothache for diarrhoea as Pyrus communis Raphanus sativus var. niger (Mill.) J. Kern. Rheum palmatum Rheum rhaponticum Ribes nigrum körti(fa), körtöve, körte(fa) Reference Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha tea several varieties; compote, brandy sörretek, fekete retek root stuffed with honey and sugar for cold, cough, tuberculosis, asthma, pertussis, kidney problems, chest pain, enteritis, dysentery, roborant Rebarbara petiole stem food plant, compote; after jaundice with sugar as wine Gub, 1993; Papp et al., 1979; Keszeg, 1981; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Papp et al., 2011; Bartha Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Gub, 1993; Gub, 2005 Rebarbara petiole food plant Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 fekete szöllő, fekete veres-szőlő, feketeribizli, fekete ribiszke jam, syrup; for low blood pressure and anaemia, astringent, diuretics as wine high blood pressure as tea Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Bartha ; Papp et al.,

20 20 Ribes rubrum Ribes uva-crispa aprószöllő, pirosszöllő, veresszőlő, vereszöllő, vereszőllő, piros ribiszke, piros ribizli egris, egresfa, füge, szőrösfüge, egres, köszméte several varieties; food plant; compote, syrup, jam, wine several convarieties; food plant in soup, compote, wine, pickle Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Gub, 1993 Kóczián et al., 1976; Gub, 1993; Papp et al., Table 12 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania XII Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Rosmarinus officinalis herb Rubus caesius Rubus idaeus Rumex acetosa Rumex rugosus Campd. Salvia officinalis rozmarint, rozsmarint, ruzsmarint, rozsmalint, rozmarin, házirozsmarint, rozmalint, rozsmalin, élet fü szederin, kékbogyó, szeder mána, málnafa, Boldogasszony csipkéje, málna sósnya, soska, sóusnya, sóuska, vadsózsnya, sóska kerti sózsnya, jerti sósnya, kerti sóska szálvija, zsája, kerti zsázsa, zsázsa, sályafü, sálya, zája food plant in soup, spice heart failure, diuretics as tea food plant; compote, syrup, jam backache as tea Reference Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010 Füzi, 1973; Butura, 1979; Csedő, 1980; Halászné, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha Füzi, 1973; Kóczián et al., 1976; Csedő, 1980; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha ; Papp et al., herb seed several convarieties; compote, syrup, jam, rarely wine and brandy diaphoretic tea, wound and furuncle against numbness as bath vegetable, soup; jaundice diarrhoea as tea in veterinary medicine 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Bartha Vegetable Péntek and Szabó, 1985 herb cold, cough, stomach disorders, pneumonia; Gub, 1993; Gub, 2005;

21 expectorant as tea; for toothache as rinsing, rheuma as bath inflammed gum in fresh form Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Bartha 21 Table 13 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania XIII Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Satureja herb hortensis csombor, csombort, borsos szátorja, bors fü, házicsombor, csombord Secale cereale ros, rozs herb, Sinapis alba Solanum melongena Solanum tuberosum kerti mustár, kerti mustár fü, mustár káposzta, fehér mustár vinetta, vineta, vinete, törökpaprika, kék paradicsom pityóka, pizsóka, barabój, bojóka, pityirkó, fődimogyoró, fődimagyaró, krumpli, földi alma, gurgonya, kolompér spice; for furuncle in fresh form, cough, asthma, toothache, inflammation of kidney, stomach disorders and anaemia as tea, together with Viscum album, Allium sativum, and brandy for high blood pressure several varieties; fodder, cereals, brandy; furuncle and burn wound as foment, vermifuge for horses cultivated long ago; spice Reference seed Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1975; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha ; Papp et al., 2011; Papp et al., Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Butura, 1979; Gub, 1993; Gub, 2005; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Borza, 1968; Halász, 2010 Borza, 1968; Csedő, 1980 food plant 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Halász, 2010; Papp et al., tuber several varieties; food plant; on sole and palm for fever, toothache, earache, for pneumonia in ground form as foment with root of Armoracia lapathifolia, furuncle, purulent and burn wound, sap Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Halászné, 1993; Halászné, 1981; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha

22 Sorghum bicolor () Moench. Spinacia oleracea for gastric ulcer, diarrhoea as tea in veterinary medicine Cirok herb cultivated long ago; spenóut, paraj, spenót 22 ; Papp et al., Péntek and Szabó, for broom 1985 Vegetable Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Table 14 Plants in agriculture used in Transylvania XIV Scientific name Local name Part used Use and preparation Trifolium pratense bojtvirág, here, herb fodder; for ssp. pratense, lóher, lóhere, flower cold as tea, T. p. ssp. sativum lúhere, vadlóhere, for rheuma as (Afz.) Jáv. provar. vadhere, trifój, bath intermedium Puia szelidtrifoj, török for stomach et Szabó lóhere disorders as Trifolium repens ssp. repens A. et Gy., T. r. var. microphyllum Lagr. Foss, T. r. convar. hollandicum Hort, T. r. convar. giganteum Lagr. Foss. Triticum aestivum Vicia faba Vicia sativa futó lúhere, fehír here, fehír vadhere, trifoj, vadlóher, vadhere, vadlúher, vadtrifój, sarjúhere, fehérboglár, réti fejér lóhere Búza disznóbab, lóbükköny, lóbab sasköröm, csicseriborsó, bükköny herb flower herb, tea fodder; for stomach disorders and leucorrhoea as tea several conand provarieties; cereal, fodder, chest pain, cold, to cover roofs, in handicrafts; bran for rheuma, burn wound and dislocation of joints, arthritis as bath cultivated until the 1940s; vegetable Reference 1979; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Halász, 2010; Bartha Rácz and Füzi, 1973; Butura, Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Gub, 2005; Bartha Borza, 1968; Kóczián et al., 1976; Butura, 1979; Péntek and Szabó, 1981, 1985; Gub, 1993; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010 seed Borza, 1968; Péntek and Szabó, 1985 herb fodder Péntek and Szabó, 1985 Vicia villosa Roth. szöszös bükköny herb fodder Borza, 1968; Péntek and

23 var. villosa Szabó, 1985 Vitis vinifera szőlőü, szőülőü, szöllő, szőllő, nemes szöllö Zea mays kukurica, fejér kukorica, piros kukorica, törökbúza, tërëkbúza, töröbúza, tengeri, tenegri, tengeri málé, male stigma Bosnyák S (1973). Adalékok a moldvai csángók népi orvoslásához. Orvostört Közl., 69-70: pp Butura V (1979). Encilopedie de etnobotanică românească. Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucharest Csedő K (ed) (1980). Hargita megye gyógy- és fűszernövényei. Tipografia, Tirgu Mures Csoma G (2000). Varázslások és gyógyítások a moldvai csángómagyaroknál. Kráter Műhely Egyesület, Pomáz Dénes A, Papp N, Babai D, Czúcz B, Molnár Zs (2012). Wild plants used for food by Hungarian ethnic groups living in several varieties; wine, with honey for jaundice for purulent wound; in meats several convarieties and hybrids; pap;for cold as tea, aphtous fever as flour in veterinary medicine, acne and sunspot as talcum high blood pressure, hemorrhage, cold, diuretics as tea ; Keszeg, 1981; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha 1979; Csedő, 1980; Keszeg, 1981; Rab, 1982; Péntek and Szabó, 1985; Gub, 1993; Szabó, 2002; Grynaeus and Szabó, 2002; Boris, 2010; Halász, 2010; Bartha the Carpathian Basin. Acta Soc Bot Pol., 81(4): Diószegi V (1960). Embergyógyítás a moldvai székelyeknél. Néprajzi Közl., 5(3 4): Erdei A (2011). Elődeink öröksége: békési és székelyföldi települések etnobotanikai értékelése. BSc thesis, University of Szeged, Szeged Fancsali I (2010). Reevaluarea actiunii plantelor medicinale folosite in etnomedicina din bazinul superior al Trotusului (Ghimes). MSc thesis, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures

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