Poanb,ll CarJlees HAYKA H TEKHHKA ATOMHblA IlIDHOHA)K H.llOrOBOP 0 HEPACnpOCTPAHEHHH JUlEPHOrO OPY)KH.H Pacna.ll COBeTCKoro COlO3a, O.llHOA H3.llBYX BOeHHhIX CBepX.lleplKaB, C03.llaJi peajlbhyio OnaCHOCTb pacnpoctpa HeHHSI SI.llepHbIX TeXHOJlOmA. Ha 3ana,lle YlKe BbICKa3bIBaJlHCh C TpeBOroA OTHOCHTeJlbHO TaKHX KpaAHe HelKeJlaTeJlbHbIX nocjle.llctbha KaK HCnOJlb30BaHHe SI.llepHOro mahtalka B MelKHaUHOHaJlbHhIX KOHtIlJlHKTaX, KOHTpaCSaH.llbI pac1i(enjlsl I01I(HXCSI MaTepHaJIOB H3 CShIBmero CCCP H 3KCnOpTa COBeTCKHX SI.llepHhIX CneUHaJlHCTOB B CTpaHbI C.llHKTaTOpCKHMH pelkhmamh. lio nocjle,llhero BpeMeHH 3TH MpaqHhIe cuehaphh HMeJlH CKopee TeOpeTHqecKHA XapaKTep. O,llHaKO COBceM He.llaBHO HMeJla MecTO peajlbhasi onachoctb HapymeHHSI.lloroBOpa 0 HepacnpOCTpaHeHHH SI.llepHorO OPYlKHSI, nphqem B03HHKJla OHa C COBepmeHHO HeOlKH.llaHHOA CTOpOHbI. B POCCHH npe.llnojiarajlocb qacthqho OTKpbITb cekpethbie apxhbbi, CO.lleplKa1I(He.llOKYMeHThI ocs YTeqKe B COBeTCKHA COlO3 HHtIlOPMauHH ocs amephkahckom SI,llepHOM OPYlKHH B nepbbie ro.llbi ero pa3pacsotkh. OCYlIlecTBJleHHe 3Toro npoekta qytb CSbIJlO He nphbejlo K n~jlhkauhh.llahhbix, KOTophIe nepbohaqajlbho BocnpHHHMaJlHCb KaK OCSJla.llaIOIllHe JlHmb qhcto HCTOpHqeCKOA uehhoctblo, HO B.lleACTBHTeJlbHOCTH MOrJlH CSbI OCSJla.llaTb H HeMaJloA npakthqeckoa uehhoctblo.lljlsl rocy.llapctb, CTpeMmIlHXCSI K C03.llaHHIO CoCScTBeHHbIX SI,llepHbIX apcehajiob. CYlIlecTByeT HeMaJiaSi HpOHHSI B TOM, qto TaKoe 3Jl0 ynotpecsjlehhe "rjlachoctblo" e.llba He npoh30mjlo HMeHHO B CSblBmeM COBeTCKOM COlO3e, r.lle BCer.lla qpe3bbiqaaho ctporo CSJlIOJiH CBOH SI.llepHble cekpetbi. JTa Tpa.llHUHSI BOCXO.llHT K rjlabhomy najiaqy CTaJIHHCKOA TaAHoA nojlhuhh H O.llHOBpe MeHHO KypaTOPY SI.llepHbIX nporpamm JIaBpeHTHIO BepHH. 258 n03tomy OCOCSeHHO nphmeqatejlbho, qto He.llaBHHe YCHJlHSI no OCSHapO.llOBaHHIO XOTSI CSb! tilparmehtob MaTepHaJIOB 0 CO BeTCKOM SI,llepHOM mnhohalke 40-x ro.llob CSbIJiH npe,lltlphhslthi He PYCCKHMH JlHCSepaJlbHO-.lleMOKpaTHqecKHMH KpyraMH, a CaMHM CSbIB1I(HM KrB. H3 BbICKa3bIBaHHA yqacthhkob 3ToA HCTOpHH CJle.llyeT, qto pacsothhkh cneucjlylkcs nph 3TOM PYKOBO.llCTBOBaJlHCb lkejlahhem "BOCCTaHOBHTb" HCTOPHqec KYJO cnpabe.lljlhboctb H.llOCSHTbCSI nph3hahhsi CBOHX 3aCJIyr B KaqeCTBe no.lljihhhbix repoeb COBeTCKoro SI.llepHoro qy.lla. B CBoe BpeMSI oprahbi COBeTCKoA roccse30nachocth,.llea CTBHTeJlbHO, OKa3aJJHCb B uehtpe TaAHoA.lleSlTeJlbHOCTH no noxhlilehhio amephkahckhx SI,llepHbIX cekpetob, TaK lito Y HHX CSbIJiH OCHOBaHHSI ocshlkatbcsi Ha He.llOCTaTOllHYIO ouehky HX BKJla.lla B C03.llaHHe COBeTCKoro SI.llepHoro OpYlKHSI. OCS 3TOM CBH.lleTeJlbCTBYIOT He.llaBHHe HHTepBblO CSbIBmHX OtllHuepOB COBeTCKoA pa3be.llkh, BKJllOlIaSi H BbICKa3bIBaHHSI no.llnojikobhhka ~UKOBa, KOr.lla-TO PYKOBO.llHBmero COBeTCKoA arehtyphoa CeTbIO B HblO-AopKe. ~UKOB yqactboban B nepe.llalle B COBeTCKHA COlO3 CSecueH HbIX qeptelkea nepboa amephkahckoa atomhoa CSOMCSbl, O.ll HaKO ero TPY.llbI Ha 3TOM nonphlile CSbIJIH B03HarpalK.lleHbl "Bcero JlHmb TOJlbKO Op.lleHOM BoeBoro KpaCHoro 3HaMeHH. JTO OTJlHqHe Ha HeCKOJlbKO nopsl.llkob yctynajio Harpa,llaM, nonyqehhbim Be.llYlIlHMH COBeTCKHMH pupacsotl.lhkamh SI.llep Horo OPYlKHSI: H3 HHX HecKOJlbKO qejlobek, BKJllOqaSl Hayq Horo PYKOBO.llHTeJlSl nporpammbi HropSi KypqaTOBa Hero CSJlHlKaAmHX nomolilhhkob JOJlHSI xaphtoha H ~KOBa 3eJlb.ll0 BHlIa, nojlyqhjlh no TpH 30JlOTbIe 3Be3.llbI reposi COUHaJIHCTHlIeCKOro TpY.lla. B03MOlKHO, CTpeMJIeHHe pa3be.lll.lhkob BepHYTb cecse.lloctoahoe MeCTO B HCTOpHH C03.llaHHSI COBeT CKoro SI.llepHOrO 0pYlKHSI OTHIO.llb He cjlyqaaho COBnaJlO C OKOHlIaHHeM XOJlO.llHoA BoAHbI - BpeMeHeM, Kor.lla nepe MeHhi aaxbathjih H CaM KrB. napy JleT HUa,ll B YJlbTpanaTpHOTHlIecKoA npecce, CSJlH3 KoA K OCSlIleCTBY "namsltbu, HanpHMep B lkyphajle "MoJlO.llaSi rbap.llhsi", YlKe noslbjlsljlhcb CTaTbH, abtopbi KOTOpbIX CTapa JlHCb.llOKa3aTb, lito no.lljlhhhbimh cnachtejlslmh OTelleCTBa CSbIJiH.ll06J1eCTHbIe PYCCKHe pube.llqhkh, a OTHIO,llb He tilh3h KH, B CHny cboero ebpeackoro npohcxolk,llehhsi no onpe.lle 259
JIeHHIO He cnoco(shble Ha HCTHHHblR PYCCKHA natphoth3m. nojihthlieckha CMbIcn STHX ny(snhkauha (SbiJI COBepmeHHO OlleBHneH: B HHX atakosanh nhciepanbho MblCnSllIlY10 HayqHYIO HHTeJIJIHreHUHIO - OnHH H3 cambix rnabhblx nbhratener nemokpathlieckoa pebonlouhh B COBeTCKOM COI03e. HecMOTpSl Ha Bce pbehhe abtopob ctatea, HX YTBepx<ne HHSI nobhcanh B Boonyxe H3-aa OTCYTCTBHSI nokymehtajibhblx nokaaatenbctb. Bce apxhbhbie MaTepHanbl, OTHOCSlIIIHecSi K STOMY "cekpety BeKa", no-npex<hemy XpaHHJIHCb 3a cemblo nellatslmh, HecMOTPSl Ha x<enahhe onpenenehhblx KpyrOB B KfD H3MeHHTb STY CHTYaUHIO. OnHaKO HenaBHSISI MaccHposaHHaSi KaMnaHHSI no packpbl THIO rocynapctbehhblx H napthrhblx apxhbob nana HM HOBbIA mahc. C IIberO-TO paapemehhsi (BepOSITHO, HCXOnHBmero H3 CTpYKTYP (SblBmero KrS) HHCTHTYTY HCTOPHH ectectb03hahhsi H TeXHHKH POCCHRcKOA AKaneMHH HaYK (Sbln nepenah (SonbmoR naket CeKpeTHblX MaTepHaJIOB no HCTOpHH COBeTCKoro SI.l{epHOrO OpYX<HSI. HeTPynHo BooCipa3HTb panoctb cotpynhhkob HHCTHTYTa, nyqlllhx B MocKBe cneuhanhctob no HCTOPHH HaYKH, BHeaanHO nonyiihbiiihx CTOJIb uapckha nonapok. Bcero HHCTHTYT nonyqhji OKono TpeXCOT nokymeh TOB. nathposahhblx 1942-1949 rr. (3TH CBeneHHSI nonyliehbl abtopom OT npo!}>eccopa HropSi ronobhha, C 1946 no 1960 r. pa(sotabmero 3aMeCTHTeneM nhpektopa KYPllaToBcKoro HHCTHTYTa). nonyliehhble nokymehtbl conepx<anh HH!}>0pMaUHIO pa3 nhiihoa CTeneHH BaX<HOCTH, XOTSI nnsi HCTOPHKOB MaTepHanOB TaM (Sonee liem XBaTano. Korna pallotabmhe C STHMH nahhblmh cneuhanhctbl 3aKOHlIHnH HX H3YlIeHHe, OHH, ectectbehho. 3aXOTenH onyllnhkobatb nonyliehhble HMH pe3ynbtatbi B CBoeM npo!}>ecchohanbhom x<yphane MBon POCbI HCTOpHH ectectb03hahhsi H TeXHHKH". no IIHCTOA cnyliaahocth, rpahkh yx<e nonhoctblo nonrotosnehhor K nellath CTaTbH 0 pahher HCTOPHH COBeT CKoro atomhoro npoekta nonanh K HeCKonbKHM!}>H3HKaM. BKnlOlIaSi yx<e ynomhhabmerocsi HropSi ronobhha. MHorHe H3 MaTepHaJIOB, Ha KOTOPblX (Sblna OCHOBaHa STa pa(sota. (SbinH emy H3BecTHbI, HO nax<e OH Ilbln ynhbneh, YBHneB HX see co(spahhblmh BoenHHO. Bo BpeMSI pallotbi Han COBeTCKoR r l;,.i W atomhor (SOM(SoR nhmb TpH liejiobeka HMeJIH HeorpaHHlIeHHYJO B03MOX<HOCTb 3HaKOMHTbCSI C STHMH nahhblmh no Mepe HX nocty"jiehhsi: CTaJIHH, BepHSI H KypllaTOB. Bce npoilhe yqact HHKH npoekta nojiylianh JIHmb CTonbKO HH!}>opMaUHH, CKonbKO HM (Sblno a(scojiiotho HeO(SXonHMO njisi pa(sotbl - Bce, lito MOX<HO (SbIJIO 3aceKpeTHTb, 3aceKpellHBanOCb. B HTore TpoRKa Bce3HalOIIIHX X03S1eB npoekta YCTaHOBHJIa CBoero pona HenHcaHblR aakoh BHYTpeHHero Hepacnpo CTpaHeHHSI S1nepHblX cekpetob. KYPllaTOB Hcnonb30Ban nonyliaemble H3 AMepHKH pa3bennahhble nbosikhm o(spa30m: njisi KOHTponSi H nonon HHTenbHoA npobepkh pe3ynbtatob ero collctbehhbix COTpyn HHKOB H.llJISi ouehkh BepOSITHOCTH Toro, lito amephkahckhe MaTepHanbi COnepx<aT JIOX<Hble CBeneHHSI. cneuhanbho 3aJIox<eHHble Tyna njisi ne3hh!}>opmauhh. B Kpyrax BenylIlHx YlIaCTHHKOB atomhoro npoekta XonHnH JIereHnbl 0 TOM. KaK!}>H3HKH-TeopeTHKH H3 rpynnbl KYPllaTOBa, 3aHHMaBmHecSi paclietamh nepboro COBeTCKoro ypahoboro peaktopa. nphhochnh emy CBOH TonbKO lito 3aKOHlIeHHbie BblIIHCJIe HHSI. CornaCHO STHM paccka3am. OH CMOTpen Ha 3aKn101IH TenbHble!}>OPMyJIbI, 3aTeM OTKpblBan CBoA cer!}>. cpabhh Ban HX C ahanornllhbimh amephkahckhmh pe3ynbtatamh. H robophn: "HeT. 3neCb y sac OIllHIlKa, Hyx<HO aahobo nobtophtb Bce BblIIHCJIeHHSI". HeKOTopblM!}>H3HKaM paapemajiocb 3HaKOMHTbCSI C amephkahckhmh nokymehtamh, HO TonbKO C TeMH. KOTopble HMeJIH npsimoe OTHomeHHe K HX collctbehhblm HccnenOBa TenbCKHM TeMaM. TaK. OnHOMY H3 BenYIIIHX YlIaCTHHKOB npoekta nbby APUHMOBHIIY nokaaanh nahhble no snektpo MarHHTHOMY pa3nenehhio H30TonOB. a npyror nomoiiihhk KypllaTosa, HCKJIlOlIHTenbHO chnbhbir skcnephmehtatop HcaaK KHKOHH nonyiihn noctyn K CBeneHHSlM no TeXHHKe pa3.llenehhsi H30TonOB B uehtph!}>yrax. n03nhee rpynna KHKoHHa HaCTonbKO ynyqmhjia STY TexHHKy, lito, KaK CIIHTaeTCli. cama CTaJIa MHPOBblM nhnepom B SToR ollnacth. K liemy x<e Morna (Sbi nphbecth ny(snhkaqasl nokymehtob H3 COBeTCKHX linephblx apxhbob? Pellb TyT nonx<ha HnTH o liem-to Kyna (SOJIee BaX<HOM. Hex<enH cpabhhtenbhble 3acnyrH q,h3hkob H pa3benilhkob. TeXHonorHH, nphme 260 261
HSlBmHecSl nnsl npoh3bonctba S1,l!epHOrO Opyx<HSl. H CerOnHSl npenctabnsliot HeCOMHeHHblA HHTepec nnsl CTpaH, :licenalolilhx CTaTb ero o(snanatenslmh, H HMeHHO 3amHmeHHOCTb 3THX TeXHonorHA (Sblna noctabneha Ha KapTY. HHlllopMal.{HSl 0 TeXHHlleCKHX netanslx nepboa atomhoa (SOM(SbI Morna (SbI COnep:llCaTb l.{ehhbie CBeneHHSl. o(snerllalomhe pupa (SOTKY ahanorhllhoro 0PY:lICHSl. Bonee Toro, ctapylo KOH CTPYKl.{HIO (Sblno (SbI na:llce nerlle BocnpoH3BecTH B KaKoA HH(Synb ctpahe TpeTberO MHpa, llem (Sonee cobpemehhyio. Pe:llCHM BpOne xyceahobckoro (SbIn (SbI CllaCTnHB HMeTb TaKHe MarepHanbI. 4>H3HKH H3 ApaaMaca-16 nohslnh, KaKoro pona cbenehhsl MorYT npocollhtbcsl B OTKpblTYJO nellatb. OHH HeMenneHHO aanycthnh eme OnHY l.{enhyjo peat<l.{hio, TonbKO Ha atot pa3 He SlnepHYIO. a TenellloHHYIO. ronobhh n03bohhn akanemhky IOnHIO XaPHTOHY, COBceM HenaBHO ymenmemy C nocta nhpektopa 3Toro HccnenOBaTenbCKoro l.{ehtpa. 87-neTHHA akanemhk, Bce eme nonb3yjomhacsl HeCOMHeHHblM BnHSlHHeM cpenh SlnepHbIX IIlH3HKOB, cpa3y Ol.{eHHn BCIO notehl.{hanbhyjo B3pbIBoonaCHOCTb nonrotobnehhoa CTaTbH. OH, B CBOIO Ollepenb, CBSl3anCSl C PYKOBOnHTeneM MHHaTOMa H (SbIBmHM COTpynHHICOM Ap3aMaca-16 BHICTOPOM MHxaAnOBbIM. B HTore (SbInO pemeho 3anpeTHTb pacnpoctpahehhe BblnYClCa :licyp Hana "BonpocbI HCTOpHH ectectb03hahhsl H TexHHICH", conep:llcamero 3TY CTaTblO. HHTepecHo OTMeTHTb, lito 1Il0p ManbHoe noctahobnehhe 0(S 3TOM (Sblno CaHKl.{HOHHpOBaHO Cnyx<<<SoA BHemHeA pa3benlch PoccHAclCOA 4>enepal.{HH. XOTSl ynanocb He nonycthtb nocty"nehhsl :licyphana B o(spamehhe, mym 0(S "YTelllCe" atomhblx celcpetob Y:lICe pa3 HeccSl. no cnobam ronobhha, pa(sotabmhe C apxhbhblmh MaTepHanaMH HCTOPHICH nph3hanh, lito OHH, npenblcymasl CeHcal{HOHHYJO ny(snhlcal.{hio, nocnanh 1C0nHH rpauoic B Hec 1C0nbIC0 ra3et. BlCnlOllaSl "BamHHrTOH noct". COOTBeTCTBYIOmHe pocchaciche BnaCTH (Se3 oco(soro myma nonpochnh penalcl.{hh B03nep:llCaTbCSl OT ny«snhlcal.{hh niotsbix TeXHHlleCICHX netanea, 1C0Topble MornH (SbI C03naTb yrp03y YTelllCH celcpethbix nahhblx no S1,l!epHhIM TeXHOnOI'HSlM. B noslbhbmhxcsl ny(snhlcal.{hslx Bce TalCHe CBeneHHSl, neactbhtenbho, (SblnH onymehbi; BMecTO 3Toro alcl.{ehtbi (SbInH CnenaHbI Ha BbIClCa3bI BaHHSlX nonnonlcobhhlca ~l.{koba Hero 1C0nner H3 pa3ben ICH. BnpOlleM, HHlCalCHX HOBblX HMeH OCBenOMHTeneA CO BeTClCoA pa3benich B nellatb He npohhlcno: HHlllopMal.{HSl atoro pona Tat< H He BbImna H3 ee apxhbob. MornH nh 3TH nahhble, ecnh (SbI OHH (SbInH O(SHapono BaHbI, peanbho nomollb pe:llchmam, :licenalomhm C03naTb CO(S CTBeHHoe SlnepHoe opy:liche? KalC MHe lca:llcetcsl, Ha 3TOT Bonpoc cnenyet natb nono:llchtenbhbla OTBeT. Ro, B03MO:llCHO, CTOHno (SbI TalC:lICe 3anYMaTbCSl Han TeM, HaClConblCO Ba:llCHblMH olcaaanhcb noxhmehhbie amephkahckhe CeKpeTbI nnsl pa3bhthsl COBeTCKHX SlnepHbIX nporpamm. noicoahbia akanemhic CaxapOB, TO:llCe TpH:lICnbI repoa COl.{HanHCTHlleCKOro Tpyna (3TH HarpanbI (SbInH HM nonyllehbi 3a pa3pa(sotky TepMOSlnep Horo 0PY:lICHSl) BblCKa3blBancSl no 3TOMY nobony nobonbho ClCenTHlleCKH: "EnHHCTBeHHbIA cekpet atomhoa (SOM(SbI COC TOSln B TOM. - CTHTyre. - CKaaan OH KaK-TO Ha cemhhape B MoeM HH lito ee Boo(Sme MO:llCHO cnenatb". C npyroa CTOPO HbI, no MHeHHIO alcanemhka APl.{HMOBHlla, amephkahckhe nahhble COKpaTHnH pa(sotbi Han COBeTClCoA atomhoa (SOM(SoA nphmepho Ha ron. 3neCb YMeCTHO BcnOMHHTb 0 nchxonorhllecicom 3lCcnepHMeHTe. 3anYMaHHOM netom 1945 r. rapph TpYMeHoM H YHHCTOHOM qepllhnnem: BO BpeMSl notcnamckoa KOHlllepeHl.{HH OHH coo(smhnh CTanHHY 0 TonblCO lito npobenehhom HcnbITaHHH nepboa amephlcahclcoa atomhoa (SOM(SbI. OnHaKO CTanHH BbIcnyman coo(smehhe 0 C03naHHH HOBoro He(SbIBanO MOmHoro OpY:lICHSl C KaMeHHbIM cnolcoactbhem. B onhoa H3 nonrotobnehhbix nnsl ny(snhkal.{hh B "Bonpocax HCTOpHH ectectb03hahhsl H TeXHHKH" CTaTeA naetcsl O(S'bSlCHe HHe 3TOMY non03phtenbhomy (Se3punHllHIO CTanHHa. B l.{ehtpe 3TOA CTaTbH (SbInO onhcahhe rnabhoro nokymehta H3 apxhba pa3benkh. SlKO(SbI Conep:llCamero nonpo(shbla llepte:llc nepboa amephlcahckoa nnytohheboa (SOM(SbI, B30p BaHHoA 16 HlOnSl 1945 r. Ha nnato AnaMoropno. TpYMeH H aanon03phtb He Mor. lito celcpet 3ToA (SOM(SbI CTan H3 BeCTeH CTanHHY eme no Toro, lcalc 0 HeM Y3Han OH cam (TpYMeHY nono:llchnh 0 S1,l!epHOM npoekte nhidb nocne Toro Kat< OH HeO:llCHnaHHO CMeHHn 4>paHKnHHa Py3BenbTa Ha nocty npe3hnehta). 262 263
f \~: nepbui COBeTCKUI atomha$l C)OM()a, HCnblTaHHa$l B abrycte 1949 r., C)bula TO)l(e njlytohhebor. BblJlO JlH 3TO COBnaneHHe~ noka qto HeJlb3$1 C ybepehhoctb~ CKa3aTb, BH~eJl JlH ~o 3Toro qepte)l(h H cxembl amephkahckor C)OM()bl JOJlHR XapHToH, C)bIBWHR B Te ro~bl HayqHblM pykobo~htejlem ApaaMaca-16, r~e COBeTCKa$l ()om()a C)blJla CKOHCTpYHpoBaHa H coc)paha. 11 BOT qepe3 COpOK CeMb JleT nocjle ameph KaHCKoro HcnblTaHH$I, nojlyqhbwero KO~OBoe HM$I "TpHHH TH", OH ~OJl)l(eH C)blJl pewhtb, MO)l(HO JlH nyc)jlhkobatb HC TOpHqecKy~ pac)oty, B KOTOpOR BocnpOH3BO~HJlHCb 3TH ~OJCYMeHThI. ~a)l(e HeC)OJlbma$l qactb 3ToR 3aKYJlHCHOR HCTOPHH, npocoqhbwa$lc$i B cpe~ctba MaCCOBoR HH!l>0pMallHH, C03~aJla CJlO)l(HOCTH ~JI$I pocchrckhx BJlaCTeR H no~tojlkhyjla Be~y IlUfX $I~epHblX!l>H3HKOB BblCTynHTb B 3amHTY cboer noctab JleHHoR no~ COMHeHHe HCTOpHqeCKOR pojlh B C03~aHHH CO BeTCKoro $I~epHOro 0PY)l(H$I. B03MO)l(HO, HMeHHO n03tomy npabhtejlbctbo COqJlO HeO()XO~HMbIM npe~jlo)l(htb ny()jlhke COC)CTBeHHY~ HHTepnpeTallH~ CO()bITHR npomjloro. nocjle HeCKOJlbKHX He~eJlb KOJle()aHHR H no~rotobkh no nepbor nporpamme TeJleBH~eHH$I 19 HO$l()P$l 1992 r. C)blJla noka3aha nepe~aqa, KOTOpy~ MO)l(HO CqHTaTb o!l>hllhajlbhor BepcHeR "co~ahh$i pocchrckor C)OM()bl". nocjle CJlOB Be~ero "A Tenepb neper~em K oc)cy)l(~ehh~ OqeHb ~ejlhkathoro Bonpoca 0 TOM, KTO )l(e y Koro noxh THJI atomhble cekpetbl", Ha 3KpaHe no$lbhjlc$i cam aka~emhk XapHTOH, no)l(ajlobabmhrc$i, qto cpe~ctba MaCCOBoR HHcIIopMallHH nyc)jlhky~t BbICKa3bIBaHH$I "HeKOTopbIX TOBapHlI(eR" 0 TOM, qto COBeTCKHe!l>H3HKH $IKO()bl He H30C)peJlH camh HHqerO CTO$lmerO, nojlyqhb $I~epHble cekpetbl Ha C)JI~~eqKe OT COTpy~HHKOB pa3be~kh. nocjle 3Toro Be~y:IIlHR cocjlajlc$i Ha KJlayca <t>ykca, nepe~ababmero COBeTCKHM areh TaM llehhermy~ HH!l>opMallH~ o() amephkahckom atomhom npoekte, OTMeTHB nph 3TOM, qto npe~octabjlehhble <t>ykcom CBe~eHH$I cokpathjlh CpOKH pa3pa()otkh cobetckor C)OMC)bl KaK MHHHMYM Ha ~Ba ro~a. OH no~qepkhyjl C)eCKopblCTHe <t>ykca H OTMeTHJI, qto HeKoTopble amephkahckhe!l>h3hkh C camoro HaqaJla HaCTaHBaJlH Ha COTpy~HHqeCTBe C CCCP B ccllepe $I~epHblX HCCJle~OBaHHR. CTOJlb abtophtethoe, HC XO~$IlIlee Henocpe~CTBeHHO H3 Ap3aMaca-16, nph3hahhe pojih amephkahckhx ~ahhbix ("cokpathjlh CpOKH pa3pac)otkh I(al( MHHHMyM Ha ~Ba ro~a") C)bIJlO C~eJlaHO BnepBble. 3Ta HCTOpHqeCKa$l ~y3j1b HaYKH CO WnHOHa)l(eM paablrpajlacb H nphmehhtejlbho K C03~aHH~ BO~OpO~HOR C)OMC)b1. 3~eCb BblCKa3blBaHH$I p$l~a "ToBapHmeR" H3 pa3be~ I(H C)b1J1H TaK)I(e no~~ep)l(ahbl 5111KOBbIM, nphqem Y)l(e nocjle Toro, I(al( YJlbTpanaTpHOTHqeCKa$l npecca ycnejla JlHmHTb AH~pe$l CaxapOBa JlaBpOB C03~aTeJl$l COBeTCKoro TepMO $I~epHOro B ToR )l(e nepe~aqe OPY)l(H$I, nphnhcab ny pojlb On$lTb-TaKH KrS. OTICJlOHHJI Bce cnekyjl$lllhh TaKoro po~a. 19 HO$l()P$l XapHToH KaTerOpHqeCKH Ha$l B 1955 r., C)blJla pa3pa()otaha cobepwehho He3aBHCHMO. XOT$I pocchrckhe BJlaCTH npo~ojl)l(a~t ctporo OXpaH$lTb OCHOBHble cekpetbl C03~aHH$I $I~epHOro OPY)l(H$I, ~octynhble nyc)jlhke BbICKa3bIBaHH$I HeKoTopblX rjlabhblx yqacthhkob Tex coc)b1thr co~ep)l(at JlerKO o()hapy)l(hbaemble pacxo)l(~ehh$i H C~BHrH B akllehthpobke. 51 He ()y~y o()cy)l(~atb CBoR ~OJl)l(HTeJlbHbIR nph3hab, qto amephkahllbl nepbblmh (B 1954 r.) HCnblTaJlH BO~OpO~Hy~ C)OM C)y, OH no~qepkhyjl, qto nepba$l COBeTCKa$l C)oM()a, B30PBaH Henpo onblt pac)otbl B Ap3aMaCe-16 B 1955 r., O~Ha 1(0 B 3aKJI~qeHHe no~ejl~cb co()ctbehhbimh BbIBo~aMH, OTHOC$lIIlHMHC$I K HCTOPHH COBeTCKoro BO~opo~Horo opy )l(h$i. 1. no~nojlkobhhk 5111KOB nph3haet, qto amephkahckhe ~oc)po)l(ejlatejlh cpa3y )l(e H nojlhoctb~ npekpathjlh COTpY~HHqeCTBO C COBeTCKoR pa3be~kor nocjle abrycta 1949 r. OqeBH~HO, OHH pacllehhjlh ycnewhoe HcnblTaHHe cobetckor atomhor C)OM()bl KaK ~OKa3aTeJlbCTBO BnOJlHe BbInOJlHHJlH CBoR "MopaJlbHbIR" ~ojlr BeTcKoMY CO~3y B BOCCTaHOBJleHHH $I~epHOro Toro, qto OHH camh nomoqb Co naphteta. TeM He MeHee, 5111KOB HaCTaHBaeT Ha TOM, qto OH Bce )l(e ycnejl nepe~atb B MOCKBy cekpet C)y~ymeR BO~OpO~HOR C)OMC)b1. 2. AH~peR CaxapoB, nphcoe~hhhbmhrc$i I( rpynne paapac)otqhkob TepMO$l~epHOro OPY)l(H$I B 1948 r., o()hap~hji. qto nepbble pa()otbl B nor OC)JlaCTH C)bIJlH OCHOBaHbI Ha HeBepHoR H~ee, H notomy He MOrJlH nphbecth I( ycnexy. B cboer abto()horpa!l>hqeckor KHHre OH OTMeqaJl, qto 264 265
r 'jj, CHallana B COBeTCKOM COJ03e nbitanhcb pa3paoathisath pah HJOJO amephkahckyjo KOH~en~HJO ocy~ectbnehhr TepMO R,llepHOrO B3pblBa, noxhi~ehhyjo pa3se,llkor, - KaK OKa3anOCb BnOCne,llCTBHH, COBeprneHHO ornhoollhyjo. no BceR BepORT HOCTH, HMeHHO 3Ta MO,llenb, abtopom KOTOpoR ClIHTaeTCR 3,llBap,ll Tennep, H C)bIna nonylieha H~OBbIM B ro,llbi ero pa()o TbI B ClIIA. B CBoeR KHHre CaxapOB OnHCbIBaeT HanpR)f(eH HbIe, HO tsecnno,llhbie nonbitkh ap3amacckhx $H3HKOB no oc~ectbnehhjo 3TOR H,lleH. n03,llhee CaxapOB pa3bhn COBepmeHHO HOBbIR no,llxo,ll K :;TOR npo()neme. KOTOPbIR H nphben k npakthlieckhm ycnexam. B 3TOM CMbIcne Bce YCHnHR cosetckor pa3be,llkh no nonyliehhjo HH$opMa~HH O() amephkahckhx TepMoR,llepHbIX pa3pa()otkax OKa3anHCb He TonbKO ()ecnone3hbimh, HO $ak THlIeCKH nphbenh k pe3ynbtatam, oopathbim O)f(H,llaBmHMCR. B03MO)f(HO, 3TO,llaeT OCHOBaHHe B3,llOXHYTh C o()nerliehhem: Be,llb ecnh,llahhbie H3 COBeTCKHX CeKpeTHbIX apxhbob. OTHOCR~HeCR K TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM cekpetam amephkahckor BO,ll0P0,llHOR C)OMC)bI. ()YllYT TeM HnH HHbIM oopa30m ony()nh KOBaHbI. OHH He HaHecYT ocoooro y~ept:)a Me)f(,llYHapO,llHOR tse30nachocth H He noctabrt no,ll y,llap ~orobop 0 HepacnpOCTpaHeHHH R,llepHOrO OPy*HR......... nonhthlieckhx C,llBHrOB, npohcxo,llr~x B Harne BpeMR. npotsnema o()ecnellehhr HepacnpOCTpaHeHHR R,llepHoro OpY)f(HR aacnyx<hbaet HOBoro cepbe3horo H3yqeHHR. XOTR POCCHRCKHM BnaCTRM H Y,llanOCb npe,llotbpathtb ny()nhka~hjo TeXHHlIeCKHX,llaHHbIX 0 nepbor amephkahckor atomhor ()OM()e, cam 3TOT HH~H,lleHT HaBO,llHT Ha HenerKHe pa3mbirnnehhr. nonhthlieckhr xaoc, ocnat:)nehhe,llhc~hnnhhbi H HeHMOBepHoe YCHneHHe Koppyn~HH B ()bibrnem COBeT CKOM COJ03e Y)f(e BbI3BanH BO BceM MHpe cepbe3hyjo 03a()0 liehhoctb OTHOCHTenbHO oxpahbi.h,llephbix TeXHonorHR. Kak noka3bibaet BCR 3Ta HCTOPH.H, pex<hm HepacnpOCTpaHeHH.H MO)f(eT HapyrnaTbcR COBeprneHHO HeOX<H,llaHHbIM 0()pa30M. CaM ~orobop 0 R,llepHOM HepacnpOCTpaHeHHH TaK)f(e OTKpblBaeT HeMano B03MOX<HOCTeR,llnR o()xo,lla CO,llepx<a~HXC.H B HeM aanpetob nocpe,llctbom 3KCnOpTa BcnOMoraTenbHbIX R,llepHbIX TeXHonorHR. nph()nh)f(aetc.h 1995 ro,ll, a C HHM - aaknjoliehhe HOBoro,llOrOBopa. B CBeTe 3Toro H B CBeTe rny()okhx reo 266 267