RAEPHAR 3HEPFETHKA. :. 41um : E. BceMxpaax oprahh3ai;hx 3Apasooxpaxexxx EBponeHCxoe perxoxaribxoe 61opo KoneHrareH

Átírás

1 BceMxpaax oprahh3ai;hx 3Apasooxpaxexxx EBponeHCxoe perxoxaribxoe 61opo KoneHrareH RAEPHAR 3HEPFETHKA ABapiiiiHble Bb16pOCbI - ripaktlitieckoe pykoboactbo IIO OpraHH3auyiii geiictbi-il3 061I.l;eCTBeHHOro 3fL>;paBOOXpaHeHHSi II Hill III III! I,III IÎÎI,... mliuul U! :. 41um : E f; IÎÎÎÎiÎÎÎÏ Î ÎÎIÎÎÎÎ amauimullmulll llllllll WM Ilrlllllll IIIIIppI1ÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎÎIÎÎIÎÎÎÎÎIIÎ 11 illï fill; ÎÎN I ll/l///iôiïïïiïïïïîï ÎIÎIIIIIII 1 NIIIÎIII ÎÎÎI Ä111ÏÏÎÏÏÏÏÎÏIÎÏ 1//, ÎÎÎÎIÎÎÎ lh/u/1/iin l///1hï%1/ll piuo i. f f f! t/,1, l f PerHOxanbxbie ny6nxxaukh B03, EsponeHCxax cephsi, N 21

2 BCeMHpHan OpraHH3auHn 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHn - CnellHanH3HpOBaHHOe ytlpexcaehhe OpraHli3a1IHH O6bewiHeHHbIX OCHOBHaH 43yHKIjHH xoroporo CoCTOHT B peluehhn MeNCAyHapOAHbIX npo6nem 3ApaBOOxpaxeHHn H OXpaHbl 3AOpOBbH HaCeneHHn. C nom011ibio 3T0171 OpraHH3aw4H, KOTOpan 6btna co3aalla B 1948 r., pa6othhkh 3ApasooxpaxeHHn 6onee 160 crpah o6mehhbaiotcn 3HaHHAMH H OIIbITOM WM TOrO, 9rO6bI cllenatb BO3MONCHbIM AOCTHNCeHHe K 2000 r. BCeMN NCHTennMH 3eMnH TaKorO ypobhh 3AOpOBb1, KOTOpbIH 11O3BOJIHr iim BeCTH NCH3Hb, nojiholiehhyio B COLIHânbHOM H 3KOHO- MHL1eCKOM OTHOLUeHHH. EBponeiicKOe perhohanbhoe 61opo B03 nbjinetcn oah11m 143 inecth perhohanbhbix 6iopo, I43 KOTOpbIX KaNCAOe npoboahr CO6CTBeHHyIO nporpammy, Hanpasnexxylo Ha peulehhe KOHKpeTHbIX npo6nem 3Apasooxpa- HeHHH O6cnyNCHBaeMbix HM crpah. Esponel3cKHIï perhoh oxsatblsaer 32 akthbhbix rocyaapctsa-tülehaa H yhhkaneh B TOM CMbICJIe, BTO 601Ibulan LIaCTb HX npeactabnnet c060h npomblulnehhble CrpaHbl C BbICOKOpâ3BHTbIMH Me,gHIjiiHCKHMH Cny)K6aMH. I1O3TOMy nporpamma EBponeHCKOTO perhoha OTJIHLIaeTCSI OT nporpamm ApyrHX perhohob TeM, 4TO B Heil rnabhoe BHH- MaHHe y,i[eneho np06nemam, XapaKTepHbIM iijih npomblwjiehho pa3bhroro 061IIecTSa. B CBOe1i crpaterl3h AOCTHNCeHHn 3J1OpOBb51,IIJIn Bcex K 2000 r. PerHOHanbHOe 6iop0 OcyuIeCTBJIneT jl,entenbhoctb n0 TpeM OCHOBHbIM HanpasneHHSiM: nponarahlia cthneïi NC143H4, cnoco6ctsyloujhx COXpaHeHHIO H yxpennellhio 3Aoposbx; npeuotbpaulehhe 6one3Heit, noaaaiolghxcn npoclhnakthke; H O6ecnetieHHe aaekbathoh H O6uIeAOCTyIIHO13 McAHxo-CaHHTapxoi3 nomoiii1i. pjisi EBpOneHCKOrO perxona xapakrepxo HanlitlHe 6onbluoro LLIIcna H3bIKOB, Ha KOTOpbIX robopnt HacenniolllHe ero Hapoj$I, H CBn3âHHbIMH C 3THM TpyAHOCTeH B nonytlehlih HHCpOpMâIOiH scemh, KTO B HeH HyNCAaeTCJI. PerHOHanbHOe 6iopo ny6jnixyer CBOH H3Aa.H1in Ha tierblpex n3bikax - ahrjihhckom, CipaHIIy3CKOM, HeMeIIKOM H pycckom - H OXOTHO yjj,osnerbopnet npocb6bi o pa3peluehhh nepeboaa 3THX Ii3AaHHÂ Ha ApyrHe 313bIKH. a Aix-rpm, An6aensl, Besibrlul, Bonraplui, Benrpltsi, repmancxasl,izeniolcpathisecxasi Pecny6m4xa, rpewin, j>;antin, 143paxilb, HpnaHwisi, 13cnanAnn, IdcnanHn, Lirannsl, JlloxceM6ypr, Manbra, Moaalco, Hsi,qepnanRbl, HopBérnsu, nonbula, IIorryramul, PyMbnHisl, CaH Mapsnlo, CoeAsnlesilloe Koponescrso, CCCP, Typwisl, (DeRepaznsxasl Pecny6nnxa repmahsni, Q>HHIIHiIjIAn, ()Valium, IIexocasosaxnsl, liibeffulaphn, IIIsewia n lorocnabhsi.

3 Si,T[FPHASi 3HEPI'ETHKA ABapHiiHble BbI6pOCbI - IIpaKTHmeCKOe pÿkoboactbo rio OpI'aHH3auIiH AeHCTBHIi OÔweCTBeHHOtO 3gpâBOOXpaHCHIiSI

4 MaKeT u'KU: OoTO na o6no.licxe: Michael J. Suess LlepHo6bLabCKHii a ephbili peaktop (Hej ajieko OT Kxesa, CCCP) nocne asapux 26 anpena 1986 r. IIeyaTaeTca c paapeutelu a POLFOTO, Copenhagen.

5 BceMHpxasi opraxh3aru3si 3upaBOOxpaxexHa EsponeHcxoe perxoxaribxoe 6wpo KoneHrareH 51,1(EPHASi 3HEPI'ETHKA ABapHHxbie Bbi6p0cbi - npaxthuecxoe pyxosoactbo no opraxnsai.u3h ReHCTBHH o6ruectbexxoro 3Apasooxpaxexxsi OTtIeT o coseuiaam B03 Mon, r enbrhx, 1-4 oxzx6px 1985 r. Perxoxanbxbie ny6nhxaru3h B03, EBponeHcxasi cephsi, N 21

6 ` ICP/CEH 005/m35 ISBN ISSN c BceMHpi-taA oprahh3auha 34pasooxpaHeHH2, 1989 r. Ha ny6nhkauhh BceMHpxoH oprahfi3auhh 34pasooxpa- HeHHA pacnpoctpahaiotca nojioa(ehha npotokona N 2 Bce- MHpHOH KoxsexuHH o6 oxpahe abtopckhx npa6. 3aABne- HidA Ha gactfilihyro HnH no1ihyf0 nepenehatky HJIH nepesotl ny6nhkauhn EBponeNcKoro perhohajibhoro 6ropo B03 cne- LIyeT HanpasnATb B 3Ty oprahh3auh10 no atipecy: Regional Office for Europe, Scherfigsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen 0, Denmark. PerHoxanbHoe 6ropo OXOTHO yliobnetbopaet TaKHe npocb6bl. O603Ha4eHHA, FrCnonb 3yeMble B HaCTOA11teM H3LIaHHH, Fr nphbolihmble B HeM MaTepHanbl HH B KOeM cnyhae He BblpaA(aroT MHeHHA CeKpeTapHaTa BCeMHpHOFi oprahh3auhh 31IpaBOOxpaHeHHA O IOpHLIH2eCKOM CTaTyCe KaKOF{-nH6o CTpaHbl, TeppHTopHFt, ropolla HAM pahoha, Hx oprai-{e BnaCTH HnH 06 HX rocyaapctbehhbix rpahhuax. YnoMHHaHHe He K otopbix K omnahhn H.JIH npoliy K uhh OTLIenbHblX H3rOTOBHTeJ1eH He 03Ha4aeT, 4TO BCeMHpHaA _ OpraHH3aUHA 3LIpaBOOXpaHeHH2 OTLIaeT HM npellnoatehhe HO CpaBHeHHFO C LlpyrHMH, He ynomahytbimh B TeK CTe, HnH pekomehllyet HX K HCrI0nb3oBaHHro. TOBaHHble HaHMeHOBaHHA Bb14eAAIOTCA 3arnaBHbIMH 6yK BaMH. KaK npabmo, nateh- 3Ta ny6nhkauha orpaacaet B3rn24b1 y2acthhkob 1IaH- HOFi Pa6o2eN rpynnbl Fi Heo623aTenbHO npelictabjiaet pe- WeHHA FrnH O44)HUFranbHy10 nonhthky BCeMHpHOH oprahh3auhh 34paBOOXpaHeHHA. N31IAH0 B AAHNH

7 COdEPN(AH61E CTp. flpelrcnobhe vii BBetleHNe 1 1. l.(enn nnahnpobahna Ha C.,Ry4a41 asapnh, conposon(l1alolunxcr BbIXOL1OM patinaunn 7 XapaxrepNcTNKN Bbl6pocoB 0a4NOaKTNBHbix Be1IIeCTS H3 RLIepHbIX yctahobok 8 BpeMeHHble f1la3bl 10 flocnetictbnr 4n9 3LIO0OBbR 14 KoHTpMepbl H uenn CInaHNpoBaHNR Ha Cny4aN abapnhhb1x cntyaunfi 20 OueHKa BenN4NHbl 4O3b1 C uenbl0 I7pNHRTNR 3a11INTHbIX Mep OueHK a BenN4NHbI O6ny4eHNR B npnnerak)iiiei MeCTHOCTN 33 PaCnpOCTpaHeHNe 0aL1NOaKTNBHOCTN B OKpyN(aK)IlleN cpetle H COOTBeTCTBy101üNe BN4bi 06,Ry4eHNR 33 OueH K a 4O3bl 36 MOHNTOpNHr COCTORHNR okpymalouleh cpe,abl: uenn H npoue.qypbl Mero4144ecKNe yka3ahnr HO HnaHNpOBaHNK) L1n51 MeLINKOB H pa6othhkob 061LIeCTBeHHOrO 3npasooxpaHeHNR 45 3neMeHTbi nnahnpobahnr pa6otbl LIOnN(HOCTHbIX nnu O61lleCTBeHHOro 3ApaBOOXpaHeHN neMeHTb1 nnahnpobahnr L11154 npaktnkyk)1llnx Bpa4eH O6y4eHNe a4mnhnctpatnbhbix pa6othhkob H NOOPMNPOBaHNe HaCeneHNR 55 CnNcoK nntepatypbl 61 fipnno>tcehne 1. tinehbi noltrpynn 65 flpnnoaehne 2. Y4aCTHNKx 67 v

8 3AME4AHN51 no TEPMFiHOJ10FHFC CIO_RHTHKa B03 B OTHOWeHFiM TepMMHO.ROrHIß COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO6b1 C,IIelIOBaTb O44)HUHaJIbHbIM pekomehilaumam abtopimtethblx MeAcrlyxapoAHblx OpraHOB, H 4aHHaa ny6amk auma COOTBeTCTByeT TaKHM pekomehllaui-[am. B HaCTOAWee BpeMa no4th ace Me,i(4yHap011Hb1e Hay4- Hble oprahbf pekomeh!_iyiot nojtb3obatbca CHCTeMON e1ihhhu CH (Systéme international d'unités), pa3pa6otahhoh FeHepaJlbxoH KoHcOepeHuHeR no MepaM H BecaM ( rkmb )'. BOJIb30BaHFie 3THMH e11hhhuamh 6bLAo TaKiKe pekomeh4o- BaHO TpHlzuaTOl%I cecchel BceMHpHoIt accam6_neh 311pasooxpaxeHHa B 1977 r. B HM1KecJlellytOWel-t Ta6AMue npmbo- 1ISITCa TpH np0h3b01ihble e11hhhubi cf[ctembl C{9, 4aCTO HCnOJlb3yeMble B 4aHHOM 2IOKJIa1Ie, BMeCTe C MX CHMBOJIaMH, COOTBeTCTByK)IüHMH e1lhhmuamh B ApyroH CHCTM H K0341- (l1mlihehtamh nepec4eta. BeiHyHHa EaHHHUa CH H CTapaa K030HUNeHT ee 0603HaveHHe e11hhhua nepec4eta PaaHOaKTHBHOCTb 6eKKepeAb, SK KIOpH, KH 1 KH = 3,7X1010 SK (37 r6k ) IlornoueHHaa rpeh, FA paa 1 paa = 0,01 FA 1SO3a 3KBHBaAeHTHafl 3HBepT, 3B pem 1 pem = 0,01 3B ao3a ABTopHTeTHbie caeaehha o CHCTM C11 coaep- A(aTCa B KHHre "EI.IHHHUbi CH B MeaHUNHe", BbinyueHHOH BCeMHpHOH OpraHH3auHeH 3apaBOOXpaHeHHA. 3Ty KHHry MOA(HO npho6pecth B KHH)KHbIX Mara3HHaX, y arehtob B03 n0 C6bITy HJIH HenOCpeaCTBeHHO B OTaeAe pacnpeae_9ehna H c6bita B03, 06paTHBWHcb no aapecy: Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. vi

9 IIpuKcloBKe Esponeilcxoe pernohanbxoe 6ropo B03 yxe B Te4eHNe prtla net BbinycKaeT CepNro ny6nnkaunn, nocssilllehhblx pa3nn'i- HbIM acnektam 06lllecTBeHHOrO 31IpaBOOXpaHeHNR B CBN3N C pa60ton atomhbix 3neKTpOCTaHUNN H yllanehnem palnoak- TNBHbIX OTXOJIOB. BCnen 3a Ony6JINKOBaHNeM OT4eTa O npnhunnax lienctbnn OpraHOB 31IpaBOOXpaHeHN2 npn abaphfthbix Bb16pocax ( 1984 r.) 6bino npobelleho cobewahne pa6o4eil rpynnbl B Mane (6enbrNR) B okt26pe 1985 r.c uenblo Bblpa6oTKN 6onee nollpo6hblx npaktnrecknx yka3a- HNN B CB23N C TaKNMN abapnrmn. I{epHo6binbcKaR abapnr B CCCP B anpene 1986 r. co BCeM ZlpaMaTN3MOM noka3ana He06X04NMOCTb KOMnneKCHOrO nnahnpobahnr 4pe3BbI4aNHbIX Mep Ha cny4ail raknx abapnil H COOTBeTCTByFOWNX 11eNCTBNil B KpNTN`ieCKNX CNTyaUNRX. TaKoe nnahnpobahne LIOn)KHO HOCHTb MHOrOceKTOpanbHblil xapaktep H OTnN4aTbC2 TWaTe.,nbHOil KoopllNHauNeFi,4eNC- TBNN, OXBaTbIBaR WNpOKNN CneKTp LIeNCTBNN oprahob ynpabnehnsi Ha uehtpa.,nbhom, pernohanbhom H McCTHOM ypo- BHRXe He06X04NMO TaK)Ke npn3hatb, 4TO He McHbWee 3Ha4eHNe NMeeT N 4eTKOe pykobo1ictbo lleilctbnrmn HaCeneHNR. B CBR3H C 3THM BO3HNKaeT H HaCTORTe.nbHaR Heo6xouNMOCrb o6ecne4ehnr TecHoro cotpyuhn4ectba co- CeuHNx ctpah. Heo6x04NMO npn3hatb, 4TO npon3owe..n Cepbe3HbIN KpN3NC llobepnh B OTHOWeHHN 6e300aCHOCTN R1IepHblx yc- TaHOBOK, H B03, B CBOro o4epeztb, HanpaBnReT ceil4ac ycnnnr Ha OCyWeCTBneHNe pacwnpehhon nporpammbl, CBR- 3aHHON CO 31IpaBOOXpaHNTenbHblMN CI1KTMH pallnaunoh- HON 3aWNTbI, C TeM 4TO6bI O6eCne4NTb BCeCTOpOHHIOK) ouehky H NCnOnb3OBaHNe OnblTa, HaKOnneHHOrO B CB23N C HeAaBHeFt abapneil. XOTR 1IaHHaR ny6niikaunr 6bina nollrotosneha ao 4epH06binbcKOil abaphh, couepaawnecr B Heil BbIB011bl COXpaHRIOT npaktn4eckyro UeHHOCTb 1InR BCeX, KTO 3aHN- MaeTCR pa3nn4hbimn acnektamn npnhrtnr HeOTnO)KHbiX Mep B KpNTN4eCKNX CNTyaUNRX. vii

10 XOTenocb 61,49 1-1Onb3yRCb CnyRaeM, sblpa3htb 6nar0- AapHOCTb H nph3hatenbhoctb npashtenbctsy benbrhh 3a noauepxxy, oxa3ahhyro nourotosxe atoh cephh ny6nhxaühh. J.I. Waddington ahpextop, rhrheha oxpy*aromeh Cpetibl EsponeHcxoe perhoxanbhoe 6ropo B03 viii

11 BBe4eHKe B 1984 F. EBponeilcKoe perhohanbhoe 6iopo B03 ony6nh- KOBanO OT4eT (1) o nphhuhnax 11eMCTBHN oprahob 34pa- BooxpaHeHHR B c.nyhaux aeaphiihoro Bb16poca pallhoak- THBHbIX MaTepHaJIOB B okpy)kaioillyk) cpelly, B KOTOpOM pe4b H1jeT B OCHOBHOM O peaktopax atomhbix 3neKTpocTaHUHH. XOTR TaKHe peaktopbi npellctab.iiafot C06oH rnabhbli4 HC- TO4HHK notehuhaj1bhbix abaphilhblx Bbl6pocoB BO MHOrHX CTpaHaX, OHH HH B KOeM Cny4ae He RBJIRKITCH e4hhct- BeHHbIM HCTO4HHKOM, B CBR3H C 4eM nnahbi Ha Cny4aii abaphiihbix CHTyauHN jjojih(hbl pa3pa6atblbatbc9 nphmehh- TeJ1bH0 H K ljpyrhm BHAaM R4epHbiX yctahobok. KpoMe TOrO, MOryT HMeTb MeCTO He3annaHHpOBaHHble BbIXO11bi pa11hoakthbhocth B pe3yjlbtate asaphfi, CBR3aHHbIX C R11epHbIM OpyH(HeM HJIH 4eRTeJ1bHOCTbtO TeppopHCTOB, KOTOpblM, y4htbibar HX CneuH(iH4eCKHi-i xapaktep, MON(HO npo- THBOI1OCTaBHTb CKOJIbKO-HH6y4b 304)eKTHBHO nhwb camble O61llHe flnahbl ljeiictbhn B 4pe3B614aiiHblX 06CTORTeJIbCT- Bax. TeM He McFiee OnbIT njiahhpobahhr 1jeRTeJ1bHOCTH B CBR3H C abaphhhbimh Bbl6pocaMH R1jepHblx yctahobok noc- JIy)KHT OCHOBOH ajir LleiiCTBHid OpraHOB 311paBOOXpaHeHH2 B ApyrHX KpH3HCHbIX CHTyauHRx. - B npeljb111yu1em ot4ete 6bUto noka3aho, 4TO B pa3bh- THH asaphii MO)KHO Bb11jeJIHTb TpH nocnellosarenbhble CTa- 11HH - pahhiofo, npomen(yto4hyk1 H HK)lO H 4TO Ha KaA(- 11Oi1 H3 3THX CTaAHR Tpe6yIoTCH pa3j1h4hble pewehhr 1jnH nphhhthr Mep no oxpahe HaceneHHH. He CyutecTByeT KaK014-nH60 e11hhor nocj1e40batej1bhocth pa3bhthh asaphh, KOTOpytO MO)KHO 6bino 6m y4htbibatb nph no11rotobke nj1ahob Ha Cny4ail 4pe3Bbi4aHHbIX O6CTOHTeJ1bCTB 11nR pa3- nh4hbix BH11OB H11epHbiX yctahobok. O11HaK0 3TH TpH 03m npellctabjiriotch 06111HMH 11JIH BCeX asapha H RBJIRIOTCR TOR OCHOBOH, B pamkax KOTOpOi1 MOx(HO yctahabj1fibatb paljho- JIOrH4eCKHe KpHTepHH. 1

12 B npeliblllyuuem ot4ete O6CyA(ZIanNCb BN4b1 O6ny4eHNH, npncyuune KaA(uO4f 03e, a TaKA(e (IOrexul'[anbHble nocneli- CTBNSI IIJISI 31IOpOBb51. 6b1no yka3aho, KaKNe oprahbl H TKaHN nollbepralotcsi pficky Ha KaAC1IoF1 CTaLINN abaphh, paccmatpnbanncb CTOXaCTN4eCKNe H HeCTOXaCTN4eCKNe flac.11eiictbhfi 06Jfy4eHNSl, H 6bInN npellctab ReHbl B unipax 3Ha4eHN53 ctenehn pficka. BpN BO3HNKHOBeHNN abaphh, MOrylueli npnbectn K o6ny4ehnlü HaceneHNSf, ei.ihhctbehhbfm CpellcTBOM, 1-1O3BOnHK)fIINM N36eA(aTb o6ny4ehh5i HAM orpa- HN4NTb ero BenN4NHy, SIBnSfeTCSf flpnmexehne KOHTpMep, KOTOpble B 6OnbWeN NnN MeHbWeN CTeneHN BTOpraIOTCA B CnOA(HBWHLiCH A(N3HeHHbl41 yknall- 6bIJIN oxapaktepn30bahbl K OHTpMepbl, nphmehnmb1e B K aa(lioff 03e, H O6cyA(Ltexbl BNLIbI pncka H Tpy2IHOCTH, CBR3aHHble C nphmehehhem KaA(AOil H3 TaKNX KOHTpMep. Pa3pa60TaHHble B03 npnhunnbi 3a1llNTbl HaCeneHNA nph abapnsix COOTBeTCTByIOT CaMbIM nocnelihnm pekomehlialihsim Mex(LlyHapO4H0il KOMNCCNN no pallnaunohhok 3aWNTe MKP3 ( 2) e B ot4ete uenesal rpynnbl MKP3 ( 3) o pallnonorn- 4eCKNX KpNTepNRx, NCnOnb3yeMbIX 4n5I n./fahnpobahnf1 3alü&1Tbl HaceneHNSi nph aaaphsix, yka3ahbl HNA(ecneLlyloWNe npnhunnbl. - Cne4yeT H36eraTb HecroxacTN4ecKHX nocne2ictbnn C nomowbio KOHTpMep, KOTOpbie COLIefiCTBOBanH 6b1 TOMy, 4T06b1 HHLIHBN2IyanbHble LI03b1 6bunH HNA(e noporoboro 3Ha4eHNA, xapak- TepHOrO LIAR HaCTynneHNSI 3THX nocneuctbnli. - HH4NBN1IyanbHblM pnck CTOXaCTH4eCKNX nocne2l- CTBNN 2IOnA(eH 6bITb OrpaHN4eH 11TM npnmehehhsf B OTHOWeHNH COOTBeTCTByIOIüHX nnli KOHTpMep, KOTOpbie LlaBanN 6m TOnbKO nono)kntenbhbch pe- 3ynbTaT. 3TOro MOA(HO 406HTbC5f, COnOCTaBn5l5f BepoSITHOe CHHA(eHNe HHLINBNJZyanbHON 4O3bl 06ny- 4eHN5i (H, CneLIOBaTenbHO, pnck a ), B CBSi 3H C npnmehehnem onpellenehhon KOHTpMepbl C ybenn- 4eHNeM HHIIHBNLIyanbHOrO phcka KaK pe3ynbtatom npnmehehnsi 3TON A(e KOHTpMepbi. - He06XOLINMO OrpaHN4HBaTb 4aCTOTHOCTb CTOXa- CTN4eCKHX nocnelictbnn nytem CHNA(eHNH yluep6a 2

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17 MeA(ay Tpe6osaHHHMN 3aIi1NTbI HaceneHNR OT BO3MO)KH01-0 o6ny4ehnr (TaKHe Tpe6osaHNR noapa3ymesaor y4et anr ueneft nnahhposahhr BO3MOA(HOCTN TA)KKHX abapfin ) ii Tpe60BaHNRMN npaktngeckon OCy1lleCTBNMOCTN abapnnhbix KOHTpMep ( Koropble noapa3ymesalot Heo6XOaHMOCTb H36eraTb BblaeneHNR Henponopul-toHanbHo 60JIbWNX pecypco6 anr nnahnpobahnr FOTOBHOCTH K C06bITNRM, BepORTHOCTb K otopbix HN4TOA(H0 mana). 3To noporoboe 3HageHHe sac- TO accourhpyetcr C abap{ii3hbimh CNTyauNRMN ( Ha3bIBaeMbl- MN B aahhom ot4ete "CTaHaapTHbIMN abapnnhbimn CNTyauM- RMN"), BepORTHOCTb KOTOpbiX B aonrobpemehhom nnahe CocraBnReT nopraka B roa. HaepHble peaktopb! nocneahnx pa3pa6otok xapaktepn3yiorcr MeHbWeN BepORTHOCTbro abapnh anr 04I1HaKOBbfX MaCWTa6OS Bb16p0- COB ( 4), OaHaK O B nnahax Ha cnygah 4pe3BblgaNHbIX 06- CTORTenbCTB npnhrto ygntblbatb anr uenen nnahllpobahfir noarotobmrenbhblx MepOnpNRTN4{ CTeneHb B616pOCOB TaKOrO A(e noprak a. XAPAKTEPHCTHKH BbI6POCOB PAAHOAK.THBHbIX BEIIIECTB H3 HIIEPHbIX YCTAHOBOK B 6onbWlIHCTBe Cny4aeB nph abapllrx, Tpe6yroWllx nphhr- TNR OTBeTHbix Mep B npnnerarowefi MeCTHOCTH, Ha onpeaenehhofi CTaalllt pa3bl1ti1r B03HNKaeT notehumanbhar onac- HOCTb HAN nponcxoallt 4:oaKTii4ecKNFI Bbl6poc paalloaktnb- HbIX MaTepïianOB B atmoc(pepy. KaK 6bino noa4epkhyto BO BBeaeHNH, B aahhom OT4eTe B nepbyro o4epeab paccmatpnbaiotcr nocneactbnr, CBR3aHHble C TaKNMH B616poCaMN B atmoccpepy.. BepORTHOCTb BO3HHKHOBeHNR, MaCWTa6bl N N3oTOIIHbIN COCTaB abaphnhbix Bb16pOCOB 6yayT 3aBHCeTb OT BNaa RaepHOH yctaxobkn H OT MacWTa6oB abapnn. f1pm noaro- TOBKe asaphnhbix nnahob paccmatpnsaiotcr pa3nh4hble ycjiobnr, xapaktephbie UR pa3hbix HCTO4HNKOB, nph 3TOM B KaA(aOM Cnygae OnpeaeJlRroTCR KOnN4ecTBa pa3nn4hblx paanohyknnaos, KOTOpble MOryT COaepA(aTbCR B Bb16poCaX, NX (PN3NKO-XHMH4eCKNN BNa, npomea(ytok BpeMeHH, octaro- II(MNCR 40 Hagana sb16poca, N OA(NaaeMaR npoaona(ntenb- HOCTb Bbl6poca. 3TH BpeMeHHble (1)aKTOpbI RBJIRIOTCR BeCb- Ma BaA(HbIMH H MOryT HMeTb pewarowee 3HageHNe nph

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19 OLiHaKO Ma_ROBepORTHble asaphh He LIOJIA(Hbi nphhhmatbcr B pace ZAR uenefi nnahhpobahhr Ha cny4afi r{pe3bbrianhbix 06CTORTe.lIbcTB. 11pe1ICTasJIeHHble B nphbo11hmblx nphmepax llaxxble H 3HaMeHHA nony4ehb! Ha OCHOBe o63opa palla ouehok 6e3onacHOCTH, npobellehhbix KOMneTeHTHbIMH OpraHaMH B HeC- KOnbKHX ctpaxax (4,6-11 ). B Ta6no 1 npelicrabnexbl 3HageHHA MOWHOCTH Bbl6poca rpynn pa1ihohyknhlios, Bepo- ATHOCTb sbl6poca KOTOpbIX HaH60,RbWaR B CnyMae CTaH- LIapTHOH asaphh Ha oxnaa(aaeraom BOLIOH peaktope, npoh3- BOLIRweM 1000 MBT 3neKTpo3HeprHH B r021 BO3MOA(Hble 3HaMeHHA pallhauhohhbix nocnelictbhh accouhhpyemblx c 3THMH THnHMHbIMH B616pOcaMH, 3aBHCRT OT CTeneHH yllanehhocth OT MecTa Bbl6poca 6nHA(aNWeü rpynnbl HaceneHHA H OT McTeOpOnOrwiecKHX ycnobhn. B Ta6n. 2 LiarorcA 3Ha4eHHA HHLIHBHLIyanbHblX 403, nony4aembix nph HaH60nee 3HaMHTenbHblX BHLIaX 06ny4eHHR Ha pahheh CTaLIHH Bbix011a palihoakthbhocth, a HMeHHO: 06ny4eHHe BCerO Tena 3a C4eT BHewHeFi HppaLlHauHH OT pa21hoakthbhoro o6naka B atmoc(oepe, Llo3a o6ny4ehha whtobhiihoii Acene3bl LleTeR B pe3ynbtate BLIbIxaHHR pa,glloakthbhoro 1%IOL1a H3 o6naka H 11o3a o6ny4ehha IIerKHx B pe3ynbtate BLIbIxaHHA palihoak- THBHbiX a3p030neh. 3TH LI03b1 nphbolirtcr nhwb B KaMe- CTBe nphmepa, LIAR TOrO 4T06b1 11aTb npeuctabnexhe opraham 311paBOOXpaHeHH2 O 3Ha4eHHAX HHLIHBHLIyanbHblX 1103, KOTOpble MOA(eT nony4htb HaCeJieHHe B cny4ae 11OC- TaTO4HÔ MaCWTa6HOH RLIepHoN asaphh, Ha Cny4aH KOTOpOH He06XOLIHMO COCTaBHTb nnah abaphnhbix MeponpHATHA. NH He LIOnA(Hbl paccmatphbatbcr KaK OKOHMaTenbH0 onpe- L1eneHHble LUiR KOHKpeTHON ALIepHOH yctahobkh B LIaHHON MeCTHOCTH. BPEMEHHbIE (ha3b1 ana uenefl pa3pa6otkh ypobhei-1 BMewarenbcTSa 6bInH BbIL1e.11eHb1 TpH ita3b1 abaphh KOTOpble, no o6wemy MHeHH10, XapaKTepHblllnR BCeX abaphfi (1,3), a HMeHHO: pahhar, npomea(ytomhaa H no311har (HnH BOCCTaHOBHTenbHaA). XOTA 3TH 03E4 He MOryT 6bITb npe2ictabnehbl B BHLIe TOM- HbIX nepholios BpeMeHH H MOryT 4aCTHMHO HaK.,na1lblBaTbCA 11pyr Ha 2lpyra, OHM 11aK)T BO3MOA(HOCTb yctahobhtb palih- 10

20 Ta6nulta 1. IIpuMepHbIF( 1Zliana3oH atmocikphblx Bbl6pocoB nppl ctahllapthofi abaplßl7 PaANOaKTNBHOCTb (bk), BbI3blBaeMaA: lipenenbl eaeroahoä1 06WNN BbiXOA 6naropoAHbIMN CTeHeH41 BepoAT- paanoaktnbhoctn ra3amn HOCTN (EiK ) NOAOM ApyrNMN panho- HyKI1NAaMN (Ru,Cs) 10'6 -l0 " " 10 " -10' 10 " -l0" Ta6JIkiUa 2. llphmep 4Hana3oHa palinoakthbhoro o6ny9ehh2 nph ctahlzapthoh abaphh BHA A03b1 (3B) PaccroHHHe Ao MecTa B616poca 1 KM 3 KM 10 KM 06ny4eHNe BCero Tena (BHeWHAA NppaANa11NA) 10- ` -10-' 5x10-3-5x10-' O6ny4eHNe IüNTOBHAHON 10 -' z-10-' M(ene3bl ( BAbIXaHNe ) 06ny4eHNe nerknx" 10-Z ' ( BAb1xaHHe ) a 3Ha4eHNA A03b1 06ny4eHNA..RerKNX CNnbHO 3aBNCAT OT paanon3otofihoro COCTaBa np04nx BbICBo607KAaeMblx HyKANAOB. NCTO4HHK: Kelly, G.N. et al. (12) N Charles, D. & Kelly, G.N. (13). 11

21 auirlohhble KpHTepHH B pamkax COOTBeTCTBywWYiX nepiiollos, 4T0 H 6bino CLIe.,RaHO B noc.relihem ot9ete ( 1). PaHHSiH (Oa3a PaHHHSi 03a OnpelleJle.Ha KaK neplaoll, KOrLIa Bo3HHKaeT yrpo3a 3Ha4HTe.,RbHOrO Bbi6poca, T, e o Ha4HHaR C MOMeHTa perhctpaumh 11OTeHUI'4aJIbHOii BO3MOH(HOCTFi o6jiy4ehhr Ha- CeJIeHI-iSI B npiijlerawtlleii McCTHOCTFi H BK.Rw4aR nepsble HeCKarIbKO 4aCOS nocjie Ha4a_Ra Bbl6poca, ecjnï OH npoh- 30WeA. 11pOMe)KyTOK BpeMeHH MemLly BO3HHKHOBeHHeM asaph4(hoi1 CHTyaUNH H Ha4a.ROM Bbl6poca MO)(eT LIJIHTbCR OT MeHee no.,ry4aca LIO nphmepho 011HOr0 LIHR (1,5), a npo- LIOJIH(HTeJIbHOCTb Bbl6pOca MO)KeT COCTaBARTb 0T nojly4aca ZO HeCKOJIbKHX LIHeN. TaKHe KoJie6aHHR BO BpeMeHH 3a- TpyL1HRroT nphhrthe pewehhh OTHOCHTeJIbHO np4imehehhr KOHTpMep, nockojibky BO3HHK3eT He06XOLIHMOCTb nporho- 3I4pOBaTb 6yLlyullee pa3bhthe abaphh H COOTBeTCTBeHHO onpellejirtb BepORTHble LIO3bI, a ace 4HTbIBaTb noteh- UI-IaJlbHble CHI')KeHHR 1103b1 nphmehhte_rbho K chtyaunrm, KoTOpble MOT He BO3HHKHyTb. 06Weit 4eproFl KK nephoua npeüynpe)kliehhr, Ta K H nepsblx HeCKOJIbKHX 4acoB noc.,re Ha4aJia Bbl6poca RBJIReT- CR TO, 4TO OnepaTHBHble pewehhr OCHOBbIBaroTCR Ha aha- JIH3e LIaHHbIX, no.ny4aembix OT nepcoha_ra CaMOH RLIepHoit yctahobkih, H y4eta CyWeCTByroIüHX MeTeOpO.ROrH4eCKHX ycjiobhiß o TaKHM o6pa3om, pewehhr o6 OCyWeCTBJIeHHH KoHTpMep Ha pahheh CTaLIHH 6y4yT OCHOBbIBâTbCR, B nepsyw o4epellb, Ha y4ete ycj10bhii, C.,RO)KHBWHXCR B pai(ohe allephoii yctahobkh, H CBR3aHHbIX C 3THM noteh- UHanbHblx LI03 O6JIy4eHi7H OTLIe.:RbHbIX.IIHU, ouehhbaemblx Ha OCHOBe npellbaphte_rbhoro ahaah3a HeHCnpaBHOCreN Ha RLIepHOii yctahobke H BepoRTHOro pa3bhth2 McTeopo.,ROrH- 4ecKOii chtyauhhl. Ha 3TOH CTaLIHH BO3MO)KHO nposellehhe H 3MepeHHN BeJIYi4HH o6jiy4ehiir B nphjlerarolüen McCTHOCTH, a TaKN(e KOHUeHTpauPii'I palihoaktiibhocth B atmoc(kepe OT pa2lhoak- THBHOrO o6jlaxa. B CBR3H C BO3MO)KHbIMH H3MeHeHHRMH MOWHOCTH Bb16pOCa, MeTeOpoJlOrli4eCKHX ycjiobhh H Hanpa- BJieHHR BeTpa, a TaKN(e y4htbibar LlpyrHe HeH3BeCTHble O K TOpbI, HanpHMep, npolioji)kiitejibhoctb Bb16pOCa H cte- 12

22 nehb COOTBeTCTBI-[H H3MepeHHR 6yAyuNM KoHqlNrypaaiS{M 06JIaKa, TaKHe H3MepeHHSI 6y4yT HMeTb MHHHMa1IbHyK) L1eHHOCTb 4JIH n04c9eta nporho3hpyemblx TpOMeMCyTO9HaH 03a BpOMeA(yTOtiHaSi 03a HatlHHaeTCSI 9epe3 HeCKOJIbKO 4aCOB nocne-hatlana Bb16pOCa H MO)KeT 4nHTbC2 oahh HnH He- CKOnbKO 4HeH. 11pe411onaraeTC2, LiTO B616p0C, B OCHOB- HOM, y>ice npoh3owen B HatiaRe 3TOH CTa4HH H 3HattHTeAb- HOe KOJIHLIeCTBO paahoakthbhbix BeweCTB MOrJ10 y)ke OCeCTb Ha 3eMnK), ecah TOJIbKO B616pOC He COCTOHn JIHWb H3 6naropo4Hblx ra3ob. KaK yae rosophnocb pahee, B nnahhpobahhh Ha CnytlaH abapha 4erKHx rpahhl1 Me)CAy nepboh H BTOpoFi (Oa3aMH He yctahabnhbaercsl. Bo BpeMSI npomencytotihoii 03b1 6yayT nposoahtbcsi 3aMepbl pa4hoakthbhocth npoayktob nhtahhft, BOAbI H B034yXa, a TaKN(e H3MepATbCfl ypobhh paahauhh OT pa4hoakthbhbix MaTepHanOB OCeBWHX Ha 3eMnK). 6y4yT TaK7Ke onpeaensltbcs[ paafiaumohhble XapaKTepHCTHKH OCeBWHX paahoakthbhbix Be111eCTB. OCHOBbIBaSiCb Ha 3THX AaHHbIX, MO)KHO pacctihtatb nporh03hpyemble 403bI OT rjiabhbix HCTOLiHIiKOB o6jly9ehhh H CpaBHHTb 3TH C 3apaHee Onpe4eneHHbIMH ypobhsimh BMeWaTenbCTBa, LiTO 1103BOJIHT nphhhmatb pewehha o6 OCyI11eCTBJ1eHHH KOHTpMep. BpOMeN(yTOtiHaH (1)a3a 3aKaH9HBaeTC2 Toraa, KOr4a BCe KOHTpMepbl, OCHOBbIBaK)IllHeCSi Ha H3MepeHHSIX B OKpy- N(afoWeR cpeae, OCywecTBneHbl. EcnH npoh30wna TflHCe.RaSi abapha, 3Ty cka3y MON(HO np04j1htb, OCyweCTBnSiH 4ono.Jrl- HHTeJIbHble H 3MepeHH51 B McCTaX, yaa.rehhbix OT ft4ephoh yctahobkh. CneayeT CLiHTaTb He06XOAHMbIM itlopmhpobahhe Ha npomen(ytot1hofi CTaAHH rpynnbl 3KCnepTOB H3 npeactabh- TeneR KaK MeCTHbIX, TaK H HaL1HOHanbHblX oprahob C uenbk) KOHCyJIbTHpOBaHHA no BOnpOCaM paahal1hohhoh 3at11HTbl HaCeJ1eHH2 ( 3 ). OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a nphhftthe pewehhsi no ocywectbjiehhk) K OHTpMep, K acak)whxcft HaCeneHHfi MO)KeT Ha 3TON CTa4HH nepehth OT oneparopa, KOTOpbIÎ-t nec TaKyK) OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha pahheh CTa4HH, 13

23 K npe/ictaby[tejiro npabf[tejibctba, nq,rb3yfowemyca KOH- CyJlbTauHAMH 3K CnepTOS. BOCCTaHOBHTeJ1bHaA,Ma3a HJIH BOCCTaHOBHTeJIbHaA,Ma3a CsA3aHa C IIOCJIe11HAA, so3spalüehfiem K HOpMaJIbHOMy o6pa3y A043HH,. 0Ha MOA(eT 11J1HTbCA OT HeCKOJIbKFïX He1leJib 110 HeCKO_RbKFiX JIeT nocae abaphyi, H ee npoao.nn(hte,rbhoctb 3aBHCI1T OT xapaktepa H MaCWTa6oB Bbl6poca. flo.ry4ehhble B pe3ynbrate MOHH- TOpHHra OKpyA(aIOWeIi Cpellbl 11aHHble, MOryT HCn0Ab30- BaTbCA Ha 3TOH CTa111iH 11.R2 npfihatha pewehhli O Bo3Bpa- IüeHHN K HOpMa_RbHOMy O6pa3y A(H3HH, nph O11HOBpeMeHHOM HJIH nocj1e11obatej1bhom npekpauehhh OcyiüecTB.,ReHHA pa3- JIH4HbIX KOHTpMep, KOTOpble 6bIJIH BBe,4eHb1 BO BpeMA 11ByX nepbblx abaphh. B OT11eAbHbIX C_Ry4aAX MOA(eT 6bITb nphhrto TaKA(e pewehne O npo11jiehhh HeKOTOpbIX orpahh- 4eHHFl Ha 11J7HTeJIbHble neph011bl BpeMeHH B OTHOWeHFik1 Ta- KHX acnektob, KaK CeJIbCK0X03AliCTBeHHOe npoh3bo11ctbo, pa3me(üehhe B OnpeLle.,ReHHbIX patohax HAM 311aHHAX H notpe6j1eh61e HeKOTOpbIX npo11yktos nntahha e OTMeHa KoHTpMep B BocCTaHOBHTenbxOFi CTa11HH 6y4eT OCHOBbIBaTbCA Ha 11aHHbIX ahajih3a O OKTH4eCKHX 3aTpaTax, CTeneHH phcka, 1IaHHblx O B0311eHCTBIiH Ha 11oX011b1 H O COUHa.IIbHOM B,RLIAHHH JIK)6bIX OCTaTO4HbIX 3arpA3HeHHii TeppHTOpHH nocne nposellehho1i 11e3aKTHBa11HH, 11aHHblx O 1lerpauauPlH nphpollbl H O noro11hbix ycjiobhax, H, TaKHM o6pa3om, HHKaKMX 3apaxee onpellejlehhbix ypob- HeFt 1LRA OTMeHbI K OHTpMep He yctahabjifibaetca. 110CJIELICTBH2 Ju lsi 3AOPOBbS1 B npe,4b11iyw.em 11oKJlalze ( 1) nollpo6ho onmcblbalorca HeCTOXaCTH4eCKHe H ctoxacthyieckfle nocjie11ctbii2, a 34eCb nphbo11htca JIHWb KpaTKOe pe3lome. Pa3JItd4HA MeA(11y HecTOxaCTlv4ecKNMN H CTOXaCTFI4ecKFIMFI nocjie1l- CTBHAMH noka3ahbl Ha phc. 1, KOTOpbIM OCHOBbIBaeTCA Ha 11aHHblx, collepa(aiithxca B ot4ete ueneboh rpynnbl MKP3 ( 14 ). HeCTOxaCTFI4ecKHe nocjle2ctbfia y OTllenbxblx JIHLI 06b14HO HMeIOT 6OJIee TA)KeJIbIN xapaktep npk ysenh4ehhh 1103b1. YBeJIFt4eHHe 1103b1 MOA(eT TaKA(e npvibecth K py OCT 14

24 4aCTOTbI TaKHX noc1le13ctbhn CpeliH HaceneHHA e HOCKOJIbKy MeXaHH3Mb1 HeCTOXaCTH4eCKHX B0311ei1CTBHi1 BKnIO4aroT pacnaa KI1eTKi-i H nockonbky B HHX CaMHX MOryT Ha6nw11aTbCA H 11pyrHe 344eKTM Ha pahhhx CTa13HRX, rpa- 4H4ecKOe H3o6pa)KeHF[e CB23H "1103a-300eKT" 4n2 KaKOrOnH60 KOHKpeTHOr0 BH11a HeCTOXaCT1-i4eCK01-0 B0311eHCTBHR 3aBHCHT OT CTa11HH H CTeneHH TR)KeCTH, nph KOTOpb1X 11aHHOe Bo311eHCTBHe o6hapyn(hbaetcr. Ha phc. 1 nok a- 3aHO, KaK 4aCTOTa H CTeneHb TRN(eCTH HeCTOXaCTH4ec- KOrO BO31IeliCTBHA, OnpellenAeMOrO KaK natojiorh4eckoe COCTORHHe, nobbiwaiotcr B COOTBeTCTBHH C ybenh4ehhem nony4ehhofi 1103b1 y nhl1 C pa3nh4hoi/ CTeneHbFO BOCnpHHM- 4HBOCTH. CTeneHb B0311eiICTBH2 HaH6onee pe3k0 ysejlft- 4HBaeTCR y Tex nhl(, KOTOpble o6na11arot CaMOH 6onbWoH BOCnpH4iM4HBOCTbIO ( KpHBaA a), 110CTHraA noporoboro 3Ha4eHH2 KnHHH4eCKOrO npoabnehhr nph 6onee HH3KOH 1103e, 4eM y MeHee BOCnpHHM4HBbIX noarpynn ( K phsble b H c). HHTepBanbl 403, npfl KOTOpbIX pa3nh4hb+e n011- rpynnbl 11oCTHraroT 011HHaK0B0r0 noporoboro 3Ha4eHFiA o6- Hapy)KHBaeMOCTK 3a6onesaHHA, otpa)kexbl B BepXHei1 KpH- BOH, KOTOpaR noka3bibaet 4aCTOTy B03HHKHOBeHHR natonorh4eckhx COCTOAHNii y HaCeneHHR H KOTOpaA 11oCTHraeT 100% JIHWb nph TOH 1103e, KOTOpaR 110CTaTO4Ha ZIJIA npe- BbIWeHHA onpellenehhoro noporoboro 3Ha4eHHR CTeneHH TRN(eCTH y acex 4neHOB FiCCnellyeMOI1 rpynnbl HaceneHHR. TA)KeCTb CTOXaCTH4eCKHX nocne11ctbfin, 4TO TaK)Ke noka3ah0 Ha pfic. 1, He 3aBHCHT OT 1103b1 06.IIy4eHI1A, H nph ybenhv{ehhh 1103bî ybenh4hbaetcr nhwb nporho3mpyemar 4aCTOTa TaKO1-0 B0311eHCTBH2 6e3 noporoboro 3Ha- 4eHHR KaK TaKOBOrO. HecToxacTH4eCKHe nocne11ctbha OCHOBHOii HHTepec nph nnahhpobahhh abaphiihbix MeponpH- ATHFI BbI3bIBaeT H11eHTHIPHKaL1HA TaKHX ypobhei1 1103, HH)Ke KOTOpbIX BepORTHOCTb HeCTOXaCTH4eCKI1X nocne11ctbhn y HOpMaJIbHbIX nrolleil HH4TO)KHO Mana. HecroxaCTH4ecxHe nocne13ctbhr MOryT B03HHKaTb B n1060m oprahe HnH TKaHH nph 11OCTaTO4H0 BbICOKHX 1103aX O6ny4eHHR. B 11aHHOM HCCnelloBaHHH o6cyn(11ehhe OrpaHFi4HBaeTCR paccmotpehhem B0311eHCTBHR Ha Te OpraHbl H T K ahh, KoTOpble, K ak 15

25 PHc. 1. XapaKTepHbie pa3.,1h4h5i B CoOTHOweHHH 403bl-344eKT McA(!ly HeCTOXaCTH4eCKHMH H CTOXâCTH4eCKHMH I10CJIe11CTBHAMH HecToxacTHtYecxxe nocnegctbhh CTOxaCTHYeCKHe nocne,ljctbhh 100% ro 1 F 0F 50% 1 roc" 0%,I1o3a,qo3a 11aTonorHtiecKHEI COCTORHHSY 1 clh3honorhtieci(he OTKnOHeHHSt dl d2 d3,11o3a go 3 a 16

26 c4fitaetcr, no4beprakltcr HaFi6onbwe4[ onachoctkt nph abaphnhom BbIXOae paahoakthbhocth H3 RaepHblX yctahobok. 06ny4eHHe BCerO Tena B 1IOCTaTORHO BbICOKHX 4032X Bb13bIBaeT TOWHOTy, pboty H altapelo, a nph eute 6onee BbICOKHX a03ax - pahhioio CMepTHOCTb B pe3ynbtate kicto- WeHHR KneTOK KOCTHOFO M03ra. HpII B1IbIXaHHFi 60nbWFIx KOn1i4eCTB pa4hoaktf{bhbix BeWeCTB BbICOKHe 403b1 o6ny4e- HHR OKa)KyT OCTpOe B03aeNCTBHe Ha nerkhe, 4T0 6yLIeT npfib010htb K OCTaTO4HbIM pacctpoi.1ctbam (pyhklihohhpo- BaHiiR nerkfix H aa)ke K pahheli CMepTHOCTFi. XOTR 06ny- 4eH14e B 60nbWHX 403aX N(eJIyLI0410-KHWe4H000 TpaKTa TaKN(e MO)KeT nphboamtb K pahhefi CMepTHOCTFI, nph Raep- HbIX asaphrx o6ny4ehhe KOCTHOCO MO3ra, BepORTHO, 6yaeT HMeTb 60nbWee 3Ha4eHPie. KpoMe TOrO, nph nocta- TO4H0 BbICOKHX 403aX 06ny4eHHR WHTOBH4HON )KeJIe3bI MOryT HMeTb McCTO HeCTOXaCTH4eCKHe 3(14eKTbI C BepORT- HbIMH CMepTenbHblMH HCXO4aMH a K 41-{Cny apychx Hene- TanbHbiX 344eKTOB OTHOCRTCR HapyWeHY{e penpoaykthbhbix (kyhklii-ih, nobpeaaehme KO)KHOfO nokpoba H O6pa3OBaHFie KaTapaKTbl, O4HaK0 Bee OHH MeHee Cepbe3Hbl, 4eM Te, KoTOpble yka3ahbi BbIWe. li0mhm0 3T000 HeO6XOnKMO non- 4epKHyTb, 4T0 nph RLIepHON asaphh o6ny4ehhe nhwb 04- HOrO TOnbKO OpraHa Ma..ROBepORTHO H HaH60nee XapaKTep- HbIM BF{4OM O6ny4eHHR 6y4eT lappaahauhr HeCKOnbKHX OpraHOB H TKaHeFi. IIpK BHeWHeM 06ny4eHHH in utero KnaCCH4eCKF{M41 nocnenctbhrmh B0346ICTBH2 4OCTaTO4HO 6OnbWHX ny4eHHR Ha pa3bfibak)whficr n.1ioa RBJIRKITCR TRN(enbie BpON(aeHHble ypo4ctba, 3anepmKa B ymctbehhom H14LI3H- 4eCKOM p23bhthli H rh6ejtb nnoaa. IIpH BHyTpeHHeM 06- ny4ehhh pa3nh4hr B KneTO4HOM MeTa60JIiuMe MOT nph- B@CTH K BO3HIiKHOBeHHIO pa3nh4hbix ypobhen phcka. HanpHMep, WIiTOBNnHaA H(ene3a nnoaa RBnReTCR enhhctbeh- HbIM OpraHOM, noabepraiowhmcr phcky BO34eACTBH2 nocjio- WeHHOrO paamoakthbhoco FIOLIa, KOraa OHa aocthrna 40- CTaTO4HON CTeneH14 p23bf{th2 H CnOCO6Ha HaKannF{BaTb NOLI. B Ta6n. 3 npfiboartcr yposhh 4,O3b1, HFlAce KOTOpbIX BO3HHKHOBeHHe HeCTOXaCTIi4eCKHX nocne4ctbhm y O6b14HbIX 17

27 Ta6nMUa 3. 1I03b1 o6jiy4ehm5{, HM)Ke K OTOpbIX BepO51THOCTb BO3HMKHOBeHMSI OCTpbIX HeCTOXaCTM4eCKMX 300eKTOB y O6b14HbIX.,ntolIei4 HM4TO)KHO Mana Jo3a (1-6) OpraH BO311eFiCTBMe 0,1 nnotl TeparoreHe3 0,5 ace Teno pbota 1 ace TeJIO pahhsift CMepTb 3 nojiobble )KeJTe3bl CTepHnbHOCTb 3 KON(Hble IIOKpOBbI o6jibicehme, 3pMTeMa 5 3pa4KH KaTapaKTa 5 AerKMe BOCnaneHMe nerkhx 10.,RerKMe pahhna CMepTb MTOBM11HaN rhn0tepm03 N(ene3a ntol[en ManoBepoATHO. OHa nok a3blbaet, 4T0, 3a McKnFO4eHMeM nnoaa, OCTpbie 3a6oneBaHM51 M pahhs{s{ CMepTb CBSi3aHbl nhwb C BbICOKHMM llo3amh o6ny4ehh51 ; BepOfiTHOCTb N(e abapmm, IIpHBO115iWHX K TaKMM BbICOKMM 1103aM o6jiy4ehms{, BeCbMa He3Ha4MTenbHa. CTOXaCTM4eCKMe 11OCne1ICTBNSi CTOXaCTM4eCKHe nocne1ictbms{, B613BaHHble o6ny4ehmem, noilpa34enak)tcsi Ha PT/La/let-II-me COMaTM4ecKMe H reheth4eckme. HaM60nbWylo 03a604eHHOCTb BbI3bIBaeT 18

28 otaanehhoe comatn4ecx oe Bo34eNcTBFie, npnboarijdee K pocty 4aCTOTbI paxobblx 3a6olleBaHNii 06ny4eHHOrO HacelleHNR C lleta.rbhbim H HeneTa.lIbxorO xapaktepa. CBSI3aHHble C TaKNM Bo34eiicTBFieM paxobb[e 3a6ollesaHH2 O6bI4H0 BO3HNKaK)T Ha 6onee no3ahem 3Tane, H 3TOT nephoa MO)KeT pacthhytbch Ha HeCKOJIbK0 AecHTHneTNN. 3TH otaajiehhble CoMaTN4ecKFie nocjteactbnh BKJIF94alOT 3a6oJlesaeMocrb TaKNMN BHAaMN paka, N3.IIe4HBaeMOCTb OT KOTOpbIX HBnHeTCH HN3KON (pak JIerKNX, JieliKeMHA), H ApyrNMN 60.JIe3HftMN, N3ne4NBaeMOCTb OT KOTOpbIX RBJIAeTCH BbICOKON (pax KO)KN H IIINTOBNAHON )Ke.11e3bl). OAHaK0 nk)6o11 BNA paxa B613bIBaeT ncnx0jiorn4eckne nocjieactbnh, KOTOpble MOryT 3Ha4HTe..RbHO yxyalllntb Ka4eCTB0 )KN3HN. B CBR3H C 06.IIy4eHNeM no.liobbix N(e.Re3 Cy1lleCTByeT pnck BO3HNKHOBeHNH THN(enOrO HaCJIeACT- BeHHOï0 3a60JIeBaHNfl y nocneayk)iiinx nokojiehnn. cdaktopbi pncka Ansl CTOXaCTN4eCKNX B034eNCTBNI npnbeaehbl B npeablayiliem OTMeTe B03 ( I). 3TH OKTOpbI pncka ABJIftK)TCH ycpeahehhbimn 3Ha4eHNHMN AJIH BCeX BO3paCTOB H 1L/I2 O6O14X 110A0B B KOHTNHreHTe HaCeJIeHNH, He NMeIOLUerO KaKNX-JIN60 OTKJIOHeHNN. CJIeAyeT yka3atb, 4TO 3TH (paktopbi pncxa OCHOBbIBaIOTCH Ha npeano..ro)kehnn 0 JINHeNHON 3aBNCNMOCTH "403a-34?(DeKT", He NMeIOIlleN noporosoro 3Ha4eHNH, H OTHOCHTCH TOJIbKO K pakobbim 3a60JIeBaHNHM CO CMepTeJlbHbIM NCXOAOM. BO OTAenbHblM OpraHaM 3TH OKTOpbI MOryT CyIlleCTBeHH0 BapbNposaTb B 3aBNCNMOCTN OT Bo3pacTa, nana N ApyrNX nepemehhblx; CneA0BaTe.11bH0, OHH MOryT npnboantb K nepeouehke N.IIH He40OL1eHKe pncka. OAHaKO, nockonbky npn 3TOM He y4ntbibaiotch pakobbie 3a60neBaHHH 6e3 CMepTenbHblX NCXOAOB, TaKNe KaK pax IIINTOBNAHON )Kene3bl H KON(N, OHH MoryT HeAOy4NTbiBaTb 061llNii phck 3a6onesaHNH HeKOTOpbiX OTAenbHblX OpraHOB NnN TKaHeN. CneAOBaTenbHO, 3TH ItaKTOpbI pncka AOn)KHbI paccmatpnbatbch KaK npn6jin3n- TenbHble 3Ha4eHNH H NCnOJLb30BaTbCH B 3TOM Ka4eCTBe. IICbIXOn0rN4eCKNe nocneiictbnsi B AOnOJIHeHNe K nporh03npyemblm nociieactbnhm 06nyMeHH2 AAR 043N4eCKOrO 34Op0BbH MOryT BO3HNKaTb 3Ha4NTenb- Hble ncnxojiofn4eckne 30eKTbl, KOTOpbie npeactabnhiot Co60ii CyIlIeCTBeHHO Ba)KHyK) npo6nemy 3ApaBooxpaHeHHH. 19

29 H OTJIH4He OT pahee OnHCaHHbIX Bo3LtekiCTBNfN Ha 32IOpOBbe, CTeneHb TpeBOrH, BbI3bIBaeMOFt BO3MO)KHOCTbIO O6Jiy4eHHA, He cba 3aHa c yposhem o6jiy4ehha. HCHXO.lIOrH4eCKHA ctpecc Mo)KeT HMeTb MeCTO 4a)Ke B Tex CJIy4a- AX, KorLia yposehb pallhauhh AB.IIAerCA HH3KHM HJIH He- 3Ha4HTe.nbHbiM. nchxoj1orn4eckoe BO34eHCTBHe Mo)KeT - 6bIT b o6ycj[objieho " - TeM, 4TO ALIepHble abaphh MoryT 6bITb nphhatb1 3a B3pblBbl A1IepHON 6OM6b1; - HeCnOCO6HOCTbIO OpraHOB 4yBCTB 4eJlOBeKa o6hapyachtb HoHH3Hpylowee o6.ny4ehhe ; - Hea2IeKBaTHON H 4acTO npotnbope4hbon HHckopMaul-CeFi, K acalowerca abapfih. IIpH3HaHHe BO3MO)KHOCTH cywectbobahha TaKOH npo6jiem61 H njiahhpobahhe 1I61CTBHH, HaUeJIeHHbIX Ha ee pewehhe, ABJIAIOTCA Ba)KHbIM KOMIlOHeHTOM o6ecne4ehha rotobhoctn K abaphhhbim CHTyauHAM. icohtpmepbi H IIEJIH IUTAHHPOBAHHSi HA CJIY9AH 4PE3BOAHHbIX CHTYAIIHH Pa3JIH4aK)TCA 2IBa BNLIa 4pe3BbI4aMHbIx Mep, HaUeAeHHbIX Ha ymehbwehhe otphuatejibhoro B034eMCTBH2 O6JIy4eHH2 Ha 31IOpOBbe: Mepbl, ymehbwawwhe O6Jïy4eHHe pallhaunem ( 3awNTHble Mepbl ), H Mepbl, chh)kalowl-ie BO34eHCTBHe o6jly 4eHHA Ha 3LIopOSbe B CB513H C abapneh (MeLIHUHHCKOe JIe- 4eHHe ). MoryT nphmehatbca cne2lylowhe notehuhajibho 3awHTHble Mepbl: - ykpblthe B nomewehhax; - npliem HepallHOaKTHBHOro Holla; - orpahh4ehhe Bbe34a B 3apaH(exxbifi pafioh ; - 3BaxyauHA; 20 - nepecejlehhe ;

30 - KoHTpOJIb 3a nf[illebbimfi floliktmh H BOLIOII; - ue3akthbauhr HaceneHHR; - 4e3aKTHBauMR TeppMropHH. OCyluecTBneHHe KaKOFi-nH6o OLIHON H3 3THX Mep HAW HeC- KOnbKHX cpa3y 3aBHCMT He TonbKO OT xapaktepa abaphh H ee BpeMeHHOil 03m, HO H OT KOHKpeTHbIX MeCTHbIX ycjiobmil, TaKMX KaK HHCneHHOCTb HaCeJIeHFiR M KnMMaTM- HeCKHe H MeTeOpOnOrMHeCKMe ycj1obmr. B KaHeCTBe 06- luero nphhuhna HeO6XOLIFiMO yka3atb Ha 060CHOBaHHOCTb OCy111eCTBneHMR TeX 3alüMTHbIX Mep, nph KOTOpbIX COUMa.lib- Hble 3aTpaTbl H CTeneHb phcka MeHbWe 3aTpaT H phcka, CBR3aHHbIX C B034eFiCTBHeM O6nyHeHHR..YKpbITMe B nomefi(ehitrx 3Ha9HTenbH0r0 CHH)KeHHR 403 BHeWHero 06nyHeHHA BCero Tena H KO)KHbIX nokpobob MO)KHO LIOCTMHb, OCTaBaRCb Ha paie CTaLIFiFt abapfim B nomelllehfih. CyllleCTBeHHorO CHH)KeHMR BLIbIXaeMON Lt03b1, BJIFiAlolüeFl Ha IllFITOBFILIHyFO )Kene3y H nerkfle, TaKHCe MO)KHO AOCTMHb, 3aKpbIB OKHa, LIBepM H LlpyrHe npoembl, a TaKN(e BbIKnFOHMB BCe BeHTFt-.,RRUHOHHble CMCTeMbI. 3K pahhpyrolllmli a K TOp, ymehbwarolühm LI03y H 06eCneHMBaeMbl{i 34aHMAMH, Mo)KeT KoJIe6aTbC51 OT 0,2-0,8 OT pallhoa K TMBHOro o6jiak a uo 0,08-0,4 OT pa- LIHOaKTMBHbIX OCa4KOB ( 1 ). OaKTOp CHM)KeHMA MHraJIALIM- OHHOi 403b1 npm OCyIlleCTBneHFiM COOTBeTCTByIOü1HX tep KOHTPOJIA 3a BeHTMJIRUHeM Mo)KeT L10CTMraTb nopallka 10. OnaCHOCTM M BpeLI, CBR3aHHble C KpaTKOCpOHHbIM ykpbltmem B nomei4ehmrx, HeBeJIMKM. He3annaHHpOBaHHOe npol10n)khtenbhoe hce HaXON(L1eHMe nrollefi B nome111ehhax MO)KeT nphbectm K BO3HHKHOBeHHIO COUMaJIbHbIX, McLIHUMH- CKHX H nchxojiormheckmx npo6jlem. 11pNeM HepaLIHOaKTMBHOro MOL1a 1]pMeM coell,mhehha HepaLIHOaKTHBHOrO NOLIa 344eKTHBHO BnHReT Ha chmncehfie 403b1 nornolüehmr pa4moakthbho1-0 HoLla IIIHTOBHLIHOFt )Kene3oi-i. 3To cpelictbo OKa3bIBaeTCR 21

31 HaN6onee 344eKTNBHbIM, ecnn npnem OcyweCTBnSleTCSI 40 HAN BO BpeMA O6ny`{eHNfï, N 6bICTp0 TepReT CB010 30eK- TNBHOCTb, ecnn npmem BeLIeTCA 4epe3 HeCKOJIbKO 4aCOB noc.,ne 06ny4eHNSi. Cnel(OBaTeJIbHO, Heo6xOLINMO npn6eratb K npliemy HepaLINOaKTHBHOrO Nona KaK MON(HO pahbwe, KaK TOnbKO nonymeh nporho3 O TOM, 4TO O)KNLIaeTCA 3Ha4NTeJIbHbIA Bb16pOC palinoaktnbhoro Rona. ekomehllyemasâ 4o3a npnema CoeLINHeHNfi HepaLlNoaK- TNBHOrO lâona (KI NnN KI03) CoCTaBns{eT 100 Mr NOLIa e)kel1hebho LUISi LIeTeN B BO3paCTe 1 rona H 60.nbwe N 50 Mr - LInSI HOBOpON(LIeHHbIX. CpeLIN 04eHb He6onbWON MaCTN HaCeneHFiH MOT Ha6JI10LIaTbCA HeN(eJlaTeJlbHble, OLIHaKO OTHOCHTenbHO He3HaMNTenbHble no6o4hble 340eK- Tbl. Bo MHOrNX Cny4aSiX HepeanbHo nbltatbch pacnpo- CTpaHSITb HepaLIHOaKTNBHbIN NOLI CpenN HaceneHNA, nol1- BeprarowerocN pkicky B MOMexT abaphn; pekomehnyetca pacnpellenatb ero 3apaC-Iee nn6o nokbaptnpho, nn60 nepeliab ero B pacnopfl)kehne CneLlNanbHO BbILIeneHHblX nyhk- TOB, KoTOpble MOryT pacnpenenntb ero B Te4eHNe KopoT- Koro nepnona BpeMeHN. OrpaHN4eHNe Llocryna Ha TeppNTOpNw KoHTponb 3a nepenbnh(ehnem nkllleli B palloh abaphn N N3 Hero CHH3NT 4HCnO O6ny4eHHbIX N nomo)ket ocywectbnehn1o abapnnhbix MepOnpN51TNFl. TpynHOCTN MOT BO3HHKHyTb, ecnn TaKaSI KOHTpMepa 6yaeT OCyIIIeCTBJIHTbCS{ B TeMeHNe nnntenbhoro nepnoaa BpeMeHN, nockonbky Onpene..neHHble rpynnbl HaceneHHfi MOryT CTpeMNTbCH nonactb B CBOH n0- Ma NnN noknhytb NX, a TaK)Ke nony4ntb noctyn K CBOHM nomawhnm )KNBOTHbIM HnN nonbltatbcsi cnactn TOBapbl HAN nponyktbl N BbIBe3TN FIX N3 3aKpbiTOrO panoha. 11pN CO- OTBeTCTByK)wNX MepaX KOHTpOnS{ pnck nopoh(ho-tpahcnopt- HbiX nponcwectbnii 6yneT MNHNManbHblM. 3BaKyallNSl 3BaKyaLINN HBnHeTCN 344eKTNBHbIM CpenCTBOM npotnb BHe- WHerO H BHyTpeHHero 06ny4eHNSl, onhako oha HapywaeT CnO)KNBWHeCSI CBF13Fi, H Ha npaktnke ee OCy11IeCTBNTb O4eHb Tpynxo. Oco6yw octpoty 3Ta npo6nema npho6pe- TaeT B Tex CnyMaSiX, KOr,ga 3TO KacaeTCH KpynHblx 22

32 KOHTkiHreHTOB HaCeneHNA. flo3tomy oha LIOnA(Ha npf[me- HATbCA TO1IbKO B Cny4ae a6cojikithofi He06XOL1NMOCTN, 4T0661 npellotspatntb 6bICTpbIN Ha6op uo3b1, npnboliawer K HeCTOXaCTN4eCKHM nocjie11ctbnam, H, HaCKOJ1bKO 3TO 803- M0A(HO, TOJIbKO RO OTHOWeHNIO K He6OJIbWNM rpynnam HaCe- JIeHNA, npo)knbak)wnm B HenOCpeLICTBeHHON 6nN30CTN OT ALIepHOFI yctahobkn. CneLlyeT IIOMHNTb, 4T0 3BaKyauHA Tpe6yeT onpellenehhoro BpeMeHN LIAR ee ocyluectb.,rehna N, BepoATHO, 6yLIeT HaN6oJlee 3414eKTFiBHOFi nn60 npn Ha- /1144M14 4OCraTO4HOrO BpeMeHF! nepell Bbl6pocoM LIAR c6opob no TpeBOre, JnR6o B Tex Cny4aAX, KorLla oha NcnoJlb3yeTCA DAR npellotbpawehfia o6j1y4ehna OT OcaN(lleHHbix pa- 1INOHyKnNLIOB B npomea(yt04hofi 03e. B JIF06oM nnahe abapnnhbix MepOnpNATN{i LIOnA(Ha 6b1Tb y4teha BO3MO)KHOCTb HeOpraHN30BaHHOr0 BbIXOLIa JitoL(eIi H3 nopaa(ehhbix H HenOpa)KeHHbIX panohob, C TeM 4TO6bl CBeCTN K MNHNMyMy 34)- (PeKT pa3pylilehna CJIOA(NBWNXCA cba3ei. B TO BpeM5( KaK COIINanbHblN H 3KOHOMN4eCKNi4 ylllep6 OT 3BaKyauHN MO)KeT OKa3aTbCA BbICOKNM, C4NTaeTCA, 4T0 pnck,gjia 340p0BbA 6yLIeT OTHOCNTeJ1bHO He6OJIbWNM H CBA3aH, B nepbylo ()Hepear), C B03MOA(HbIMN LIOpoA(HO-TpaHCnopTHbiMN nponcwect- BNHMN. BepeceJleHNe jiepecejlehne npon3804ntcr LIAR TOro, 4TO6b1 npeliotbpa- TNTb HaKOnneHNe BbICOKNX JIy4eHNA B Te4eHNe L(nN- TeJ1bHOfO BpeMeHN OT palinoaktnbhbix OCaLIKOB Ha 3eM.,Re 06b14H0 nocne npekpawehna Bbl6poca. IlepeceJleHNe npo- BOLINTCA B MeHee 3KCTpeHHOM nopallke, 4eM 3BaKyauN2, N MO)KeT 6bITb 6bICTpbIM HAN LIJINTeJIbHbIM. 3T0 LlOporOCTO- AWaA Mepa, N ee ocywecrbnehne 3aBNCNT OT TOrO, ectb nn COOTBeTCTByKIWNN panoh.üna nepece.gehna. He cnellyet HeLlOOUeHNBaTb CBA3aHHy1.0 C nepecenehnem HepBHOnCN- XNMeCKyK1 Harpy3Ky. KOHTponb 3a o6ecne4ehhem npoliyktamn nntahnsi H BOLIOCHa6A(eHNeM COOTBeTCTByKIWNe meow KOHTpO.,RA 3a 110YKTMH nntahna MOryT BKn1O4aTb yhn4t0a(ehne 3apaA(eHHbIX npoliyktob, OrpaHN4eHNe NnN 3anpeWeHNe ynotpe6nehna HX B nnwy, 23

33 OTKa3 OT nprmoro NX ynorpe6jiehna H nepepa6otky B 1Ipyr4ie npollyk Tbl ( HanpNMep, MonoK a B Cblp ) NnN nepe2la- 4y MX Ha XpaHeHkie, noka palinoaktnbhoctb He CHN3NTC2 20 npnemnemoro ypobhh. KoHTponNpoBaHNe BOII0CHa6N(eHNA 06b14H0 03Ha4aeT 3anpellleHNe NCnOJIb3OBaHNA B021b1 N3 3apak(eHHoro NCTO4- HN K a 2InR JI106b4X ue.neri. TaKHe Mepbl MOT Bbl3BaTb HOBble npo6nemb[ B TeX panohax, r1le y)ke H TaK 011lyWanaCb HeXBaTKa mum N/N.RN BOLibI. HHLINBNLIyanbHaR 1Ie3aKTHBauHA HH21NBN21yanbHaR 2Ie3aKTNBaUNR 1IOnN(Ha npobolintbcr nnwb B TeX Cny4aRX, KOrLIa NMeIOTCR TO4Hble 21aHHble O 3arpR3- HeHNN nobepxhoctn eia NnN ectb BCe OCHOBaHNA 3T0 npe2lnonojkntb. KaK npa9lino, 6bITOBOi 2IyW - 2OCTaTO4- Hoe cpe2ictbo 2IJIR 2Ie3aKTNBauNN KO)KN, a CTNpKa B npa- 4e4HOli Mo)KeT npnbectn K no4tn nojihomy o6e33apa>rcn- BaHNa OLIe)KLtbl. Me11NUNHCKaR nom011ib MOY(eT notpe6obatbca B TeX Cny4aRX, KOrLIa 3apa)KeHHbIMN OKa3anNCb nobpen(2iehhble y4actkn Tena HAN KorLla 06e33apa)KNBaHNR HeB03MO)KH0 2IO6NTbCA C nomowba HeO2IH0KpaTHON CTNpKH. E2INHCTBeH HbIM pnckom npn NHIINBN1IyanbHOFi LIe3aKTNBaUNH RB.,nReTCA BO3MO)KHOCTb pacnpoctpahehnr palinoaktnbhoctn Ha pahee He3apaH(eHHble y4actkn. fle3aktnbauna TeppNTOpHN llahhar 3alANTHaR Mepa BKJIIM4aeT ylla..nehne palinoaktnbhbix BeulecTB N3 nopa>tcehhoro palioxa H nepe6pocxy HX B 2lpyroe MeCTO, r11e OHN 6y2IyT OKa3bIBaTb McHee Bpe2lHoe BnNRHNe. OHa MON(eT BKna4aTb npombibky, 04NCTKy n0- BepXHOCTeFI C nom011iba nbljlecocob, 3anaXNBaHNe CeJIbCKO- X03RüCTBeHHbIX yro2lnli NnN y2lanehne nobepxhocthoro CJIOR 1104Bbl. 3TN Mepbl 304DeKTNBHO CHN)KaaT BHeWHee o6ny4ehne OT pa2inoaktnbhbix OCa11KOB N ymehbwaat 21o3y BHyTpeHHerO 06ny4eHNR OT B21bIXaHNA no11hatbix B B032IyX pa11non3otonob. IIpN 3TOM pncky no2lsepraatcr Te, KTO 24

34 3aHRT BbInOJIHeHHeM COOTBeTCTByK)II[HX npoueuyp Ae3aKTH- BaUHH. [lphmehhmoctb pa3jin4hbix 3alAHTHbIX Mep B pa3hbix (Pa3ax asaphh noka3axa B Ta6Ji. 4. OI[EHKA BEJIRIINHb1 1103b1 C I[E![bI0 QPNHATIdA 3Al1INTHbIX MEP Bo sbejiehhh K HacTOSlllleFl KHNre yka3ahbl cjieaylolühe nphhuhnbi, KOTOpbIMH Cnen,yeT pykobo4ctbobatbcr nph nphhrthh 3a111HTHbIX Mep: - H36eraTb, n0 BO3MO)(HOCTH, HeCTOXaCTH4eCKHX nocneli,ctbhh o6jiy4ehhs{ HaceneHHR ; - OrpaHH4HBaTb HHI4HBH1[yanbHblH ctoxacth4eckha phck, COnOCTaBJ1RR CTeneHb phcka H CTOHMOCTb KOHTpMep npoths phcka, a TaK)Ke ylüep6, HaHO- CHMbIH 1IaJIbHeHWHM o6ny4ehhem ; - OrpaHH4HBaTb yluep6, HaHOCHMbiH 31IOpOBbK) HaceneHHR nopa)kehhoro pahoha B CBR3H C OCTaTO4- HbIM pa1ihoakthbhbim 3apaA(eHHeM MeCTHOCTH. He06X04HMO 1I06HBaTbCR BO3MO)KHO 6onee HH3KOH HHIIHBHd[yaJIbHOFI 1IO3b1 06ny4eHHR, nphhhmar BO BHHMaHHe KaK phck O6ny4eHHR, TaK H phck, CB23aHHbIH C KOHTpMepaMH. PeWeHHe o BBe4eHHH KaKOH-nH60 3a11[HTHOH Mepbl, B 4aCTHOCTH B pahheî-[ H npome)kyto4hon (pa3ax, IIOAA(HO OC- HOBbIBaTbCR Ha OUeHKe phcka notehuhajibhoro O6JIy4eHHH OT1IenbHOrO 4enOBeKa, H no3tomy nphhrtar 1[03HMeTpH- 4eCKaR BenH4HHa 1IOnA(Ha CJIyA(HTb BblpaA(eHHeM 3T0r0 phc- Ka. LIAR OUeHKH phcka O6ny4eHHR otzlenbhblx JIHU B ycnobhrx HOpManbHOH pa60tbi R1IepHbIX yctahobok 6bina pe- KoMeH,L[OBaHa "340eKTHBHaR 3KBHBa.IIeHTHaR 403a" ( I, 15). TaKOH no1ixoii He MOA(eT, 01IHaKO, nphmehrtbcr K HeCTO- XaCTH4eCKHM nocjlei[ctbhrm B neph011 nocne asaphh, noc- KOnbKy KO344HUHeHTbI phcka H CBR3aHHble C HHMH OTRrO- IIIaK)Il[He aa K TOpbl OUeHHBaIoTCR Ha OCHOBe 25