Aiuco oho. upa6ottee mecmo. Pernoxa.nbxbie riy6.nnicaghk B03. Esponeiicxan cephn N2 67

Átírás

1 Aiuco oho upa6ottee mecmo Pernoxa.nbxbie riy6.nnicaghk B03 Esponeiicxan cephn N2 67

2 Cepnsl ny6.anxauni-i no EBponeKcxoMy n.nany ReHCTBxH no 6opb6e c notpe6.aehnem a.akoro.ah Ouenxa u xoumponb aeücmeuü no anxozomo, Peter Anderson H Juhani Lehto. noaxoabti x nonumuxe xonmponst nad anxozonem, Juhani Lehto. Dx0uoM1.txa anxozonbuoü nonumuxu, Juhani Lehto. AtxozoMb U cpeacmea Maccoeoü unoopmauuu, Marjatta Montonen. Jeücmeust no npo6nemam anx020mf1 na MecmnoM u MynuuunaMbnoM ypoene, Bruce Ritson. Anxozonb U nepeuuuaa Meauxo-canumapuast nomouyb, Peter Anderson. Tepaneemultecxue noax0abti K anxo20mbnb1m np06nemam, Nick Heather. Monoabie nx)au u amx02011b, napxomuxu u ma6an, Kellie Anderson. Anx020nb U pa60uee Mecmo, Marion Henderson, Graeme Hutcheson H John Davies. BceMHpxaA oprahh3auha 3ApasooxpaxeHHA - cneuhaah3hposahlloe ympexcaehhe OpraHH3aL;HH O6"beAHHeHHbIX HauHH, OCHOBHaA (PyHKL[HSI KOTOpOTO COCTOHT B pehiehhh Me)KAyHapOAHbIX np06aem 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA H OXpaHbl 3AOpOBb51 HaCeAeHHA. C nomon;bk) 9T0I3 OpraHH3aIAHH, KOTOpaA 6bIAa CO3AaHa B 1948 r., pa6othhkh 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHn 6oAee 180 CTpaH 06MeHHBa10TCB 3HaHHAMH H OnbITOM AAA TOrO, iito6bi CAeAaTb BO3MO)KHbIM AOCTH)KeHHe BCeMH )KHTeAAMH 3eM.AH TaKOTO ypobhb 3AOpOBbA, KOTOpbII3 1103BOAHT HM BeCTH )KH3Hb, HOAHOL;eHHyIO B COuHaAbHOM H akohomhpieckom OTHOIIIeHHH. EBponeHCKOe perhohaabhoe 61opo B03 ABABeTCA OAI-IHM 143 niecth perhohaabhbix 6K)po, Ka)KAoe H3 KOTOpbIX npoboaht Co6CTBeHHyK) nporpammy, HanpaBAeHHyK) Ha peiiiehhe KOHKpeTHbIX npo6aem 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHn 06cAy)KHBaeMbIX HM CTpaH. EBpOneNCKHI3 perhoh C HaCeAeHHeM B 850 MAH. LIeAOBeK npocthpaetca OT l'pehaahahh Ha CeBepe H CpeAH3eMHOTo MopA Ha tore AO THXOOKeaHCKHX 6eperOB POCCHH TOMy nporpamma EBpoHeHCKorO perhoha B03 raabhoe BHHMaHHe yaeaaet KaK npo6aemam, XapaKTepHbIM AAA HHAyCTpHâAbHOTO H riocthhayctphâabhoto o61uectba, TaK H np06aemam HaXOA31II114XCA B npouecce CTaHOBAeHHA AeMOKpaTHH CTpaH L1,eHTpaAbHOH H BOCTO`iHOH EBponbl H 6bIBn7er0 COBeTCKOro C0I03a. B CBOeH ctpaterhh AOCTHNCeHHA 3A0pOBbA AAA BCeX PernoHaAbHoe 61op0 00yIueCTBAAeT AeATeAbHOCTb 110 TM OCHOBHbIM HanpaBAeHHAM: 06eCneTieHHe o6pa3a )KH3HH, cnoco6ctbyioinero COXpaHeHHK) H ykpenachhio 3A0p0Bb31, 3AOpOBoii OKpy)KaIOLueIÎ CpeAbI H COOTBeTCTByIOH;HX cay)k6 npo(phaakthkh, Ae`leHHA H yxoaa.,zlaa EBpOneHCKoro perhoha XapaKTepHbl TaKNCe HaAHLIHe 6oAbIIIOTO LIHCAa A3bIKOB, Ha KOTOpbIX robopat HaCeAAK)IuHe ero HapOAbl, H CBA3aHHble C 3TMM TpyAHOCTH pacnpoctpahehha HHcpopMauHH CpeAH TeX, KTO B HeH Hy)KAaeTCA. PerHOFIaAbHoe 61Op0 OXOTHO yaobaetbopaet npocb6bi O HpeAOCTaBAeHHH Ilpas Ha nepeboa CBOHX KHHT Ha ApyrHe A3bIKH.

3 BceMHpxasx opraxh3auhx 3ApasooxpaxeHHx EBponeHcxoe perxoxanbhoe 6Fopo KonexrareH AjiKoroJm H pa6oliee MecTo Marion Henderson, Graeme Hutcheson u John Davies 4e/imp npuxnaônoû couuanbnoü ncuxono2uu, Ynueepcumem Cmpeuxnaùaa, rna32o, Benuxo6pumanu i IIy611 HxauHH PerHoxanbxoro 61opo B03, EsponeHcxax cephsr X267

4 ISBN ISSN EBponetcxoe perttoxanbxoe 6iopo BceMnpnori oprahh3aunh 3,Apaso- OXpaHeHtiA OXOTHO ynobnetbopaet o6paluenna C npoc1,60h pa3peluhtb nepenegatky nn6o nepeson ny6nnxau14n LIaCTHLIHO Itnn nojihoctbio. 3aABneHn51 H 3anpOcbI cjiej[yet HanpaBnATb B Biopo ny6nnkaunn EaponeFlcKoro pernonanbnoro 6iopo B03 no anpecy: Sherfigsvej 8, DK Copenhagen, Denmark. Biopo OXOTHO npe,goctabht nocnenthoio nh(popmauiii0 O KaKtIX-nH60 H3MeHeHHAX B TeKCTe, 0 nnahax HOBbIX 113naHnil, a TaK)Ke 06 yxce HMeK)IuHXCA nepeneliatkax H nepebonax. BceMllpxaSl OpraHn3auilH 31[paBOOxpaHeH1IH, 1998 r. Ha ny6nnxautth BceMHpxoft oprahh3auhh 3npasooxpaxexnA pacnpoctpahaiotca, c coxpaxehhem 3a Heil Bcex npab, nonoxcenna npotoxona 2 BceMHpxoI1 KOHSeHunH 110 oxpane abtopcxnx npab. O603HaYeH1151, HC11Onb3yeMble B HaCTOAII(ei-1 ny6nhkauhh, H nphbenehhble B Heii MaTepHanbI He OTpa)KaiOT MHCHHe CeKpeTapHaTa BCeMHpHOiï OpraHn3aunn 3npaB00xpaHeHHA 0 IopnnmecxoM craryce xaxo1l-j11460 ctpahbl, TeppnropnH, rop0na nn6o pailona H FIX opraxob B11aCTH B3rJI514(1)I O nejihmhtauhn HX rpahhu. Ha3BaHtIA CTpaH Hnn TeppHTOpHIi, HCHOnb3yeMble B HaCTOAIueli ny6nhkauhh, COOTBeTCTByIOT Ha3BâHHAM, H3BeCTHbIM B neptlon nonrotobkh H3naHH51 JIaHHOi1 KHHrH Ha 513bIKe opnrnnana. YIIOMHHaHHe KOHKpeTHbIX KOMnaHHIi tinh 11p0nyKLIHH OTnenbHbiX H3rOTOBHTeneli He 03HaLiaeT, iito BCeMHpHâA OpraH43aI.[HA 3npa- BOOXpaHeHnSI nonliep)khbaet HRH pekomehjjyet HX Hnn OTnaCT 14M npejznolitehhe nepen npyrhmh KOMnaHHAMH H3rOTOBHTeJI5IMH, He ynomahytbimh B TeKCTe. 3a HCKnK)LIeHneM OnI46oK H HpOnyCKOB, Ha3BaHHA HaTeHTOBaHHbIX npoj[yktob BbIneJISIiOTCA HaLla11bHbIMH 11p01111CHbIMH 6yKBaMn. B3rn51nb1, Bblpa)KeHHble B HaCTOAIUeI1 ny6nhkauhh, ABJISIIOTCA B3rn5101(aMH abtopa H He O6513aTenbHO OTpa)KaK)T pehiehha OgHuHa11bHyK) 17011HTHKy BCeMHpHOI-t oprah113a1h411 3)IpaBOOXpaHeHH51. HAIIEI-IATAHO B AAHI/II4

5 Coaep ahhe Cmp. BBe,neHHe 1 nctopmeckhh o63op 3 CTHnb ynpabnehha 5 IIoTpe6neHHe anxoronsl Ha pa6o*iem MecTe 6 AnxoronbHax IlOnliTHxa :1)exTbi notpe6nehhx anxorona Ha pa6ohem MecTe 1 0 O6ycnoBnexxoe anxoronem OTCyTCTBHe Ha pa6ote 10 HecHacTHble cnymah 1 1 BbIIIOJIHeHIie pa60tbi 15 B3aHMOOTHOLIIeHHSI Ha pa6ohem MecTe 1 6 Z. 3KOHOMHKa notpe6jiehi-i5i ankoronsl 1 7 O6luee 3KOHOMHLIeCKOe BnIiSIHHe ankoronbhoii HpOMbIIIIJIeHHOCTH 17 OueHKa BbI3BaHH6IX notpe6nehhem ankocojisi 3aTpaT 18 3aTpaTbI H npehmylilectba, CB513aHH6Ie C notpe6nehhem ankoronsi (DaKTOpbI, CB5I3aHHble C notpe6nehhem ankoconsi Ha pa6ohem MecTe 33 cbaktopbi KOHKpeTHOrO npejznphsithsi 33 OaKTOpbI KOHKpeTHOrO TIina pa6otbi eKT "HOpManbHOI%I" npakthkh Ha pa6oliem MecTe 35

6 4. AJIKOronbxaSl nonhthka Ha pa6oyem MecTe 38 Pa3pa6oTKa nonhthkh 38 HpHMepbl ankoronbhoi%i nonhthkh 39 OueHKa ankoronbhofi nojihthkh 39 HpOCBeIIZeHHe 52 51BJISIeTCSI JIH ripocbeiijehhe 30eKTHBHbIM TeCTHpOBaHHe H CKpHHHHr 55 3aAamH 56 OTBeTHble Mepbl rlpo(1:1coio3ob 57 10pHjjHLIeCKHe acnektbl 59 CTâH,rjapTbi npoueayp H 6e30naCHOCTH 62 MeTO,qbI H HHTepnpeTaljHSl 64 HaAexKHOCTb TeCTHpOBâHHSI 67 Pe3yJI6TaTbI, CB5i3aHHble C nporpammamh TeCTHpOBaHHSI 69 PacnpOCTpaHeHHOCTb TeCTHpOBaHHSI B npombininehhocth OXBaT I)eFiCTBHSI ankoonbhoi-i nojihthkh 77 MeTOAOJIOrH4eCKHe npo6nembi 77 KOJIHLIeCTBO peajih3yionjhx 110nHTHKy KOMnaHH1%I 79 Ynyinulexl-le oxsata AeHCTBHSI O6cyxcAeHHe 85 3KOHOMHKa ajikoronsi 85 OTBeTHble MepbI npombiiiinehhocth HO np06nemam ajikoro C1I1-1COK JIHTepaTypbl 95

7 BbIpa9ICeHHe IIpH3HâTeJIbHOCTH ABTOpbI Bblpa)KaIOT HpH3HaTeJIbHOCTb 3a BeJIIiKOj[yIIIHÿIO HOMOLI[b, KOTOpyIO 6e3B03Me3AH0 OKâ3bIBâJIH oprahh3auhh H JIIOZ[H, KOJIHTieCTBO KOTOpbIX CJIHIHKOM BeJIHKO, LiTO6bI MO)KHO 6bIJI0 yhomsihytb Ka)K,L[Or0 HHAHBHAyânbHO. CneAyloLuHe JIHL[a, TM He McHee, 3aCJIy)KHBaIOT OCo60IÏ 6naroAapHOCTH. Peter Anderson, EBpolleiicxoe perhoxajmxoe 61opo B03; Rik Bijl, Stichting Alcohol Consultancy, L ei1ct, HHAepnaHAbl; Judith Billingham, Alcohol Concern, Y3nmC; Richard Brooks, OTAenexxe 3KOHOMHKH, YHHBepcHTeT CTperIKnaKAa; Elizabeth Cain, OTAeJI 3ApasooxpaxeHHsl, ynpabnexxx )KHJIMM diohaom, camoynpabnexxsl H )KHMHWHbIX ycnyr, KaH6eppa, ABCTpaJIHx; ghpektopat cnyxc6bi pa3bhth5i H oxpyxcalowei3 cpe ui JIHBepnyJlsl; Jorge Coutinho, PerHoxanbxbIH LjeHTp ajikoiojiofhh HopTo, IlopTyranxsJ; Alex Crawford,,L(HpexTop, COBeT no anxoronlo Peri4 py; Richard Cyster, perhoxanbxbii KoopAHHaTOp HO ajikorojio, LjeHTp pâ3bhthsi perhohânbhbix ycnyr, JIHAc; Adrian Davies, Maureen McClelland H Ivan Miller, CoBeT no anxoronlo Fna3ro H IIIoTnaHAHH; Cecile Delmarcelle, Oree Communications, Eploccenb; John Duffy, 3AHH6yprcKHli yhhbepchtet; Andy Fox, LjeHTp nphkna,hoit couhanbxoti nchxonorhh, yhhsepchtet CTpernKnai3Aa; Jean J. Franck, HauHoHaJIbubIii COBeT no anxoromo JhoxceM6ypra, JIIoxceM6ypr; Andrea Hutcheson, BonnHHua IIpHopi, IIloTnaHAHSi; Angela Kerigan, LjeHTp HpHKnarkHOr3 co1ham.hoii HcxxonorHH, yhhbepchtet CTpeTno1afAa; Scott Macdonald, court HccHeAoaaHHSJ aaahkuhil, KaxaAa; John Marsden, Turning Point, JIoHAoH; M.T. Perez Martinez, APTA, ManpMA; Andrew McNeil, HHCTHTyT ajikotoj THbIX nccneaobahnii, JIOHAOH; Jacek Morawski, MH4 OpMaUHOHHbIIÎ uehtp no

8 anxoronlo H HapxoTHxaM, Bapma Ba; Jacek Moskalewicz, HHCTHTyT nchxhatphh H HapxonorHH, IIonbula; Joyce O'Connor, HauHOHaJmHBIu3 KOnneA)IC HHAyCTpHanbHMX B3aHMOOTHOmIeHHIi, )Jy6.HH; Alastair J. Ross, IUeHTp nphkna.rhoii COuHanbHOi1 nchxonorhh, yhhbepchtet CTpeHKnaI3Aa; Martina Rummel, flpoekt "Alkohol am Arbeitsplatz, Landesstell gegen die Suchtgefahren" e.v. Bepnxx, FepMaHHA; Edward Sawka, KOMHCCIx no snoynotpe6nernueo anxoronem H HapKOTHLlecKHMH BeWecTBaMH Anb6epTbI, KaxaAa; Les Schafer, FaM6yprcKHI3 yhhbepchtet; Behrouz Shahandeh, Me I ynapo.hasl oprahhbauhx Tpy,ua, )Kexesa; William J. Staudenmeier, Eureka KonneAxc, ktjuihhoke, CILIA; KOHCyJIbTaTHBliblii COBeT n0 ankoi'onbhomy H HapKOTHTieCKOMy o6pa3obahhio, JIoHAOH; Konstantin von Veitinghoff -Scheel, Corporate Caring Systems, Bproccenb; Linda B. Wright, IleHTp nphknaahoii COUHanbHOIi ncmcorio HH, yhhbepchtet CTpeHxnaKAa; H Uglijesa Zvekic, HHCTHTyT HccneAosaHHl3 no BonpocaM Me)Kperxonanbnoli oxpahm o61uectbehhoro nopsraka H npabocyahx 06ieAHHëHHMX HaUHi, ITanH$I.

9 BBe,qeHme Ceroul-ISI B Mi3pe anxoronb SiBnxeTCx Hai36onee IuNpoxo notpe6nxemblm HapxoTH4ecKHM BeuiecTBoM, a Taxxce HeorbeMneMOil 4aCTbIO COuHanbHOii, KynbTypHOÎd H 3KOHOMH4eCKOii )KH3HH MHOrHX ctpah. B ABCTpanHH, HanpHMep, no ouexxam cneuhanhctob, 74% My)K4HH H 52% )KeHIIjHH nbiot ankoronbhble HanHTKH (1). 3TH uahhble CXOAHbI C CHTyauHeg B COeuHHëHHbIX 1.uTaTaX, rue no ouehkam CneuHanHCTOB, B 1988 rouy 68% My)K4HH H 47% )KeHIIjHH perynxpxo notpe6ji51nh ajikorojib (2,3). KonHIleCTBO notpe6n5uoiuhx anxoronb nlouei-i B EBponeHCxoM C0103e, rue KynbTypa notpe6nehhsi 5IB115IeTCSI 6onee yctaxobhbuleiicsl, 3HaLIHTenbxO BbluIe. 1'1CCneuOBaHHSI noxa3b1balot, LITO 85% xchteneiï CTapiue 15.ne-r notpe6nsnot ankoronb. B pamkax 3TOii rpynnbl, KaK H B upyrhx ctpahax, ankoronb 6onbu1e 1-11,10T My)K4HHbI. no OueHKaM, KOnHLieCTBO nbl0414hx My)K4HH COCTaBn51eT 90% (4). 3Ha5i O Bo3ueiiCTBHH Ha nchxhky H nobeuehhe, KOTOpble MO)KeT OKâ3bIBaTb notpe6nehhe ankoronsl, CTOJIb uihpokoe pacnpoctpahehhe 3TOI'O 3aH5IT1451 BbI3bIBaeT 3HaLIHTenbHy1O o3a60liehhoctb. 3Ta 03a6o4eHHOCTb nposibhnacb B nonhthke 110 3upaBOOXpaHeHHIO AHrnHH n3uopobbe HauHH" (5), rue o603ha4ehbl HeCKOnbKO ueneil 3upaBOOXpaHeHHSI, KOTOpble uon)khbi 6bITb uocthrhytbi B 6yuyiueM. 3TH 3aua4H BKnIO4aiOT B Ce6x cokpaujehhe KOnH4eCTBa cepue4ho-cocyuhctbix 3a60neBaHHN, HHCynbTOB, pa3nh4hbix BH,I[OB paka H HeC4aCTHbIX Cny4aeB, a Taxxce yny4liiehhe CeKCyanbHOrO H nchxh4eckoi'o 3uOpOBb5I HaceneHHSI. AJIKOrOnb, KOTOpblii B uoxnaue Hâ3BaH OuHHM H3 (laktopob phcka, HMeeT OTHOUIeHHe KO BCeM BbluIe ynomslhytbim uenslm. HeyuHBHTenbHO, TaKHM 06pa3oM, 4TO OuHOÎ-i H3 nepboo4epeuhbix 3aua4, KOTOpÿIO Haune)KHT BbI11OJIHHTb K 2005 rouy, 5IBn31eTCSI COKpaujeHHe Ha 30% KOnH4eCTBa nloueli, KOTOpble nbiot 6onee pekomehuobahhbix npeueno6 OTHOCHTenbHON 6e301-1aCHOCTH (210 rpamm ankoronh B He).:tenlO una My)K4HH unsl )KeHIuHH). KaK noka3bibaet Cneuyioiuia5i uhtata, Ha Me)KuyHapOuHOM ypobhe TaK)Ke BbIpa)KaeTCSI 3Ha4HTenbHa5I o3a6o4ehhoctb B CB5I314 C notehljhanbhblm yiuep6om unsl 3uopoBb5I, BbI3bIBaeMbIM notpe6nehhem ankotonsi (6). 1

10 B 1980 roay ebponeïtckhe rocyaapersa-vnehbi npxxanh o6111y10 nonhthky no 34pasooxpanenHlO B KavecTae perxoxânbhon ctpaterhh no,gocth)kehhio 3AOpOBb51,i[nA BCeX K 2000 rouy. B 1984 roüy EBponeHCKHH PerHOHanbHblN KOMHTCT B03, cneaya AaHHOA ctpaterhh, o,uo6phn 38 3ajag, OnHCblsai0u(HX MHHHManbHblii ypobchb nporpecca, KOTOpOrO AO11)KHb1 AOCTHrHyTb ebponenckhe CTpaHb1 B ykpennehhh 3AOpOBbA H peiiiehhh CB513aHHbIX CO 3AOpOBbeM np06nem... ÀnKOrOnb ynomhhaetca TeM HJIH HHbIM 06pâ3oM B 12 H3 38 3allav, Oc06eHH0 B 17 3aAave,KOTOpaA rnacht: K 2000 rojy BO Bcex rocyaapctbax-vnexax AonxcHo 6bITb 3HaL1HTenbH0 COKpaIIIeHO notpe6nehhe TaKHX nphvhhak)ii(hx yulep6 3AOpOBbK) H BbI3bISaK)üjHX 3aBHCHMOCTb seu.[ectb, KâK ankoronb, Ta6aK H nchxotpoiihb1e CpeACTBa". notpe6nehhe anxorona, OveBHjHO, Bb13bIBaeT Onpegenëxxble nocnejctbha j1151 npombiliinehhoctii. 143 pua OL1eHOVHbIX HCCnejOBâHHii CTaHOBIiTC5I SICHbIM, vto notpe6htenh anx01-onsi COCTaBn5I1OT 60nbIIIi3HCTB0 pa6otaioljero HaceneHHA. IloTpe6neHHe ankoronsi Ha pa6ovem MecTe MO)KeT HMeTb oco6o Cepbë3Hble nocnejctbha, TaK KaK OHO BnHSIeT Ha nobejehhe venobeka, LITO MO)KeT CKa3aTbC5I, HanpHMep, Ha npo143bojhtenbhocth, KOniiveCTBe HeCVaCTHbIX cnyvaeb, pa6ovhx B3aHMOOTHO1IIeHH5IX H Cnyvaax OTCyTCTBHSi Ha pa60te. 11OTeHIjHanbHble 3aTpaTbl, CB5I3aHHble C notpe6nehhem anxoronsi Ha pa6ohem mec-re, 6binH He,ilaBHO OCBeI1(eHbl B HCCnejOBâHHAX H B KaMnaHHAX no BOnpOCaM 3jOpOBb51, a TaK)iCe H B CBSI3H c npejnonaraemblm BKnajOM notpe6nehha ankoi'onsi B HeKOTOpble nihpoko H3BeCTHble npoh3bojctbehhbie asaphh. IIpe,anonaraeMax HeraTHBHaSI ponb notpe6nehhx ankorona Ha pa6ovem MeCTe 51Bn5IeTCSI, TaKHM o6pa3om, npe,gmetom 06eCnOKOeHHOCTH pa60tojzatenefi, LITO nphbeno K BBeueHHlo nonhthkh, HalZeneHHON Ha 3anpenjeHHe HnH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, Ha KOHTpOnb 3a notpe6nehhem ankoronsi. 3TOT 0630p B 0006eHHOCTH HaLleneH Ha HCCneJ4oBaHHe B03jeFiCTBHA notpe6nehh5i ankoronsi Ha pa60liem McCTe H THnOB jefictbhi3, KOTOpble KOMnaHHH npejnphhhmak)t no jahhomy BOnpOCy. bbina CjenaHa nonbltxa HCCneJjOBaTb HMeiOLLlyiOCA nhtepatypy no notpe6nexxlo anxorona Ha pa6ollem MecTe, KaK Mo)ICHO 6onee HenpegB3SITO H 6eccTpacTHO. KaK Tpe6yeTCSi B n1o60m jene, Ha3bIBaIOLL1eM Ce6A "HayvHbIM", OCHOBHa5I Ijenb COCTOHT B TOM, LITO6bI 6bITb 06-beKTHBHbIM, CBepATb CBOH HHTepnpeTaLjHH C HHTepnpeTanHAMH jpyrhx H COKpaLIlaTb HaCKOnbKO BO3MO)KHO BnHAHHe CBOHX C06CTBeHHbIX B31'115IjOB H MACH n0 noaojy 3TOIi TeMbI. MbI nohhmaem CJIO)KHOCTH nphmehehha 3TO1-0 nojxoja K jahhoi%i TeMe. ACHO, vto notpe6nehhe ânkoronsi Ha pa60vem MecTe, nonhthka n0 CB5I3aHHbIM C ânkoronem np06nemam 3aTparHBaiOT 2

11 onpe,aenëxxble 3TH4ecKHe H Mopanbxble CyxcJieHHS1 HRH y6excjiehhx. MbI, TaK)Ke, nohhmaem, tito, XOTSI H B MeHbLlleii CTeneHH, nonhth'ieckasl OpHeHTaLiHSI BCë we, BHJiHMO, OKa3bIBaeT BnHSIHHe Ha THn H36HpaeMbIX BO3,IZeIiCTBHi%[ HRH nonhthkh. IICTOPVI4ECK P HeKOTOpble 3HaHH5I 1,13 HCTOpHH notpe6nehhsi ajikoronsi 6yJiyT none3hbim BCTynneHHeM K O6CywZjeHHIO COBpeMeHHbIX BOnpOCOB, KaCaK)LIiHXCSI notpe6nehhsi H KOHTpOnSI ânkoronsi Ha pa60'iem MecTe. Ba)KHOCTb H LieHHOCTb, KOTOpaSi HCTOpH'-IeCKH nphaabanac6 ankoronk), MO)KHO ybhjietb B OnpeAenëHHOÎi CTeneHH B TOM C13aKTe, 'ITO OH HCIIOnb30BânCSI B Ka'IeCTBe cpejictba OnnaTbl. RO HHJiyCTpHanbHOl%I peboniouhh B POCCHH, HanpHMep, BoAKa HCnOnb30BanaCb B Ka'ieCTBe 3aMeHHTenSI HanH'IHOCTH, KOrJia He XBaTanO JieHer; H3BeCTHO, 'it0 TaKaSI )Ke npakthka npobojihnacb H B,gpyrHx perhoxax, BKJIIO'iasl AHrnHIO, KOHTHHeHTanbHyK) EBpOny H 6pHTaxeKHe KOJIOHHH B AMepHKe. ga)ke KorJ(a HMenHCb B HanHinHH, cpejih pa6otojiateneh onpejienëxxblm npejino4tehhem nonb3oaanacb oruiata anxoronem H3-3a pa3hhljbi Me)KZjy peanbxoî-i H HOMHHanbHOM CTOHMOCTbIO HanHTKa (7). AJIKOrOnb TaK)ICe HCIIOnb30BânC2 J(JISI nphbne'-iehhsi 3aBHCHMbIX OT Hero nlojieh Ha TSUKënble pa60tbi, rjxe He XBaTanO pa60tieli CHn6I. Warner (8) ytbep)icjjaet, 'ITO SIBJISISICb He TOnbKO OTpHnaTenbHblM (aktopom, arkotonb MO)KeT Cny)KHTb JinsI nobbilllehhsi npoh3bojihtenbhocth TpyJia, H OH 'IacTO nomoraet pa60tatb B TeqeHHe JZJIHTenbHOrO BpeMeHH B 'Ipe3BbI'iaIHO HenpHSITHbIX ycjiobhsix. HOXo)Ke, TaKOe HCIIOnb3OBaHHe ankotojia HMeeT He'iT0 CXOJiHOe C TeM, KaK HCnOnb30BanHCb TaKHe HapKOTH'IeCKHe CpeJicTBa, KaK nhctbsi KOKH (B Ilepy) H KaHHa6Hc (Ha AMaI%IKe) nph TSI)KënOM 4)H3H'ieCKOM TpyJie. jlobbiiiiaet ankotonb Ha CQMOM dene npojiykthbhoct6, KaK ytbepwnaet Warner, HnH HeT, HO, no KpaI3HeIi Mepe, C'[Z[riICUIOCb, 'ITO OH JienaeT 3TO. TpaJiHIJHOHHble y6excjjehhsi OTHOCHTenbHO ankotonsi, cnoco6ctbylouihe ero notpe6nexhlo cpejih pa609hx, BKnIO'ialOT B Ce6SI 3aLLiHTy OT CWIbHOIi )Kapbl HJIH XOROJja, nobbilliehhe akthbhocth TpyJja H npoctojiakthka 3a60neBaHHi%I. H3-3a 3THX y6e)kjiehhil MI-IOTHe pa60'ihe BeKOB He XOTenH pa6otatb 6e3 ankoronsl (7). IlooaipeHHe HnH, no KpaKHeH Mepe, MonganHBOe 3

12 cornache Ha notpe6nehhe anxorona Ha pa6oyem MecTe, TaKHM o6pa3om, HMeeT 11JIHHHy1O HCTOpHIO. IIpoMbllunexxaA pesonlouha neaxthaauatoro Bexa n06ynhna npennphhhmatenem BJIO)KHTb OrpOMHble CyMMbI neher B 3aBOnbl H o6opynosahhe, TaKHM 06pa3OM, BO3HHKJIa HeO6XOnHMOCTb B 6onbLIIOM KOJIHLieCTBe 06y4eHHbIX pa6o4hx, KOTOpble MOrnH 6b1 perynapho TpynHTbcA. BBenexxe ctpororo pexchma Tpyna OcnONKHSInocb, ecnh pa6ollhe notpe6nanh 6onbLUOe KOnHlIeCTBo ajikorona Ha H BHe pa60tbi. Y pa60tonatenem, TaKHM 06pa30M, noabhnacb MOTHBauHA KOHTpOnHpOBaTb notpe6jiehhe CBOHX COTPynHHKOB ITjrrëM H3MeHeH1111 "pa6o4hx H COuHâJIbHbIX nphbbl'-iek, OTHOnleHHI4 H o6pa3a )KH3HH pa6o4ero Knacca" c uenbi0 CII0006CTBOBaTb npoueccy npoh3bonctba (9). HpoMbILI1neHHaA pesant-omis' 4aCTO olipenenaetca, KaK OnHH H3 (ipaktopob, nabiiihx TOn40K yctahobnehhio IuHPOKO pacnpoctpahehhoro KOHTPOJIA 3a notpe6nehhem ankof ons[, H MO)KeT paccmatphbatbca KaK KaTânH3aTOp noabnehha Tpe3BeHHH4eCKHX nbh)kehhfi, KOTOpble BO3HHKJIH B HeKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX (1 0). HpOMbIIIIneHHaA pebonlouha, Talcxce npenctasnaet co60n HCTOpH4eCKyIO ochoby onpenenehhbix npenctâbnehhi O COOTBeTCTByHJLuHX pojisix pa6otonatenen H pa6othhkob B pamkax CHTyauHH Ha pa6o4em MecTe - parut, KOTOpble OKa3bIBaK)T Bâ)KHOe BnHSIHHe Ha yctahobnehhe CB513aHHOI%I C BonpOCaMH 3nOPOBb51 nonhthkh. CyLueCTByiOT MHOro4HCJIeHHble CBHneTenbCTBa HCTOpH4eCKHX HCTO4HHKOB O HeryMaHHON H 3KCIUIyaTaTOpCKOFi npakthke B nepboli nojiobhhe 19 BeKa. HpennpHHHMaTenH 4aCTO paccmatphbajih pa6o4ylo chny npocto, KaK pecypc, KOTOpbIi7 MOxcHo 3xCnnyaTHpOBaTb B pac'iëte Ha MaKCHManbHyiO nh4hy10 BbICOny. TeM He McHee, BbIACHHJIOCb, 4TO pa6o4he 6ynyT HMeTb 6onbluylo MOTHBauHIO H TpynHTbCA C 6onblueN 34)(1)eKTHBHOCTb1O H nponykthbhoctbio, ecnh 1103a6OTHTbC51 o6 ynobjletbopehhh HX OCHOBHbIX Hy)Kn B njiahe 3apIIJIaTbI, KOHTpaKTa H ny4ulhx ycjiobhiï pa60tbi. bbinh CnenaHbI nonbitkh ynobnetbophtb Hy)KJnbl pa6o4hx Ha pâ3hbix ypobhax, BKnK)4aA 06ecne4eHHe ny4iuhm )KHnbëM, LLIKOnaMH H MenHuHHCKHM O6CJIy)10HBaHHeM. YCnenIHOCTb 3TOr0 nonxona MO)i(HO ybhnetb B TâKHX McCTaX, KaK Hblo-naHapK B 1nOTnaHnHH, rne Ha 06pa6aTbIBaIOLueM npennphathh nojiy4hji pâ3bhthe no,ijxon 3a6oTb1 pa6otonateneh o Hyxcnax pa6o4hx. Pa6oTOnaTenH Ha4anH nphhhmatb Ha Ce6A 60nb1üy10 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a )KH3Hb H CTâJIH 4

13 s HahE17E HoH4IrEd.LHaT1 Hodo,Lox a `A olhdoaz iaelelrrladu Hp XlNamolE.LogEd H OIUa.LEIto.LOgEd 4rr149Hdu oixh4lreinhonein.i,aaahwdu HLr 1714daEH H 11OHa eaH `HamaadE.LOX KOiaKUfliS ishdoa.i. ISEHHE17 O.Lh `,LaE.LHhO 1020.IDON IVHmoI,tdHlrodiHOx H NII4H4Ira.LHiIiCI-IHdH OH3KÂH E17,1031 E `INH10d10 `INI4H4I1H OH>KIrO17 ahhairaedux `ISHHad HNhOS. Ho.Le D 'HHTIE HHE1do HwETtx<iCii O 014E11910E11000 a 010 ISHHailaaHdu 0i4ir01-1 O 010H EH OMIS-MIS H inahhaltafioll XH E 4If0d1HON `ISH11EâH3AIN XH `HHIfHOX XH ahhairfledl1eh,lh17oxa EltOIO OH4I101HOOH.LO `Ha170IIf XEOada.LHH HMHINOHONe fl H017O1If H uhheao17xdo90 `aoirehda.lein `Ea.L017oa H0du ` o1oilah.tnx17odu ao.lhawaire o1141ie iiheldo E.LaEhaa,LO ahhalraedux X HHdoaZ OHOEIIIO3 'A ISHdoa1, H X ISHdoa,j, Irea EH no 014do10N `HHd01a1Ex xi410odli aatt EH shhalraedux HHdoa.L Ir41r017 Ed j) `j (j[ 1o20.100W HHawada o1o1e IsHHauaEduX olhdoa.l Cuou o1,ci-idisir ama 4.LEâOdH1H11odu.LHO.LO H`I4HN<Ea 4H0h0 XHhO9Ed H Haira.LElto.LogEd XKHHam0H100INHE a oa Hairod X170aou iciixad ou aalt HNhO.L H.LE EINa417ou 01ONOahHWOHONe EHaINada Oa.LaXdHireaadu IsHHad ENhO.L ISEdO.Lg I4H4IrH3009 Hodo.LON HHO ag `011H0 Hah09Ed HIra1E17O.4O9Ed 14HE I490 ISHHad HxhO.L HO.Le Dam9ooâ O1rCii1H13017 HIIH ox3mklii4a (0IN OH 010hHH I4I1H0 H0h09Ed 01h 09 `ishhon(oifol1 010Ha0H00 H.LOIENHH oa I4aH.LNauOdau 0H1XdtÉ flolteuo xhmoahhn[ohone EHalNada oa 14Hlrewdo4)HH HoaoOOEI aioltado HoMN<d0m7ou rsoiaic 41I0II H.LaXdHireaadu 0HhI490 1SHHad EMho.L EIC 01h `1A1o Ed90 whne.l `oh4ira.lhflh17ä0h HH1auHaHdu aa.loahen a xa.laeahd.leiooed E109Ed `14HC1)o001r144:1 Ho.Le g xenined ah.llsiiduttadu 0I4do.LON.LOiEflHN<datttrou `INEd0H0H11xE OILra.LEINHHHdLlltadLl H ISEHHE I190 `I4O.L0E8xdl.EINO0Ed NEM OHH0a1010a1000 EIfH0 IrehO9Ed H `HHd.L0Âi7HH INOHE.LHLIEN `walra.le1nhhhdultadu 40iSKIffliS `.LaXNOHd 4Lr0.LE17o109Ed OIÂHaoHOo MEN `xlra.leinhhhduttadu 4irod.LOIEaHd.LEIOOEd 0HhI490 `xh1xd47 ahmoieinhheh Hoxtto 'ramdam `HTtoIII D xhtrioiaihireaadu XnHHaHIN `aahaln OH INa.L `OH `XI4HhiCEH2H XI4dO.LOM014 a 40EIfEflHH01-I00170H inahhalfaedllc INI4HH2m3$00d11u H ini4hde.lhi1h.lx XTtx<aIN EiIHH Ed `aottol x-ol ishhalraedux ineooduoa adc.leda.lhlr ou OHOEIr100 LSV1H3L18`ddL1A 9L11418 ahh0h01.1o090 INO4IfHM< ISEh01IfNfl `H,LOOH4Ifa.LISa1t aoltlla Od.I.NOHO INOxodHm a xhhoged XxOaO o ISOiH109E

14 ynpabnexha ABnAeTCA oprahl33auxa ycnobhi%i H TRnOB npoii3boactba TaKHM 06pa3oM, 4T06bI nioah MOrnH AOCTHrHyTb CBOHX Co6CTBeHHbIX ueneh HaHJry4LIIHM 06pa30M, HanpasnAA HX ychnha K BbInOJIHeHHK) 3aAazl opraxh3auhh. OCHOBHOiï AeBH3 3TOii TeopxH: "YnpasneHHe c nomoiiabio 3ana4, a He C nomolubk) KOHTpOnA". 3TO COOTBeTCTByeT HAeAM MacnoBa (13), KOTOpbIIï y6excnëh, 4TO nioaam Heo6xoAHMa "CaMOpeanH3auHA". COrnaCHO 3THM "COBpeMeHHbIM TeOpHAM ynpasnehha", ponb ynpasnehha COCTOHT B nomoiuh nioaam AocTHrHyTb "camopeanh3auiih" LIepe3 HX pa6oty. PeaKuHA oprahh3auhii Ha anxoronbhble npo6nembl Hx pa6ohhx MO)KeT paccmatphbatbca, KaK OTpa)KeHHe AByX OnHCaHHbIX Bidule T04eK 3peHHA B TeOpHH ynpabnehhsi,. C TOMKH 3peHHSI TeopHH X, pa6o4hii, notpe6nehhe ankorona KOTOpOro CKa3bIBaeTCA Ha KaiieCTBe pa60tbi, npocto non)keh 6bITb yboneh H 3aMeHëH KeM-nH60, 4bë BbI110JIHeHHe pa6otbl He ctpanaet H3-3a notpe6nehha ankorona. TaKON XOn CO6bITHIi ABnAeTCA BO3MO)KHO, HaH60nee 344eKTHBHbIM, C 3KOHOMH4eCKOIi TOLIKH 3peHHA, cnoco6om pa3peuiehha chtyauhh, n0 KpaliHeÎ-i Mepe, nph 06CTOATenbCTBaX, KOrna 3Ta KaTerOpHA pa604hx He Hy>iCAaeTCA B AnHTenbHOM o6y4ehhh H ectb pyre n10)114 rotobble BbInOJIHHTb 37 pa6oty. C TO4KH 3peHHA TeopHH Y, MOmHO BO3pa3HTb, 4TO ynpabnehhe HMeeT CBOH 06513aHHOCTH OTHOCHTenbHO CBOHX pa6o4hx, BKJI1O4a51 pa3n144hble acnektbl HX 3AOpOBb31 H c19yhkuhii B o6luectbe. B 3TOM cny4ae, non>kha 6bITb cnenaha nonbitka nomo4b CBOHM pa6o4hm C ankoronbhbimh npo6nemamh, a He npocto abtomath4eckh HX ybonhtb. XOTA CTHJIb ynpasnehha BepOATHO BnHACT Ha TO, KaK noctynaiot C pa604hmh, y KOTOpbIX ectb CB5I3aHHble C ankoronem npo6nembl, 3T0 He eahhctbehhbii-i ciciaktop, KOTOpbIFi 3T0 onpenenaet. CyLueCTByiOT HeKOTOpble ApyrHe C006paACeHHA, KOTOpble Heo6XOnHMO y4htbibatb, TaKHe KaK Tpe60BaHHA3aKOHa H 6e30naCHOCTH. IIOTPE6J1EHVIE AJ1KO1-OJlf1 HA PA6O4EM MECTE B duly pâ3nh4hbix HCTOpH4eCKHX H KOHuenTyânbHbIX nph4hh, 04eBHAHO, 4TO HCCnenOBaHHe notpe6nehhsi ajikorona Ha pa604em MeCTe - 3T0 MHHHOe none KOHI1)n11KTyK)LuHX OueHO4HbIX cy>kaehhi%i. 3necb MO)KHO BO3pa3HTb, 4T0 TaM, rae BbIHOnHAH)TCA BâXCHble HnH CJIO)KHble 3ana4H, HanpHMep, Ha BbInyCKaIOLuHX TeXHOJIOrH4eCKH CJIOwCHOe o6opynosahhe npombiliinehhbix npennphathax, HJIH TaM, 6

15 r,qe BbInOJIHSIIOTCSI,geÎicTBI35I, OT KOTOpbIx 3aBi3Ci3T YenoBeYecKaSI )KH3Hb, sbinonhsiionjlie 3Ty pa6oty JjOnA<HbI 6bITb Tpe3BbIM14 H KOMneTeHTHbIMa ripa c6opice 3THX MaLIIiiH I3nH ripa BbIIIOJ1HeHaa CBOHX 06513aHHOCTefi. B CHTyaLlaSiX, Koma OT 3TOr0 3aBMCMT 6e3OnaCHOCTb O61IleCTBa H pa60ta1olijax, HaKâ3aHae 3a notpe6nehae ankoronsi,gon)kho 6bITb,21OCTaTOYHO cypobbim; B HeKOTOpbIX CB5I3aHHbIX C TpaHCnopTOM otpacnsix HanpHMep, nojio)khtenbhbiii pe3ynbtat nph nposepxe,i1bixah145i Mo)KeT BeCTH K HeMeJUIeHHOMy ybonbhehhio. be3o11achoctb H OCO6ble Tpe60BaHHSI pa6otbi MOfyT, TaKaM o6pa3om, OKâ3bIBaTb 6o11bLIl0e BnaSlHae Ha TO, KaK peluaetcm sonpoc c pa6oyhmh, KOTOpble, KaK yctahabnhbaetcsi, nbiot "60nbIile yctahobnehhbix npeaenob". OnpeJjenëHHble 3aTpaTbl CB513aHbI H C ybonbhehhem pa6oyer0, H C OCTaBneHHeM npo6nemhoro nbioll.jero Ha pa6ote H C pea6anhta1(heii H BO3BpaII(eHHeM COTpy,aHMKa K pa6ote. KOMnaHHM AOn)KHa o6rymatb BCe anbtephatmbbi C TOYKH 3peHHSI 3KOHOMHYeCKOIi BbITOJ1b1. ECJIH MO)KHO n0ka3atb, YTO ectb 3KOHOMHYeCKHN CMbICJI B neyehhh pa6oyhx C ankotonbhbimh np06nemamh, 3TO AaCT MOLLIHbIii J1OBOJ( B nonb3y BbIfIOJIHeH1451 3TOTO. To, KaK pa3nh4hble npeactasneahsl o6 OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH pa6otoj.[atenel4 H pa6oyhx nphmehsiiotcsi J:11151 KOHKpeTHOI-I np06nembi notpe6nehhm ankoronsi OCJIO)KHSIeTCSI eiuë H TeM, YTO He CyIIJeCTSyeT YëTKOro onpe,3enexhsi "3noynoTpe6neHHH ankotonem" ana "ankoronh3ma". Ha3bIBaSI Koro-nH60 CTpa,1ZaIOII(HM OT ankotonh3ma, MbI 6e3oTOBOpoYHO nogpa3ymesaem HânHYHe 3a6onesaHHSI, BbITeKaIOnierO 143 notpe6nexhsi ankoron51, 3Ta TOYKa 3peHHSi paccmatphbaet notpe6nehhe ankotonm YenoBeKa, KaK npomctekaiou(ee (06bIYH0) H3 BpO)KAëHHOi npeapacnono)kehhocth ym3biimocth K notpe6nehhk) ankoronm. C 3TOIi 11O314I1aH, YenOBeK C ânkotonbhbimh npo6nemamh MBnMeTCM "60nbHbIM", TaK)Ke KaK 6onbH0ii nhebmohheii, CTpa));aiOII(aÎ-i OT nepenoma KOHeYHOCTa H1114 Jjpyroro nobpe)kjjexhm. Cne,i(osaTenbxo, 110J1X0,E1 pa6otoj[atenm K HMeioII(eMy ankotonbhble np06nembl pa60yemy gonaceh 6bITb TaKHM Ace, KaK H K pa6o4emy, ctpa%jaiou.jemy OT nio6oro Jjpyroro 3a60nesaxaM. B TO Ace spemm, TeM He MeHee oyebhj[ho, YTO Cy1I[eCTByeT 60nbIII0e KOnHYeCTBO nioj[efi, KOTOpbIX 06bIYHO He CYHTaiOT ankoronhkamh, HO OHM MOryT natb Jj0 KOH,L1aI.1aM, KOT):Ia 3T0 HeraTMBHO OTpa.)KaeTCM Ha HX nosej[ehhh, BKniOYaM BbIIIOJIHeHMe pa6otbi H B3aHMOOTHOLI1eHH51 B 061LleCTSe. 3TOT YenOBeK He paccmatpasaetcm 06513aTenbH0, KaK "ankotonak", ero Hâ3bIBaIOT YenOBeKOM, KOTOpbIIi CO3HaTenbHO notpe6nmet ânkotonb H, TSKMM 7

16 o6pa3om, otbeliaet 3a nocnejactbiih 3noynOTpe6neHHH. 3TOT noaxoa 06bILIHo HCIIOnb3yeTC5i OpraHaMH OXpaHbI o61irectbehhoro nophaka, ecnh LienOBeK COBepHIaeT onpejjenëhhbii-i npoctynok B COCTOHHHH onbhhehi351. ga)ke ecnh LIenoBeK He nphbnekaetch K OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH 3a AeiiCTBHA, OH HnH oha MOryT HeCTH OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CBOë notpe6nehhe âjikoronh B nepbyio OLIepeJl,b. Tax KaK He CyuteCTByeT LiëTKOrO noapa3aenehhsi MexcAy,gByMH THnaMH notpe6nehhh, nonhthka no 3THM BOnpOCaM MO)KeT nokâ3atbch He06beKTHBH0Ii. 3rH Ase pa3nhlihbix (I)WIOCO(kHH MoryT no-pa3homy nphmehhtbch B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT nono)kehhh cotpyahhka B opraxh3ai[iih. HanpHMep, rlbioiühri Ha pa6ote ctapulhrt MexeAxcep ckopee MoxceT paccmatphbâtbch, KaK "601IbHOrl ajik0ronh3mom", npohth KypC nellehiisi H OCTaTbCH Ha pa6ote; B TO BpeMH, KaK KTO-nH60 C npoh3boactbehhoto 3TaNCa, no3bonhi0üjhi%i ce6e TaKoe )Ke nobeaehhe, MO)KeT ckopee paccmâtphbâtbch, K8K "nnoxor3", a He 6onbHoii pa6o1ihh H, cne,rrobatenbho, 6yAeT ysoneh. A11KOf Ol1bHAA (loj1v1tnka MbI o6hapyxchjih, TaKHM O6pâ3OM, 3HaLIHTenbHOe pa3hoo6pa3he B TOM, KaK KOMnaHHH 3aHHMaIOTCH CB313aHHbIMH C ajikotonem np06nemamh Pa3Hoo6pa3He npohbjlsxetch KaK B THnaX Mep âjikoronbhori nonhthkh, KOTOpble HMeiOTCH B pa3nhlihbix (lhpmax H OpraHH3auHHX, TaK H B TOM, KaK OHH BbIIIOnH51I0TC51 mie H BHyTpH (1)HpM. C OAHOii CTOpOHbI, Mbl 06HapyxcHJIH nphmepbl npakthkh HanpaBneHHSi npo6nemhbix nbioh.ihx B yipexcaehhh pa3nhghoro poaa, o6ecneliehhe HX AJIHTenbHOH no,11,aep)icxorl H coxpaxexxe 3a HHMH pa6ollero MecTa. J1 c ApyrOrl CTOpOHbI, MbI o6hapyxchnh nphmepbl npobepkh AbIXaHHH nph BXOAe Ha TeppHTOpHK) HßJ1HBTMM (ecnh o6hapyxchbaetch nojio)khtenbhbirl pe3ynbtat TecTa, BxOA He pa3peuiaetch), ybonbxexxe 3a nlo6oe HapylHexHe, rae yliactbyet anxoronb, H orpaxhliehhh, KoTOpble HaKJIaAbIBaiOTCH Ha noseaehhe pa6ollhx BHyTpH H BHe pa6oiiero nomel.c[ehhh. CyiijeCTByIOT OLieHb pa3nhlihbie noaxoabi K peiiiehhio CB5I3aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankotojih np06nem.,eteiictbhtenbho Cy[.IreCTByeT HeCKOnbKO nyteri noaxoaa K CB513aHHbIM C ankotonem np06nemam. TeM He McHee, He HCHO, KaKOH noaxoa C HaH60nbIlieri BepOHTHOCTbiO npxxecet ycnex B 8

17 onpe,genëhh6ix o6ctoatenbctbax. B nocne,gyk)iijem o63ope MbI OnHCbIBaeM Kpyr pa3nhl1hbix noaxo,ijob K penlehhlo ankorojibhbix np06jiem, H, me BO3MO)KHO, OneHHBaeM 3441eKTHBHOCTb 3THX noaxouob. Oco6ylo O3a6O1IeHHOCTb BbI3bIBaeT TOLIHOCTb CyIgeCTByiOlIjei4 OC[eHKH u3atpat", H 30:1)eKTa, KOTOpbIFi 3Ta OIjeHKa OKâ3bIBaeT Ha npenctabnehhe O Cepbë3HOCTH CBSI3aHHbIX C ajik000nem npo6nem, npenctabnehhe, KOTOpOe HrpaeT OCHOBHyIO pojlb B MOTHBauHH BBeAeHHSi Mep no KOHTpOJIfO 3a anxoronem. 9

18 3cpcj:seKrbi notpe6nehmsi ankorona Ha pa6oyenn nnecte AJIKOrOnb MO>KeT OKâ3bIBaTb OnpeAenëHHOe BnHSIHHe Ha CHTyanHIO Ha pa60tiem MeCTe, BnHSIHHe, KOTOpOe MOxCeT CKa3bIBâTbC3i, KpOMe BCerO npotiero, Ha KonmecTSe Cnyiiaes OTCyTCTBH51 Ha pa6ote, Ha np0h3boahtenbhocth, Ha pacnpoctpahëhhocth HeC4aCTHb1X CnyT3aeB, Ha ypobhe TeKyTieCTH pa604hx KaApOB, Ha natmoccflepen B KOMnaHHFi H Ha HMHHNCe KOMnaHHH B CpeAe notpe6hteneii. O6YC11OB11EHHOE AJ1KOrOlIEM OTCYTCTB11E HA PABOTE CeroAHSi OTCyTCTBHe Ha pa6ote 51B1I5IeTC5I OCHOBHOii npo6nemoh, c KOTOpOi3 CTOnKHynaCb npombhiinehhoctb. IIOACTiHTâHO, TiTO B BenHK06pHTaHHH, HanpHMep, OT 3.5 AO 5% pa6otiero BpeMeHH TepsieTCSI B pe3ynbtate HeCaHKLmOHHpOBaHHOrO H HeyLITëHHOrO OTCyTCTBHSI Ha pa6ote, a TaiOKe OTCyTCTBHSI HO 6one3HH (14). II0A06Hble CnyLIaH OTCyTCTBHSI Ha pa6ote HanpslMylo BnH511OT Ha npoh3boahtenbhoctb H HpH6bInbHOCTb pa60tbi KOMnaHHii H, TaKHM 06pa30M, xbnsiiotcsi OCHOBHbIM npeametom 03a60T-feHHOCTH npeanphhhmateneii. HMeeTCSI MHO)KeCTBO AaHHbIX O TOM, TITO 3nOynOTpe6nSIiOnme ankoronem 6onbiue OTCyrCTByIoT Ha pa6ote, zlem He 3noynoTpe6nxiou(He(15). 3To 6bIno npoaemoxctphpobaxo B amephkahckhx HCCneAOBaHHSIX "BbI3AOpOBeBIUHe ankoi'onhkob (16-10

19 19) H B HCCneAOSaHH5IX np06nemhblx nbioiuhx Ha pa6otlnx MecTax (20,21). Ho OueHKaM 3THX HCCneAOBaHHIi, npo6nemhble nbk)luhe OTCyTCTByIOT Ha pa6ote B OT 2 AO 8 pa3 60nbule, gem Hx He 3noynOTpe6n51I0ujHe KOnnerH (22,23), 3Ta B3aHMOCB5I3b TatoKe Ha6ni0AaeTcsl B HeKOTOpbIX Apyri3X ctpahax, BKnlomasl ABCTpanHIO, OpaxuHlo, 111BeuHi0 H BenIIKO6p14TaHHI0 (24,25). Ha KOnIi4eCTBO nporynob BnH5IeT He TOnbxO "npo6nemhoe nbsihctbo", HO H OTAenbHble gpe3mephble HnH He COOTBeTCTByIOLuHe O6CTaHOBKe BbInHBKH TaK)Ke MOryT nobbiiiiatb KOnHLIeCTBO nporynob B pe3ynbtate, HanpHMep, noxmenbhol'o CHHApOMa HnH npemkaebpemehhoro yxoaa C pa60tbi nocne BbInHBKH B O6eAeHHOe BpeMSI. HO-BIiAHMOMy, B3aHMOCB513b MexcAy notpe6nehhem ankoronsi H n02106hbimh CnyLIâ5IMH OTCyTCTBI-SSI Ha pa6ote 5IBn5IeTC5I AOCTaTOLIHO CHnbHOri (26). Te pa60thhkh, KOTOpble gacto 6bIBaiOT B COCTOSiHHH OnbSIHeHHH, nbiot Ha pa6ote H coo6luaiot O CB513aHHbIX C ankoronem np06nemax HMeK)T TeHAeHuHIO 6o1.16u1e BpeMeHH npoboafitb axe pa6ogero MecTa. B3aHMOCS5l3b MexcAy notpe6nehhem ankoronsi H KOnIiIieCTBOM CnygaeB OTCyTCTBiiSi Ha pa6ote He 5IBnSIeTC5I npoctorl H npsimonhherihori, TaK KaK OHa B3aHM0AerICTByeT C ApyrHMH THnaMH noseaehh51, TaKHMH KaK KypeHHe, O6CTaHOBKa, B KOTOpOrI notpe6n5ietc5i anxoronb, a TaIUKe O6LuHrl ypobehb 3AOp0sb5l H, Bo3MO)iCHO, c'rpecca (27, 28). HECLIACTHbIE CllY4AV1 AJIKOI'Onb B3aHMOCB5I3aH C HeCtIaCTHbIMH CnyvaSlMH B OCHOBHOM H3-3a 34)(iteKTa, KOTOpbIN OH OKâ3bIBaeT Ha HepBHyK) CHCTeMy, LITO BeAëT K yxyaulehhlo MbICnHTenbHbIX CIIOCO6HOCTerI, ybenhghbaet BpeMsl peaxuhh Ha npoi3cxoa5lluee H CHHwaeT KOHTpOnb 3a MycKynaMH. 3TOT 3LitIlteKT 5IBHO CKa3bIBaeTCSI Ha 6e3O11aCHOCTH H nposibnsietcsi BCë 6onee SIpKO C ybenh4ehhem noctynnehhsi anxoronsl B KpOBb. YxyAuleHHe (ityhkuhohhpobahhsi, HacTynaloutee B pe3ynbtate notpe6nehhsi ankoronsi, B3aHMOCB5I3aHO C uenblm psiaom Cepbë3HbIX H (patanbhbix TpaBM, BKniOtiâSl TpaBMbi 1103BOHOi-IHHKa (29), ytoiuiehhe (30), abtomo6hnbhble KaTâCTpO41bI (31-35), BenocHne,aHble abaphh (36) H HeKOTOpble HHAHBHAyanbHble HCCLIaCTHble cariai,' (26, 37, 38). gahhble 110 noctynnehhio 6011bHbIX B OTAeneHHSI CpOgHOii nomoluh npeaoctabnsiiot uehhylo HHCpOpMauHIO no B3aHMOCBSI314 11

20 MexcAy notpe6nehhem ankorons1 H HeC'iaCTHbIMH Cny'iaSIMH, 06bI'iH0 06Hapy)K14Ba1OT, 'ITO ajikorojib y'iactbyet B B03HHKHOBeHHH 15-25% He CMepTenbHblX HeCHaCTHbIX cny'iaeb (39-44). Goodman et ai.(45) o6hapyxchnh, LITO notpe6nexxe ankoronsl 14 CMepTb B pe3ynbtate TpaBMbl nph HeCLiaCTHOM cnrae B3aHMOCB513aHbI, 6onee BbICOKH1i ypobehb TpaBMaTH3Ma, KaK 6bIJIO 06Hapy)KeHO, COOTBeTCTByeT 6o11ee BbICOKOMy ypobhio ankoton5i B KpOBH. C nomolubk) 14CIIO11b30BâHH5I AaHHbIX TpaBMâTH'IeCKHX OTAeneHH1%I TaK)Ke 6bIn14 nposeaehbi HeKOTOpble HHTepeCHbie cpashexl3x pa3nwihbix KynbTyp. HanpHMep, Cherpitel (46) cpabhhn AaHHble noctynnehhsi B TpaBMâTH'ieCKHe OTAeneHHSI 60nbH141.I pa3hbix CTpaH C pa3nhi1hbimh KynbTypaMH norpe6neh145i 14 O6Hapy)KHn 4JaKTbI, AOKa3blBaiolLlHe, 'ito notpe6nehhe ankoronsi nobbilliaet phck BO3HHKHOBeHH51 HeC'iaCTHbIX cny'-iaeb. Cherpitel et al. (47) CpaBHHnH AâHHble, c06pahhbie B HTanHH, rae 'iacto nbiot BO BpeMSI pa60tbi, H AaHHb1e CHIA, r,tle 06b1'1H0 âjikoronb notpe6nxlot 110 BbIXOAHbIM. HeC'IaCTHble CnyLIaH B CL11A B OCHOBHOM npohcxo,gsit 110 BbIXOAHbIM, B TO BpeMSi, KaK B HTanHH 3TOr0 He npohcxoj.iht. 3T0 HCcneZjOBaHHe, XOTSI H He AOKâ3bIBaeT npsimyk) nph'ihhhyio CB5I3b Me)KAy 3THMH AByM51 SIBneHHSIMH, n0 KpaNHeH Mepe, npeanonaraet B3aHMOCB513b MexCJiy notpe6nehhem anxoronsi H KOnHYeCTBOM HeC'IaCTHbIX cnynaes. Onpocbi Taxxce noxa3anh, 'ito notpe6nehhe ankoronsi corlytctbosano,qo 25% Hec'IacTHblx cny'iaeb Ha pa6o'iem MecTe. HanpHMep, BO c1)pahiihh c'ihtaetcsi, 'ITO 15-25% HeC'iacTHbIX cny4aes Ha pa6o'iem MecTe CB5I3aHb1 C notpe6nehhem ankoronsl, B TO BpeMSI KaK n0 Oi[exxaM CneLIHanHCTOB B r10nbll1e 3Ta I.IHclspa COCTaBn51eT 8-25% (22); no,tzaxxblm npoboahblueticsi Hecxonbx0 net nposepxh, y 16% norh6luhx B asaphslx B KpoBH nphcytctbosan anxoronb (49). B Texace 6b1no o6hapyxcexo, 'ito 13.3% norh6nlhx Ha pa60'iem MecTe HMenH H3MepHMbIii ypobehb ajikoto1151 B KpOBH (50). CxoAxasl uhcipa 6bina o6hapy)kexa B An6epTe, B KaxaAe (51). B BenHKo6pHTaxHH, no ouexxam, ankotonb Bosne'ieH B 20% Hec'IacTHblx cny'iaeb, uh'spa 6bina nony'iexa HCnOJIHHTenbHblMH oprahamh no BonpocaM 3AOpOBbSi H 6e3011acxoCTH (52), H3MepHBIUHX ypobehb ankotons1 B KpOBH B 40% 92 (katanbhbix Cnylaes, O KOTOpbIX HM COO6LuaJ1H B roaax npobejiëhhbix ahanh3ob ypobhs1 ankorons1 B KpoBH, 7 (20%) noka3anh ypobehb, npebbllllaion.ih1%[ AOIIyCTHMb1ii 3aKOHOM ypobehb ankotons1 ripe 12

21 BO)KAeHHH (HaMHoro 60n A LIeM "no,iiaaioil[ihic5i BbISIB11eHH10" ypobehb 6bin 06Hapy)KeH BO BCeX npouhthpobahhbix BbILLIe HCCne,HoBaHHSIX). XOTSI 3Ta L;H(ppa nonymeha B pe3ynbtate H3yLIeHH51 AOBOnbHOTO MânOrO LIHcna cnytiaeb, oha CXOAHTCSI no BenHLIHHe C pe3ynbtatamh 6onee 061IIHpHbIX onpocos. CpaBHeHHe AaHHbIX pa311hlihbix CTpaH C 3THMH ABHHbIMH no BenHKO6pHTaHHH MO)KeT 6bITb ochopeho Ha OCHOBaHHH TOTO, *it0 B pâ3hbix ctpahax MO)KeT CyLIreCTBOBaTb COBepIIleHHO pax-irv-man KynbTypa H npakthka Ha pa6ovhx McCTaX, LITO MO)KeT OTpa3HTbC5I Ha BbI51BneHHbIX ypobhsix BO3HHKHOBeHH5I HeCtIâCTHbIX CnyLIaeB. XOTa AaHHble OnpoCOs npeaoctabnsiiot noka3atenh o6 OnpeAenëHHOM KOnHLIeCTBe Hec4aCTHbIX Cny4aeB, B KOTOpbIX ankotonb Moycem 6bITb 3aAe1%ICTBOBaH, OHH ell[ë He jjemohctphpÿiot nphlihhhoî-i CB513H (25, 33). B HeKOTOpbIX HCCneAOBâHHSIX, TAe HCIIO11b3OBanHCb KOHTpOnbHble rpynnbi, TaK)Ke noajzep)ichbaetcsi npeanojio)kehhe, ilto notpe6nehhe ankotonsi H HeCLIaCTHble CnyLIaH B3a14M0CB513aHbI. Lederman & Metz (53) noacyhtaj1h, 11TO, cpeah pa6othhkob c HOBbIIIIeHHbIM COAep)KaHHeM ankoton51 B KpOBH no CpaBHeHHK) C TeMH, KTO He notpe6n51n ankoronb Boo6LLje, LIHCJIO HeCLIaCTHbIX CnymaeB nosblluexo B pa3. B rpynnax npo6nemho nbi01i4hx Aaxxble 0 B3aHMOCB513H HecaCTHbIx CnyLiaes H notpe6nehhsi ankotojisi, n0-bhahmomy, TaK)ice 5IBn5I1OTC51 AOCTaTOLiHO y6eahtenbhblmh. Maxwell (20) noacyhtan, 1ITO C npo6nemhbimh nbiolljhmh BO3HHKaeT B 3.6 pa3a 6onbHJe cnymaeb, z1em C HenpO6neMHbIMH nbioli1hmh, B TO BpeMx, KaK Popham et al. (54) o6hapyxchn, LITO C My)K4HHaMH, KOTOpbie, KaK 6bIJIO onpeaenexo, 3noynOTpe6nSIIOT ankotonem HnH 3aBHCHMbI OT Hero, BepOSITHOCTb BO3HHKHOBeHH51 HeCmacTHOrO cnyvax B pan 6onbule. IIpH HCCneAOBaHHH "anxoronhkob" Eckardt et al. (55) o6hapy)kiuih, iito ARA WIeHOB 3TOH rpynnbi BepOSITHOCTb norh6hytb B abtomo6hjibho11 abaphh 60nbu1e B 5 pa3, norh6hytb B pe3ynbtate naaehhsi - 60nbiue B 16 pa3, a CTaTb xceptboi noxcapa HnH nonyi-ihtb oxcor - B 10 pa3.,11onojihhtenbhble AaHHble O B3aHMOCB5I3H ankotonsi H HeCLIaCTHbIX cnymaes 6bI1114 npeaoctasnexbi Anda et al. (56), KOTOpble o6hapyxchnh, T-ITO H3 rpynnbi 6onee B3pOCnbIX amephkahljes H3 pa3nh1ihbix ylipexcaehhii, y TeX, KTO nhji 50 HnH 6onee rpamm 13

22 nhctoro anxorona 3a ouhh cnynaii notpe6nehha1, Ha6nloAancA 3HanHTenbHO 6onee BbICOKHI%I ypobehb CMepTHOCTH B pe3ynbtate TpaBM, nem y TeX, KTO IIHn MeHee riath uo3 3a OuHH cayman notpe6nehha. B 3aKnIOneHHe, B HCCneAOBaHHH cnynaeb OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa6ote Webb et al. (HeOny6nHKOBaHHbie AaHHbie 1992 roua) o6hapyxchn, nt0 c 26% Hp06neMHbIX nbioiilhx BO3HHKanH HeCnaCTHble cnynah, B pe3ynbtate KOTOpOro OHH HâXOjjHJIHCb Ha 60nbHHLIHOM, no CpaBHOHHK) C nhiiib 10% cpeuh Henp06neMHbIX nbionlhx. CnO)KHO TOLIHO 1IO0EICnHTaTb B3aHMOCBA3b Mexcuy notpe6nehhem ankorona H HeCnacTHbIMH CnynaAMH Ha pa6onem MecTe, TâK KaK nphnhhbi HeCnaCTHOrO cnynaa nacto OCTaIOTCA HepaCKpbITbIMH. Pa60To,gaTenH H pa6otalonme nacto "3aMannxBaioT" HeCnaCTHble CJIynaH, MHOrHe KOMIIaHHH He npobouat ahanh3 KpOBH Ha ankoronb Cpa3y nocne HecnacTHOro CnynaA. Pa6oToj[aTenH nacto onacak)tca nocneuctbhii, CKâ3bIBaiOIijHXCA Ha pa60nhx B3aHMOOTHOnIeHHAX, H B pe3ynbtate CnHTaIOT, nt0 nerne BcerO HHnerO He JLenaTb n0 3TOMy nobo,i(y (57). uh4lpbi no CBA3aHHBIM C ankoronem HeCnaCTHbIM CnynaAM JtOCTaTOnHO nacto 3aHH)KalOTCA, 0006eHHO ApKO 3Ta TeH,rLeHIjHA npoabjiaetca B ctpahax, rue,aeiictbyiot CypOBble rocy,rjapctbehhbie CâHKIjHH npothb HeTpe3BbiX pa6othhkob H NX pykobouhteneii. B rlonbhle, HanpHMep, B TO BpeMA, KaK OnpOCbl noka3bibaiot, nto ankoronb 3aAeiicTBOBaH B 8-25% HeCnacTHbIX cnynaes, O(liHL(HanbHble gh(ipbl rnacat, nto BO3HHKHOBeHHe nhiiib 0.5% HecnacTHblx cnynaeb CBA3axO C ankoronem (58). B,rLOIIOJIHeHHe K BblrneynOMAHyTbIM nyhktam, ehlé OJHa TpyuHOCTb nph nonbitkâx OIjeHHTb BKnaJt ankorona B BO3HHKHOBeHHe HeCnaCTHbIX CnynaeB riyrëm axanh3a L(H(kp no HX KOnHneCTBy COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO 3nOynOTpe6nAK)InHe ankoronem nacto HCnOnb3yIOT TaKTHKy ykjiohehha. gahhblii 344eKT 6bin npo,ijemohctphpobah B HCCneuOBaHHH Trice (18), KOTOpbIIi 06Hapyxc4n, nto TOnbKO 18-21% LIJIeHOB KJIy6a AHOHHMHbIX ankoronhkob COO61I.LHnH O CBOHX HeCnaCTHbIX cnynaax, 3Ta I.LH(ppa He OneHb OTnHnaeTCA OT uahhbix no cpejlhemy HaceneHHiO. 3HaA o BepOATHOM 3(i(tleKTe ankorona Ha nobejjehhe H O JjaHHbIX HCCneu0BâHHIi O 1103HTHBHOÎi B3aHMOCBA3H MemKuy 3THMH ubyma 1 Anda et al. Hcnonb3OBaJI AaHHbie o KonH9ecTSe noipe6naemoro 3a OAHH cnyvati, Koropme coo6nlhnh camh najnehr61, KaK 661n0 noka3aho, 3TO SiBnaerca BecKHM npeucka3arenem tflatänbhoti TpaBM63. 14

23 ABneHHAMH, noao6hblii BbIBOA BbI3bIBaeT )KenaHHe paccmotpetb cnryauhlo noupo6hee. TeM He Mexee, 3TOT pe3ynbtat MO)KHO 06151CHHTb, paccmotpes BHAbI pa6ot, KOTOpble BbIlIORHSIIOT np06nemhble H Henpo6neMHble nbk)iijhe. Pa6OTHHKH, notpe6nehhe KOTOpbIX BbI3bIBaeT np06nembl, CTapaïOTCA COKpaTHTb BO3MO)KHOCTb BO3HHKHOBCHHA HecLiacTHbIX CnyLlaes nytëm yknohehha OT CHryaLIHFi nobbiiiiehhoro phcka. B pe3ynbtate 3T0 nphboaht K 3HaLIHTenbHOl%I pâ3hhlje B BnAaX pa6ot, KOTOpble BbIIIOnHAiOTCA np06nemhbimh HnH Henp06neMHbIMH nbioiijhmh, LITO 3aTpyAHACT peanbhoe cpabhehhe MexcAy 3THMH rpynnamn. HpH TaKHX 06CTOATenbCTBaX O)KHAaeMaA B3aHMOCB5I3b Me)KAy notpe6nehhem ankorona H KOnHLIeCTBOM HeCLiaCTHbIX cny'iaeb MO)KeT He peanh3obatbca. OnbITHble pa604he MoryT nyliiiie n36eratb OnaCHbIX chtyauiifi Hnn OpraHH30BaTb CBOiO pa60ty TaK (HnH CAenaTb TaK, LIT06bI eë OpraHn3oBânn AnA HHX), LIT06bI OHa COBMeLljanacb C HX nhtei%ihbimh npnbbl'ikamn. HeKOTOpble AOxa3aTenbCTBa 3TOr0 6bInH 06Hapy)KeHbI B HOnbIDe (59), rne 3noynOTpe6nAK)igNe ankoronem 'iacto nepeboaatca Ha 6onee 6e30IIacHyK) pa6ory (o6bi4ho B pe3ynbtate AHCLjnrUlHHapHOrO nohfukehha B AOn)KHOCTn), rne HX nhtelihble nplibbilikh He 6ynyT npenctabratb OnaCHOCTH KaK ARA HHX CaMFiX, TaK H AMA OKpy)KaIOII(FiX FIX KOnner. BbII1O11HEHVIE PA6OTbi HoTpe6neHHe anxorona Mo)KeT BniiATb Ha nobenehhe Llenosexa HeCKOnbKHMH CnOCO6aMH. KaK 66IRO noka3ah0, OHO MO)KeT BnHATb, HanpnMep, Ha o6n.tyl0 ABHraTenbHylo KOOpAHHaIjF(i0 (60, 61), BHHMâTenbHOCTb (62) H 3aMeARRTb peaklwio (61, 63,64). Pa6oTa B COCTOAHHH OnbAHeHHA MO)KeT npnbccth B pe3ynbtate K COKpameHHIo 3(14eKTHBHOCTH H TO'iHOCTH B pa6ote. 3ananHA, no-bhahmomy, 6yAyT BbIIIORHATbCA MeAneHHee H McHee axkypatho, LITO HeMHHyeMO CHH3HT O6njH{i pe3ynbtat pa60tbi. 06 3TOFi TeHAeHuHH Coo6luHnH np06nemh0 nbioll[he pa60thhkh, KOTOpble 06Hapy)KHnH yxynniehhe BbinonxeHHA HMH csoeï-i pa6otbl (16-18,24). Blum et al. (65) nphboaht AaHHble O TOM, LITO B rpynne H3 136 pa6othhkob, Te 25% 113 HHX, KOTOpble B Te'ieHHe MeCAi(a BbInHBânH 60nbLIIe BceX, HMenH 3HaLIHTenbHO 6o1Iee HH3KHe noka3atenh BbInORHCHHA pa60tbi, LIeM OCTanbHble pa6othhkh. 15

24 CJIO)KHO noaclihtbtb 06n(i3ii 3(1(beKT notpe6nehiisl ankoronsi Ha BbIIIOJIHeHHe pa60tbi, a BeRHLIHHy Coxpau.jexHA npoaykthbhocth B pe3ynbtate notpe6rehha ankocon5i Ha ABHHbIii MOMeHT MO)KHO TOnbKO npej[nonaratb. TeM He McHee, ylihtbibasi ABHOe B03Aei%ICTBFie notpe6nehhsi ankoconsi Ha BbInOJIHeHiie pa60tbi, noteph npoh3bonctba, KOTOpble HCnbITbIBaIOT, no Kpai-iHeFI Mepe, Te KOMnaHHFI, rae ABHraTenbHble H MbICnHTenbHble HaBbIKii HrpaloT Ba)KHyIO ponb, MOryT 6bITb 3HaLiHTenbHbIMH. YXyALneHne BbIIIORHeHHSI pa6otbi MO)KeT CTaTb Ba)ICHbIM BOnpOCOM,anSI o6cy)kaehiia npfi OLjeHKe 3C1)C1)eKTOB notpe6nehfia ankoconsi H Mo)KeT 6bITb 0A1-10H 143 OCHOBHbIX CTaTeii CB513aHHbIX C ankoconem notepb npombillinehhoctfi (CM. 1lnaBy 2). B3A1,1MOOTHOWEHVIA HA PA6O4EM MECTE MHOrne H3 344eKTOB notpe6nehnst ankorona Ha nobeaehhe H 3MOLjHH T-IenOBeKa XOpOinO H3BeCTHbI, HaH60nee 3aMeTHbIii 3CpCpeKT OHO okâ3blbaet Ha Me)i(n141IHOCTHble OTHOIIIeHHA B pe3ynbtate CHHL)KeHHA KOHTpOnA HaJj C060i4 (66-69). CHFi)l(eHiie CBMOKOHTpOnA H npeaiioraraembie npehmylljectba, noryiiaem6le B pe3ynbtate 3TOr0, JjaneKO He SIBJI3IIOTCSi He)ICenaTenbHblM no601ihbim 3C1)(1)eKTOM notpe6nehha BnKOrOnSI, LiacTo HMeHHO HX n Hâ3bIBaIOT nphtihhoii cboero nolpe6nehha. B TO BpeMx, KaK B COLjHanbHOM OKpy)KeHHH noao6hbie 34)(l)eKTbI MoryT 6bITb AOCTBTOYHO nphemnembimh, ohh HMeIOT oco6oe 3HaYeHHe B pamkax pa604eii CHTyaLjHH. HeKOTopbie HCCneJ[oBaHFLH noka3anh, LiTO notpe6nehhe ankoronsl Ha pa60liem McCTe CBSI3aH0, KaK C nojio)ichtenbhblmh, TaK H C OTpHL[aTenbHblMH nocreactbhsimh. C oahoi3 CTOpOHbI OHO CB513aHO C Kpa)iCaMH, arpecchen, CnOpaMH C HaYânbCTBOM 14 C nocethtenamh H C notepen HMHJj)Ka (1)HpMbi. TaK)ICe 6bi110 06HapymCeHO, LITO notpe6nehhe CnoCO6CTByeT o6pa3osahhlo HeCtlOpManbHblX rpynn, AeCTpyKTHBHOe 3HaLieHHe 3TOCO COCTOHT B TOM, iito LiaCTO 3TH rpynnbl He COO6HjaIOT nnahbi no pa6ote ApyrHM KonneraM, iito MO)KeT, TaKHM o6pa3om, otphljatenbho CKa3bIBaTbC51 Ha npoh3boactbe (22). C Apyroi1 CTOpOHbI, notpe6nehhe anxorona MO)ICeT nomoratb B COXpaHeHHH He(kOpManbHblX rpynn, B yjiymlhehhh B3aHMOOTHOLneHHii Me)ECAy ynpabjiaiolljhmh H pa6othhkamh (74), nomoratb B CO3AaHH14 KOnJIeKTHBa H, B KaKOi%I-TO ctenehh, CJIy]KHTb ARA akthbh3ai>;hh pa6otbi. 16

25 3KOHOMV1Ka no-rpe6nehhn ankoronsa 2 O6LIAEE 3KOHOMVI4ECKOE B11V1S1HV1E AJ1KO1-011bHOV1 FIPOMbIWJ1EHHOCT1/I BenHiIHHy H Bâ)KHOCTb ajikoronbhoi-i npombiiiinehhocth MO)KHO B KaKOH-TO Mepe noactihtâtb Llepe3 OLjeHKy, HanpHMep, KOnHTIeCTBa nioaeh, KOTOpble perynapxo nbiot ajikoronb, 3KOHOMHTieCK0i%I "LjeHHOCTH" npombihinehhocth, KOnHTIeCTBa niogen, pa6otai0luhx B CHCTeMaX np0h3boactba, pacnpoctpahehhst H npoaa)kh ajikoronbhbix npoayktos (75). BCeMHpHaSI nonynsiphoctb ajikoronsi OnpeAensleTCsi OL(eHKaMH, n0ka3bibaiolghmh, TITO 60nbIIIOIï npoljeht B3pOCJIOI'O HaceJIeHHSI nbët, no KpaÎ/HeI Mepe, BpeMSI OT BpeMeHH. Onpoc, KOTOpbIrl nposoahncsi B AHrnHH B 1984 roay, noka3aji, TITo 94% My)KTIHH H 90% )KeHnjHH nbiot ankorojib, no KpaliHeFi Mepe, spew' OT BpeMeHH. BO3MO)KHO, 6onee noka3atenbhblmh ABHHbIMH no notpe6nehhio ajikoronsl B AHrnHH SIBnSIiOTCSI uhctipbi, nonytiehhbie B pe3ynbtâte HCCneAOBaHHSI, noka3blbaiolljhe, TITO 75% My)KTiHH H 56% )KeHLI[HH notpe6nxnh ânkofonb 3a 7 Auer', npeahiectbyioluhx HHTCpBbIO (76, 77). XOTSI CpaBHHBaTb 3TH uhd:pbl Tpy,ItHO, SICHO, TITO ankoronbhble HanHTKH Tlpe3sblTial3H0 nonynslphbl, H TITO 3TO 3HaTIHMbiii BCeMHpHbIÎ-I pbihok. 110 AaHHbIM AOKna,Lja, Ony6nHKOBaHHOrO AMCTepAaMCKOIi rpynnoi%i (4), pbihok ankoronbhbix HanHTKOB EBponeliCKOrO C0061I;eCTBa (EC) 17

26 B 1990 roay ouehhbancsl B 127 MHnnHapAoBZ 3KI0 (389 3KIO Ha Ayury HaceneHHSi), LITO coctabnflet AO 2.6% O6LuHX 3aTpaT notpe6hteneli EC. 3T0 OKa3bIBaeT nocneactbhsi Ha 6ânaHC TOprOBnH EC, TaK KaK BenH4HHa 3KCnOpTa ankoronsi 6bina Bbinle, T-IeM ero HMnOpTa. 3T0 nphbeno K AOnOnHHTenbHOH nph6binh B TOprOBne BenH4HHOH nHOHOB 3K10 B pe3ynbtate pa3hhl[b1 3KCnopTa/HMnOpTa H nomotno CHH3HTb 06LL1HN Aec1/HL1HT EC n0 BCeii KOMMep4eCKO17 AeSITenbHOCTH HnnH0HOB 3K10 B TOT xce roa. KOJIH4eCTBO nioaeh, 3apa6aTbIBaiOÜjHX Ha )KH3Hb, pa6otasz B ankotonbhoi npombllnnehhocth, 3Ha4HTenbHO, HO noac4htatb ero HenpocTo. He CyIIjecTByeT nerko AOCTynHbIX AaHHbIX O KOJIH4eCTBe n1oaen pa6otaioll[hx B CHCTM npoh3boactba ankoronbhbix HanHTKOB, HX pacnpoctpahehhsi H npoaaxch, XOTA cylllectbyet HeKOTOpax HH(PopMaLjHSI c 1965 roaa, Kaca)Onf;asica 17pOH3BOACTBa rima H KpenKHX CIIHpTHbIX HanHTKOB (78-80). OI1eHKa BaxcHOCTH ankotonbhon npombiliinehhocth TaKxce npeactasnsletcsl CJIO)KHOI%I, TaK KaK MHOrO CnopoB Bb13bIBaeT BonpoC KnaccHC1HL[HpOBaTb nh KaK npehmyh.[ectba HeKOTOpb1e 4aCT0 ynomhhaemble "1103HTHBHble CTOpOHbI", B 4aCTHOCTH Co3AâHHe HOBbIX pa604hx McCT H AOXOA OT Hanoroo6noxcexHSl anxoronx (22, 81). OL1EHKA BbI3BAHHbIX fiotpe6llehv1em A11KOrO1I51 3ATPAT BaxcHblM BonpocoM An5I 06cyxcAeHHSI nph onpeaenehhh o6)uero 3KOHOMH4eCKOro BnH5IHH51 ankotonbhoi%[ npombllnnehhocth SIBnSIlOTC51 3aTpaTbl H npehmynlectba, KOTOpble 06bI4H0 CBSI3bIBaIOT C notpe6nehhem ankotojia. XOTSI CJIOxcHO npeacrabhtb 3Ty HH(i)OpMagHIO B BHAe ni060t0 eahhoro noka3atenii 06n(eN 11Onb3bI HJIH 3aTpaT, B HeCKOnbKHX CTpaHaX, KaK nokâ3aho B Ta6nHge 1, npoboahnhcb OL[eHKH CB3I3aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankotonsi 3aTpaT. XOTSI 3AeCb npeactabnehbl CXOAHble CTaTHCTHtIeCKHe AaHHble, 3TH OLjeHKH Henb3S1 CpaBHHBaTb, TaK KaK HCrIOnb30BanHCb pa3nh4hble McTOAHKH noac4eta, pâ3hble n0 Ka4eCTBy AaHHble (6), 4aCT0 OCHOBb1Ba101ijHeCSI Ha pa3nh4hbix COCTâBJIA10LI1;HX 3aTpaTaX. XOTSI 3TH ouehkh MOryT CnyxcHTb nhlnb rpy6blm noka3atenem MaCHITa6a 3aTpaT, KOTOpble 2 1 MTinnHapu=

27 M02yriY 6bITb CBA3aHbI C ankotonem, OHH npe,gctabnaiot 0006eHHbIIi nhtepec, TaK KaK nokâ3biba1ot Ba)KHOCTb, KOTOpyIO npnaaiot notpe6nehi3k) amkotoma B 3THX ctpahax. MO)I( HO BO3pa3HTb, 7-ITO MHOTne OL[eHKH 3aTpaT, npnbetkehhbie B Ta6nnue 1, MOTyT 6bITb 3aHH)ICeHbI I33-3a TOTO, tito HeKOTOpble Ba)KHble itlaktopbi He 6bInH ylitehbi. HanpHMep, HeKOTOpble OLjeHKH He BK11HOLIa10T B Ce6A 3aTpaTbi no HeCLIaCTHbIM CnyLIaAM, no notepe np0ii3boaiitenbhocth, TUIOXne pa6oihne B3aHMOOTHOLLIeHHA H OLnH6K14, CB513aHHble C notpe6nehhem ajikotoma (CM. 1,MaBy 1). TaK )Ke MO)KHO Bo3pa3HTb, TeM He McHee, LITO OL[eHKH MOTyT 6bITb 3aBbILneHbl, TaK KaK LIaCTO ylihtbibaiotca HeKOTOpble 3aTpaTbl, KOTOpble peanbho He ABMAiOTCA 3aTpaTâMH B 3KOHOMH4eCKOM CMbICne (28). He3aBHCnMO OT FIX TOLIHOCTH 3Tn uncppbl Ba)KHbI, TaK KaK OHH npeactabjlaiot C06oii CTHMyn AMA npombinuichhocth4 n npabi-itenbctsa K COKpaLLjeHi3i0 o6njet0 ypobha notpe6nehnsi amkotojla Ha pa60liem MeCTe. 3ATPATbI V1 I1PEV1MYL.LIECTBA, CBA3AHHbIE C (lotpe6j1ehviem AJIKOrOJIA CyLgeCTByeT HeCKO11bK0 nytei%i BMHAHHA notpe6nehna amkotoma Ha npombiwnehhoctb, HanpAMy1O Liepe3 B11HAHHe Ha KOnHdLIeCTBO CnyLlaeB OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa6ote, BO3HI3KHOBeHHe HeCLiaCTHbIX cnyliaeb n Ha Me)KJIHLIHOCTHb[e OTHOLIIeHnA B KOMnaHnn, 11n60 OnoCpe,aOBaHHO Llepe3 Hân01-14 H BbInJIaTbI CTpaXOBbIX KOMnaHHH%I. Hi4xCe,gaHa nopl6opxa HeKOTOpbIX 3azpaT H npenmyluects, KOTOpble 06bILIHO CBA3bIBaIOT C notpe6nehh4em ankotona, H KOTOpble COCTaBJIAIOT OCHOSy MHOFHX ol1ehok, npe,gctabnehhbix B Ta6nHLje 1. CM@pTHOCTb O6yCJIOBneHHble notpe6nehhem amkotoma CMepTH 03HaLIafOT, LITO KOMnaHHH 6yAyT HeCTH4 HeKOTOpble "3aTpaTbe B CBA3H C 3THM, B OCHOBHOM CBA3aHHble CO CpeACTBaMn HeO6XOAHMbIMH AMA Ha6opa H 06yLIeHHA HOBbIX pa6othnkob. BennLIHHa 3aTpaT KOMnaHHH no CMepTHOCTH 3aBnCH4T OT HâJIHLiHA Ha pblhke pa6oiieii CI41IbI pa6othnkob Hy)KHOrl KBâMHC1)HKaLLHH H HaBbIKOB. OL[eHKH 3aTpaT, TM He McHee, 06bILIH0 OCHOBbIBaHOT Ha 061IjeM notehljnanbhom 19

28 Ta6nNLla 1. OLteHKN encero,4hbix 3aTpaT Bb13BaHHbIX ankofonbhbimn rlp06nemamn*. CTpaHa VICTO4HNK 3aTpaTb1 I-IpOueHT BanoBoro HaLl,No- HanbHOrO npo,qykta ABCTpanHA conhnahgna rpy3na repmahna HoaaA 3enaH,qNA Collins & Lapsley (82) (B Richmond et al. (83)) Kasurinen (84) Moser (6) Kieselbach (85) (CM. ILO (86)) Chetwynd & Rayner (87) 6.23 Mnp,g. abcrpannllcknx $ 2 Mnpp,. ClotiHCKNX MapOK 0.21 Mnp,g. py6neti Mnp,g. HeMeLtKNX MapOK 0.58 Mnp,g. HOB03enaH,qCKNX $ rlonbwa Hansen (88) 2.0 (/tcnahna Moser (6) 43 Mnp,g. necet WBeqNA 6bIBWNN CCCP Moser (6) Morawski et al. (22) 5 MnpA. WBe,gCKNx KpOH 10 CoeANHeHHoe KoponeecTBo Holterman &Burchell (89) Maynard et al.(90) Jackson (91) Maynard (92) 0.33 Mnp,g Mnp,g. 0.9 Mnp,g MnpA. CoeAHHëHHble WTaTbI Berry & Boland (93) Rice et al. (94) Harwood et al. (95) Burke (96) 31.4 Mnp,g. $ CWA 70.3 Mnpg. $ CWA (1985) 85.8 Mnp,g. $ CWA (1988) * Mnp,g. $ CWA 136 Mnpß. $ CWA* * BK11109eHb1 TOIIbKO Te AaHHble, KOTOp61e COAepNfaTCA B NCT04HNKe. MoACHO 6bu NOACHHTaTb NpOLjeHT Ba.7lOB000 Ha1.1110Ha11bH0C0 NpoAyKTa AAA BCeX CTpaH, HO 3T0 nphbello 6b1 K npamomy CpaBHeHN10,.iTO ,1 HeBepHbIM. * HpOI'HO3HâA OI(CHKa Hcmowruh: Hutcheson et ai. (28). 20

29 3apa6oTKe TpyAAUtHXCA, n3mepehne, KoTOpoe 6onbule KacaeTcA CTpaH6I B LjenOM, 4eM KaKOIi-nH60 HH,gIiBHAyanbHOr1 KaMnaHliH. IIOTepA net pa6otocnoco6ho11 )KH3H14 nloaeh, KOTOpble paso ymhpaiot B pe3ynbtate 3nOynOTpe6neHHSI ankoronem o6biliho OL[eHHBaeTCA, KaK notepsi BO3MO)KHOH BbInOnHeHHON pa60tbi B pe3ynbtate npe)icaebpemehhoi4 CMepTH. 3T0 H3MepeHHe ABnAeTCA nokâ3atenem notepn notehljhanbhblx TpyAOBbIX pecypcos, HO OHO He AeMOHCTpnpyeT AeNCTBHTenbHblX 3aTpaT KOMnaHH11 HJIH peânbhblx 3aTpaT AJISI BCei%I 3KOHOMHK14. 3T0 OCO6eHHO BepHO nph HenOJIHOii 3aHATOCTH HaceAeHHA, KOrAa pa6othhka MO)KHO 3aMeHHTb KeM-nH6O, KTO AO 3TOrO 6bin 6e3pa60THbIM. BbILIHCneHHe noteph 3apa6oTKa MO)KeT AaTb npeactabnehhe o CpaBHHTenbHOFi notepe AAA npombilunehhocth, XOTA LIaCTO OHO He noahoe. OLIeHKa 3aTpaT, CBA3aHHbIX CO CMepTHOCTbIO, 4aCTO MO)KeT ocnaphbatbcsi, TaK KaK CyHjeCTByK)T HeKOTOpble McTOAOnOrHzleCKne npo6nembl, KOTOpble 3aTpyAHA1OT npoh3beaehhe TO4HON OL1eHKH. Han6o1Iee Cepbe3HOFi 143 HHX ABnACTCA TO, LITO MHOrHe spa4h He XOTAT OTHOCHTb CMepTb Ha CCT "ankoroah3ma" nnh "aakotonbhoto nchx03a", H 6onee (pyhaamehtanbhasi np06nema - OTCyTCTBHe CornaCHA no OnpeAeneHHK) 3THX TepMHHOS (97). Ee3 COTnacoBaHHOCO OnpeAeneHHA H npoge,aypb1 BbIABneHHA "aakotoahkob" He MO)KeT 6bITb HHKaKOI%I COrnaCOBaHHOCTH Me)KAy HCCneAOBaHHAMH, 'ITO AenaeT HeBO3MO)KHbIM npobeaehne CpaBHHTenbHbIX HCCneAOBaHHIi (98). 3TOT HeAOCTaTOK COrnaCOBaHHOCTH MO)KeT 6bITb npoaemohctphpobah Ha npnmepe OneHOK KOAni-IeCTBa CB513aHHbIX C ankotonem npe)icaebpemchhbix CMepTei7 B BennK06pHTaHHH, KOnH4eCTBO KOTOpbIX KOne6neTCA OT AO (90, 99), B 3aBHCHMOCT14 OT HCIIOnb30BaHHOTO OnpeAeneHHA3. XOTA Cy1geCTByeT MHO)KeCTBO McTOAOAOTH4eCKHX 14 TeOpeTH4eCKHX npo6nem C noac4etom 3KOHOMH4eCKOrO BnnAHHA 06yCnOBneHHON ankotonem CMepTHOCTH, noao6hble 3aTpaTbl 4aCT0 pacliehhbaiotca, KaK HaH60nee 3Ha4HTenbHaA 4aCTb 06u1HX 3aTpaT, CBA3aHHbIX C ajikotonem. bonblnhhctbo, ecnh He BCe OgeHKH, TeM He McHee, O4eHb CIIOpHbI H OTKpbITbl AnA 06cy)ICAeHHA. 3 &OnbILHHCBO HCCneAOBaHNti 3aTpaT 6epyT OIICHKH ypobha CMepTHOCTH ne)kailihe y HHNCHeIi IPaHHqb1 3TOi4 ammfryabi (100) H OCHOBbIBâIOTCA Ha HCcneAOBaHHH H3BCCTHbIX ankofonhkob" (101). 21

30 3a6oneBaeMocrb 3aTpaTâMH no 3a60neBaeMOCTH Ha3bIBafOT 3aTpaTbl, CB513aHHble C 60ne3HSIMI3, B LIaCTHOCTH C nomelliehhem B 6OnbHi3uy. XOTSI B OCHOBHOM 3T0 HenpSlMble 3aTpaTbl uns( KOMnaHH1i, OHH BKnIOLIeHbI clojia, TaK KaK LIâCTO (1)OpMi3pyiOT 3HaLIHTenbHyK) LIaCTb 3aTpaT 06bILIHO CBSi3bIBaeMbIX C ankoronem. HanpHMep, no,e(clipitaho, LITO B AHrnHH,Ao 20% KOnHLIeCTSa BceX noctynnehiili B 60nbHHuy MoryT 6bITb OTHeCeHbI 3a CLieT ankoronsi (102,103) C COOTBeTCTByK)IuHMH 3aTpaTaMH no CTauIiOHapHOMy nellehhio, KOTOpble BapbHposanH, cornacho noaclietam, OT 88 M1innHOHOB,q0 530 MHnnHOHOB B 1987 rojiy (90,104). XOTSI ciojia He BOHInH 3aTpaTbl n0 HeCLiaCTHbIM cnyliasim H HeOTnO>KHOfi nomolufi (no nojjclletam MHnnHOxoB B 1987 rojiy) (105), 3aTpaTbl no am6ynatopnomy neliehhio (106) Hill 3aTpaTbl cny)x6 neliehhsi H npo(iii1iakthki3 HerocyJiapCTBeHHOro cektopa (107), Godfrey & Maynard (99) nphxojisit K sblso,ay, LITO Ha JiaHHblii MOMeHT notpe6nehhe ankoronsi B BenHKO6pHTaHHH C13513aHO CO 3HaLIiiTenbHblM KOnHLMeCTBOM 3aTpaT pecypcos HauHOHâJIbHbIX cny)k6 3Jipasooxpaxexxx. 3aTpaTbl no 3a6oneBaeMocTH TaK)Ke nojiclihtbibanhcb B HeKOTOpbIX JipyrHx CTpaHaX, H, LITO nojj06hble 3aTpaTbI MOryT 6bITb 3HaLIHTenbHblMH. Bo cbpahuhh 6bIJIO nojiclihtaho, HanpHMep, LITO B 2,8% BCeX cnyllaes ctauhoxapxoro nellexhsl B rocyjiapctbehhbix 60nbHHuaX OCHOBHbIM J3HarH030M 6bin ankoron1d3m, ankoronbhblii nchxo3 HJIH uhppo3 (108), 20-30% Bcex noctynnehhit B 60nbHHubl o6nier0 np0dhnsi cpejih My)KLIHH H 5-10% cpejih OTHOCSITCSI K CB5I3aHHbIM C ankoronem npo6nemam, a cpejjh rocnhtanii3auhii B nchxhatphlieckiie Kni3Hi3KH 34% JinSI My)KLIHH H 8% JinSl )KeHIuHH 6bInH no nosojiy ankorojibhoro nchxo3a (109). B LIIBeuHH 6b[no 06HapyxceHo, LITO 3noynoTpe6n5nolliHe anxoronem My)KLniHbl B BO3paCTHOii rpynne MyxcLIHH 50 H 60 net SIBn5I10TCSI nphlihhoh JjOCTaTOLIHO 3HaLiHTenbHblX 3aTpaT, CB5i3aHHbIX C 3a6OneBaeMOCTbIO. B 3TOIi rpynne 12% 3noynoTpe6nSnoluHx ankoronem MyxcLIHH o6ycnabnhbaiot 40% noctynnehhn B 6onbHHliy, JiBe TpeTH O6bëMa yxojia H neliehhsi nchxhliecxxx 3a6oneBaHHIi H nolith nojiobhhy O6iuerO o6bëma yxojia no nobojry HapyLIIeHHIi ni3luesaphtenbxoro TpaKTa (110). B IIIBelivapHH CB5I3aHHble C ankoronem npo6nembi coctabnsnot CaMylo 6onbulylo rpynrry nphllxh noctynnexhii B 6onbHHuy cpejih My)KLIHH nauhehtos pa6otocnoco6horo Bo3pacTa, H B 1985 rojiy "ajikoronh3m" 6bin Ha3BaH BTOpO1i HaH60nee LIaCTON 22

31 npnhnhoiï noctyru1ehn51 My]KLINH B ncnxnatpnyeckne nelie6hnubi (111). B CHIA 6bIJI0 no,z[cyhtaho, tito pacnpoctpahehhoctb CB5I3aHHbIX C notpe6nehnem ankoron5i HapyIIIeHNIi 3A0p0Bb51 CpeAN naunehtob 60nbH111u KOne6neTC5I OT 3.6% AO 22,4% B 3aBNCHMOCTN OT HCII0nb30BaHHOii McTOAHKN noac`ieta (112,113). 110MHMO 06yCJI0B1IeHHbIX ajikoronem noctynnehnii B 60nbHHuy N 3aTpaT Ha am6ynatophoe neliehne, notpe6nehne ankoronsi MO)KeT npnbectn H K HeKOTOpbIM ApyrNM HenpSIMbIM 3aTpaTaM, BKJIIOYaSI pacxo,abt no AectleKTaM AeTOpoxcAeHNx ( ) H 3a6onesaHNSIM, nojiyliehhbim B pe3ynbtate pnckobahhor0 CeKCyanbHOrO nobeaehnsi, KOTOpOe MOrno 6bITb CneACTBHeM notpe6nehnsi ankoronsi (68, ). gahhb1e 3aTpaTbl MoryT 6bITb 3HaLIHTenbHbIMN, HO NX OCO6eHHO TpyAHO noacyhtatb XOTb C KaK0ii-nN60 CTeneHbiO TOLIHOCTN (124), N NX peako BKnIOLialOT B OueHKN 06üjNX 3aTpaT, CB5I3aHHbIX C ankoronem. XOTSI noacyet 3aTpaT no 3a6onesaeMoCTN MO)KeT AaTb nokâ3atenb Harpy3KN cny)k6 3ApasooxpaHeHNx (no Kpai-ixeH Mepe, Harpy3KN, CBSI3aHHOIi C psiaom OnpeAeneHHbIX 60ne3Heii), OH He SiBJ751IOTC5I NAeanbHblM N3MepeHNeM OueHKN BenNLiHHbI ankoronbhbix npo6nem CTpaHbl H He 11O3BOn5IeT CpaBHNTb AaHHble pa3nnyhbix CTpaH, TaK KaK 3T0 N3MepeHNe AO OnpeAeneHHON CTeneHH CBSI3aHO C TeKyIIje4i MeANuNHCKON npaktnkoii. XOTA OIIeHKH He ABJIHiOTCA TOYHbIMN, BbIBOA, YTO ankoronb B3aHMOCB513aH C TpaTON 3HaYHTeJIbH0N YaCTH TeKy1IINX pecypcob 3,upasooxpaxeHHA, oyeshaeh. TeM He McHee, Aax(e ecjih TOYHOCTb 3THX OueHOK ynyyllintca, 3T0 eure He 6yAeT 03HaYaTb, YTO nojiyyeh noaxoaai11ni1 noka3atenb HJIH Mepa pe3ynbtata. YpOBHH 3aTpaT NnN TaKHe noka3atenh 3a60neBaeMOCTH, KaK KONKO-AHN, 60nbIlle OTpax(aK)T TeKyHly10 Me,l(HUHHCKyiO npaktnky H CKOpee ABJHIIOTCA nokâ3atenamn npouecca, a He pe3ynbtata. bonee 3(1343eKCHBHble ankoronbhble ctpaterhn MoryT Ha KOpOTKOM nepbnyhom 3Tane nobbicntb 3aTpaTbI H3-3a 6onee TOYHOrI HAeHTN(IlNKauHH, CB513aHHbIX C ankoronem np06nem Co 3,1(OpOSbeM H 6onbmero KOnHYeCTBa o6pall(ehnn no noboay neyehha CB5f3aHH6IX C ankoronem np06nem, a TaK)Ke H3-3a 3aTpaT Ha np0(ihnaktnyeckne nporpammbl (99). XOTSi 3a nocneahne HeCKOnbKO net BO MHOri3X pa3nnyhbix ctpahax 6bIJI0 co6paho 60nbIHOe KOnNYeCTBO AaHHbIX no 3aTpaTaM B CBSI314 C 3a60neBaeMOCTbiO, McTOAOnOrNLIeCKHe np06nembl H pa3nhynsi AenaiOT TaKHe OueHKH npakthyeckn 6eCnone3HbIMIi, peanbho MX MO)KHO NCIIOnb30BaTb TOnbKO Ansl c6opa npn6nh3htenbhblx un(tip. HanpNMep, ouehkn 3aTpaT no CTauNOHapHOMy neliehnio CB5I3aHHbIX C J1KOFOJTM npo6nem B BenNKO6pNTaHNN 3a 1987 roa BapbNpyiOTCSI OT 88 MHJInNOHOB 23

32 (I)yHTOB,u 530 MHJIJIHOHOB 4)yHTOB (104), a OueHKH pacnpoctpahehhocth HapylneHHi4 3,q0pOBb51, 06yCJIOBJIeHHbIX notpe6jiehhem ajikorojisi, CpeAx nauhehtos 60JIbHHu B CILIA BapbxpylOTCA OT 3,6%,ito 22,4%. H xotx Ha OCHOBe HMeloLuxxcA,uaHHbIX TOLIHyiO uxctipy 3aTpaT noac4htatb HeB03MO)KHO, npfi HMeiOIueNCSI B3aHMOCBA3H Me)Kj[y KOJIH4eCTBOM noctynjiehhi3 B 60JIbHHuy H notpe6jiehhcm ajikorojisi, plaxce OCTOpo)KHble OueHKH noka3bibak)t, 4TO 06yCJIOBJIeHHble 3a6oJIeBaeMOCTbIo 3aTpaTbl, no- BH.tmMOMy, SIBJISIIOTCSI 3Ha4HTeJIbHbIMH. COIANaI1bHble 3aTpaTbl CouHaJlbHble 3aTpaTbl, O KOTOpbIX H.IjeT pe4b B 3TOM pa3aejie, CBSI3aH6I C ajikocojiem, HO He OrpaHH4eHbI MâcLLITa6aMH KâK0ii-JIH6o O,4HON KOMnaHHH. OCHOBHble ouehhbaemble 3aTpaTbl, cpeah scero npo4ero, 3T0 pacxoj[bl no 6e3pa6oTHue,,gopoxcHblM asaphstm H Ha OnJIaTy pa60t13i npabooxpahhtejibhbix oprahob. bbljlo noka3ah0, 4T0 6OJIee BbICOKHIi ypobehb 6e3pa6oTHubl CynjeCTByeT Cpe. [H JIIOJ1;eN C Cepbe3HbIMH ajikorojibhbimh npo6jiemamh, 4TO Tpe6yeT 3aTpaT npombinijiehhocth 4epe3, HanpxMep, BbinnaTy n0006hii no 6e3pa6oTHue, 3aTpaT Ha nepeo6yilehxe H 4epe3 IOpH.qH4eCKHe 3aTpaTbI. XOTSi 4aCTo 3TH 3aTpaTbl OueHHBaiOT, KaK 3Ha4HTeJIbHble, HeSICHO BO MHOTHX CJIy4aSIX, rae 3TH 3aTpaTbl peâjlh3ylotcsi H SIBJISIK)TCSi JIH OHH peajlbhbimh Boo6lue. HanpHMep, McDonnell & Maynard (125) OueHHBaJIH "B03MO)ICH6Ie 3aTpaTbe, 06yCJIOBJ1eHH6Ie 6e3pa60THuei4, BO3HHKIIIeN B pe3yjlbtate notpe6jiehhsi ajikorojisi (3T0 notehuhâjibhbiii 3apa6oToK pa6othhka). 3To, TM He McHee, noxo)ke He SIBJISIeTCSI no,uxoz[aluhm H3MepeHxeM nph 3KOHOMHKe C HenOJIHOii 3aHATOCT6I0, KaK B cjiy4ae BeJIHK06pHTaHHH CeH4aC4.... IlpeAnonaraeTCA 4TO, nphboa3iiuee K notepe pa6otbi notpe6nehlie ajikorojia, B6[36[BaeT 3aTpaT1.1. 3TO MO)KeT 661T6 BepHbIM B ycaobhax 3KOHOMHKH noahon 3aHATOCTH: ajikoronb COKpaulaeT KOJIH4eCTBO pa6otalou(hx, BbinyCKaeMOIï npoaykuhh H Ben144HHy BanOBOro HaüHOHanbHOrO npouylcra (BHII). TeM He MeHee, npn 3KOH0MHKe, rae ectb 6e3pa60THble, 3nOyII0Tpe6neHHe ajikoronem BeACT K TOMy, 4TO n6h)iuero 4enOBeKa 3âMCHAK)T 61.IBIIIHM 6e3pa6OTHbIM. XOTA 3ACCb MoryT BO3HHKaTb 3aTpaTbl, CBA3aHH6Ie C ybonbhehhcm H 3aMeHOIJ[ nbk)uler0 4 XOTA Maynard H ero KOJIJIerH BCe pa3bachhji14 H npeactabhah OueHKy 3aTpaT, CBA3aHH61X C notpe6nehhem ajikorojia, KyAa He BXOAHJ1H 3a3paTb1 no 6e3pa6oTHue, noctoahho uhtllpyetca 6onee BbICOKaA uhtl)pa C BK11104eHHeM 3THX 3aTpaT. 24

33 pa60thnka, 3Ha4HTeJIbH6IX g11htclibh6ix 3(I1(13eKTOB Ha KOJIH4eCTB0 pa6otâk)whx, npoj[yxühh H Ha BHII He 6y1teT (90). pyre 06yCJIOBneHHble ânkoi'onem COL(HaJIbHble 3aTpaTbl 6bInH no,tzclihtahbi B $enhko6phtâ.hi3h, BKniOLIaA 3aTpaTbi n0 AOpO)KHbIM abapham (1 13 MJIH. (1)yHTOB) (104) H CB5I3aHHble C ankoronem CnyLIaH B cyne (18,4 MJIH. no LjeHâM 1985 r.) (90). ColjHanbHble 3aTpaTbI no notpe6nehhio anxorona B BenHKO6pHTaHHH H B EBpone B LIenOM pa3nhlihbi, LIaCTO HX CJIO>iCHO noaclihtâ.tb, HO OHH OnpeneneHbl, KaK 3HaLIHTenbHble H, n0-bhahmomy, Be,gyujHe K Cepbe3HbIM 3aTpaTaM CO CTOpOHbI npombiiiinehhocth. CJly4aN OTCyTCTBI+iSI Ha pa6ote Cny4aH OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa60te MOIyT nphbo,ghtb K notepam nna npomb[lllnehhocth, B OCHOBHOM B pe3ynbtate COKpaIIjeHHA oftëma BbInyLLjeHHOri npo.izyki.jhh H3-3a nporynob, ono3aahhii Ha pa6oty, pahhhx yxoaob C pa60tbl H BHennaHOBbIX nepepblbos. XOTA B nocneayloulem pa3nene 06yCnOBneHH6Ie ankoronem cny4ah OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa6ote 06cyxcAaloTCA B OCHOBHOM nnsi npombiliinehhocth BenHKO6pHTaHHH, BbIBOAbI 6yJZyT HHTepeCHbl AnA 60nbllIHHCTBa ApyrHX pa3bhtbix CTpaH. 3aTpaTb1, CB5I3aHHble C BbI3BaHHbIMH ankoronem Cny4aAMH OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa6ote B BenHK06pHTaHHH 6bIJIH OneHeHbl MC Donnell & Maynard B 799,3 MnH. rtlyhtob (125) H Godfrey & Hardman (104) B 774 MJIH. cl)yhtob. 3TH Aaxxble, o,uhaxo, ocnaphban Joeman (27), KOTOpbIH Ha OCHOBaHHH nahhbix O6LuerO Onpoca gomaliihhx Xo3AriCTB nphlllen K BblsOny, LITO HeT OLIeBHAHOl4 H 3HaLIHTenbHOlï pa3hhij<bl B KOnHLIeCTBe nponyckob pa6otbl pen nbiolijhx B He60nbLLIHX, CpeAHHX H 6onbLIIHX KOnHLIeCTBaX. Joeman o6hapy)khn, LITO B3aHMOCBA3b Me>Knny CnyLiaAMH OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa6ote H nhterihbim nosenehhem CTaHOBHTCA OLIeBHAHOIi TOnbKo Torna, 'corna ylihtbibaetca o6iuee COCTOAHHe 3nOpOBb51 H KypeHHe. POnb notpe6nehha ankorona B OnpeneneHHH LIHCna cny9ae8 OTCyTCTBHA CJIO)KHa, H othecehhe HeKOTOpbIX Cny4aeB Ha C4eT ankotona COMHHTenbHO. TaKHM 06pa3oM, 3aTpaTbI no o6ycnobnehhomy ankoronem OTCyTCTBHIO Ha pa6ote TaK)Ke COMHHTenbHbI. 25

34 Z(axce cent,' 61,1 MO)KHO 6btno noj[clihtatb KOnHIteCTBO pa6olihx,iihen, notepsihhbix H3-3a notpe6nehhsi ankor0nsi5, BCë pabho 6bIn0 61,I CJIO)KHO norcliht1tb 3aTpaTbl KOMnaHHH B pe3ynbtate 3T0ro, TaK KaK CynIeCTBytOT HeKOTOpble npo6nembl, CB5I3aHHble C oliehkoii CTOHMOCTH notepsihhoto npojyykta. HanpHMep, OTCyTCTByKILIIHti Ha pa6ote COTpyjIHHK MO)KeT nphlihhhtb KOMnaHHH 3HaIIHTenbHbIrl ynjep6 (KaK B cny4ae c KpaHOBLLIHKOM, Libe OTCyTCTBHe MO)KeT OCTaHOBHTb pa6oty Ha BCëM CTpOHTenbHOM yliactke) HnH,gOCTâTOIiHO He3HaIIHTenbHble noteph (HanpHMep, KOrjja ApyrHe pa6othhkh KOMnaHHH MoryT BbIIIOJIHHTb pa6oty otcytctsyk)ulero). CosceM He npocto OLIeHHTb "noteph", B6I3BaHHble Kâ)K IbIM CnyLtaeM OTCyTCTBHSI. HO jlaxce B 3TOii CHTyaLIHH, HeKOTOpble n0jic4ctbi 6bInH CjlenaHbI Ha OCHOBe o6lller0 3apa6oTKa pa6othhkob H ApyrHx 3aTpaT npejjnphhhmatenefi. XOTA 3TOT MeTOjI nomoraet noficlihtatb 3aTpaTbl BbI3BaHHble OTCyTCTBHeM Ha pa601iem MeCTe, 3T14 LIHCIpbI He MOIyT Cny)ICHTb TOLIHbIM OTpaNCeHHeM peanbhblx 3aTpaT KOMnaHHH. HojICLIeT notep51hhon npojiyklihh B 3TOM Cny4ae TaK)ICe Mo)KeT BBeCTH B 3a6ny)ICjIeHHe, TaK KaK pa6othhkam LIaCTo yjlaetcsi CKpbITb, LITO OHH nporynxnh 3T0 pa6o4ee BpeMSI. HanpHMep, Majewska (126) o6hapyxcxna, IITO MHorHe nbtoilihe pa6othi,'kh, KaK B6IHCHHJIOCb BO BpeMS1 neliehhsi, HâKâ3b1Ba1OTCS1 3a 3T0 MaTepHanbHO, TaK KaK OHH jlorobaphbaiotcsi o6 3TOM CO CBOHMH HenOCpejICTBeHH6IMH HaLIanbHHKaMH. nph HaCTOAIIIHX ycjiobhsix Ha pa6oin,'x McCTaX MOxcHO OCnapHBaTb Heo6X0jI14MOCTb BKnIOLIeHHS1 3aTpaT, 06yCnOBneHHbIX OTCyTCTBHeM Ha pa6oliem MeCTe, HapaBHe C 3aTpaTaMH no HeCLIaCTHbIM CnylfaSiM H 3aTpaTaMH, CB5I3aHHbIMH C yxyjllnehhem BbIIIOJIHeHHS[ pa60tbi. Martin et ai. (25) BbICKa3bIBaIOT MbICnb, LiTO otcytctbhe Ha pa6ote 3noynoTpe6n5II0Iuxx anxoronem otpa)kaet HX non6itkh Orpa1IHT6 ce62 OT yluep6a, K0TOp61H Mo)KeT BO3HHKHyTb, eux OHH HOnbITâIOTCA pa6otatb; 04eBH1(H0, 4T0 3T0 TaKNfe OrpaK(jlaeT OT ynnep6a pa60tâk)1uhx pa1(om 5 IIpo6neMb1, CBA3aHHbie C miel-mort KOnH4eCTBa 60nbH144HbIX nhctob, Bbl,ija`ia KO- TopblX BbI3BBHa notpe6nehhem ankorona, xopowo 3a1tOKyMeHTHpOBaH6I (89,100), oc06ehh0 Te, 4T0 CB143aHbl C HCnOn630BaHHeM OT4erOB KOMnaHHli n0 3a60neBae- MOCTH, KOTOpble 4aCT0 ABJISIIOTCA e1jhhctbehh6im HCTO4HHKOM HH(I)OpMauHH o nph4hhe OTCyTCTBHA pa6othhkob. HecoOTBeTCTBeHHOe notpe6nehhe ajikorojht pe,qko ykâ3blbaetca B Ka4eCTBe nph4hhbi OTCyTCTBHA pa6othhkob, 6onbIDHHCTBo,flaHHbIX HO 3a60neBaeMOCTH, C06paHH6IX KOMHaHHAMH, He none3h6i B nnahe BbIflBneHHA carmes OTCyTCTBHA 110 BHHe ankorojist. 26

35 H CâMO npeanphathe. XOTH 3T0 Ka)KeTCA a6cypahbim, npearononcehhe, '{TO OTCyCCTBHe Ha pa6ote MO)KeT BbInOHHIITb noho)ichtejibhyk) 41yHKIjH1O, BCTaeT nepea KâNU(O1 HeCOBepIIIeHHOgi CHCTMO BbIHBJIeHHH nb10h1hx pa6othhkob HJIH BbInOJIHeHHA 3C1(DeKTHBHbIX Mep n0 H3MeHeHHK) HX nobej1ehh5i. TaxHM o6pa3om, OTCyTCTBHe Ha pa6ote H3-3a notpe6nehhx ankoconsi MO)KeT paccmatphbâtbcsi KaK ABneHHe, nphhocsin(ee HeKOTOpble npehmyluectba. HanpHMep, B pa6o4eh cpej;e, rae pacnpoctpaheno notpe6nehhe anxorona, OTCyTCTBHe Ha pa6ote MO)KeT J),OCTH)KeHHA 1103HTHBHOii I.ienH COKpaLI(CHHA HeC9aCTHbIX carmes H NIOXOI'O BbInOJ1HCHHA pa6ot6i B pe3ynbtatc notpe6nehha ankorojia. ECnH OT ankoconbhbix npo6nem cpeah pa604hx HCnb3A H36aBHTbC51 nojihoctbio, ;OB KOMnaHHN MO)KCT 6bITb ny4lue nphcfi0006htbca K nhtciihbim nphbbilikam CBOHX pa6othhkob nytem ynpolljehha npoljeaypbl BbIXOAHbIX (B03M0)ICHO, B KOMfIneKCe C y)kcctoyehhcm HaKa3aHHIi AMI TeX, KTO nphhlen Ha pa60ty B HeTpC3BOM BHAe), TaK KâK 3Ta CTpaTerHA MO)KeT COKpaTHTb 3aTpaT6I, BbI3BaHHble CHI-I)ICeHHeM npoh3boj(htenbhocth H HeC4aCTHbIMH Cny4aAMH. OTCyTCTBHC Ha pa6o4em McCTe pacl[ehhbaetca KaK O,gHa H3 rnabh6ix nph4hh CB513aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankoronb 3aTpaT npombllllnehhocth. OLjeHKH COOTBeTCTByIOUAHX 3aTpaT, TeM He McHee, MOryT 6bITb OCnOpeHbl, TaK KaK CyIIzeCTByIOT HeKOTOpble TpyAHOCTH B OL.leHKC KOnH4eCTBa "notepahhoco" BpeMeHH H CTOHMOCTH "notepahhon" npo,aykllhh. npobeaehha TO4HbIX oi(ehok Tpe6yeTCA 6onee AeTanbHaA HHIliOpMauHA O nphiihhax OTCyTCTBHA. IIpH OI.leHKe CBA3aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem 3aTpaT HCO6XOJjHMO TaKNCe yiihtbibatb HHJZHBHJjyanbHble JjOCOBOpeHHOCTH MexcAy pa6othhkamh H npeanphhhmatenamh O TOM, KaK CKpbITb noteph BpeMeHH6. HecyacTHble cny4ah OJjHHM H3 HaH6Onee IIIHpOKO OCBeujaeMblX H ApKO Bblpa)ICCHHbIX BOnpOCOB, BbI3b1Ba1O110HX 03a604eHHOCTb n0 nobojiy ankocojisi Ha pa6o4em MeCTe ABnAeTCSI ero B3aHMOCB513b C HeCLIaCTHbIMH Cny4a2MH. IIpoH3oulen uenbln paj) nlhpoxo ocselllabiiihxca cny4aes rz[e notpe6nexlie ankorona HMCJIO OTHOLIleHHe K BO3HHKHOBeHHLO KaTaCTpOC1), OCO6eHHO TaM, rj)e pe4b HAeT O TpaHCIIOpTe.,T(ByMA H3 6 ara npakthka MONCeT 61,ITb j1obojibho pacnpoctpahéhh013, oco6ehho B He60nbIIIHX KOMnaHHHX. 27

36 npl3*iihi3biuiix Hax6011bu.IHH yinep6 KaTacTpOCl) 6bIn14: mkene3ho,aopo>khasi KaTacTpo(ia B JlyH3HaHe, xotopast nphlihhhna yll.tep6 B 16 MnH. $ H Hec13T5IHOH TaHKep Exxon Valdez, KOTOpbIIl cen Ha Menb Ha AJIACKe, LITO nphbeno K KaTaCTpoCpHtieCKHM nocne,gctbbisim J1115I OKpyxcaloulex CpejjbI, a Tax)Ice K KpynHOMy 3KOHOMHLIeCKOMy ynjep6y (26). XOT5I HeBO3MO)KHO J10Ka3aTb, LITO ârkoi'orb BHHOBeH B BO3HHKHOBeHHH 3THX KaTacTpo(17, OH 6bIR, no KpaliHeii Mepe, OJIHHM 113 (tektopob, Ha CLieT KOTOpbIX MO)KHO OTHeCTH BO3HHKHOBeHne 3THX HeCLIaCTHbIX cnyllaeb. XOTS< 3TH KaTacTpOctIbl nphbenh K 3HaLIHTenbHblM 3aTpaTaM, 3T0 OTJ1enbHble HHL1HJ1eHTbI, H OHH He MOI'yT CJIy)KHTb nokâ3aten5imh e)kej1hebhbix 3aTpaT KOMnaHHIï B CB5I3H C HeCLIaCTHbIMH cnyllasimh. LlTO6b1 norylihtb J1aHHble O O3/CHb1X notepsix, BO3HHKIIIHX B pe3ynbtate o6bilihbix HeCLIaCTHbIX CnyLlaeB, OTJICR 3J10p0Bbx H 6e3onacxocTH (Health and Safety Executive) nposen HccneJlosaHHe B nath pâ3hbix KOMnaHHSIX. B 3TOM HCCneJ10BaHHH noj1cliht6ibânhcb BbI3BaHHble HeCLIaCTHbIMIi CnyLIaSIMH 3aTpaTbI, noh5ithe "HeCLIaCTHbu%I CnyLiali" OnpeJlenSIJIOCb J10BOnbHO IiIHpOKO, KaK "nlo6oe He3annaHHpOBaHHOe c06bithe, KOTOpOe nphbeno K TpaBMe HJIH nospe)icrehhio 3271Op0sb51 niojleh, HRH K yulep6y, notepe CO6CTBeHHOCTH, 3aBoJ1a, MaTepHanoB HnH K yluep6y oxpyxcafou.leh cpejlbl HRH K notepe B03MO)KHOCTCIi B 6H3Hece". OueHKH notepb 3TO1-0 HccneJlosaHHSI npxsoj15itc51 B Ta6nHue 2. Ta6nNl.4a 2. c1)11hahcobble notepl1 natn KoMnaHNVI, o6ycnobnehhble HeC4aCTHbIMN cny4aamn KOMr1âHNA i'.tpontenbctbo Macno6oHHA TpaHCnopTHaA KOMnaHNA HectTeAo6biBaioulaA nnarcpopma 6onbHNL{a 06t11aA CyMMa 3aTpaT E E E E E 14cmouuuK: Health and Safety Executive (127). COcTâBnAK)LL1t1e 8,5% uehbi noapaaa 1,4% onepatl4bhbix 3arpar 1,8% OnepaTNBHbIX 3aTpaT N 37% nph6bintl 14,2% norehl{nanbhon npoaykyhi1 5% enceroahbix TeKyulHx 3arpar CneJlyeT OTMCTHTb, LiTO B 3TH ouehkh He BXOJISIT KpynHble 13n11 "KaTacTpO(iHtieCKHe" noteph, TaK KaK TaKOBbIX nphmepob He BO3HHKR0 3a nephoj1 i3ccnej10bahh51. TeM He Mexee, 3aTpaTbI no 28

37 HeC'IaCTHbIM CnyHaSIM 6bInA pacljehehbl ynpabnehfiem KOMnaHFiN, KaK 3HaTiHTenbHble, TaK KaK Ha OnepaTHBHble 3aTpaTbl yliinh KpynHble CyMMbI nnioc notepsihhasi nph6binb. COrnaCHO,ijaHHbIM Biopo nepenhch H OnpOCOB HaceneHHSI, B BenHKO6pFITaHi3H e)fceroaho npohcxoaht OKOnO 1,6 MJIH. HCCTIaCTHbIX cny'3aes, nphsealiihx K TpaBMaM, 'ITO BbI3bIBaeT 3aTpaTbI npombiliinehhocth 06Lge[%I CyMMOii 4-9 MnpA. n0 HeC'iaCTHbIM Cny'IaSIM H HapynleHHSIM 301OpOBb5i (127,129). O611uasi CyMMa 3aTpaT 06LueCTBa no HeC'3aCTHbIM Cny'IaSIM H HapyLIIeHHSIM 3AOpOBb5I B L[enOM 3Ha'IHTenbHO BbILLIe H OueHHBaeTCSI B MnpA. B roa. BbIBOAbI HeCKOnbKHX HCCneAOBaHHii noka3bibalot, 'ito notpe6nehhe armerons', no-bhahmomy, B3aHMOCB5I3aHO C BO3HHKHOBCHHeM HeC9aCTHbIX cny'3aeb, KaK Ha pa6ohem MecTe, TaK H BHe er0. TO'IHaSI B3aHMOCB5I3b ewe ruioxo HCCneAOBaHa, '3TO MelnaeT npoh3becth KaKyio-nH60 TO'IHyIO ouehky pain' notpe6nehhsi armerons', KaK npu'iuhbi BO3HHKHOBeHH5I HeCtiaCTHbIX Cny'iaeB, a TaK)Ke OLjeHKy B03MO)KHbIX 3aTpaT. BbinonHeHHe pa6orbi OueHKa pa3mepa 06yCJIOBneHHOi'O ankoronem COKpaLueHHSI npoh3boa14tenbhocth H BbI3BaHHbIX 3THM 3aTpaT He SiBnSIeTCSI npoctbim AenOM (CM. rnaby 1), HO HeCKOnbKO OueHOK, TeM He McHee, 6b1n0 npoh3beaeho. OAHHM H3 HaH60nee IIIHpoKO HCHOnb3yeMbIX McTOAOB oi1;ehkh notepsihhoro npo,z>ykta SIBJISIeTCSI MOAenb CT3HcPOpAa. COrnacHO 3TOMy MeTOAy, "cpeahiili ankoronhk" pa6otaet C 301)(keKTHBHOCTbIO 75% (87, 130), TITO npeahojio)khtenbho nphboaht B pe3ynbtate K notepe 25% 3aTpaT n0 3apa6oTKy. 4InSi KOMnaHHH B uenom, 3aTpaTbi no notpe6nehhio armerons' noaciihtbibaiotcsi ymho)kehhem KOnH'-IeCTBa pa60tiißc, HMeK)LuHX CCpbe3Hble ajikoronbhble np06nembl, Ha BenHIiHHy COKpaIueHHSI 11pOH3BOAHTenbHOCTH. B CTpaHe, rae noac'3htah0, 'ITO 5% pa6o'ihx HMeiOT CCpbC3Hble ajikoronbhble np06nembl, o61une 3aTpaTbl B BHAe notepsihhoro npoaykta 6yAyT COCTaBnSITb 1,25% 06Hnix 3aTpaT no 3apnnaTe H 3apa6oTKy. TeM He McHee, CyLueCTByiOT HeKOTOpble np06nembl n0 noac'iery 3aTpaT B BHAe notepsihhoro npoaykta Ha OCHOBe CyMMbI 3apa6oTKa. C HaeMHbIMH pa6othhxamh CB5I3aHbI ropa3ao 6onbHIHe 3aTpaTbl, 'iem npocto pacxoabi Ha 3apa6oTHyiO nnary, HanpHMep, 3aTpaTbl Ha nehchh, OTOnneHHe, OCSen(eHHe H 6e30naCHOCTb. 29

38 TOLIHOCTb AâHHOrO ypabhehha TaK)Ke OCHOBbIBaeTCA Ha HeKOTOpbIX OLteHKâX, KOTOpble Henb351 Hâ3BaTb HâAe)KHb1MH, TaKMe KaK onpej[enehl-ie KonM=IecTSa pa6oilmx, KOTOpbIX MO)KI-IO OnpenenHTb, KaK HMeIOnjMX Cepbe3Hble ânkotonbhble np06nembl, a TaK)ICe ctenehb, c KOTOpOI3 3TH np06nembl BnHAIOT Ha 06LLtyiO npoh3boahtenbhoctb. 3T0 ypabhehhe TaK)iCe AsnAeTCA HenOJIHbIM B KageCTBe MeTOAa OLteHKM o6utero notepxxxoro nponykta, TaK KaK OH He y4htbibaet noteph 1-1p0H3BOACTBa, npm4hhaemble Henp06neMHbIMH nbk)iimmh, KOTOpble, B Ci3JIy CBOerO 6onbLLlerO KOAHgeCTBa, MoryT COCTaBnATb Aaxce 60nbLIIyiO yrp03y npoii3bo,gctby, gem np06nemhble nbk)ütne (131). T@KriECTb TexyLiecTb KanpoB, nm6o Me)ICAy npennphathamh MnH Me)KJ.jy pa3nh4hbimh BHAâMH pa6ot B TOii )Ke KOMnaHMM, nopoxcjtaet 3aTpaTbl AnA npoh3boactba, TaK KaK Hy)KHO HaHHMaTb H o6yllatb HOBbIX pa60thhkob. r10tpe6nehhe ankorona gacto CBA3aHO C nobbiluehhem ypobha TeKygeCTH, HO T04Ha51 nphpoaa B3aHMOCB513H ente HeACxa. Schollaert (132) o6hapyxcxn nph HccneAoBaxxH rpynnbi pa6otaloüjero anxoronhka, 4TO 36% 113 HHX McHAnH pa6oty B TetieHHH 5 net AO Hagana ne4ehha. Schollaert, TM He Mexee, He nposoahn Hccne.iloBaHl3e yposha Texy4ecTH CpeJtM He 3noynoTpe6nAlOnjMx anxoronem, gto ymexblllaet LtexxoCTb ero HCCneAOBaHHA, HO OH noka3an, 4TO OnHCbIBaIOIijHe nhteiihble 11pHBbI4KH nepemehhble ABnAIOTCA OCHOBHbIMH AnA npoltecca TeKygeCTH. 11pAMble AOKa3aTenbcTBa B3aHMOCBA311 Me)KJty notpe6nehhem ankorona H cmehoii pa60tbl B npeaenax OAHOrO npejtnphatha npeactabhn Morawski (59), KOTOpbIIi noka3an, gto npo6nemhbix nbioiijhx B 1-Tombale nepebojtat Ha Apyroe McCTO B pamkax OAHOrO npeanphatha 3Ha4HTenbHO Baute, gem Henpo6neMHbIX nb101i[hx. 3TOT 344eKT MO)KeT gacth4ho BO3HHKaTb H3-3a TOrO, 4TO pa6othhkob C ânkoroabhbimh npo6nemamh nepeboaat Ha MeHee HanpA)ICeHHyK) HAM MeHee OnaCHyiO pa6oty 6 npedenax KOMnaHHH; 3T0 TaIUKe nphboaht K MeHbuleH TCKy4eCTH nepcoxana Me.xcdy npeanphathamh, TaK KaK 4enoseK MOxceT npoaom)katb pa6otatb, nyctb Ha 60nee HH3KOM noao)kehhh, H OCTaTbCA Ha TOM )Ke npeanphathh (25). 30

39 Pa604Ne B3a14MOOTHOWeHNA 11oTpe6neHHe anxorona Ha pa6omem MecTe Mo)ICeT Ilopo)KAaTb IIp06neMbl, MHOrHe H3 KOTOpbIX 6bInH OTMeMeHbl B I'nase 1. CB513aHHble C 3THM 3aTpaTbl CJIO)ICHO IIO,IZCLIiiTaTb, H FIX peako BKn101IalOT B 06LL[yl0 OLlCHKy 3aTpaT, CB513aHHbIX C IIOTpe6neHHeM ajikorojia. TaK)ICe Hy)KHO OTMeTHTb, LITO 170Tpe6neHHe ankotojia MO)KeT Cny)ICHTb BbI11OJIHeHHIO HeKOTOpbIX H03HTHBHbIX L1enerl Ha pa604em McCTe, H Aaxce MO)KeT IIpHBO,,nHTb K IIOJIO)KHTenbHbIM 3KOHOMii4eCKI3M IIOCneACTBHAM AJIA KOMnaHH1i. HaIIpHMep, BbIrIHBKH MeHeA)KepOB, 1I0-BHAHMOMy, Hrpa10T Bâ)KHyiO p0nb B Hanâ)iCHBaHHH HX B3aHMOOTHOLUeHH1ï MexcAy C060ri H C IIepCOHanOM, B3aHMOOTH0L1IeHHri, KOTOpble otpa)icaiotc51 Ha pa60mhx OTHOLHeHHAX H, BO3M0)KHO, TaK)ICe Ha HpOAyKTHBHOCTH. rlotpe6nehhe ankorora pa6othhkamh TaK)ICe MO)KeT HMeTb HeKOTOpbIC IIOJIO)KHTeJIbHble 170CnegcTBHA, OHO MO)KeT yny4lllatb COL(HanbHble B3aHMOCBA3H H riomoratb CO3AaHHIO KOnneKTHBa, 4T0 MO)KeT HMeTb HOJIO)KHTenbHble 3KOHOMHMeCKHe HOCneACTBHSI. iijikoronb MO)KeT TaK)ICe Cny)KHTb XIA CTHMynHpOBaHHA pa6o4hx, HMeHHO 3Ty p0nb O6b14HO OTBOAAT Awl Be4epHHOx, oprahh3yemblx Ha IIpeAfIpHATHH B Ka4ecTBe B03Harpa)IC.neHHA 3a AOCTH)KeHHe IIpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX 3aJ[a4 HRH J1J151 IIOAAep)KaHHA HOB6IX KOHTaKTOB. B gon arm ehhe K 3TOMy, MHOrHe KOMIIâHHH perynapho IIpOBOAAT BeMepHHKH, KOTOpble BbIIIORHAIOT CXOAHble (1)yHKL1H14, CMHTaeTCSI, MTO OHH yny4lilaiot OTHOLUeHHA Me)ICAy COTpyAHHKaMH. XOTA HeRb3SI paccmatphbatb arkotorb, KaK 04eHb Ba)ICHyIO 4aCTb Hpa3AHHKa (KOTOpbIIi Cam no ce6e MO)KeT paccmatpxsatbca, KaK CTHMyn), 4aCT0 OH HrpaeT Bâ)KHyK) p0nb. 11ORO)KHTCnbHble 3C11)CtleKTbI 1I0A06HbIX Co6paHHri IIepCOHana Mpe3BbIMaHHO CRO)KHO IIOAC4HTaTb B 3KOHOMH4eCKOM IIJIaHe, H AaHHble 3CpCpeKTbl, TaICHM 06pa30M, OMeHb peako ymhtbibaiotcsi rlph IIOAc4eTe 3aTpaT no HOTpe6ReHHlo ai1koton51. BaNCHOCTb noa06hbix MepOIIpHATHIi H, MTO MONCHO OCIIapHBaTb, ankotona MO)KHO IIpOBepHTb 1-1epe3 CTCHeHb He)KCnaHHA MHOrHX pa6otoaâteneri 3aIIpeIL[aTb IIOTpe6neHHe ankotora Ha AaHHbIX IIpa3AHHKaX. CMHTaeTCA, MTO IIpa3AHHKH 04eHb Ba)ICHbI, KaK 31

40 cpeactbo 3a6OTbI o pa6olihx, H anxoronb IlacTo paccmatpfibaetca, KaK Ba)ICHbIii KOMnOHeHT IIO,I1O6HbIX npa3ahobâhhii.7 XOTA AeiiCTBHe, KOTOpOe ankorojtb OKa3bIBaeT Ha JIH'-IHble B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHA LIaCTo ApaMaTHLIHbI H OLIeBHAHbI, HX TOLIHbIIi BO3AeNCTBHe Ha 06uryI0 npoh3boahtejibhoctb noaclihtatb ropa3ao cjionchee. MHorHe 34)(tleKTbI notpe6jiehha anxorojia, no KpaFiHel%I Mepe KorAa ero notpe6jiak)t B He60JIbniHX KOnHLieCTBaX, AOCTaTOLIHO HeynOBHMbI. Ho 3TOÎ-i nphlihhe, B HaCTOAIIZee BpeMA HeB03MO)KHO noaclihtatb npehmyniectba H noteph, KOTOpble BO3HHKaIOT B pe3yjibtate BnHAHHA notpe6nehha ankorojia Ha npoh3boactbe Ha pa6olihe B3aHMOOTHOIneHII51. ' IIpHeMneMocTb notpe6nehha anxorona (HnH Jiaxce noouipehhe ero notpe6nexh5) Ha4anbCTBOM B HCKOTOpbIX O6CTOSITenbCTBâX MO)KeT Am HeKOTOpbie npehmyniectba, Ho TâKx(e MO)KeT 3aTpyJiHHTb c03aâhne 6e3anxoronbHOH pa6o9en CpeAbl (CM. rnaby 5). 32

41 3 (DeKTOpbI, CB513âHHble C IIOTpe6JleHmeM âj1k01"oj1m Hâ pa60yem MeCTe XOTA MHOrHe MepOnpHATHA IflOKyCHpyIOTCA Ha BbIABneHHH pa60thhk0b C ânkoponbhblmn npo6nemamn, BKJIaA, KOTOpbIÎI BHOCHT pa6oliaa cpeaa B nooh(pehhe H COXpaHeHFie noao6horo nobeaehf[a, LlacTo HeAOOneHHBaeTCA. 3-ro 6onbuioe ynylijehne, TaK KaK (tlaktopbi pa6oliero OKpy)KeHHA MOryT OKa3bBaTb OCHOBHOe BJIHAHne Ha nhtenhb1e HpnBbILiKH H 0611tNN ypobehb notpe6nehha. 0006y10 03a60LIeHHOCTb BbI3bIBaeT B3aHMOCB513b Me)KAy O6LLjHM ypobhem notpe6nehlia H KOHKpeTHbIM pa604hm OKpy)KeHNeM, TO, KaK notpe6nehlie MO)KCT COOTHOCHTbCA C THHOM Bb1nOnHAeMOii pa6otbi, H KaKOBa ponb, KOTOpyIO HrpaeT "06b1LIHaA N npfiemnemaa" npakthka Ha pa6ogem McCTe B noonjpehhn H coxpanehhh nhtenhoro nobeaehha. cdaktopbi KOHKPETHOrO f1pe,4flpv1s1tv1sf YpoBeHb notpe6nehna âjikopona Ha KOHKpeTHOM pa6ollem MecTe LIaCTHLIHO MO)KeT 3aBIiCeTb OT THHa pa6oiiero OKpy)KeHHA, KOTOpOe CyLI(eCTByeT B AaHHOÏ-i KOMnaHHH. 3T0 OKpy)KeHHe MO)KeT OKa3bIBaTb 3Ha7-IHTenbHOe BnHAHHe Ha CO3AâHHe H COXpaHeHNe KynbTypbl notpe6nehha C HOMOHjbIO TaKHX claktopob, KaK AOCTynHOCTb ajikopona H npoctota, C KOTOpOH ajikoponb MO)KHO notpe6natb B nomeiijehhh KOMnaHHH. Cooper & Sadri (133) nph3haiot Ba)KHOCTb pa6o4ero OKpy)KeHHA H 3alunn B 3TOM MHeHHH TaK AâJIeKO, LITO 33

42 ytbepxcyialot, 4TO pa6o4ee oxpyxcehhe, p,nsl xotoporo xapaktepxo 06u.[ee 3nOynOTpe6neHHe ajixoronem, 3T0 6onbule Bi3Ha CaMHX ycjiobhii pa6otb1, 4eM n1oaeh, IIOTpe6nsIlouZHX anxoronb. Pa604Hi%I KOnneKTHB, 3noyllOTpe6nslloIImÎi ankoronem MOxCeT, TaKHM o6pa3om, cornacho 3THM abtopam, 6bITb CHMIITOMOM "6011bH0r0" pa6o4ero OKpyxCeHHSI. O6u);ee IIOTpe6neHHe ankoronsl MOxCeT 6bITb cokpah.[eh0 fltm H3MeHeHHSi IIHTeriHblX IIpHB6I4eK H CO3J(aHHeM "He clloco6ctbyloli(hx HoTpe6neHIdlo ankoronsl" pa6o4hx MecT. HexoTOpble uiarh, KoTOpble 613InH npeanoxcexbl B 3TOM HanpasneHHH, BKn1O4aIOT B Ce651 cneayloii.iee: c,genatb 6e3anxoronbxble HanHTxH nerko )21OCTyIIHbIMH, He npenjlaratb ankoconbhble Ha1IHTKFi B CTOJIOBbIX KOMHaHHH, Hpe,EZJIOxcHTb Cy6cHJj4pyeMylo nhlgy H HaIIHTKH, LITO6bI BOCnpeIISITCTBOBaTb 06eJjeHHbIM IIOXOAaM B MecTHblii 6ap, caenatb KOMHaTbI OTablXa HeIIOXOxcHMH Ha 6apbI fltm OrpaHH4eHH51 KypeHHSI, c,qenatb FIX CBeTnbIMH, i-ihctbimh H OTKpbITbIMH H BbISIBHTb MeCTa, KOTOpble MOryT HCIIOnb30BaTb pa6othhkh, IIblomHe B TariHC OT BCeX (134,135). Oco6eHH0 BaxCHO, 4T06bI ynpabnehhe KOMHaHHeFi noka3an0 nphmep, 3anpeTHB, HaIIpHMep, ankoconb B CBOHX IIOMeLL(eHH51X H y6pab 4aCTHble 6apbI H3 OgHCa. TaKHe AerICTBHA IIOMOryT H3MeHHTb IIHTerlHble npfibbi4kh B pamkax KOMIIâHHH H TaKxCe ycjio)khsit IIOTpe6neHHe ajikocojisi pa60thhkamh McCTaX. B nonhthke, KOTOpaâ IIpOBOJjHTC51 B CHIA, OCHOBHOii akiaeht cjjenah Ha npobejjehhh He06XO,IjHMbIX MepOnpHSITHIi 41,1151 pa6othi3kob C ajikoconbhbimh IIpo6neMaMH, HCKniO4eHHe COCTaBnsIIOT nhü1b npabhna noctynhocth ankoronsi Ha pa604em MecTe H notpe6nehhe ankoronsi j1ji5i p5141obbix pa6othhkob (136). no ytbepxcaehhlo Ames et al. (137) 3T0 COCTasnsleT Cepbe3HbIH He,EIOCTaTOK npose,gehhsi IIOnHTHKH B CIiiA, HMeHHO 3a c4et 3T01-0 HeAOCTaTKa MOxCHO OTHeCTH OTHOCHTenbHyiO 6e3yCIIelllHOCTb MepOIIpHSITHrI n0 COKpau(eHHlo o6luero ypobh51 BO3HHKHOBeHH51 ankoconbhbix npo6nem Ha pa604em MecTe (138). HMeloTCa AaHHble, 4TO CXOJjHasi CHTya1ZH51 Ha6n1OJjaeTesl Be3Jje, r,lze xomnahhh paccmatphba1ot CBOIO ankoconbhyio nonhthky, KaK HaIIpaBneHHyK) nh111b Ha np06nemh (HX H He 3aTparHBaioLLjylo TeX, KTO BpeMS1 OT BpeMeHH IIbeT nhliihee. TaKHM O6pa3oM, B pamkax BbIIIOJIHeHHSi CBOeri ankoronbholi nonhthkh, KOMIIâHHH MoryT He jjenatb IIOIIbITOK H3MeHHTb IIp144HH11I, BbI3bIBalO1.11He IIOTpe6neHHe ankoronsi Cpe,ttH pa60thhkob. 34

43 cdaktopbi KOHKPETHOf O TV11lA PA6OTbI nomhmo pa6oliero OKpy)KeHHA, THn pa60tbi TaK)Ke MO)KeT OKa3bIBaTb CHJIbHOe BJIHAHHe Ha KOJIHLIeCTBO ajikorojia, KOTOpOe MO)KeT n0tpe6jiatb pa60thhk. OCHOBbIBâACb Ha AaHHbIX O pa3jihlihbix ypobhax CMepTHOCTH B pe3yjibtâte whppo3a net-iehh cpez[h My)KLIHH pâ3hbix npocpecchii MO)KHO CKa3aTb, LITO ectb OT)JeJIbHble npo(pecchh, rae JIIO4tH OCO6eHHO noj(bep)kehbi BO3HHKHOBeHH10 ajikorojibhbix npo6jlem (128, ). IIpeJinonaraeTCA, LITO OCHOBHble (baktopbi, KOTOpble 06151CHRIOT 3Ty nobbilnehhyio nogbep)kehhoctb, BKJIIOLIaIOT B ce6r,qoctynhoctb ajikorojisi Ha pa6ote (134), COL(HâJlbHOe gabjiehhe BbInHTb, HegOCTaTOK 4H6KOCTH B pa6ote HJIH nobtopai011jheca 3a,ItaHH5f, TITO K CKyKe (142), H30JI51I4H51 OT HOpMâJIbHbIX COLjHâJIbHbIX HJIH CeKCyaJIbHbIX B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHii, HH3KHii ypobehb KOHTpOJIA, He,gOCTaTOLIHaA HarJIAWHOCTb pa6otbi (143, 144) H OCO6eHHO BbICOKHi HJIH HH3KHIi ypobehb orkoxojzob. B TO spew' KaK 3TH (laktopbi MOryT OKâ3bIBaTb MOLilHOe BJIHAHHe Ha ypobehb notpe6jiehha, HeO6XOZ0HMO otmethtb, LITo OnpeJjeJleHHble np0(tlecchh MOryT nphbjickatb JIio6HTeJIeii BbInHTb, TaK KaK 3TH )4OJ1)KHOCTH n03bojiaiot HM npogojukatb nhtb BO spew' pa60tbi. THn BbII7OJIHAeMOI%I pa60tbi MO)KeT, TaKHM O6pa3OM, CaM n0 ce6e BbI3bIBaTb BbICOKHi%I ypobehb notpe6jiehha. B TaKHX 06CTORTeJIbCTBaX BO3MO)KHO JIyLiIIIe 6y,AeT J1JI51 KOMnaHHH, KOTOpyIO BOJIHyeT ypobehb notpe6jiehha ee notehljhajibhbix pa6othhkob, npobojjhtb npe,abaphtejibhbifi CKpHHHHr - saphaht, KOTOpblii yxce HCHOJIb3yeTC5I B OnpegeJIeHHOi%[ CTeneHH B CHIA. B AOnOJIHeHHe K CKpHHHHry notehij;häjibhbix pa6othhkob Ha npej);met HâJIHLIHA ajikorojibhbix npo6jlem, KOMnaHHA MO)KeT COKpaTHTb BJIHAHHe CpaKTOpOS, BbI3bIBaIOLIjHX 3JIOynOTpe6JIeHHe, HanpHMep, COKpaTHTb BpeMR OTJIyLiKH H3,Et OMa nytem H3MeHeHH51 rpa(thka pa6otbl H BBe,24eHHA 6o1lbulero pa3hoo6pa.3h51 B pa6oty. 3cPcPEKT "HOPMAJ1bHOV1" IIPAKTVIKVI HA PA6O4EM MECTE B AOnOJIHeHHe K 34(peKTaM, KOTOpble MOryT OKâ3bIBaTb Ha ypobehb notpe6jiehha a3ikorojir Ha pa6ote pa6ollee oxpyxcehhe H THn pa60tbi, OTHOLLIeHHe pa6othhkob H"HOpMâJIbHâR" npakthka, KOTOpaR CyLL[eCTByeT TaK)Ke OKâ3blBaeT 3HaLiHTeJIbHOe BJIHAHHe Ha nobeaehhe 35

44 pa6othhka es MO)KeT, no KpaiiHeii Mepe B HeKOTOpbIX CFiTyalniAX, 6bITb 6onee gei-ictbehhon, LIeM npabflna KOMnaHeses o notpe6nehhh ankoronsi.... MO)KeT CyI1jeCTBOBaTb (DOpMâJIbHâA nojihthka n0 notpe6jiehhio, ytbep)k1(ehhâa BbICinHM pykobo,qctbom, KOTOpaA HrHOpHpyeTCA 60JIb1IIHHCTBOM pa60thhkob B OTBeT Ha npelinojlaraem6le npel.ictabjiehha O MeHee COI(HBJIbHO H3oJIHpy1oHl,eM nobe1(ehhh, rae notpe6jiehhe ajikocojia CriHTaeTCA HOpMâJIbHbIM - 1lâx(e )KeJ1aTeJlbHbIM - nph HeKOTOpbIX 06CTOATeJIbCTBâX....HBnpHMep, B TO BpeMA, KaK notpe6jiehhe Ha pa6ote B CTpOHTeJIbHOF1 KOMnaHHH MO)KCT HpOTHBOpeLIHTb nojihthke KOMnaHHH, Cpe1[H rpynnbl KâMCHIIjHKOB, MâJIApOB HJIH CTOJIAp0B Mo)KCT noapa3ymebat6ca, ito BO BTOpON nojiobhhe 1.(HA B HSITHHL[y MO)KHO "paccjia6ht6ca" H "BbIIIHTb HeMHOrO nhba". CXONCee nobe1iehhe B njlahe B61nHBKH B rpynne JHOAet.gpyroti npo(pecchn, HanpHMep, nporpammhctob KOMnbIOTepOB MO)KeT nphbecth B pe3yjibtate K 1ZHCuHnJiHHapHOMy HaKa3aHH10 HJIH ysonbhehhio (145). HonHTHKa KOMHaxHH no notpe6nehhio anxoronsi Ha pa6ote Mo>KeT, TaKFiM 06pa30M, IIOJIHOCTbIO HrHOpHpOBaTbCSi CTpOHTenSIMH, KOTOpble nojiaaiotca BnMAHHIO 6onee HaCyiijHOrO H MOU[HOI'O npejjctabnehhsi, LITO BO BTOpyK) nojiobhhy,ghsi 06bILIHO nbiot H 3T0 nphemnemo. ECnH notpe6nehme ajlxoronsl CTaHOBHTCA LIaCTbK) pa60tbi H CBSI3aHHOii e pa6otofi AeATenbHOCTes, peanes3agha nonhthkh no 3anpen(eHMIO notpe6nehhsi MO>KeT notpe60batb 60nbnIHX Cpe.IjCTS H HapynlaTb nponecc npoh3bonctsa. Ba>KHO, TM He McHee, OTMeTHTb, 9TO He ace "HOpMbI", KOTOpble Kâ>ICjrrCA npothbopeliaiijhmes ankopon6hon nonhthke, ABnAIOTCA HeraTHBH6IMH j(jia KOMnaHHH. HeKOTOpble es3 3THX HOpM pa3shjihcb HMeHHO IIOTOMy, LITO Cny)KaT XIA BbIIIOJIHeHHA HenOCpeAcTBeHHbIX Hy7IC1j KOMnaHHH H OT,genbHO pa6ollero. HanpHMep, cbsi3es, BO3HHKa1O11jese B pe3ynbtate notpe6nehha MOIyT BbIIIOJIHATb CHMBOnHLIeCKyK) Fines aktyanbhyio CpyHKIjHIO, OLIeHb Bâ>KHyIO,gJIA AOCTFi>ICCHHA uenex pa6ot61 oprahh3aizhh. CiO,aa Mo)KeT BXO,i(HTb o6nerliehese 6peMeHH pythhhoîi pa6otbi B j[jihtcnbhble CMeHbI H ynyllluehhe ItiopMHpoBaHFIA KOnneKTHBa (146). IIosao6Hyio unphhocanjyio npehmyujectsa" npakthky CJIO)KHO es3mchhtb, a nonesthka, KOTOpaA npothbopeliht cli, BepOSITHO, 6yAeT sctpelieha CTOI%IKHM COnpOTHBneHMCM pa6othhkos BCeX ypobhei4. n0apa3ymesaemaa nphcmnemoctb OnpegeneHHOii Kyn6Typbl notpe6nehha MO>KeT OCna6esTb nlo6ylo nonhthky H 3HaLIHTenbHO OCJIO)ICHHTb CO3,aaHHe 6e3anKOTOnbHOIi pa604eii Cpe,i(bI. 3HaA O Ba>xHOCTH 3THX HopM B OnpeAeneHHH npakthkes notpe6nehha ânkorona Ha pa60liem MeCTe, ankoronbhaa nonhtmka 36

45 MoweT 6bITb 6onee ycnelliho3%i, ecnh oxa 6yJeT 3aTparlisaTb 3TH BOnpOCbI. no-bhjjhmomy, cna6oe B03,geFICTBHe Mep ajikorojibhok nonhthkh Ha 06LI(Hki ypobehb notpe6nehhsi ankoronsi B CHIA (l 47) MOTnO 6bITb O6ycnosnexO HH3KHM nphophtetom, nphaahhoro pa6ot[emy.mecmy, B XOj[e npocihnaktlizieckhx ychjihii H Mep BO3,tIeiiCTBH5I (138). O,aHOI3 H3 HaCyIL[HbIX np06nem, C KOTOpOIi CTOJ7KHynHCb HCCnegOBaTenH B O6naCTH ajikoronsi, SIBnSieTCSi BbISIBneHHe MOILIHbIX CHn, KOTOpble AeHCTByiOT Ha pa6otlem MeCTe, H TOrO, KaK OHH MOryT BnHSITb Ha nobegehhe B nnahe notpe6nehhsi ankoronsl. 37

46 AnKOronbHafl nonvltvlka Ha pa6oyenn nnecte 4 PA3PABOTKA f1011viti4kv1 34:14JCKTHBHaA ROJIHTHKa AOJDiCHa pa3pa6atblbâtbca KOHKpeTHO AJIA KOMnaHHH, B KOTOpOIi oha 6yueT HCR0JIb30BaTbC51, H C yliacthem BCerO OCHOBHOTO RepCOHâJIa. Te, KTO COCTâBJIAIOT ROJIHTHKy AOJDICHbI ROHHMaTb, LITO Kâ)ICj1aA KOMRâHHA OTJIHLiaCTCA OT BCeX OCTâJI6H61X, H LITO HH O,ITHa nojihthka He MO)KeT 6bITb 3C1)(1)eKTHBHOii ARA scex KOMnaHHN. CTeReHb,,g0 KOTOpON OrpaHHLIeHO notpe6jiehhe ajikotojia Ha ZjaHHOM KOHKpeTHOM pa6olicm MeCTe OLIeHb CHJI6H0 3aBHCHT OT KOMnaHHH, THRa BbIROJIHSIeMOii pa60t6i H Bâ)KHOCTH ykperjiehha HC06XOjjHMOrO HMHjniCa KOMnaHHH. 3TH CpaKTOpbI MOTyT nphbccth K OLIeHb pâ3hbim THRaM ROJIHTHKH, KaK 3T0 IIOKâ3bIBaK)T Ase ROCJIeljylOülHe B6I,I(ep)KKH, O.twa H3 COBeTa OKpyra KeHT B AHTJIHH H BTOpaA 143 KOpnOpal[HH A3pOROpT XHTpOy, JIOHJ.tOH. YMepeHHoe IloTpe6neHHe a.nkorona ABJIAeTCA nphemnembim. TaIUKe npnemnemo He notpe6natb ajikoconb Ana ni01iei7, KOTOpble He XOTAT 3TOr0. FlepCOHa.1Iy He n03boji5letca IIOTpe6n31Tb ankoronb nph HCROnHeHHH CnyN(e6HbIX 06A3aHHOCTeN HH nph KaKHX 06CTOJITenbCTBâX. 3Ta nonhthka TaK)Ke KaCaeTCa HanHTKOB C HH3KHM COAepK(aHHCM ank000jia HJIH 6e3anKOrOnbHbIX HanHTKOB, TaK KaK nepcohan AOnNCeH nohhmatb, 4TO 3anaX ajikorojü1 MO)KeT OCKOp6HTb KJINCHTOB.... COTpyAHHKH He AOn)I(HbI noceh(atb 6apbl He Ha TeppHTopHH, He mie ee BO BpeMA HCnOJIHeHHA CnyN(e6HbIX 06A3aHHOCTeA, Aax(e AJIA TOCO, 4T06b1 B61nHTb 6e3aJIK0rOnbH0r0 HanHTKa. 3T0 KaCaeTCA TaKx(e BpeMeHH o6ena H OIiHUHanbHO OnpeneneHHbIX nepepblbob Ana OTAbIXa.... COTpyAHHKH B 38

47 yhh(popme {inyt 3a1tHTHON oae)kae, no KOTOpON MO)KHO nohatb, 4T0 OHM pa6othhkh A3p0n0pTa XHTpOy, He JtOnNCH6I noceiljatb 6apbt, r1[e OTnyCKaeTCA ankorolib, HH Ha, HH BHe TCppHTOpHH a3ponopta. A6COniOTHO 065I3aTenbH0, 4T06bI OCHOBHOi-i nepcoxan, y4actaylou(hn B noarotobke, peanh3au4h H ouehke nojihthkh, 6b111 y6excaeh B ee He06XOAHMOCTH. 3T0 3azjaHHe 4aCTO Tpe6yeT npobeaehhsi OnepaTHBHorO ahanh3a KOMnaHHH H HCCneAOBaHHSI o6nacten, rae MO)KeT nposibnsitbc51 B03AeICTBHSI ankoronsi, TaKHX KaK KOnH4eCTB0 Cny4aes OTCyTCTBHSi H HeC4aCTHbIX cny4aeb. FbIno HanHCaHO MHO)KeCTBO ctatei%i, OnHCbIBaiOII(HX nyth COCTaBneHH51 nojihthkh, C TeM 4TO6bI oha COOTBeTCTBOBana KOHKpeTHbIM Tpe60BaHHHM KOMnaHHH (134, 135, 148), H 3TOT BOnpOC He 6yAeT 06CyxCAaTbC51 3,geCb AeTanbHO. I1PV1MEPbI AJ1KOf Ol1bHOV1 I1011V1TV1KV1 B 6noKax 1-7 nphbeaehbl nphmepbl THUMB ankoronbhofi nojihthkh, KOTOpble HCIIOnb3y1OTC5I Ha,gaHHblli MOMeHT B pa3jih4hbix KOMnaHH51X EBponbI. npegctabnehhaa HHttiOpMaIjHA 6bIJIa co6paha nytem 6eceA C nepcohâjiom KOMnaHHÎ-i H H3 nepeaaxxbix HMH AOKyMeHTOB 06 ankoronbhoii nojihthke. OLIEHKA AJ1KOf-OJ1bHOV1 f1oj1v1tv1kv1 )K143HeHHO Ba)ICHbIM, HO 4aCTO He,1j000eHHBaeMbIM KOMIIOHeHTOM nojihthkh SIBnSIeTCSI ee OueHKa. OHa Bâ)KHa, TaK KaK npej[octabnsiet HHttlOpMauHK) o6 3t1tkeKTHBHOCTH nonhthkh, nomoraet OueHHTb 3KOHOMH4eCKHe nocneactbhsi H no,agep)khbaet HHTepeC K gahhomy Bonpocy. YnpasneHHe CaHHTapHOro npocbeujehhsi AHrnHH (148) ytbepxcaaet, 4T0: OueHKy He06X0AHM0 paccmatphbatb, KaK HeOTbeMJIeMyIO 4aCTb BBeAeHHA a1ikoroji6ho1 nojihthkh Ha pa604em MeCTe... nto6aa HOJIHTHKa, KOTOpaA He noabepraerca HOCTOAHHOMy KOHTp01I0, y4ety H ouehke pnexyet CTaTb ycrapeanjea. 3t14eKTHBHaA ouehka TaK)Ke Ba)KHa AAA noctoahhoro nposeaehhsi pa6otbi n0 yxpeiulehh10 3AOp0Bb5I. Bcë maule otaenam BbIABHraeTCSI Tpe6osaHHe o6ecne4htb "3aTpaTo-3c14eKTHBHoe" o6cny)khbahhe. K co)kanehhlo, KaK noka3an OnpoC, nposeaexxblfi KoHtbeAepauHeii 39

48 FpHTaHCKOri npombiliinehhoctii (CBI) (14) ol(ehka pa60tbi cnyxc6 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHA B KOMnaHHAX AOBOnbHO HH3Ka:... Bcë 6onbInM11 axueht AenaeTCA Ha CnoCO6HOCTb Cnyx(6 3,apaEOOxpaHexHA Ha npeanphathax 06eCne4HTb "3aTpaT0-34)(1)eKTHBHbIN" cepbmc... 40% pecnoh,aehtob onpoca CBI CMOrnH nojic4htatb 3aTpaTbi 1-10 ycnyram 3npaB00XpaHeHMA Ha npe,anpmathax, KOTOpble OHH OKa3bIBâlOT. B CpeAHeM 3aTpaT6I COCTaBnAK)T B rojj, 10% peciloh,üehtob TpaTAT 60nee 1 MJIH. B r01l TeM He McHee, H3 9Hcna BceX KOMnaHMI, KOTOpble CMOrnH 110JIC4HT3Tb 3aTpaTbl, TOnbKO 11% CMOrnM O11eHHTb, ABnAK)TCA RH MX ycnyrh 3aTpaTO- 34)4TeKTHBHbIMH. ÎIpHMepbl 01.;@HOK OL(eHKH 344eKTa pa60tbi CnpK6 H MepOnpHATHrt np0(becciiohanbhori CaHHTapHH B EBpOne ABnAK)TCA A0CTaT0'-IHO peakhmh, HaM nphinnocb M3y'iaTb HCCne,goBaHHA, npobeaehhble B CHIA, 4TO6bI HaIïTH HH(pOpMaLjHIO o6 3(1:(lIeKTHBHOCTH MepOnpHATHr1 no BOnpOCaM anxorona H 3A0posb5I B L(enoM. HanpHMep, Blose & Holder (149) B HCCne,aoBaHHH 3aTpaT KOMnaHMH Ha oxpahy 34op0BbA nocne BBeAeHHA nojimthkh H3y'IHnH 3anxCH no 6onee 2200 cny4aam 3aCTpaxoBaxxblX pa6othhkob 3a 14-neTHHIi nepho,q. B HCCnejjOBaHHH AenaeTCA BbIBOA, '-ITO netiehhe ankoronbhbix npo6nem nphbeno K CHH)KeHHx) 3aTpaT Ha 3ApaBOOXpaHeHMe, HO 3TH npemmylgectba B3aHMOCBSI3aHbl C BO3paCTOM. r10cne ne4ehha 3aTpaTbi no 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHIO CHIDKaIOTCA AnA nioaen MnaniIIe 50 net, HO He AJIA nioaerl ctapuie 50. B BbIBOnaX noa'iepxhbaetca BaxCHOCTb pahhero BbIABneHHA M neiiehha npo6nem - 'iem ctapliie pa6othhk, 'iem MeHbLHe 3aTpaT0-340C1)eKTHBHOCTb ne4ehha. Holder & Blose (150) TaxxCe H3y'-IHnH BnHAHHe nemehha "ankoronh3ma" Ha 06LL[He MCAHL(MHCKHe 3aTpaTbl KOMnaHHH. OLIeHKe noabeprnhcb AaHHble 3a 14-neTHHrI nephoa o 6o1Iee 3000 c.rry4axx ankoronhkob, npoliiealhhx ne4ehhe no eahhomy nnahy. r1ph oüehke H3MeHeHMA 3aTpaT HCIIOnb30BanHCb ABe CXeMbI H3yLIeHH51 AeIiCTBeHHOCTH. 1-lepBblli HCn0nb30BâHHblri McTOA 3T0 OLjeHKa AO H nocne ne4eh1451 H3y'IaeMOrl H KOHTpOnbHOrl rpynn. 3TOT McTOA noka3an, 'ito B CpeAHeM nocne ne'iehha npohcxoaht 23% CHpICeHHe O6LqHX 3aTpaT Ha 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHeo BTOpOIi MeTOA - 3T0 BpeMeHHble cephh 3a 14-neTHHii nephoa, noka3abhihii, 'ito MeAHLjHHCKHe 3aTpaTbl Ha npohieahihx ne4eh4e anxoronhkob HmICe Ha 24% no CpaBHeHHiO C TeMM, KTO He npouien ne'iehme. 3TO HCCneJOBaHHe npoaemohctphpobano AOnrOCpO'iHble 1103HTHBHble eKTbI, 40

49 KOTOp6Ie MO)KeT nphhecth ne4ehhe. B HeM TaKxce AaHa OnpeAeneHHaA noaaepxcka OIjeHOK, COrnaCHO KOTOpbIM Ha KaNCJy6IÎi 3aTpa4eHHbIM amephkâhckoii KOMnaHHC1ï Ha nonhthky n0 pa6oliemy MeCTy AOnnap B OTBeT Bo3BpaLLjaeTCA OT 2 Ao 7,IZOnnapoB. AMepHKâHCKHe BbIBOAbI CJIO)KHO nphmehatb j(jisi EBpOnbI, TaK KaK CyLgeCTByfOT pâ3nh4ha B TOM, KaK 4-.)OpMHpyloTC31 3aTpaTbl Ha MeAHLjHHy. AMepHKäHCKHe OIjeHKH 3aTpaT0-3(14eKTHBHOCTH ne4ehha TeCHO CBA3aHbI C 3aTpaTaMH KOMnaHHH. 3TH 3aTpaTbl He COBnaAaK)T c 3aTpaTaMH KOMnaHHÎi B ctpahax, rae OXpaHa 3AOpOBbA ABJIACTCA B OCHOBHOM 3a60T013 rocyaapctbehhbqc cjiy)k6 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHB, a He KOMnaHHH, H 3aTpaTbl pacnpeaenak)tca Ha e KOnH4eCTBO HanorOnnaTenbLLjiiKOB. Y4eT n0a06h6ix 3aTpaT He BKJnO4aeTCA, TâKHM O6pa3oM, B OLjeHKy pacx0a0s KOMnaHHH B 3THX ctpahax. rlpeanonaraemble npenmylijectsa OT npose,rxehha ankoronbhopi nojihthkh MoryT, TâKHM 06pa3oM, He 6bITb nphbnekâtenbhblmh AnA KOMnaHHii AaHHbIX ctpah. HeAaBHHe H3MeHeHHA B 3aKOHaX B BenHK06pHTaHHH, HanpHMep, MOryT CnOCO6CTBOBaT6 H3MeHeHH}O 3TOIi CHTyaIjFiH, Talc KâK C anpena 1994 roaa pa60toaâteni3 AOn)ICHbI HanpAMyiO OnJla4HBaTb BCe pacxoabi no 3a60neBaeMOCTH CBOHX pa6othhkob (151); 3T0 MO)KeT nphbecth K TOMy, 4T0 BBeAeHHe nonfithkh KOMnaHHH no 3ApaBOOXpaHeHHIO CTaHeT 6onee nphbnekatenbhblm AnA pa6otoaatejie14. B pe3ynbtate BBeueHHA nonhthkh npoh30iiin0 3Ha4HTenbHOe COKpaüjeHHe 3aTpaT n0 ApyrHM (PaKTopaM, He CBA3aHHbIM C 3aTpaTaMH no 3ApasooxpaxeHHlo. HanpHMep, Hiker (Heony6nNKosaxxble Aaxxble 1974 roua) o6hapyachn, 4To BseAeHHe ankoronbh01-1 nojihthkh B Tene(tIoHH01i KOMnaHHH 1'IJInHHo14Ca nphseno K 46% COKpalljeHHIO OTCyTCTBHA no 6one3HH, 81% COKpanjeHHIO HeC4aCTHbIX Cny4aeB nph HCnonxeHHH cnyxce6hbix 06A3aHHOCTeH H 63% cokpaujehhlo HeC4aCTHbIX cny4aeb BHe pa6otbi, BCe 3T0 B pe3ynbtate nphseno K exceroahoh 3KOHOMHH B pa3mepe 1142$ Ha 4enoBeKa TOnbKO n0 3aTpaTaM Ha BbinnaT61 BMeCTO 3apnnaT61. BaxcHOH 4aCTbIO OLjeHKH nonhthkh ABnAeTCA OnpeAeneHHe 3(1141eKTHBHOCTH THna HCIIOnb30BaHHOrO ne4ehha. 3Ta 06JIaCTb HCCneuOBaHHIi ABnAeTCA O4eHb 3Ha4HTen6HOIi, TeM He McHee, M61 KOCHeMCA 3T011 np06nem6i TOnbKO B KOHTeKCTe 3(P(PeKTHBHOCTH CTaLjHOHapHOrO ne4ehha no CpaBHeHHio c am6ynatophbim, H CBA3aHHbIX C 3THM 3aTpaT. 41

50 6110K 1. fipnmep 2nKOrOJ1bHO171 f10j114tnk1,1 B TpaHCIIOpTHON KOMf1aHNp1. KoJInvecrso pa6othhkob: 300 PaCCMaTpHBaeMble npo6j1emb1: IIonNTHlca BBeAelia: OCHOBHble nononcehha HOJIHTHKH Ijenu HOBâA 3aKOHOAaTenbHâA 6a3a Bb160p04HbLN / Bb13BäHHbüt npn'inhoh KOHTponb Ha ajikorojib H HapKOTHKH Ee3onacaocrb pa6orlirlxa H naccaxcnpa OTBeTCTBeHHOCrb 3a BbinonHeHNe Ao 1982 roua 1-fOBbICHT1 nohhmâhne pa60thiixamh plicxa 3noynoTpe6neHNA anxoronem. 11oM0Y1, pa60thhkâm, noao3pcbalol11flm y ce6a HanH4Ne ankoronbhbix npo6nem, A06p0B011bH0 06paTHTbCA 3a nom0i1(bk) B COOTBeTCTBy1o1IIHe yiipe)kaehha Ha pahhe}i craaxh npo6nem. HanpasnATb pa6othnxob B cootbetctbyi01üne y'ipe)kjiehna 3a nomoilib10 nph IjxCLISinJINHapHbIX HapyIIleHIiSIX, Bbr3BaHHbIX, n0-bhailmomy, anxoronbhbßlh npo6nemamn. Teopust u onpedeneuust finkoronbhble npo6nemb! paccmatphbalotca, B OCHOBHOM, KâK BOnpOC 3AOpOBb51 H COIU1anbHblN BOnpOC. finkoronbhâa npo6nema OnpeAenAeTCA, xax notpe6nehne ankorona, xoropoe BpeAHT 3AOpOBbK) paôothhxa, yxyalnaet BbInOJ1HeHNe COLINanbHbIX (1)yHKLIHii HiHJIN BbIITOJIHCHHC pa60tb1 HnH nobeaehhe. 17po:fedypa ebtnonuexust I'nacHocrb o6ecnevxsaet cnryalcwo, 'coma Bce pa6ornnk4 3Haior o npo6nemax. 3anpellleHo notpe6n5tb anxoronb Ha pa6ore (Him Aaxce BHe ee, eux pa60thhl< B yhhrpopme). Pa60THHKâM npeanaraetca BO33MO)KHOCTb Bb13[CHHTb CBOIi A140rH03 H flpontn neyehhe np11 AHCLIHIUINHapHbIX HapyWeHHAX HAN B Cnyvae A06poBOnbHorO o6pautehna. IlpoBeAeHHe nevehna opiâhn30bâlio KOHCyJIbTaLIHOHH01i CJIy)K6Oli pa6othhkob (ECS). ECS HH(i)OpMNpyer OTAen Ka1IpOB TOnbKO B cny'iae BepoATHOro OTCyTCTBNA pa60thhka Ha pa6ote, 6OJTbHH4H6I1 nhcr npn Heo6X0ANMOCTN IâpâHTNpyeTCA. IIpeAOcraBnAeTCA BO3MO)KHOCTb AanbHeNIDero neyehlia npn BTOpN'iHOM B03HHKHOBeHNN npo6nem nocne ne4ehha. Hominem He 3aTparNBaeT otaellbhble cny4an 3noynoTpe6neHHA. KoH(pNAeHI(HanbnoCTb 3anxceN o pa6othhke crporo CO6JBOAaeTCA. I10nNTNKa KacaercA BceX pa60thhkob elle 3aBHCHMOCTH OT NX AonDKHOCTN. IIOJINTNxa npocrnpaetca N Ha CnyYâN a3apthbix Iilp H ynotpe6nelwa nery'lnx BCIIICCTB. 42

51 6110K 2. fîpvlmep a11ko1of1bho0 f1of10tnkv a3poflopta KonnvecrBo pa6othh1cob: oxono 1200 PaccmaTpHBaeMble npo6nembr. rionhtnlca BBeaeea: TexHHVeCKâA H nnvnaa 6e3onacHocrb IIepecMoTp H H3MeHexne nonhthkh c TeM, vto6btoha xacanacb Bcex pa6othhkob CHJIbHble npocßcolo3b1 Ilepablil npoeicr B anpene Ha 11aHHbIÿ MoMeHT nonhthxa nepecmatpxsaerca O6n(He nononcehhh nonhthkh L(enu B03MO)KHOCrb pa60thnkbm nony4ntb KBanN4pNUNpOBâHHy10 nomoh(b H COBeT. BOCCraHOBNT6 HâBbIKH H CnoCO6HOCTH JI1060r0 pa60thhka C ankoronbhbimh npo6nemâmh Ao nphcmnemoro ypobha 3a pa3ymhbin nephoa BpeMeHH. TeopuR u onpedenerrur n01aabjiaet ReATeJIbHOCTb vacth ronobhoro M03ra, KOTOpaA 06b[vHO KOHTpOnNpyeT B6InOnHeHHe npabhn nn4horo H 06H(eCrBeHHOrO nobeliehha. Anxoronb ABnAeTCA nphvhhofi noteph 14 MJIH. pa6ovhx /well B 3noynoTpe6neHNe anxoronem cneliyet paccmatphbatb, Kax 6one3Hb, cneuobatenbho 6o1IbH0ro venobexa Hy1ICH0 nevhtb TainKe, xax C3paJialOajerO OT J11060r0 IIpyr0r0 3a6oneBaHHA. HLpo1{edypa ebinonxexur IIoTpe6neHHe anxorona 3anpeHlexo Ha pa6oveh TeppNTopHH H ARA mo6oro pa6ornxxa B yhhcl)opme. HenpaBHnbxo nph6eratb K 1jHCUNIIJI4HapHbIM MBpaM B CnyvBfIX, KorAa JjeliCrBHA pa6othhxa o6ycnoßnehbl HanN'iHeM xpoh}iveckoro anxoroj[h3mâ. Pa6oTHFIXaM Cne1{yeT Ca.MOCTOArenbHO 06paH(aTbCA B MenHUHHCKH[%I uehtp, rie Mo)KHO nonyvhtb COBeT, KOHCynbTBUH10 WIN nponth nevehne. HanpaBNTb MoxCeT TâK)Ke MeHe1.UlCep no Ka.B,paM B CB1I3H C 6oJIbInHM KonNVeCCBOM [IpOr[yCKOB paôotbi. OrKa3 nponth nevehne HRH peu11j1hb npnbepyr K.IUiCUI'nU1HHapHbIM MepaM HRH K IICHCHH n0 COCTOHR0 3AOpOBb51. Pa6arHNxN NMeK7r npabo Ha yvacriie npe,gctbbhten1i np04pcoio3a Ha JBO60N BCTpeve H npabo OCnapNBâTb jjoknai(bi Me11HKOB. 17pum[evauue TlonfTrHKa He C01lep>)CNT 3neMeHroB npocbe[uehha. 43

52 611OK 3. flpnmep â11komilbhon (lof1ntnkn B y4pe)kaehnn 3,C4p8BOOXp2HeHNA KonNVecrBO pa6orhhlcob: 2060 PaccMarp[1Baenlble Bonpocbl: IioAHrHlca BBeAeHa OCHOBHble nononcehha nonhthkh I (f'_ lu TiepCOHan e)ke,ahebho HâX01IHTCA B TeCHOM KoHTâKre c nauxehtamh. Xapaxrep uesrrenbhocrh no1lpa3yme- Baer, vt0 BOnpOCbi 31IOpOBb5I,aOn)KHbI 0006o BOnHOBaTb COTpy1IHHKOB "AOCTaTOYHO,aaBHO" CIOBbICHTb IIOHYLMaHHe pa60thhka.mh phcka, CBB3aHHOrO C notpe6nehhem ankorona, HapKOTHKOB H netyvhx Be[IIecTB. IIo6yxcaarb pa6orx4xob, n0a03pebasoiijhx HanHVHe y ce6a np06nembl 3aBHCIiMOCTH o6pall(atbca 3a nomou(b10 HanpAMy[O HJIH vepe3 C00TBeTCCByK)ulNe npoue1iypbl. B npouecce.ahcuhnihhaphoro Haxa3aHHA npe,anaratb pa6othhky HanpaBHTb ero 3a nomoiub[o B COOTBeTcrByK)IUHe yvpex(aehha i3j1a OnpeAeneHHA 1(HarHO3a H, ecnh He06X0,aHM0, nevehha. Teopusi u onpedenehun 11p06neMbI ankoro1ibhoii H HapKOTHVeCKOr1 3aBHC1iMOCTH ABJ[SIK7rC51 B OCHOBHOM Me1IHUHHCKHMH H COUHanbHbA1H, H n03t0,my JI1011x C no1i06hbqrih np06nemâ.mh 1IOJUKHbI HMeTb 1IOCTyn K nevehhlo H nomo[iih. AJIKOrOnbHâA 3âBHCHMOCTb onpel(enaerca, KâK 3nH301Ix'leCK0e HIM noctosihhoe norpe6nehhe ajikoronsl, KOTOpOe ABHO H noctoahho Bpe11HT 3nOpOBbiO venobeka, ero (pyhkuhohhpobahhio B 06[ueCCBe, pa6orocnoc06hocth H BbInOJIHeHInO pa60tb1 I7poyedypa BbinoAHeHUft rnachocrb o6ecne4hbaer oco3hahhe npo6nembl BceMH pa6othhkamh. Anxoronb 3anpeH(eH s pa6ovhx nomeuiehxax. BbWBneHHe npo6nembi mower 6bITb C1IenaHO vepe3 11o6pOBOnbHoe o6paulehhe HJIH epe3 Hanpasnexxe MeHelvxepa. B cnyvae 1jo6posonbHoro o6pa11.lehha spay npo(i)eccnohânbhon CaHHTapHH oprahh- 3yer OKa3aHHe cootbetctby10luelï nomouih vepe3 He3aBxcHMble HJIx rocy,aaper- BeHHb[e oprahh3auhh H OnpeuenHT acneicrb[ 1[anbHeNIlleli noa%zep)kkh, KOTOpaA mower norpe6obatbca. Oren Kalopos 6ylter npohh(popmhpobah, ecnh npo6nema, n0 MHeHHI0 cneuhajihcros, MO)Ker nobnhatb Ha 6e30naCHOCTb HJIH 341(1)eICrHBHOCTb pa6otbl, H T0r1(a M01ÿr 6brrb npeanpxhatbi nhcuhiu1hhaphble Mepbl. HanpaaneHHe pyxoaollclbom Ha nevehxe AOJUKHO npe,asapsrrbca 6ece1I0N B nphcyrcrbhh npeucrabhtena np0(pco[o3a. CornacHe c HanpaBneHHeM BneveT 3a CO6oFi 6ece.qy c pa6othhkom ot1[ena maps, a 3aTeM BbllneollHCaHHyK) Me1IHIpiHCKyfo npoueliypy. OrKa3 OT HanpaBneHnA Herter K HeMelüleHHbIM 1IHCI[1fIUIHHapHbIM MepaM. 44

53 J10K 4. ÎÎpNM2p ankofonbhovi f10j1101t41kn B f1nllt2bov1 KonHVecrso pa6othhxos:750 f1pombi WffAHHOCTN PaccMaTpHBaeMble Bonpocbl: nojihthka BBeAeHa: nonninka 6bula BBeAeHa HeAaBHO nocne OANOro HAN Aayx HecvaCnibCC cjlyvaes, o6ycnobnehhbix ajlkoronem. Se3onacHoClb (HanpnMep, BOAHrenH 9neKlpoxapa) flpoekt Ha AaHHblA MOMeHr nepecmâtphbaetca OCHOBHble iKCHHH nojihthkh TeopuA u onpedeneuujt 3noynolpe6nenne anxoronem onpeuenaetca Kax notpe6nehne Ao TaxoFi crenehh, vto otpancaetca Ha BbInOnHeHHH pa6otb1. IInOXOe BbinonHeHHe pa6otbl, 06ycn06neHH0e ankoronem, ABnneTC)I HapylIJeHHeM cornacho Ae41CTBylOIUHM noctdhobnenham. /lpoyed)pa BbinoJlueHUA Ilepeu yc7paic7bom Ha pa6ory AOJDKeH 3a1101IHATbCA BOnpOCHHK no notpe6nehnk) anxorona. Kax pykoboaaiune, Tax H paaobble pa6othhkn AOJDKHbI nponln o6yvehne o pncxe notpe6nehha ankoroj1a AAA 3AOpOBbA (npocbethrenbhble KâMnaHHH AOJDKHbI npoboah7bca OrAenOM npocpecchohanbhai cahhraphh). PyKOBOAAluNI1 COCTâB o6yvaeica pacn03hâbât6 "ankoronbhble npn3hâkhu. 3nOynorpe6neHNe ankoronem paccmâtphbaerea KâK AHCUHMHHapHOe HapynleHHe, HO ANCI1niUninapH6le Mepb1 MoryT 66m, OTCpoveHbl, Yro 6b1 Aa3v pa6othhxy BpeMA nojiyvhtb cooi9e3c'iby0n{yl0 KOHCyJIbTalpüO H nevehhe. BeAeTCA cnhcok y4pen(aehhl3, rae MO)KHO nojjyvhib nomonib, vt06bi nph Heo6X0AnMoCni 6brlb B COCTOAHHH HânpaBnTb TyAa pa6othhkä. 3T0 6f10K 5. f1pnmep âj1ko1-of1bhon f1011ntnkn B CTpBXOBON KOMf12HNN. Konnvecrso pa6othhkob: PaccMaTpHBaeMble Bonpocbl: Pa6oTHHxaM rulala I enceneaenbno (no verbepram) - o6blvafl nhtb BO BpeMA o6eaa Bo3MONaocTb pa3pa6oralb npoekr nonhthxh B 1995 rony, H BBeCTH TeC[NpoBanne nonhthxa orcytctsyet, OCHOBHble npouenyphble nonoikenna CBOAHTCH K cneayrowemy TeopuA u onpedenenua J_(enaereA pa3nh4ne MeNCJy 3noynoTpe6nenneM anxoronem AAA yaobonbcibha (AHCIIHnnHHapHbM Bonpoc) H TeM, vt0 BO3HHKaer B pc3ynb3äle ankoronbh0a np06nem61 ( Bonpoc CnoCo6HoCIH venobeka ce6a BeCIH). /7poyedypa ebrnonueuusl IloTpe6neHHe ankorona 3anpeweHO, xak npabhao, B pa604nx nomewennax (HCKnIOVeHHA COCIâBJIAx7r PONCAeCTBeHCKHII 06e1[ H T..) ANCUHrOIHHapHbIM HapyHleHHeM CvHraerCA On6AHEHHe AO CieneHH, KOrAa 06313aHHOCTH H pa6ota He MONCer 6brrb BbInOAHeHa, pa60thhkâm Am-la HHII)OpMaunA 06 3TOM B KHHre AHCUHMHHapHblx Mep. Oco6oe coo6nienne HanpaanAerCA B oraen Kaupos. Homan', (vepe3 MeclHble cnync61,i 3ApaBOoxpaneHnA) npeao(.`rabjlaetca, KOrAa ankoronbhaa npo6nema cynlectbyer H 3T0 nph3naeica, AHCUHIUMIiapHble Mepbl OTKnaj$IBâKYrCA A,0 TOro, Kax pe3ynbtalbt nevenha Molyr 6brlb ouenehbl. 45

54 6J1OK 6. npnm2p ankofojibhon f10jlntnkn B T@IIeNH,gyCTpn1 KonevecTao pa6othhkob:220 PaccMarpHaaeMble Bonpocbl: rlonhthka BBeAeHa: Ee3onacHocrb (HanplT`tep, BonHTeJilt) 06blvaN nhtb anxoronb Bo apemn o6e,ua BcrpevH, HanplLMep, npoaonlimble )lcypxanhcramh a o6njecraehhbpc Mecrax oxono 1984rona OCHOBHble 11OJ1O)KeHHA noj1hthkh Teopun u onpede.nexua 3noynolpe6UeHHe anxoronem OnpeneJlSierCA, fax noctoahhbin WIN 3nH3onHYeCKHN yposehb notpe6nehha anforojia, KOTOpbILi nphbonait K (13H3H'ieCKON, nchxo11or1pyeckoi1 HJIH COUHanbHON 3aBHCI-IMOCTH, YTO B pe3ynbtâte BbI3bIBaeT yxynlnehhe BbInOUHeHHA pa6otbi Ii/HUH ocna6nehhe 3nOpoBbA YenOBeKa KoMnaHHA OnpenenAeT 3nOynOTpe6neHHe ankoronem, KâK B ncpbylo oyepenb npo6nemy 3JI0pOB6A H, TâKHM 06pa3oM, rotosa nom0y6 JBOnAM, Hyx(na101ultMCN B neyehhh, Tâl03Ce KâK H npyromy 60nbHOMy, a He pacuehhbatb 3TOT BOnpOC TOnbKO KâK nhcuhiu1hhaphbin. IlporJedypa eb}nonhertua flpobonatca 06yYafOluHe H npocbethtenbckhe xamnal-ihh n0 BOnpOCaM âuk0r01i51. EinKOrOnb 3anpelueH B pa6oyhx nomeluehhax. Ao6poaonbHoe H nphhyt(htenbxoe HanpaBneHHe COBepIIIaeTCA Yepe3 otnen Kanpoa, KOTOpbI11 OprâH1130BbIBaeT KOHCynbTâUHIO CO cneuhanhcrom (BHeHIHAA OpraHH3auHA) lionbhyiyhbi11 rapahthpyetcn, ecuh JEUN neyehha HeO6XonH,MO nponycthtb pa6oty. OTneneHHe npocpecchoxanbxon caxhtaphh 6yneT npocnexchaatb nporpecc nph neyehhh. 1-lpencTaBHTenb npo(pcok)3a MO)Ker nphcyrctbobatb Ha 1I1060N CTanHH nahhbix nenctbhn. AHCUHIUIHHapHble Mep6I He MOryr nphhhmatbca, ecuh pa60thhk COrnallaeTCA IIpONTH KOHCynbTHpOBâHHe, nph ycnobhh, YTO neyehhe He npep6lbaetcn H BbIIIOJIHACrCA nojihoctb}o. CJIyYali cpbiba nocne neyeh}n 6ynyr paccmâtphaatbca no cyheecrby nena, ecuh Heo6xonHMo, MO)KeT 6bITb npenjlonceha BO3MOx(HOCrb nanbhnlnero ne9ehlia. 17pulrevaxue HHKTo ellee He npomen nonhocr6}o a6llueonxcaxhble npouenypbl 46

55 6noK 7. flpnnnep ankoronbhon TV1KLi B rearpe KoJlHyeerao pa6othhkob: PaCCMaTpHBaeMble BOnpOCbl: 54'1enoBexa - nonxbln pa6ovhh Jiexb, no 150 no KpaTKOcpO'IHbIM KOHTpaKrâM RUH 4aCrH'1HbIN pa6o9hh nehb O4eHb pa3hbin COCTâB pa6othhkob; 06b14aN notpe6nexna anxoronx cpenh nepcohana H oco6exxo cpenh axrepob; pa6othhkh HaxOJWTCSI a TCCHOM KOHTâKTe C ny6nhk017; e30nachocrb (TexnepcoHan); ankoronb nphcytctbyet B pa6ovem nomeilcehhh nojinthkh HeT - OCHOBHble npollenyphble noji09kehna 77pIlMe4aH2le OCINIBNanbHO yhacnenobâha nonhtiika 1993 rona; oha nplihsrra HC(DOpManbHO H BCC ewe nepecmatpnbaetcs1. TeopuR u onpedenexun HHKäKHX 77poyedypa IZpH OTCyTCTBHN 0(l)NC(NanbH0A ankoronbhon nonhtnkh, Bce coaepmaetcst "6onee HRH McHee Ha CnOBâX H Ha OCHOBe cy)kaehhn". JIIOnH npohhipopmhpobâhbi 0 TOM, Hero OT HHX xuryr, Ha C06eCenOBaHHSOC. He cyniectbyer 3anpera Ha ankoronb.iuisi akrepoa, TexHHKOB H T.A. McHenNCepbl nbrräk7rcsi OnHpâT6CS1 Ha 3ApaBbI11 CMbICn, 'rr06bl npeaotapathtb HeC4aCTHble Cny4aH. CytüecrByeT He0(tNC(HanbHOe nohhmâhne TOCO, HTO paôothhkh 6apa H KaCC He notpe6ns1k71' ankoronb nph BbInOnHeHHH Cny)Ke6HbCx 06513aHHOCre11. JIIOJUI, pa60tason(ne B 30Hax phcka, nph 3anaXe OT HHX ankoronh noc61na}otcii AOMON. MOAN, KOTOpbIX HânpaBnAJIH Ha KOHCynbTall,NH, nony'iakrr onnaty 3a spew! OTCy1CTBHSI H3 6K3.rUxera KOMnaHHH no 3ApaB00XpaHeHH10 H 6e300aCHOCTH. 77puMevaxue. McHeJUKepbl xotenh 661 BBeCTH TeerHpoBâHHe, O6ycn0sneHHOe onpenenehhb1mh nph4hhamh, H npocslt, W061,1310 OTpaNCanOCb B KoHTpaKrax pa60tbi nepcohana. 47

56 HecMoTpx Ha MaCCy JIaHHbIX He B IIOnb3y ctaiihohaphoro neliehhsi H pea6hniitalnxfi no cpasxehiiio C Mel-lee otsnexalolijhm4i OT pa6otbl BIaZ[aMli neliehha B CILIA B 1980-e rojjbl, 60nbLUOe KOnHLIeCTBO pa6othhkob 6bInH HanpaBneHbI Ha CTaL[HOHapHOe neliehiie (152). IIpennonaranocb, LITO?COTA o6pauiehhe K CTaLjHOHapHOMy neliehhk) He SIBnAeTCSI 3aTpaT0-3C1:14)eKTHBHbIM pelliehhem np06nembi, emy OTJ(aBânOCb npej[nolitehhe no cnenyloluhm nphlihham (153). 1. bonblhhhctbo MeJjHIiHHCKHx CTpaxosox o6ecnelli3saet ropa3ao 60nee nonhyio H LIaCTO njeapyx) OnnaTy 3a ne4ehi3e B 60nbHHLje. 2. no nnahy, xacalouiemycsl 3a6onesaeMocTH H HeCLIaCTHbIX cnyliaes, 3apnnaTa BbInnaLlHBaeTCSi COTpyJjHHKaM, KOrJJa OHH OTCyTCTByIOT Ha pa6ote. 3. HanpasneHHe Ha ctauraohapxoe neilexxe ynpouiaet x(h3hb aamhhhctpatopam nporpammbi nomoll[h pa6othhkam (EAP). Y6eJÿHTb LienoBexa nporrth KypC neliehha LIaCTO ABnAeTCA TpyJZHOH, 3a6Hpalouceri MHOrO BpeMeHH H 3MOuHOHanbH0 CJIO)KHOrl 3aJ(aLleii. XIA BeLIHO 3aHATOrO a,gmhhhctpatopa, nepenoxchtb OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb Ha nporpammy ctalixoxaphoro neyehha ABHO npouje, LIeM nhliho pykoboghtb H KOHTpOnHpOBaTb ycnelhhoe BXO)ICJZeHHe nal[hehta B nporpammy am6ynatophoro neliehha. 4. CDHHaHCOBble nocnejjctbha 3TOrO peinerais' MOryT 6bITb HeMBHbIMH J1JIA a,ii,mhhhctpatopa, KOTOpblli ero nphhhmaet, TaK KaK 3aTpaTbl no CTaL[HOHapHOMy neliehhio H n0 BbinnaTâM BMeCTO 3apiUlaTbl MOlyr ylihtbibatbca rjte-hh6y.ijb B nporpamme ynyi-iliiehha 3,a0p0BbA, KOTOpaA HaXOJ(HTCA 110,71 iophcahkljheii, J10CTâTOLIHO OT,iZeneHHOH OT EAP. YCneX "MHHHManbHbIX" B03Jjel3CTBHI%I, KOTOpble CTOMT 3HaLIHTenbHO JteLUeBne, LIeM ctaljhohapxoe neiiehhe, 6bin npo,ijemohctphpobah B OLieHKe KoHCynbTaLjHOHHOii CJIy)IC6bI J1n5I pa60thhkob B I1I0T1IaHJI;HH (154). 3Ta cjryxc6a nphhhmaet HanpaBneHHM OT LnHpOKOrO Kpyra pa60toj[ateneii II10TnaHAHH H OCyLgeCTBnMeT npobejjehhe nporpamm KOHCynbTHpOBaHHM, LIT06bl nomolib nioxim C ankoronbhbimh np06nemamh. Fon CrIIyCTA nocne neliehha TOnbKO 7,7% nanhchtob 6bInH ybonehbi CO CBOHX pa6olihx McCT, B pe3ynbtate HX ankoronbhbix npo6nem. (I4ccneJZosaHHe, OJjHaKO, He BKnIO1Ia1I0 B Ce6M KOHTpOnbHyK) rpynny, LITO ycjio)khact 48

57 617 K110JON11E H1.00HflH3H31HH Ki1H31193d1O11 H `K110JONIIE NE.L KHH31193d10U OJ3H1t3d3 NEN `ahhamednoo EH 1.N3Ci(p6 HI9H9113.LHhEH HIIEEENO KHa13H317 OS 01h `H11E ENOU I91EL911iC ad KHH X19H9110C1.LHON HIfH Hd.L H OIHIIE.L911iCOHON oiân.ledn K903 fi `KH1lEJ.911Â3H0N KEmO1EhO11r)1a KEHH3dHmOEd (a H U 00H93hX H 3H,LKHE [ 00H1.XHHI-5 K900 a KEmO1EhOtlf3la `KH1IE1911iC3HON KEN,LEdN (9 `HHHa11gad.LOU INOHINX Ed H 111.3oa 3d.L 0 13E10 Ho13od11 (E :KHa.L3Ha17 oa axmolâi7a113 93H11EâHH3110 KHH3HEdXOOaEdil HwEIN013H3 H KHHalrgad.LOU HwEdiCL9ua H141I9H Ed 9H3h0 3 HEd H ola1no19u 010)1E EH KHa1.3Ha17 0a O.IONiEd)1 ENIY1IEdlodu 93E111fd3aodu `LSI) (gsl KHHaHEdxooaEdlt HaNriE HHEJdo HoxdHlN33g icniohheaodhoh0113 `HHa1.3Ha17 0a X.L)1aodu OU 'XEHEd.L3 XH1Xdit XI9d01AN3H a H HEEENOU 3N01E1 IfI99 `H.LOOYVHOHaE J.0101VH 0H 019do1031 `HNIHm0191I HIN01. OJOiNaKU9ad.L0U `K11010N11E Ea100hH110N a HHHamEdNOO 1.N3CPCpE XI9H911EiNHHHIV HHa.L3H3i7 0a 'HHHEOHUitadU 1N0hEda XI9HHEOHU17oU awdolp a.lned.lhon HI9HH3IN H K110JONIfE HHH31193d10U G HOHUE KIfit HNHHaaHTt ai9h9ifa17ah `Hm0YV0U0iNEO OU.La11N,C9 `K11O1oNIfE HHHamEdxadu KHHOUgad.LOU H11H HHHamEd3103 EhEda O HHN.LEdN.1.3ao3 1S933 a E11Eho111N11 KHa13H3lt 0a EYVINEdlodu KHHau9ad.LOLIÂ011 I917O HUe 3HN1t3d H K1101oNIfE KHH31193d101I 3HH3mEdxo3 33m90 KEh0111Na `aha.lohait oa oxal70a H0d11 o11199 Hodo.LON a `HODUÂd1 H HODUXd1 HOH9IfOd1.HON Xi7NCaIN KHH3H31N H 019H91f31.HhEH HIrHNCXdEHgo HHp (o1110i73h a oN11E O1013Hh JOSE ) 1N31101oNIfE xhmolklrgad.louico1r 606 KHHEE017311O0H xe1,e,l9uaad o.laemgoo3 (9SI) 1E ;a aoe11em wauojonue KHHaugad.LOUXou EE-EH X)13Hd 1f903.LaEldaaltou `oxallocdehgo Max `o1.n `1N31..L0a03 91EflEit H K110JONIfE ahh31193d.lou EH fi01,h3h11eu XH JHHHHdN3 91.H1toaodU HNH.LNEdu Haingo INEhEda 91,Eao17HalNoxad 1.oiENCUOItodU H `XxaU3Â N o11aahdu E1.3ao3 ahhauge.l3oltadu o,lh `.LOiEhOIIfNE (SSI) uoos uosiopuy a JS9 a (o111a17ah EH a) 1A13H1t0d3 3H d.LOU 3090 H11H.LEd)1O3 OH9ua1.HhEH OIHIIE1A11iC3HON ahmttamodu `E1,0a03 XHmaHhiC11OU 3H `HHhNCiCIN HODUXdJ HOH9I1OC1.LHON 3 o1hh3haed3 OU anc ou OI1101t3H a K110JONI1E J OJO13Hh E INHmOiK119ad.LOu `wehhhnutin HNH.LNEdU Haingo EhEda E1.3a03 1N3CPCPs HIfEaHHatlo (SSI) noos?8 uoslapud H11EaOdHd1.3HOiNa170du HI9HhHJOIfEHE xau3x KHHE9017a1133H ahjxdjt (ao1.e1.911ic 3d oihtie.laduda.lhh OIXHhO.L

58 rlof1hthkn OIjeHKa ycneliihocth nonhthkh, XOTA oha OLieHb Ba)KHa, ABnAeTCA HenpOCTbIM JlenoM. HaH6onee 06LhHI-I MeTOg - 3T0 npoctoe CpaBHeHHe no H nocne, OCHOBaHHOe Ha otcne)khbahi3h HeKOTOpbIX OCHOBHbIX noka3ateneii (HanpHMep, KOnHLIeCTBO HeCLIâCTHbIX CnyvaeB, CnyvaeB OTCyTCTBHA Ha pa6ote H 11p0Ii3BO,gIiTenbHOCTb TpyJZa). XOTA 3TOT MeTOJ( npenoctabnaet HeKOTOpble noka3atenh ycnexa, BeCbMa CJIO)KHblii XapaKTep KOMnaHHi-I 03HavaeT, LITO Hy)KHo ollehb OCTOpO)KHO nojjxoj(htb K OTHeCeHHio pe3ynbtatob K KaKOiinH60 KOHKpeTHOIi nphlihhe. BepOATHO, 34)(131eKTbI nojihthkh vacto nepeolrehhbaiotca, TaK KaK HCCneJJOBaTenb LIacTO ABnAeTCA H anmhhhctpatopom, B HHTepeCbI KOTOpOro BXOJ[HT CO3JjaHHe 1103HTHBHOr0 HMFIjpKa ARA ctapulero HavaJIbCTBa. 3T0 TaK)iCe OTHOCHTCA K oirehkam, KOTOpble IIy6nHKyiOTCA B xcypxanax, r,lie CTaTbH He pelreh3hpylotca KOnneraMH, LITO ovehb Bâ)ICHO gna COXpaHeHHA akajjemhveckoa TOLIHOCTH HCCneJIOBaHHA (159,160). TaIOKe BbI3bIBaeT 6ecnOKOI%ICTBO, LITO HCCneJjOBaTenH LIaCTO He paccmatpfisalot chctemy pa6overo oxpy)cexxa, LITO OHH:... He H3yvaiOT npoueccbi, npoxcxo,u5u1he B pa6ovem OKpy)KeHHH, KOTOpble MOTHBHpyIOT pa6othhkob H3MeHAT6 CBOe nobeaehhe, a TaKNCe JieNCTBHA aamhhhctpathbh6ix pa60thhkob, KOTOp6Ie n61tâlotc51 IIOMOV6 pa6othhkâm H3MeHHTb cboe nobejzehhe. Be3 nohhmahha 3T14X Beniei, Cne[IHäJIHCTbI He MOryT HHTepnpeTHpOBaT6 pe3yj16tat6i Aaxce pa3pa6otahhoro CâMbIM HaH7tri1CIHM o6pa3om HCCJIe110BaHH KaK TOJIbKO HCCJ1eJiOBaTeJISIM yjiahoc6 nohsit6 3TOT npoliecc... OHH MOryT OLieHHBaTb pe3yj16tat61 nporpammbl 60JIee T (161). KpoMe TOro, Warner(162,163) ykâ3bibaet, LITO HCKOTOpble 3aTpaTbl no ykpeiijiehhio 3JZOpOBb51 Ha pa6oliem MecTe npollinh He3aMevexxblMH, a HMeHHO, nexchh, ycnyrh 3npasooxpaHeHHA H BbInnaTbI no HHBâJIHJjHOCTH JjJIA pa6othhkob, KOTOpble OCTâJIHCb B )KHBbIX 6narOJ.[apA ycnexy nporpammbi. CO MHOrHMH HeJ[aBHO OIIy6nHKOBâHHbIMH OL;eHKaMH, Cyu(ecTByiOT TaK)ICe HeKOTOpble MeT0J10JIOrHVecKHe CJIO)KHOCTH. Richmond et al. (83) otmeliaet, LITO 601IbnIHHCTBO H3 HHX He BKniOLIaIOT HCCneJ[OBaHHe KOHTpOnbHOii rpynnbi H nepho,abi nocnejjyioll.[ero H3yLIeHHA OLIeHb pa3nhlihbi H/HJIH CnHLIIKOM KOpOTKH, vto6bi nokâ3atb JUIHTenbHOe COXpaHeHHe H3MeHeHHA nobenehha. CyLheCTByIOT TaK)Ke np06nembl C THnOM J(aHHbIX, He06XO,aHMbIX JiJIA npose,liexha aneksatholi OLIeHKH. 11OKa3aTenH 34)(keKTHBHOCTH nporpammbl, TaKHX KaK H3MeHeHHe KOnHVeCTBa nporynob, 50

59 KOnHLIeCTBa AHeN no 60nbHHLIHOMy, HeCLIaCTHbIX CnyLlaeB, TeKyLIeCTH nepcohana, KaLIeCTBa BbInOJIHeHHSI pa60tbl, KOnHileCTBa AHCIIHnnHHapHbIX B3bICKâHHIi H OueHKa 3(1)(1)eKTHBHOCTH B pa6ote LIâCTO OTCyTCTByIOT, HAM we OHM noac'-intbibâjiiicb HenpHeMneMbIM Anx HayLIHbIX iiccneaobahiil%i o6pa3om. KpoMe TOrO, OLIeHb CJIO)KHO npoaemohctpi3pobatb nphlihhhyio B3aHMOCBS13b Me)KAy noa06hbimh H3MepeHHSIMH H notpe6nehhem ankoronsi. 1-lporynbl, HanpliMep, MOryT 6bITb B3SITbI Ansi AeMOHCTpHpOBaHiiR ypobheh notpe6nehhsi ankoronsi, HO OHH TaK)ICe MOryT OTpa)ICaTb TaKHe (t)aktopbi, KaK npeaahhoctb H yaobnetbopehhe OT pa6otbi. bonee TOrO, 3anHCH KOMnaHHH npeaha3haliehb! Ting Hy)KA OpraHH3aL(HH, a He Ans1 HccneAosaTeneei (83). YpOBeHb npohhkhobehhsi B OpraHH3auH1O HCnOnb3OBanCSI HeKOTOpbIMH HCCneAOSaTenSIMH Ana OnpeAeneHHS[ ycnexa nporpammbi. YpOBHeM npohhkhobehfisi Hâ3bIBa1OT ctenehb, B KOTOpOM nporpamma AOXOAHT H BJIHSIeT Ha BCeX pa6othhkob KOMnaHHH. 3Ta KOHLienL(HR sblbeaeha H3 MOAenH 06LIjeCTBeHHOTo 3ApasOOXpaHeHHSI H pe3k0 OTnHLiaeTCSt OT noaxoaob, KOTOpble OIjeHHBa1OT TOnbKO TeX pa6othhkob, KOTOpble pelnhnh yliactbobatb B nporpamme. OHa OCHOBbIBaeTC51 Ha npeanonoxcehhh, LITO cpeah HaCeneHHSI CymeCTByeT rpynna "phcka", H B03AerICTBHe MO)ICHO CLIHTaTb ycnelllhbim, ecnh OHO AOCTHTJIO 3TOii rpynnbl. Ycnex, TaKHM 06pa30M, ouehhbaetcsi, KaK pacnpoctpahehhe AeNCTBH51 npotpammbl B pamkax OpraHH3agHH (159). C 3THM noaxoaom CB5I3aHO TaKxce HeCKOnbKO np06nem. gahhbiii noaxoa npeanonaraet, LITO B HânHLIHH HMeeTCA OL[CHKa BenHLIHHbI rpynnbl phcka. B Cnyilae C ankoronem, TCM He McHee, 3Ty uhcl)py no BenHLIHHe rpynnbi nonylihtb CJIO)KHO 143-3a npo6nembl C AaHHbIMH CâM000061IjeHHN. He 11pOH3BOAHTCSI HHKaKOi4 nonbitkh OL[eHHTb KnHHHLIeCKHIi 3(ib(peKT neliehhsi. BbICOKOe npohhkhobehhe nporpammbi He nphhecet HHKaKOrO npehmylijectsa, ecnh pe3ynbtatbi neliehhsi 6yAyT HH3KHMH. OIjeHKH, KOTOpble 3AeCb o6cy)icaanhcb, n0ka3bibaiot, LITO npobeaehi7e neliehhsi pa6othhkob C ankotonbhbimh npo6nemamh SIBJISIeTCSI 3aTpaT0-34)(DeKTHBHbIM. B o63ope nellehha ankotonbhbix npo6nem H 3aTpaT Ha 3ApasooxpaxeHHe, Holder & Cunningham (164) ytsep)kaa1ot, tao: "B LjenoM, Aaxxble HCCnCAOBaxHIi pa6othhkos H 51

60 4neHOB MX cemeî3 n0xa3bibalot CHN]KeHtie o6ll[mx 3aTpaT 3ApaBOOXpaHeH451 nocne nposeaehha neliehma anxoronn3ma". IIOMHMO npobez[ehida neyehl-ia, COKpaUeHMe ypobha notpe6nehma cpe,qx 3noy11oTpe6nAloluHx pa6othi-ikob, y KOTOpbIX HeT 3aBHCMMOCTx, nytem HCIIOnb3OBaHx51 CTpaTerMM Mi3H11MâJIbHOrO B034(ei%ICTBH51 TaK)Ke, no-bmammomy, ABnAeTCA 3aTpaTO-3(i)(tleKTHBHbIM cn00060m COKpaIIjeHHA ajikoronbhbix np06nem. Ha,IIaHHbIi%I MOMeHT BO3M0)KHble 3KOHOMH4eCKMe npemmyuectba HCIIOnb3OBaHH51 AaHHbIX npoueayp B pamkax KOMnaHxH eue HeM3BeCTHbI, HO OHM MOryT 6bITb 3HaLIHTenbHbIMH. ATIKOrOnbHaA nojimthka MO)KeT CIIOCO6CTBOBaTb BbISIBneHHIO npo6nemhbix nbiouhx H npmhectm HeKOTOpble npehmyuectba AnA KOMnaHHH, BKJIIO1-Ia51 COKpaueHMe ypobha notpe6nehha Ha pa6ollmx MeCTaX, a TaK)ICe, TaM r,qe pa6othhkos He06XOAMMO nepe06yliatb, 3KOHOMHIO 3aTpaT, CB5I3aHHbIX C 06yLleHxeM HOBOrO nepcohana. TeM He McHee, CyUeCTByIOT 3aTpaTbI, CB5I3aHHble C 3T01i AeATenbHOCTbiO, 0006eHH0 3aTpaTbi no COXpaHeHHiO pa60iier0 MeCTa 3a pa6othhkom, KOTOpOMy OKâ3bIBaIOT nomoub, aammhmctpathbhbie 3aTpaTbl Ha npobeaehme nonmthkh, 3aTpaTbl Ha neliehme, KOTOpble MOIyI nactb Ha nnellm pa6otojjatena. H XOTA Taxxe 3aTpaTbl MOryT 6bITb 3anpe,l);enbHblMH, 0006eHH0 ARA MenKOI'O npennpmhhmatena, OHM MOryT paccmatphbatbca, KaK OnpaKkaHHble B CB4I3H C O)KMAaeMbIMM npexmyuectbamh, KOTOpbIX MO)KHO AOCTMLIb. f1p CBELLAEHNE B pamxax âjikoronbhoîi nonhthkh KOMnaHHH 4aCTo npoboamtca npocseluenxe pa6oilxx o notpe6nehmh anxorona H ero yposhax, KOTOpble HaHOCAT BpeA 3AOpOBbIO, O BO3MO)KHbIX nocneactbmax pa60tbi B HeTpe3BOM COCTOAHHH, a Taxxce B uenax Iry6nHLIHOrO OCBeUeHMA nonhtmkm KOMnaHMH (Ba)KHbII%I KOMIIOHeHT npobeaehha ycneliihofi nojimthkm). BKnIOLIeHHe npocbeuehha AnA BCeX pa6othmkos KOMnaHHH AaeT BO3M0)KHOCTb OpHBHTHpOBaTb nonhthky Ha 6onee IIIHpOKHe BonpOCbI, KaCaiOUxeCA notpe6nehma ankorona, a TaiUKe BO3M0)KHOCTb BBeCTH nonhthky no "ankoroni0", a He no "ankoronm3my". BKnIOLIeHHe ahthankoronbhoro npocbeuehha B KaLIeCTSe COCTaBHOI%I LIâCTM nojimthkh ABnAeTCA ceiiilac XapaKTepHoii LIepTOi%I 52

61 nonhthkh KpynH6IX KOMnaHFIkI. MHOrHe KOMnaHHH BKnaZ[blBafOT 3HaLIHTenbHble CyMMbI B KaMnaHHH rnachocth, KyAa BXOAHT pacnpoctpahehhe 3K3eMnn5IpOB TeKCTa nojihthkh cpe,gh BceX pa60thhkob, pa3beuih3bhhe 3HaLIHTenbHOl'O KOnHLIeCTBa njiakatob H Aaxce BH,I1e0(1)14JIbMbI. BbI,gep)KKH 143,ÿByX nphmepos nonhthkh, KOTOpble BKJIIOLIaIOT B Ce6A 311eMeHTbI 06pa30BaHHA, npe,actabnehbl HH)Ke (CM. Taio ICe OnHCaHHe peâjlh3auhh nonhthkh B bphtahckoii HaITHOHâJIbHOÎ-I Cnyxc6e 3,apaBOOXpaHeHHA (165) ). LIT06bI npejtotbpathtb 3noynOTpe6neHHe ankoronem HIM HapKOTHKâMH, YnpasneHHe nacca)khpcko-tpahcnoptho{t KOMnaHHeN CTpe4Knali,lta noctabhno ce6e LtenbK) nom04b pa6othhkâm 00O3HaTb, 4T0 nk)60e notpe6nehhe ajikorojia HJIN HapKOTHKOB mower OTpHItaTenbHO CKa3aT6C51 Ha BbinOnHeHHH pa60tbi. Pa6oTHHKaM 6yueT =Ha pekomefutauha H36eraTb notpe6nehha ankorona B TaKHX KOnH4ecTBâX H B TaKOe BpeMA, KOTOp6Ie MOryT nphbecrh K yxyuniehhlo,itcaten6hocth B pa604ee BpeMA. B Te4eHHe Aonrnx net KOMnaHHA Shell nposo.uhna npocbetntenbhble nporpa.mmbi H cneueanbhoe o6y4ehhe AnA pa6othhkob o6 OnaCHOCTH 3noynoTpe6neHH2 BeutecTBaMH. IiIcnonb3oaaHHe o6y4aloathx nporpamm 6yAeT np0.40nncbtbc51, 4To6bI HH(l)opMHpOBaTb pa60thhkob H MCHeA)KepOB no BOnpOCâM 3noynoTpe6neHHA BeuteCTBa.MH, 06y4aT6, KaK pacn03habatb npeaynpexutak)uthe nph3hakh H 'ITO C 3THM AenaTb ]tanblhe. SIBIISIETCSI 11V1 flpocbel.laehvie 30cAEKTViBHbIM? Cyster & McEwen (166) npobenh ouexxy Ao 14 nocne nposeaehha ahthankoronbhoro npocbeiuehha CpeAH 4000 pa60thhkob nolitbi, KOTOpble 3anOJIH51nH BOnpOCHHKH. OTBeTbI noka3anh, LITO 143 TpeX HC11O11b30BaHHbIX MeTOAOB npeactabjiehha MaTepHâJla, HaH60nee 3C14eKTHBHbIM B ybenhliehhh 06'bëMa 3HaHHii no BOnpOCaM ajikorona SIBHJIOCb BHAeO; BCneA 3a 3THM MeTOAOM 11ln0 yliacthe B TecTe, H HaHMeHee 34:1CpeKTHBHbIMH OKa3â51HCb npocbethtenbhbie 6pouIK)pbI. Cyster & McEwen o6hapyxchnh, LITO oahoa 143 npo6nem pa6otouatena, Ha4HHalouiero npocsethtenbhylo KoMnaHHro no BOnpOCaM BJIKOTOnA ABnAeTCA TO, LITO ee BOCnpHHHMaIOT KaK BMellIaTenbCTBO B npose,ijehhe nhlih0r0 CB06OA11OrO BpeMeHH pa60thhkob. 1-IT06bI CBeCTH K MHHHMyMy 3Ty npo6nemy, npeanaraetca yliacthe B KaMnaHHH npo(pcoio3os H ynpasnalouiero COCTaBa. KpOMe Toro, npocbeulehhe AOnxCHO npoboaht6ca B KOHTeKCTe 06ü.[er0 ykperuiehha 3AOpOBb51. 53

62 IIpH nohbitke OI>;eHHTb BepOATHbIi3 ycnex IIpOCBeTidTenbHbIX KaMnaHHN Ha pa60liem MeCTe, none3hbim MO)KeT OKa3aTbcA H3y4eHHe HeKOTOpbIX pe3ynbtatob 6onee pacnpoctpahehhbix HCCnegOBaHHii o6pa3obaxl-ia no BOnpocaM 3J;0p0sb51 B Iuxonax. DeHaes & Schuurman (167), HanpHMep, noka3anh, noaxo,q yctpaluexha jjjia coxpauiehhx notpe6nexha anxorona H HapxOTHKOB npxsen K npothboiiono)khomy pe3ynbtaty, OH nphben K pacluhpehhio TOrO THna nobejjehha, KOTOpOe OH 6bin nph3bah COKpaTHTb. Bb16Op COOTBeTCTByIOwei%I npocbethtenbhol3 nporpammbl, TâKHM O6pa3OM, ABJIAeTCA peniaiollmm, ecjih MbI XOTHM j1octhlib ycnexa. CnelIHanHCTbI o6pa30bahha celimac B 06meM nphnijih K BbIBO,gy, LITO no.tjxoa KOM6HHHp0BaHH2 CpaKTOB H )KH3HeHHbIX HaBbIKOB ABnAeTCA HaH6onee 3CI4eKTHBHbIM MeTOJ1;OM npocbemehha MOJIOAbIX nloaex no BOnpOCaM ânkorona H HapKOTHKOB. TeM He McHee, BOnpoc o6 344eKTHBHbIX MeTOAaX,IjJIA 06rIeHHA B3pOCnbIX BCë elite OCTaeTCA OTKpbITbIM. B.gOnOJIHCHHe K 4-.1OpMe npocbewah)hjhx pekomeh,gahhh o6pa30bahha, Ha ycnex O6pa3OBaTenbHOli KaMnaHHH TaK)ICe BJIHAIOT ApyrHe 3neMeHTbI, TaKHe KaK yba)icehhe K HCTO4HHKy HHCPOpMaIjHi3 H LienOBeKy, ee npejzoctabnahjii(emy, a TaK)Ke 43aKTOpbI, cba3ahhble C COIjHanbHbIM H CIDH3HLIeCKHM OKpy)KeHHeM (168,169). 54

63 5 TecTNpoBaHme V1 ckpnhvihr B 3TON rnabe nenaetca 0630p HeKOTOpbIX nocne11hnx n0ctii>kehhii B 06naCTH TeCTIipoBaHliA pa6othhkob Ha ankoronb. H XOTA B OCHOBHOM 3neCb paccmatphbaiotca BOnpOCbl, CB5I3aHHble C ankoi'onem, Clona TaK)Ke BXOnHT HH(flopMaL[HA HO TeCTHpoBaHHiO Ha notpe6nehhe npyrhx HapKOTHKOB. OHH npenctabnehbl 3neCb no nphiihhe TOTO, tito MHOrHe H3 npouenyp, pa3pa60tahhbix nna TeCTHpoBaHHA Ha ynotpe6nehhe HapKOTHKOB, MoryT TaK>Ke HCn011b30BâTbC51 nna TeCTHpOBaHHA Ha notpe6nehhe ankorona. KpoMe TOTO, MHOrHe 3TH4eCKiie BOnpOCbl, KOTOpble Ba>I(HbI nph TeCTHpOBaHHH Ha HeneranbHble HapKOTHKH TaK>Ke Bä>KHbI H nph TCCTFipOBaHHH Ha ajikoronb. H HaKOHeu, notpe6nehhe ankotojia H HapKOTHKOB (nerajlbhbix H HeneranbHblX) LIaCTo BKJIIO1IaIOTCA B OnHy O6uzylo nonhthky - nonhthky n0 HapKOTH9eCKHM BeIIjeCTBaM. B 3THX Cny4aAX npol[enypbi 06Hapy>KeHHA H KOHTp0n10 notpe6nehha 6ynyT CXO,1kHbIMH. TeCTFipoBaHHe Ha ankotonb H HapKOTHKH BnCpBble noabhjiocb B CHIA, B MHHHCTepCTBe 060pOHbI B 1960-e ronbl, B OTBeT Ha pacnpoctpahehhe notpe6nehha HapKOTHKOB cpenh BOeHHbIX, B03BpaIuaK>IuHXCA H3 BbeTHaMa. T-laCTHble KOMnaHHH 3aTeM CTanH HaBOnHTb CnpaBKH o 3aKOHHOCTH TaKOrO TeCTHpOBaHHA, H HeKOTOpble npoabhnh HHHIjHaTHBy H BBenH npouenypbi njia CKpHHHHTa pa6othnkob H npetehnehtob Ha pa6oty (170). C TOTO BpeMeHH TeCTHpOBaHHe CTânO 60nee pacnpoctpahchhbim B Me>KnyHapOnHOM MaCIIITa6e, KaK CpenCTBO BbIABneHHA cnymaeb HeCOOTBCTCTBeHHOTO notpe6nehha ankorojia. MHOrHe KOMnaHHH CeN4aC npobonat TeCTHpOBaHHe Ha notpe6nehhe ankotojisi B Cny9aAX, KOrna nna 3TOTO ectb "nphlihha", a TaK>ICe B KaLIeCTBe nocnenylorgeh npouenypbl nocne ne4ehha. OTpbIBOK 113 HOnHTHKH Shell Expro no BOnpOCaM 55

64 KHHa1r90d1OUXOIr xeirhaedu KHHarraaodU 01100I1 KHHahalr ahhee0dh1301, OU ahhhhdu XEHO H1OOWHTYOX90OH HOHHaUII9H0U -EI10 09 '14100H ahhehodh.loaj,.latr,cg `15O9,LHITOEOdu Eïr.]ON OHN&L 19d0.IOIECD EH WahogEd `01O0NI NEN 9.LOOHUI2HH `EN0H01f0h O.Ia ahhaïrahou H 0Ha,Cd1r OI4HHE KHO O 1iO.L09Ed EH.LO9Ia.LKO.LOgO.I.,Crt,Cg 9.LKUHE.I.O1Tadu O1,CH9I101HhEH,CHHhHdll `41H3OdUO ah KO.LHITOXEH HII NHH109Ed ITOU WaHe.LOHa1T OH eoxh.loxdeh HLCH `K1fO.lONIfE `dawhdueh ah.la,ch.lo.l,cohdu Hlf 0OH9Ife.laIf0H 00NO0hH10NdEH OH.LOaïIIaH HIfH 91.1O1OxuE xdaeo O.IOHHaIfalTaduO KHHOd,C H aa/o.ia "'0W HHE.ld0 - aamol,iltalfaou ahhehodh.1.aa.l Ett.1oN NHH.LogEd KO,LaETfIEde oh x a.logbd auaou KHHahau ou,(trohou KHHaIr9ad.LOwfou 1W01f0.10NL'E HI4H4LfEhEH.LOa.L EH 011H01I90d1Ou HONH.LONdEH H KII0.10N11E H EH ahhalfgad.lohxou.1.0xcow K091HTTOH0d11 tradau WaHHamEdH OH ENaeOlrah N g'a.loged `WOUILIaH911E1T aonoahhtyohdall 0HHEHOdH1021 EH HNH.LONdEH H 91f0.]0x11-E,LaNCOW `If091H1Y0e0dLi MEN 910Eh I410gEd HHHEUWON O 0I41faII 9hOWOII,CNHH10gEd 91ENC0g 14 'EH19d3 g wa1ro.ionlre H HWENH.LOxdEH.LaEtl O1Hr1EWdOCPHH O KHHEfiodH,LOa.L OU OHHhHdU H KHHESOdH.LOa.L H- ahhahifoliott N OiHHEaOdH.LOa.L OU ahhhhdli H alfooli KHHahalr ancne.l.laehhheh KO4.LEH0 9LfOLIOH aohlie aha HIfH 0OHHalfaK19OOH ahheâodh.loa.l F_1ONEI OH IiI4HHOHTIEHHI1IHdNOHiI tlo10111 K.LOX.LaEaI4 14a o1,cahhadoah.lodu `O1H1NE0d.LaE17EIr9O H1VI4do10310H `HWEg.LOamÂIIHadLI HO OH4IIEHTIHa.LOU.LaNCO1N 41H915I48 Xa.L `XHmOI4LI 18119do10N ot1 o.io.le eaEt7X 9.LE.Iag H KHHa1fSKl4a.wo) (i 0OHL1E ahg `ahhefiodh.loa.l `10 Edg0 10Ea11hal13090,CaEir1 ahhallaki9fi xaas fi3ehâ1ro KHHalrgad.LOU ht/ûne 14 a o.la,ca.loamxd ON9Ir0N00H KHHattaaodU `KHHESOdH.Laa.L E axcne.l 019HhHIr Ed ai9hdâ1.31âd.1.0 I I4LILIÂd `110NHH109Ed N WI4d010N OHNCOW 4,LKHaWHdu I4WI1IEd.IOdu K11HE3od1-110a1 g 1110moaTlaLro 3110t7 Ed Ko101EHI4OHHO HhEtTE H.LKH X14HhHlr Ed ao11h.l '11I1AtEd.IOdLi zhnnndx,d padau ulrosuuanoduuad bx rfuuogbd ural>fcozlr :1(0411.1V90 41( h 41H.LEda.LOTiadu NIa11du EH klogbd Halra.LHgad.Lou XI9HHOIf3t1'adHo a.laat11aa HflOHE.LOO troxadau XI4HHEtT xalra.lhgad.lou EH ai4hhaua>-laduo I4tiHa `.I4109Ed HLrH I4gOLh 4,LEttxcadu&adu ahhalrgad.lou XI4HHEtT fi.loamas Hrtado fio.lhaiiha.ladü EH 'X.LO9Ed 9S

65 Tecmupoeauue no npuuuue moycem ucnons3oeamscsa: LITO6bI nojjtbepnhtb HIM OnpOBeprHyTb no,a03pehhe HaLlanbHHKa HnH McHeJKepa, LITO pa6othhk HapyLUHn npabhna KOMnaHHH OTHOCHTenbH0 ankoponsi; HnH LIT06bI npeaynpexcjiatb notpe6nehhe 3anpeüjeHHbIX BeLLIeCTB CpenH pa6othhkob. PezynRpuoe mecmupoaauue, pa6otalowhx Ha J(On)KHOCTSIX, rae He06XOnHMa nobbllnehhasi 6e30naCHOCTb, MO)KeT HCIIOnb30BaTbCSI, 1-IT06bI: npej(otbpathtb HaHeCeHHe yiijep6a KnxeHType, pa6otoaatenlo, TOBapHLI(aM no pa6ote H CaMHM pa60thhkam; HnH LIT06bI npej(otbpawatb notpe6nehhe 3anpeWeHHbIX BeWeCTB. Bue3anHoe mecmupobahue MO)KeT HCnOnb3OBaTbC5I, LITO6bI: npeaotbpaluatb notpe6nehhe 3anpelueHHbIX BeWCCTB cpenh pa6othhkob; HnH npez(otbpathtb H COKpaTHTb ywep6 HnH noteph üjlsl KJIHeHTypbl, pa6otoaatenx, TosapHLUek no pa6ote H Anx CaMHx pa60thhkob. llocnedy)oufee mecmupobaxue Mo)KeT HCnonb30BaTbc5I, 1-IT06bI: nomoiib nobbichtb 3(pCI1eKTHBHOCTb neyehhsi nytem npe,gotbpalltehhsi JjanbHeÏ-HnerO notpe6nehhsi H BbISIBneHHeM cpblba; HnH npej[otbpathtb H COKpaTHTb ywep6 HJIH noteph J(JISI KJIHeHTyp6I, pa60to,l1aten5l, TOBapHLgeÎ-i no pa6ote H AIM CaMHX pa60thhkob. OTBETHbiE MEPbI IIPOmCOIO3OB XOT5I B 061I[eM np0(ticoi03bi nph3haiot HeO6XO,THIMOCTb npobe,i[ehhsi Mep no KOHTpOniO 3a notpe6nehhem ankoi'onsi Ha pa60liem MeCTe, HX OCHOBHas< 3a6oTa COCTOHT B TOM, LITO6bI n106ble Mepbl 6bInH 06ycnOBneHbl H BbIIIOJIH51nHCb cnpaseanhbo. ganee npenctabnehbi HCKOTOpble B03pa)KeHHSI, KOTOpble BbICKa3bIBanHCb no BBe,geHHlo np01"pamm TeCTHpOBaHHSI. 57

66 TeCTHpOBâHHe,TIOn)KHO BbI5IBn5ITb CIIOCO6HOCTb LienOBeKa BbuIOnHSITb OnpeAeneHHyFo pa6oty, a He npoboahtbch, KaK KOHTpOnb nobeaehhsi pa6othhka. BaXCHOCTb 3T0I'O BOnpoCa 6bIna AOKa3aHa B KaHaAe, rae npo(bcoio3bi cornachnhcb C MHeHHeM KaxaucxoH accouhauhh rpa)icaahckhx CB060A H KOMHCCHH no npasam Lienosexa KaxaZ[bI ytbep)icaabluhx, LiTO He3aBiicFIMO OT nojio)khtenbhoro pe3ynbtata TeCTa HnH otkâ3a npofith AaHHbIÎi TeCT, pa60tojjatenb 065I3aH npoaemohctphpobâtb HeCIIOCO6HOCTb pa60thhka BbIHOnHSITb CBOIO pa6oty. TeCTNpoBaHHe MO)KeT HCn0nb30BaTbC5F, LIT06bI TpeTHpoBaTb pa60thhkob, HeO6XOAI4M0, LIT06bI Kâ.KHe-nH6o Mepbl 3aluHTbI pa6othhka 6bInH BKniOLIeHbI B nporpammy. ECTb onacehi3e, LITO TeCTHpoBâHHe Ha HapKOTFFYeCKHe Beu(eCTSa MO)KeT i3cnonb3obatbc5i, LIT06bI H36aBHTbC5I OT "He)ICenaTenbHblX" pa60thhkob, HnH LIT06bI OnpeAenHTb HX COCTO5ITenbHOCTb KaK pa6othhka Ii/HnH 6yJ.tyluyi0 npoaykthbhoctb IiX pa60tbi (171). KOHuenuFiSl "Ao6pOBOnbHorOn COrnaCHSF Ha nposeaenne TecTa SIBnSIeTCSI ckopee Boo6pa)KaeMoii, LIeM peatibhoii. B peanbhoki )KH3HH OTKa3 npoi7ti4 TeCT MO)KeT HeCTH C c060ii HeKOTOpble TOHKOCTH, 5IBn51eTC51 JII4 3TOT OTKa3 onpabaahhbim HnH HeT. Pa6OTHHK, TaKHM o6pa3om, oka3blbaetcsi noa CKpbITbIM AaBneHi4eM BbIIIOJIHHTb npocb6y H COrnaCHTbCSF Ha npoxo)icaehhe TeCTa. BBeAeHl4e TeCTHpoBaHH5I MO)KeT 6bITb ckopee pe3ynbtatom nonhthlieckoi'o Aâ.BneHHSI, LIeM NCenaHHeM ynyliiufitb ycjiobhsi pa60tbi. HpaKTHKa, BbI3BaHHa5I noa06hbimh (paktopamii, He BcerAa CJIy)KHT HHTepecaM pa6ollhx. TecTHposaHHe MoxceT paccmatphsatbcx, KaK HapylueHme npasa Llenosexa Ha nhlihyio )KH3Hb, TeCT KpOBH, KaK arpecci4bhoe BMeuIaTenbCTBO, a npslmoe Ha6nloAeHHe 3a MoLIeIicnycxaHFieM, KaK yhh)icehhe H HapyuleHHe ripas nhlihocth (172). HeAOBOnbCTBO, Bo3HHKIUee Boxpyr TeCTF3pOBaHF45I, TeM He McHee, BHAHMO, 60nbLIIe CB513aHO C BbIIIOJIHBHHeM MeponpHATHri Ha McCTHOM ypobhe, HanpHMep, C 6eCnOLIBeHHbIMH O6BHHeHF4SIMH McHeA)iCepOB, LIeM C OCHOBHOii (khji0c0(11heh nonhthkh (151). n03huhsi, 3aH5ITaSI npo(pcol03amh BenHK06pHTaHHH MO)KeT 6bITb npohnnloctphpobaxa Ha nphmepe npodocolo3a )ICene3HOAOpo)ICHbIX, MOpCKHX H TpaHCFIOpTHbIX pa60lihx (RMT), KOTOpblii npeactabnsiet 58

67 nepcohan.tiohaohckoro McTpO H bpi-itahckoii xcene3hofi AoporH. XOTSI npo(ticoio3bi CO)KaneIOT O He06X0AHMOCTH TeCTHpOBaHHSI, OHH OA06p511oT, LITO OHO ynomhhaetcsi B OnpeAenSIK)LuHx AOKyMeHTaX H SIBnSI0TC51 He06X0A14MbIM B HeKOTOpbIX 06CTOSITenbCTBaX. RMT, TeM He McHee, He OAO6pAeT TeCTHpOBaHHe HH nph KaKHX 06CTOSITenbCTBaX H ytsep)kaaet, LITO BHe3anHOe TeCTHpOBaHHe SIBnSIeTCAn 6eCnOne3HbIM H He3(l(keKTHBHbIM, npeactabnsiet C060Fi HeOnpaBAaHHOe HapynIeHHe npas pa6othhkob, H no3tomy ero BBeAeHHK) He06XOAHMO OKa3bIBaTb COnpOTHBneHHe" (151). B HAeaJIe, RMT CLiHTaeT, LiTO TeCTHpOBaHHe AOnXCHO Cny)KHTb B KaLIeCTSe CpeACTBa KOHTpOnSI 6e30naCHOCTH, H LITO OCHOBHOR AOnrOCpoT-IHbIFI akl[eht nonhthkh n0 ankoronk) H HapKOTHKaM AOnXfeH 6bITb CAenaH Ha 06pa3oBaHHe H 00O3HaHHe. FOPVI,qV1LIECKVIE ACfIEKTbI CWA B Koxue 1980-x roaos B CILIA 6bino BseAexo B AeHCTBHe saxcxoe 3aKOHOAaTenbCTBO, KOTOpOe OTKpbIBaeT Asepb nobcemecthomy BBeAeHHiO nporpamm CKpHHHHra. B 1986 roay IIpe3HAeHT noanhcâji ykâ3 06 yctahobnehhh npasl-ina 3anpelueHHSI HapKOTHLIeCKHX BeIIleCTS Ha rocyaapctbehhbix pa6olihx McCTaX. TaKxce 6bin nphhsit akt npothb 3noynOTpe6neHHSi HapKOTHLIeCKHMH BeIAeCTBâMH, H 6bInH BBeAeHbI OCHOBHble pekomehaaijhh no nporpammam TeCTHp0BâHHSI Ha HapKOTHLieCKHe Ben[eCTSa AnSI rocyaapctbehhbix pa60thhkob. B pe3ynbtate nporpammbl BHe3anHOrO TeCTHpOBaHHSi Ha HapKOTHLIeCKHe BeLL[eCTSa CeHLiaC nposoaxtcsi MHHHCTepCTBOM TpaHcnopTa CLIIA, LiTO6bI OXBaTHTb asi-iauhlo, xcejle3hyio Aopory, KpynHble nepeb03kh, rpy3obhkh H ra3onpoboabi (170). MacDonald & Wells (170) yrbepxcaaiot, pa6ollhe MecTa, BO3MO)KHO, SIBnSIIOTCSI CaMbIM nyl1nihm McCTOM AnA nposeaexhsi nporpamm CKpHHHHra. OHH 3a5IBn5I10T, LITO:... TaK KaK 70% notpe6htenen HapxoTHKOB pa6otaiot, pa6oiihe MecTa MoryT 6bITb CâMOH yaa9h0ii, CO CTpaTerH9eCKON TO9KH 3peHH3l, n03huhen B o61ijectbe, 9T06bI 60pOTbC51 HpOTHB notpe6nehha HapKOTHKOB. KOHCTHTyUHOHHble rapahthh MHOrHX HH,gyCTpHan6HbIX CTpaH, TaKHe KaK npabo Ha TalïHy LIaCTHON )KH3HH H Onpe,geneHHâA CXeMa npouecca pa6ot6i MOryT 6bITb 060NAeHbI nytem perynupylouinx yctahobok npabhtenbctba HnH COrnanIeHHA Mexcuy pa6otoaatenamh H pa60thhkämh. n0a06hble Mepb1 MOryT CAenaTb CKpHHHHr Ha 59

68 pa6ozihx MecTax 09eHb MOII(HbIM Cpe,fICTBOM BbInBReHHSï notpe6nehha HapKOTH9ecKFnc BeWeCTB B 061IZecTBe. B TO BpeMA, KaK 06XOXCAeHHe KOHCTHTyuHOHHbIX rapahthi ABJISIeTCSI OMeHb CROPHbIM BOnpOCOM, TeCTHpOBâHHe Ha pa6o4hx MeCTaX - ecru,'" 3TOrO MO)KHO AOCTH4b - 6e3 COMHeHHIl 6yAeT MOIIjHbIM MeTOAOM BbISIBneHHA ypobheri notpe6nehh2 ankorona H HapKOTriKOB, H He TOJIbKO Ha pa6o4hx McCTaX, HO H B o61uectbe B uenom. AMepHKaHCKHe rocyaapctbehhbre HHCTHTyTbI TaIUKe nbltak)tcsi BBeCTH AaHHble npouegypbl COBMeCTHO C ApyrHMH ctpaxamh. HanpHMep, OxpaHa no6epexcba CHIA HaAeeTCA AOCTIiTIb AsyxcTOpoxxero COrnaüreHHA c espone3-ickiimx CTpaxaMH H KaxaAoli no BBeAeHI3IO o65i3atenbxoro TeCTliposaHHSI Ha HapICOTH4eCKIie BeLuecTBa npn BCeX ItlopMax TpaxCllopTHON H ra3onposoahoii AeATenbHOCTH (173). O623aTenbHble npabl-rjla, KOTOpble nphmehaiotca B CHIA 6yAyT HMeTb nocneactbha H TWA ApyrHx CTpaH, OCO6eHHO B TpaHCHauriOHanbHblX BHAaX npombiiiinehhoctfi, rae amephkahckâa OJIHTMK 6yAeT nphmehatbca nobcemectho. B@JIb1K06pNT8HNA XOTA B BenHK06pHTaHHIi He CymeCTByeT 3aKOHOAâTenbHblX Tpe6OBaHIiFr no CHCTCMaTH4eCKOMy TeCTHPOBaHHIO KPOMe HeKOTOpbIX cny4aeb, OTHOCALuHXCA K TeCTFrpOBaHHIO no nph4hhe) HeKOTOpble KOMnaHHH HaLrHHaIOT BBOAHTb ero B OTBeT Ha AKT no TpancnopTy H Tpy.ziy 1992 roaa, cornacho KOTOpoMy Tpe6yeTCA, MT06bI pa60toaatenh npnno)khnh "ace BO3MO)KHble ychnha", 1-1T06bI Ii36e)KaTb BO3HHKHOBeHiiA nr06bix CB513aHHbIX C ajikoronem HeC4aCTHbIX cnymaeb. AKT TaK)Ke AaeT HeKOTOpble nojihomotiha nonhuhh AnA TeCTHpOBaHHA pa6othhkob, n0 noboay KOTOpbIX ectb OCHOBaHHA nonaratb, TITO Te HaXOAATCA noa BnHAHHeM ankorona (cm. I'naBy 2). BBeAexHe BHe3anxoro TeCTHpoBaHHA B CHIA BbI3BaJI0 HeKOTOpble TpyAHOCTH, BKJIIOMâSi CB313aHHble C KOHCTHTyuHOHHbIM npabom pa60thhkob Ha TaiiHy TIaCTHOr%I )KH3HH, MTO o3hamaet, TITO pa6othhk He MO)KeT 6bITb yboneh 3a OTKâ3 npoilth BHe3anHblFi TeCT. B BenHK06pHTaHHH HeT noao6horo KOHCTHTyuHOHHOrO npaba, MTO 03HaMaeT, TITO ybonbhehhe 3a OTKa3 npoîrth TeCT He MO)KeT OCnapHBaTbCR B cyae o6bimhoro npaba, ecnh pa6otoaatenb BbInOnHAeT ycjiobha, OnHCaHHble HHXCe. 60

69 BO-nepBbIX, y pa6ot0j.[ateneri ectb OrOBOpeHHaA 3aK0H0M O65I3aHH0CTb He "HapyIlIaTb npejjnonaraemble 0TH0IileHI451 JjOBepHA H KOHI1)H,LIeHL[HanbHOCTn". 11pHMeHi3TenbHO K TeCTHp0EaHH1O Ha HapKOTH4eCKHe BeL1reCTBa 3T0 O3HaLIaeT, LITO pa60to,ï(atenb 06A3aH COrnaCHO 3aK0Hy CTpOrO Co6n1oAaTb KOH(I)iiAeHIjI-iaJIbHOCTb npn HH(pOpMHpOBaHnn pa6othhka O pe3yjibtatax, naxce ecnn Memçqy HNMH HeT TI0CTaT09H0,aOBepiiTenbHbIX B3aHM00TH0IneHnrl, IT06bI cnenatb 3T0 (Howard, G.,HeOny6nnKOBaHHble nahhble 1992 rojja). TeM He McHee, ecnn TeCTnpOBaHne npobonntca Ji0 nphema Ha pa6oty, y notehunanbhoro pa6ot0naten51 HeT 3aK0HH0r0 o6a3atenbctba pa3rnanlatb pe3ynbtatbl TecTa. BO-BTOpbIX, pa60tojjatenn 06513aHbI BKJIIO4aTb ycnosne O TeCTHpOBaHHH B KOHTpaKT O npneme Ha pa6oty, KOTOpoe 6bl n03bojiajio HM npoboahtb TecTHpOBaHHe nepcohana. llocnej3,yk)ll[aa IjnTaTa - npnmep no)3406hor0 BKnK)4eHN5I (Howard, G., Heony6nnK0BaHHble nahhble 1992 roua). B nk)6011 MOMeHT HCHOnHeHHA Cny)Ke6H61X O6A3aHHOCTeti HJI1i nph npe6blbahhh B HOMe1I(eHHH KOMnaHHH HnH nepea Ha4anoM pa6otb1, BbI npelioctabhte, no npocb6e pa6othhka CnyNC6 np0(pecchohanbhoft CaHHTapHH KOMnaHHH, o6pa3eü Ha ahann3,gbixahha WHJIH M04H C ijenb10 CKpHHHHra Ha ankoronb H 3anpeHleHHbIX HapKOTHKOB. J11o6a51 nonbltka He nobhhobatbca 6yneT pacl[ehhbatbca, mi( J(HCIIHHJ1HHapHOe HapyweHHe, 4TO MO)KeT nphbecth K ybonbhehhio. 3-ro CornaHleHHe 03Hai1aeT Bailie COrnaCHe C 3aKniO4eHHAMH nlo6oro TeCTHpoBaHHA, 0 KOTOpOM ynomhhanocb BbI[IIe, KOTOpble nepez[a1otca CoBeTy AHpeKropOß H11H crapulemy Ha'IanbCTBy ynonhomo'iehhbim nhliom. Ecnn npennpnxhmatenb XO4eT BBeCTH TeCTnpoBaHHe, 3T0 Mo)KeT 6bITb BHeCeHO B KOHTpaKTbl BHOBb nphhlimaembix pa604hx. 3-ro, TM He McHee, He pacnpoctpahaetca Ha yxce pa60ta1ournrl nepcohan; HM MO)KHO npej1,ji0)khtb HOBble KOHTpaKTbI, KOTOpble BKn104a1OT Tpe60BaHnA no TeCTHpOBaHHK), HO pa60thhkh He 065I3aHbI nphhiimatb nx. 3T0 MO)KeT nphbecth K 4yBCTBy O6H,abI MexcJZy HOBbIM H y)ke pa60tai0iirhm nepcohanom H3-3a pâ3hhijbi B ycjiobhax npnema Ha pa6oty. TaKace 6e3 j[orobophoco cornaulexna Ha TeCTnpoBaHHe y pa6ot0,ilateneii HeT 3aK0HH0r0 npasa BbIHy)ICAaTb KOrO-nn6o H3 nepcohana npoi%itn TeCT. ECnH npejjnpnhnmatenb npehe6peraet 3THM npabhjiom, 3TM pa6othnk MO)KeT OTKâ3aTbC5I H 06b5IBHTb O "KOCBeHHON nonbltke ybonhtb" Ha CnyLllaHne np0h3b0j1ctbehh0ro Tpn6yHana. B nlo6om nojjo6hom CJly4ae, 61

70 CB3I3aHHOM C TeCTHpOBaHHeM, TpH6yHan 6yAeT ytihtbibatb Bee BOnpOCbl, KaCaioLuHecSi 3TOr0 CRyHaSi, CK)Aa BXOAHT CReAyK)Luee: np0b0a14ji0cb nh nperwaphtenbhoe KOHCynbTHpOBaHHe nepea BBeAeHHeM Tpe6OBaHHSI O TeCTHpOBaHHH; 06CyKaanOCb Jill BBeAeHHe H npoueaypbl TeCTnpOBaHIiSi C np0(t)coio3amh; 0615ICH1411 Jill KOMneTeHTHbIii LIenOBeK pa60thhkam nphtihhbi npobeaehhsi TeCTa H xapaktep TeCTa; rapahthposanacb Jill KOH4JHAeHulanbHOCTb; npabhnbhble Jill npoue,gypbi TeCTHpOSaHHSI npoboz[hjihcb; H C0061IjHJiH Jill LlenoBeKy O nocneactbhsix ero OTKa3a, AanH Jill BpeM51 O6AyMaTb 3TO H npegynpejjhnh Jill (loopmanbxo o nocneactbhsix nobtopxoro otka3a. ECJiH pa6othhk npoluen TecT, H o6hapyxceh noro>ichtenbhblil pe3ynbtat, BTOpHTIHOe TeCTHpOBaHHe npoboahtcsi 06bIT3HO Ha BTOpOM o6pa3ue, B3SITOM B TwiCe BpeMR, LITO H nepsbiii H XpaHSIIuHiiCsl B 6e3onacxoM McCTe. ECnH pe3ynbtat TecTa 6ygeT ocnapn6atbc5i B cyae, BbIBOA 6yAeT 3aBHCeTb OT "TeKyLuHX npotokojiob, npoueayp H Mep KOHTpOJiSI, H 6bIJi14 Jill OHII ytbemic,zzehbi". B CyAe TaKxCe 6y, [yt ytihtbibâtb "SIBnSIIOTCSi JiH ahâjih3bi o6pa3ua H BbIBOAbI TaKHMH, KâKHe 6b1 C,genan AOCTaTOTiHO KOMneTeHTHblii CneuHaJiHCT" (Howard, G., Heony6JiHKOBâHHble AâHHble 1992 roaa). GTAH,qAPTbi IIPOL.IETIYP V1 6E3OI1ACHOCTVI CTaxjjapTbl npouejÿyp H 6e3onacHOCTH nph TeCTHposaHHH Ha pa6olihx McCTax H B na6opatophh OTieHb Ba>ICHbI nph nio6om CnyHae np0h3boactbehhoro TpH6yxana no nosoay TecTHpoBaHHSI Ha ajikorojib H HapKOTHKH. HeKOTOpble nocneahhe pekomohaauhh n0 npoueaype TecTHposaHHSI COCTOaT B CneAyloLueM ( ). Bâ)ICHO, LITO6bI 06pa3ubl KpOBH HRH MOLIH 6b1JiH B35ITbI AByMSI KBâJi144:1HuHp0BâHHbIMH McApa6OTHHKaMH (BpaTIOM H McACeCTpoil), MapKHpOBKa AOnnICHa 6bITb HaAexCHo 3aKpenneHa, 06pa3ubl XpaHHJiHCb COOTBeTCTByK)LuHM O6pa3OM B 6e3o11aCHOM 62

71 9 O.IOHHaIratladuoaH 'HHawada ahhaha.l a `KO.LaEHHd.LEwOOEd /(ihodo.lo)1 ou Ooduoa `ETrEEdgo r ahhahedxoo 15091Eao93d1ou.1.031coiH HHdO.iEdogElr Lp 'dx1101-1odu XI4HdEH1,1I11114ïiOHi7 HLM XI4HaH.I.Ed1OHHHINi1E Kwada oa HNdaaodu FIOHhHdO.La xogolu gille HHhHIfaH a Hifi4g HHO I49O1h H HhOlk aotieedgo 4If0,I03111T EH XI4HHH.LHEOII 91O0HHEdXOO 41EaodH.LHEdE.I 19901h `D OZ- adki.edauwa.i. Hdu Ko9.LHT10HOdLi OHNCIfOTt ahhahedx aohhodoo.iifott ` LEIH14aadu OH EHNQfOTI ISHH2HEdX EdiC.i.Edauiva,j, 'oiiido.ledogair $ OIH.LI99xdu OU H2HTt L T1oHdaU EE I4HEaOdH100.I0du OH HHO `anhh4iiht1o1fox HIfOa YVOHOEUOEag a isa4.lhhedx I4H31CI1o11 I9TIEEd90 'HxaE.LOOTt KWada Oa 9OHirHid0u0H OH HHO 01h `ISO4.tHTtagX I4go1h `O1HdO.LEd0gE1r axae.looti a OHHOIritaLVaH OU ISO4.LKdaaodII I4H31CIrOTt HhOIN I411EEd90 inoeedgo 'ahi-ieaottxdogo aohheaodhtih4:1h.ldao 1AIHmovCa.LO.Laa.LOOO 4.LEa0E4I10110H H I4IraHdÂ)K ai9hdâ11011odu H H.LOag OiÂmoLXa.LOZaa,L000 oihtie.lhawxxoti `H31odO 019HhI490 g iso9.lxdaaodu `ISHHEHOdH H2TIHIf O.IOHHaa1OdET1iCo0.1 LVISHHEaOgad.L 1, Lf 4.LEaofl.LO.Laa.L000 EHNCIrOTI IsxdO.LEdogEJl aiihoirak9.ttadu 'ETIEEdgo 00H911-01HhOlI1NEE H 1sHHaHEdx iswada EE I9LEL4IrCEad `ET1EEd90 ahheohuo 1s900 a 91EholLf31g EH)KIfOTt KHHOHEdX HLIaTI KHTIE.LHOIVXxOtt '1S01011SHEdX00 H `I4HEH0dHd.L0H.I0dEE I4HE,LOgEd90 `I9H0hiCI1ou I4TIEEd90 01h `9.LEHOdH,LHEdE.I I49O1h `H,LOOHOELIO ag I4daiv 14H0IraOHE.LOÂ 4.L149 I4HNCIfOT1 HHdO.1.Ed0gElr g oie oaadu 'ELraxOOdau EH 0.Iamo1aYVH K1111 0x4I101 itoxa `HahHHEd.10.4.LI4g H031(IfOTt ETtCL UX.LOOTi `H.LOOHOEUOEag a Kwada pou EH31cIroTt KHdO.LEdogEJl I4.LdETiHE.L0 'H.LOOHOEUOEag H I9d/çTtaTI0d11 3I4Hdo.LEdo9E11 4,LKHIfOIIi9a I4H)KIrOTt EIfaHOOdau I4Halrh aog 'iiah11enh(13hiraan HOHHaThKda91LT1oII HYVE.LHailax011 HamOIÂa.La10a1000 H o Y011THOOdaII Ko4.LHTlOaOdu HaNCLfOTt HxH.LOxdEH HLrH 41rO.IOxirE EH HHOdx HuH aotleedgo Hhoia EH1faHt7 'EdogO it1atiodu 19d KHHEhx O11 OHHaIfTlaiVaH oihdoxedogelr a I4HaIfaEdII.L0 HLCI49 H a.loaia

72 B HâCTOHIuHii MOMeHT nepbhlihoe TeCTHpOBaHHe (nph KOTOpOM yhhlito)kaiotch 06pa3Ljbl C HeraTi3BHbIM Ha ajikotojib pe3yjibtatom) 06bILIHO COCTOHT 143 I-IMMyHOJIOrmeCKOrO ahâjih3a. 3a 3THM AOJDiCHO CJ1eJ2;OBaTb TecTHpoBaHHe Ha nontsepxcgehlie n03hthbhbix o6pa3uos Ha âjikotojib /HapKOTHKI-i, r,qe,i;ojdicha 14CnOJIb3OBaTbC51 OTJIi3T-IaIOLua5IC5i OT nepsi-irhoro TeCTHpOBaH135I MeTOJjiiKa H XHMHLIeCKHe nphhuhnbi. Ha HaCTOSiLuiiH MOMeHT, pekomehjjyemblmh MeTOgaMH no,ijtbepkgehhsi SiBJISifOTCSI ra30basi XpoMOTOrpadmHSI/MaCC CneKTpOMeTpHSI. HCnOJIb3OBaHHe TaKHX ctporhx npouegyp 03HaLIaeT, LITO 3aTpaTbl Ha pa6oty Jla6OpaTOpHH BbICOKH H MOTyT 6bITb 3HILI14TeJIbHbIM 6peMeHeM KOMnaHiiH, nposoasllueh nporpammy TeCTIipOBaHIiSI. 3aTpaTbl, CB513aHHble C JjaHHbIMH npouejrypamh CLIIiTaiOTCH He06X0J(14MbIM14, TaK KaK 6e3 HiiX pe3yjibtatbl He 6ygyT CLIIiTaTbCH JZeI%ICTBiiTeJIbHbIMi3 B 11p0133BOJZCTBeHHOM TpH6yHâJIe. METO,gbI N I1HTEPIIPETALIV1fI HCKJIiOLIHTeJIbHO Bâ)KHbIMIi AIN JIIo6oN nporpammbl TeCTHpOBaHHSi SIBJ131IOTC51 npouegypbl H MeTOJjbI, KOTOpbie iicnojib3yiotch np1-1 c6ope o6pa3uob ahâjih30s. (NH SIBJIHIOTCH penlaloluhmi-i, TaK KaK 3aKOHHOCTb pe3yjlbtâtob TecTa H JI106b1e geiictbhsi, KOTOpble npoboahtch B pe3ynbtate TeCTa, 3aBIiCHT OT CTpOrOCTH npoueayp TeCTHpoBaHHSi. AJIKOrOJIbHaH nojiiithka, KoTOpaH BKJIIOLIaeT B Ce6H TeCTHposaHI-ie JjoJUKHa, TaK13M o6pa3om, Cogep)ICaTb getanbxoe onhcahhe npoue,gyp c6opa H axajlh3a o6pasuos. CyLueCTByeT HeCKOJIbKO MeTOAOB OueHKH KOJIHLIeCTBa ajikorojih, KOTOpOe BbInHJI LIeJIOBeK. CK)Jta BXOJjHT ahaji143bi KpOBH, MOLIH H JjbIXaHHSI. Y Ka)IC,lÿoro ahâjih3a ectb CBOH npehmyluectba H HeJjoCTaTKH. KpoBb Ilpeuuyufecmaa AHaJI143 KpoBH o6ecnekhbaet TOLIHOe H3MepeHIie. KoppenHuHH Co CTeneHbiO yxyjtlliehhh (1)yHKuHOHHpOBaHH5I 06bILIHO CHJIbHee BblpaxceHa OTHOCHTeJibHO ypobhx ajikotojih B KpOBH, LIeM OTHOCHTeJIbHO ypobhsi âjikotojisi B MOLIe HJIH JjbIXaHHH. 64

73 Hed ocmamxu Mo4a C6op ahâjih3ob KpOBH SIBn5IeTC51 HenpHSITHOrl npolje.gypoh, 4To MO)KeT BHyLnaTb 6eCnOKOiiCTBO. KpoBb HMeeTCSi B HBnH4HH B j[obonbho He601IbLIIHX KonH4eCTBaX. B HTOre BO3HHKaeT OCno)KHCHHe C npobenehhem MHOTOpa30BOrO TeCTI-IpOBBHiiSI Ha pâ3nh4hbix 06pa3LjaX - ahânfi3bi, KOTOpble MOryT notpe6obatbcsi, KaK 4aCTb CTaHnapTHOrO TCCTHpOBaHHSi H o6ycnobnehhoh 3aKOHOM npol(eaypbl. A6COnK)THOe KOni34eCTBO ânkoronsi B KpOBH 3aBHCHT He TOnbKO OT BbIniiTOro KOnH4eCTSa, HO TaK)Ke OT npome)kytka BpeMeHH, KOTOpoe npoulno nocne notpe6nehh5[. 3TO orpahhzifibaet nonc3hoctb ahbnii3a KpOBH Ha onpezjenehiie ctenehil OnbSIHeHIiSI, KorZ[a ahanii3 6epeTcx CITyCTSI HeKOTOpOe BpeMSI nocne CO6bITHSI. XOTSI MO)KHO norc4htatb npeabl.gyuihh ypobehb ajikorojisi (KOnFi4eCTBO iic4e3hyblliero H3 OpraHH3Ma ankocon5i npenctabjiaet co6oîi nfihefihyio (tyhkijnio npl16nii3htenbho 3KBHBâJIeHTHy1O O,qHON eni4hi3l[e ajikoconsi B 4aC), nonc4et He SIBn5IeTCSI TO4HbIM, TaK KBK CKOpOCTb HC4e3HOBeHHSi ajikoconsi 3aBiiCliT OT Bo3pacTa, nana H (l)ii3fi4eck0r0 COCTOSIHHSI (177). (DepMeHTbI, OTBeTCTBeHHble 3a OKHCneHHe ankocojia, TaK)ICe nphcytctbyiot B KpaCHbIX TenbuaX KpoBH H 6yAyT MenJIeHHo MeTa6onii3HpoBaTb ajikoronb B O6pa3He ahanh3a. TeM He McHee, 3T0 Mo)ICHO npeaotbpathtb nytem,go6abnehhsi (l)tophctoro HaTpHx (178). nony4ehhh pe3ynbtata Heo6xo,gHMo BpeMSI, 4TO AenaeT 3Ty MeTOnIiKy HenpmeMneMOÎ-i AJISI KOHTpOnSI npslmo Ha npez[nphsithh. IlpeunquEecmea McToniiKa c6opa MO4H He TaKaSI HenpHSITHaSI, KaK nph B3SITHH ahbjih3a KpOBH. Mo4a Mo)KeT 6bITb B HânH4HH B 60nbnIHX, HeM KpOBb KonH4ecTBax, tao o6ner4aet npose.lzehhe gononxhtenbxoro TecTiiposaHHSI H nostophoro axanh3a. 65

74 Heôocmamxu AHâJIH3 MOLIH McHee TOLIeH, LIeM ahanh3 KpOBIi. KaK H nph ahajih3e KpOBH, CJIO)KHO TOLIHO nouclihtatb KOniiLIeCTBO BbInHTOTO ajikoronsi, ecnh O6pa3Ljbl ahâjlii3a C06paHbI HeKOTOpOe BpeMSI CrIyCTSI. Ha BblueneHHe ankoronsi B MOT-13/ H ero KOHueHTpauHK) Henpe,rZcKa3yeM0 MO)KeT BnHSiTb pâ3)kh)kehhe H ph (KHCnOTHOCTb) MOT-IH. bonblll0e KOnHLIeCTBO âjikoronsi MO)KeT nphcytctbobatb B O6pa3ue MOLIH nauhehtos C,rlHa6eTOM (so spew( xpahehh2). TaKHM 06pa30M, 1114a6eT )1On)KeH 6bITb BbISiBneH, LIT06b1 06pa3ubl 6bInH npoahanh3hpobahbi HeMeljneHHO. TeCTHpOBaHHe MOLIH SIBnSieTCSI MeTOuOM, nph KOTOpOM pa60thhkh nerlle BCerO MOryT o6maxy-rb chctemy. O6pa3ubl MOryT noumehsitbcsi, H HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, LITO no,go6hoe TeCTHpOBaHHe yxce 6bino CBSI3aHO C BO3HHKHOBeHHeM LIepHOTo pblhka "IiHCTOi%I" MOLIH (179). HeKOTOpble nk)uh (iclanbchcihuhpyiot o6pa3eu CBOeri MOLIH TaKHMH BeLueCTBaMH, KaK XJIOpHaSI H3BeCTb. HOTpe6neHHe 60nblüor0 KOJIHLIeCTBa BOubI nepeu MOLIeHCIIyCKaHHeM Talcxce npeuctabnxet npo6nemy ARA na6opatophrl. HT06bI nonylihtb pe3ynbtat Heo6XouHMo BpeMSI.,gblxaHHe Ilpeuuyu.jecmea TeCTHpOBaHHe 1jbIXaHH5I He HOCHT HCnpHSITHOTO XapaKTepa. 3aTpaTbl - HH3KHe. Pe3ynbTaT TeCTHpOBâHH51 nposibnsietcsi Cpa3y. Heàocmamxu Kai( 6bIJ10 noka3aho, O61uenpHHSITbIIi Ko3I1(1)HuHeHT nepeclleta aji6beonsiphoe ubixâhhe: KpOBb 2100:1, HCnonb3yeMblrt B ankotonbhbix ublxâtenbhblx Tpy6Kax, 3HaLIHTenbHO Heu00ueHHBaeT peal-ha-tyro KOHueHTpauHIO ajikotojisi B KpOBH (181). 66

75 TOLIHOCTb TeCTa MO)KeT 3aBHCeTb OT TeXHHLIeCKHX H 6HonorHtiecKI-Ix cpaxtopos (182,183). OILIH6KH MOryT BO3HHKHyTb B pe3ynbtate OCTaTOLIHOrO nphcytctbha ankorora BO pry. XOTA 3TOT 3c1141eKT AOn)KeH HCLIe3aTb no HCTeLIeHHH 20 MHHyT, COO6maJIOCb, LITO HCKyCCTBeHHO BbICOKHii ypobehb AnHJICA AO 45 MHHyT (184). Talcum O6pa3oM, ahâjih3 KpOBH, n0-bhj(hmomy,,ijaet HaH6onee TOLIHOC nokâ3ahhe ypobha ajikorona B oprahh3me. Ero Henb331 CLIHTaTb nojjxoj(allihm AAA perynaphoro TeCTHpOBaHHA pa6othhkob, TaK KaK OHO ABnAeTCA J[OpOrOCTOALL(HM H,aOCTaTOLIHO HenpHATHbIM. KaKOIi MeTOJ[ HCIIOnb30BaTb 6y)CeT 3aBHCeTb OT Cepbe3HOCTH CHTyaIJHH, a TaK)Ice THna npoboahmoro TeCTHpOBaHHA (TecT no nphlihhe HnH BHe3anHbII7). OJ(HHM peiilehhem np06nembl ABRAeTCA HCnOnb3OBaHHe He pa3,itpaacaioil[hx McTO,aOB ;IRA nonyliehha nepbohaliâjibhoro o6pa3ua, H BOCIIOnb3OBaTbCA pe3ynbtatom 3TOTO TeCTHpOBaHHA, B KaLIeCTBe 060CHOBaHHA TWA npobe,gehha 6onee TOLIHOrO TeCTHpoBaHHA. HanpHMep, nepbohalianbhoe TeCTHpOBaHHe MO)KeT npobo,2414tbca C nomoll(bk) ankoronbhoii JjbIXaTenbHOiï Tpy6KH, a nph 1103HTHBHOM pe3ynbtate npobo,ijhtb ahanh3 KpOBH. HA,qË)KHOCTb TECTVIPOBAHVIA TeCTHpOBaHHe Ha âjikoi'onb H HapKOTHKH, KO1J4a OHO npobo,3htca TLL(aTenbHO, Tpe6yeT LIpe3BbILIaNHO TOLIHOI'O noaclieta H CTporOrO BbInORHeHHA nocne,ilobatenbhocth nponenyp. TOLIHOCTb H3MepeHHli, "HayLIHb11%In CTlinb pa60tbl H LIaCTO BbICOKaA CTOHMOCTb HpOH3B0,1:151T CHnbHOe BneLlaTneHHe, LITO pe3ynbtatbl ABnAiOTCA I'npaBHJIbHbIMH" 14 "HaJ[e)KHbIMH". TeM He McHee, HMeIOTCA oaahhble, LITO XOTA HanHLIHC BeLLjeCTBa MO)KeT 6bITb 06Hapy)KeHO OLIeHb TOLIHO, CCTb OnaCHOCTb, LITO HeKOTOpble n0)khble pe3ynbtatb1 MOryT nphbccth K Cepbe3HbIM IIOCne,aCTBHAM JjlIA pa6othhka H pa60toj[atena. R0)KHO 1103HTHBHbIii pc3ynbtat BeogeT K pa3pyluhtenbhblm H HeCnpaBe,anHBbIM nocnejjctbham AAA pa60thhka. KpOMe (1314HaHCOBbIX CRO)KHOCTeii, CBA3aHHbIX C notepeli pa6otbl, COLjHanbHOe KneiIMO CBA3aHO C nph3hahhem HanHLIHA ankoronbhbix npo6nem HJIH notpe6nehha HapKOTHKOB. J10)KHO 1103HTHBHble pc3ynbtâtbl TaK)Ke ABnAIOTCA npejjmetom 03a60LICHHOCTH npej;nphhhmateneii, TaK KaK 3T0 MO)KeT 67

76 npubectx K notepe XOpOIUerO pa6othuxa, H npo6nemam MOpanbxoro nnaha, Ii - n0teh1luanbh0, cy,ge6horo pa36upatenbctba. AHanu3bl Ha ajikoi'ojib H HapKOTI-iKli He BcerAa 6yAyT 1103uTriBHblMU no o6pa31tam, KOTOpble coaepxcat Aaxxbre BeulecTSa (no>kho HeraTliBHble) H MOryT 6bITb n03ritubhbimu no o6pa3l1am, KOTOpble He coaep>kat Aa.HHble BeLL1eCTBa (n0>kho no3hthbhble) (185). Tax KaK nocnej1ctbua no>kho n03uthbhoto ahâjl43a HaCTOnbKO Cepbe3Hbl AnA pa6othiika, ypobehb n0)khbix 06BHHeHHIi B pe3ynbtate TeCTUpOBaHUA,11On>KeH TIIjaTenbHO KOHTpOnupOBaTbCA. YpOBeHb no>khbix 06BHHeHUÎ-i 3T0 BO3MO)KHOCTb TOTO, LiTO OpraHU3M T-IenOBeKa He COAep>KHT ajikotona HnH HapKOTHKOB, a pe3ynbtat nonytiaetca nojio>kutenbhblm. LITO6bI no,rlcifutatb 3TOT ypobehb, Tpe6yeTCA no Kpar%IHer-r Mepe, Tpu BuAa j1ahhbix: ypobehb notpe6nehha j(ahhoro seulectsa cpeau o6cneayemoh rpynnbl pa6oiii-ix, ypobehb no>icxono3hthbhbix pe3ynbtatob na6opatoph4, npobo,riaujen TeCTHpOBaHUe, H ypobehb AeIiCTBUTenbHO n03hthbhbix pe3ynbtatob ahanh3ob J.1aHHOÎI na60patoprih. XOTA B 3MnxpH4ecKHx HCCne1IOBaHHAX KaveCTBa pa6otbi npoboaaiühx TeCTHpoaaHHe Ha HapICOTHVecKHe BeuteCTBa na6opatophn BpeMA COO6ntaeTCA o6 ycjiobho41 TO4HOCTH noka3atenerl, TaKHX KaK ypobhh n0)kho-1103hthbh6ix H AeNCTBHTenbHO 11O3HTHBH6IX pe3ynbtatob ahanh3ob, B OT4eTâX HHKOrAa He COO6HtanOCb HH O BenH4HHe notehuhânbho 1103HTHBHbIX pe3yn6tat0b, HH 06 yposne no)khbix 06BHHeHHl1 (186). Ba>KHO 3HaTb ypobehb no>khbix 06BUHeHHI1 B npogecce TeCTUpOBaHHA Ha npe,ilmet HapKOTri9eCKUX Beu.1eCTB npe>kae iiem pelllatb npe,rloctabnaet nu TeCT HaAe>xHble AOKa3aTenbCTSa ynotpe6nehha HapKOTULIeCKHX BeI11eCTB. TeM He McHee, 3Ta uh(laopmal14a O6614HO He c006ci.1aetca. bonee TOTO, "ponb ypobha no>khbix O6BHHeHHN, KBK noka3atena HaAe>KHOCTU, He 6bina HCcne,gOBaHa unh npoahbnu3upobaha B nutepatype, nocbau1ehhon 11pOU3BOACTBeHHbrM B3aHMOOTHOIlleHUAM" (186). HaCTOALi1aA CuTyaIjHA n0 HâAe)KHOCTU TeCTHpOBaHUA MO>KeT 6bIT6 CyMMHpOBaHa cneayloii114m 06pa3oM. KOnH4eCTB0.10)1010-nO3HTHBH6IX pe3ynbtatob ahanh3ob Ha npeamet HapKOTH4eCKHX BeHecrB, TO ecr6 ypobehb n0)kh6ix 06BHHeHH11, MO)KeT 66IT6 BMCOKHM AaNCe KOr,lja CâMH ahanh36i npotecthpobahbi 04CH6 TO4H0 nph3hahh6imh na6opatophbimh McTOAaMH. B 3TOM cny4ae no3hthbhble pe3ynbtatbl TeCTHpOBaHHA Ha HapKOTH4eCKHe Beutecraa He npej[ocrabnalot Hâ%te)KHOrO AOKa3aTenbCTBa ynotpe6nehha HapKOTHVeCKHX BeuteCTB. HaHIH oltehkh notpe6nehha HapKOTHVeCKHX BeHteCTB, ypobhh 110)KHO-1103HTHBH6IX pe3ynbtatob, ypobhh AeNCTBHTen6H0 1103HTHBH6IX pe3ynbtatob, BCL 3T0 68

77 OCHOBaHO Ha HeABBHO Oliy6nHKOBaHHbIX 3MnHpHYeCKHX CBHAeTenbCTBâX, H BCC 3T0 noka36ibaet, LITO IIpH 06b19H6IX 06CTOATenbCTBâX, pe3ynbtâtbl TeCTHpOBaHHA Ha HâJIHLIHe HapKOTH4eCKHX BeHIeCTB B OpI'aHH3Me XapaKTepH3yH)TCSi BMCOKHM ypobhcm n0)khmx 06BHHeHHg H, TaKHM 06pa30M, HH3KOH HaI[e)KHOCT6IO (186). Barnum & Gleason (186) npe,ijnojio)khnh, LiTO HaJjexcxocTb pe3ynbtatob TeCTHpOBâHHSI MO)KHO noactpaxobatb yctahobnehhem unpnemnemoro" ypobha n0)khbix 06BHHeHHN. KOnH9eCTBO R0)KHbIX 06BHHeHHii naijaet nph nobtophbix noatbep)kjjehhax pe3ynbtatob TeCTHpOBaHHA; ecnh ypobhh HenpHeMneMO BbICOKH, nobtophoe noatbepxcaehhe noka)ket, LITO ypobehb ynajjet no nphemnemoto. AO TOCO, KaK na6opatophsi noaclihtaet ypobehb n0)khbix o6bhhehhii, Henb331 6bITb ybepehhbim B HaJjeACHOCTH TOnbKO LiTO nonyliehhbix pe3ynbtatob. PE3YJ1bTATbI, CBA3AHHbIE C tlporpammam1,1 TECTVIPOBAHVIA IIpennonaraeMble 34)(1)eKTbI nporpamm TeCTHpOBaHHA BKnIOLIaIOT B ce6a COxpaiueHHe notpe6nehha ankorona H HapxOTHKOB, ymehbulehhe KonHLiecTBa HecLIacTHblx CnyvaeB Ha pa6oliem MecTe, ymehbn]ehhe KonHLIecTBa Ha pa6ote, nobbiiiiehhe npojjykthbhocth H ymehbiiiehhe KOnHLIeCTBa.qHCIjHIInHHapHbIX HaKa3aHHN. BKnaJjbIBaA spew! H JjeHbrH, LITO COCTaBnAeT He06XOAHMyK) LIaCTb nporpammbl TeCTHpoBaHHA, 6bInO 6b1 none3ho 3HaTb peanbhoe BnHAHHe H 34)43eKTHBHOCTb 3THX Mep. K c0)i(anehhio, TeM He McHee, COBpeMCHHble 3HaHH jHX npehmyhjectbax TeCTHpOBaHHA ABnAIOTCSI HenOJIHbIMH. 3T0 BO3HHKaeT H3-3a ManOTO LIHCna HCCneJjOBâHHN B 3T011 O6naCTH H H3-3a TOrO (1)aKTa, LITO Cyli[eCTByiOHjHe HCCne,IjOBaHHA OCTaBnAIOT )KenaTb nylluiero B nnahe HayLlHOii TOLIHOCTH (170). 0 BenHLIHHe 3KOHOM144eCKHX 341(1)eKTOB TeCTHpOBaHHA MO)KHO B HâCTOAUjee BpeMA TOnbKO AOra.IjbIBaT6cA, TaK)Ke KaK H O BenHLIHHe 3aTpaT, CBA3aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankorojia B o6njem. He,gocTHrHyTO cornache no no.11x0asiujemy MeTOJjy OIjeHKH 3aTpaT HRH Jjaxce no TOMy, 'came claktopbi J.jOR)I(HbI 6bITb BKniOLIeHbI B OLjeHKy. Cyu[eCTByiOT, TeM He McHee, HeKOTOpble ony6nhkobahhbie HCCne.IjOBaHHA, KOTOpble.IjeMOHCTpHpyiOT 1-103HTHBHOe BRHAHHe nporpamm TecTHpOBaHHA. HanpHMep, HCCneJ.jOBaHHe B KOMnaHHH General Motors noka3an0, LITO semen 3a BBeJjeHHeM nporpammbi 69

78 Cxpi3Hl3Hra Ha HapxoTi34ecxi-Ie BeLI[ecTBa, KOniiLIeCTBO nporynob piano Ha 40%, KOnHLIeCTBO AHCUHI1JIFiHapHbIX HaKa3aHHii CHH3HnOCb Ha 50% H KonHLIeCTBO HecLiacTHbIx cnyllaeb ynano Ha 50% (187). KoMnaHHx no o6cnyxchbahhio 3nexTponHHHil Taxxce coo61uhna o 25% CHIDKeHHH xonhliectba nporyjiob, xotopoe nocneaobâj10 BcneA 3a BBeAeHHeM nporpammbl TeCTHpOBaHHSI (188). BoeHHo-MOpCKOii cpnot CLIIA o6hapyxchn, LITO npouehthoe KOnHLIeCTBO 1103HTiiBHbIX pe3ynbtatob TeCTHpOBaHFiSi Ha HapKOTHLIeCKHe BeIueCTSa ynano Ao 5% (C ypobha 48%, Kor,ga TeCTHpOBaHHe 6bino BBeAeHO BnepBble) BCneA 3a peajlh3auheii nporpammbi perynsiphoro TeCTiipOBaHnSI (189). TeCTHpoBaHi3e Mo)KeT, TaKHM o6pa30m, HrpaTb 3HaLIHTeJIbHy10 ponb B 1i3MeHeHHH nobeaehha Ha pa60liem MeCTe. He06XOAi3M0 OTMeTIiTb, TM He McHee, LITO MeTOAAKa npobeaehha MHOri3X HCCJIeAOBâHiiii no BnIiSIHi3iO nporpamm TeCTHpOBaHIiSi noabepranacb KpHTHKe. LIaCTO COKpaLueHHe KOnHLIeCTBa HeCLiaCTHbIX cnytiaes, nobbllllexxe npoaykthbhocth H CHH)KeHHe notpe6jlehiisl HapKOTHLIeCKHX BeLueCTs OTHOCAT 3a CLIeT TeCTIipoBaHHA, He ylii-itbibar BJIHSIHHA Apyrxx AOCTH)KeHiiÎ-i, TaKHX KaK O6pa3osaHlie H neliehiie. Taioice, BO MHOrHX iiccneaobahhsix He OnIiCblBaeTCA THn iicl10nb3obâhhoî-i nporpammbl TeCTHpOBaHIiSi HJ1H nocneactbiia 1103HTHBHOr0 pe3ynbtata TeCTa, LITO npeactabjiaet pelllafolijee 3HaLIeHlie AnA pe3ynbtata nporpammbl TecTHpoBaHHA ( ). HccneAoBaTenH TaK)Ke npe,ijnonaralot notehulianbhbifi HeraTHBHbIIi pe3ynbtat BHe3anHOro TeCTHpoBaHHSI, KOTOpOe SIBnSIeTCSI HaH6onee npothbopeliiiboii cpopmoli Hcnonb3yeMOro TeCTHpOBaHHA (193). 3TOT pe3ynbtat MO)KeT BKnK)LIaTb B ce6sl nobbiinehhoe LIyBCTBO OnaCHOCTH, yrhetehhsi H 6eCnoKO1%ICTSa pa60thhkob, LITO, XOTSI 3T0 CnOpHO, Mo)KCT nphbecth K CHH)KeHHIO 11p0H3BOAHTenbHOCTH Tpy,ga (194). KpHTHKa, KOTOpaSI 06bItIHO Bb1ABHraeTCA npothb BHe3anHOI'o TeCTHpOBaHHA, COCTOHT B TOM, LITO 3T0 HapyIllaeT npaso nh4hocth Ha LIaCTHyIO )KH3Hb, H LITO OHO 06naAaeT CKpbITbIM notehuhanom HCIIOnb3OBaTbC5I B ApyrHx uejisix, HanpHMep, C uenblo rohehhi%i Ha HeyroAHbIX pa6othhkos. KpOMe TOI'O, 3T0 He34:1c1/eKTHBHbIN H AOpOrOCTOSIn(HIi MeTOA CKpHHHHra, TaK KaK 6OJIbLIIHHCTBO npobenehhbix TeCTOB ABJIAfOTCA HeraTIiBHbIMH (193). OAHaxo, ecnh BHe3anHOe TecTHpoBaHHe npoboafitca CnpaBeAnHBO, a npoueaypa npabhjlbxo oftacxexa pa6olihm, 3TOT THn TecTHpoBaHHSi o6nanaet npehmymectsom, LITO OHO He BblAensleT TeCTHpyeMOrO pa6othhka, KaK notehuhâjibhoro notpe6htejia HapKOTHKOB HJIH ajikorona (195). BHe3anHOe TecTHpoBaHHe 70

79 CLIHTaeTCR HaH6onee 34(peKTi-iBHOii MepoN npeaynpe)kaehhr notpe6nehhr HapxoTHLlecxxx BeLLiecTS (196). HMeiOTCR H HeKOTOpble pyre HeraTHBHble 341(peKTbI HpOrpaMM TeCTHpOBaHHR Ha ankotonb H HapKOTHKx. HanpHMep, TeCTHpOBaHHe nocne HeCLIaCTHbIX Cnyxaes MO)KeT npxsecth K TOMy, LITO O He6onb1IIxx HeCLIacTH6IX CnyLIaRX He 6yAyT COO6üiaTb H3 ctpaxa nepea nocneactbhrmh 11O3HTHBHOrO pe3ynbtata TecTa Ha ankoronb (191, 194). RpyraR npo6nema COCTOHT B TOM, LITO no3hthbhb1ii pe3ynbtat TecTa MO)KeT BbI3BaTb 06BHHeHHe B BO3HHKHOBeHHH HeC4aCTHOTO CnyLIaR, XOTR 3TO He HCxnK)LIaeT CaMO no ce6e AeHCTBHR Apyrxx nphlihhhbix itaktopos. B 3TOM cnyllae, notpe6nexxe ankoronr MO)KeT 6bITb no)kho OnpeAeneHO, KaK nphlihhhbii%i cdaktop. HCnOnb30BaHHe TeCTHpOBaHHR no BO3M0)KHOPI nph4hhe MO)KeT nphbecth K TOMy, LITO HeKOTOpble pa6othhkh MOryT 66ITb OnpeAeneH61, KaK BO3MO)KH61e 3noynOTpe6nRIOnZHe ajikotonem Ha OCHOBe nph3hakos B nobeaehhh, KOTOpble B Ae14CTBHTenbHOCTH He OTHOCRTCR K notpe6nehhio ankotonr B006LLie. B03MORCHO, LITO HeKOTOpble CHMIiTOMbI MOryT 6bITb JiO)KHO npoaharhocthpobahbi H nphbeayt K BbIAeneHHIO H KneilMeHHiO HeKOTOpbIX n1oaeh, KOTOpble He 3noynOTpe6nRIOT ankoronem H He notpe6nriot HapKOTHKH (195). CJIO)KHO OLieHHTb 11O11e3HOCTb TecTa nepea noctynnehhem Ha pa60ty, TaK KaK notehlihânbhble pa6othhkh MOryT npekpathtb n0tpe6nrtb HapKOTHKH npll nonbitke yctpohtbcr Ha pa6oty H npoaonrcatb 3TO AenaTb, KaK TOJibKO HM 3T0 yaanocb. KpoMe TOTO, He cylliectbyet MeTOAa OLieHKH, AeFICTBHTenbHO Jill Te, KOMy OTKa3aJIH, npeactabnrjih 6m np06nemy AJiR KOMnaHHH. Tax KaK pa60toaatenh He 06513aHbI npeaoctasnrtb pe3ynbtatb1 TeCTHpOBaHHR nepea yctpoi%ictbom Ha pa60ty HJiH pa3brchrtb nphlihhy OTKa3a, 3TOT THn TeCTHpOBaHHR MO)KeT 6bITb CB5I3aH C HaH60111,LnxM LIHCJIOM 3noynOTpe6neHHN. K c0)kâjiehhio, 3TOT TeCT BbI3bIBaeT MCHbLLIe BCerO B03pa)KeHHFI CO CTOpOH61 npoctscoio3ob, TaK KaK OHH He AOnRCHbI Bblpa)KaTb HHTepeCbl He LL1IeHOB KOnneKTHBa (187, 196). B Apyrxx HCCneAOBaHHRX npeanonaraetcr, LITO MeTOA CKpHHHHra B O6LIieM MO)KeT nphbecth K MOpanbHOMy ylliep6y, noapblbatb B3aHMOOTHOLneHHR pa6othhkob H ynpasnr101lihx H CJiy)KHTb npxlihhoii iophahlieckhx BbICTynJ1eHH1i npothb KOMnaHHH (199). HCnOnb3OBaHHe nporpamm TeCTHpOBaHHR Aa)Ke MO)KeT OKâ3bIBaTb BnHRHHe Ha THn npetehayiollihx Ha pa6oty B 3TOH KOMnaHHH. Crant & Bateman (201) o6hapyxchnx, 11T0 KOMnaHHH, 71

80 xotopble npoboaat cxphhhhr Mexee BepoATHO nphbnekyr xcenaloutlix nonyllhtb pa6oty, KaK 143 rpynnbl notpe6naiouu4x, TaK H 143 rpynnbl He notpe6naioujhx. r1pht-ihha 3TOrO, noxoxce, CKpbIBaeTCA B TOM, KaK notehljhanbhblil npetehaeht OTHOCHTCA K KOMnaHHH. rlpetehaehtbi 06bILIHO 6onee 11O3HTHBHO OTHOCATCA K KOMnaHHAM, y KOTOpbIX HeT nporpamm TeCTHpOBaHHA, H CLIHTBK)T, LITO 3TH KOMnaHHH 60nbII1e AOBepAioT nk)asim H He BMeuIHBaiOTCA B LIaCTHyIO )KH3Hb CBOHX pa6othhkob. Ha AaHHbIIi MOMeHT, TeM He McHee, He ACHO nphhocht nh 3TOT CKpbITblii npouecc ot6opa KOMnaHHH 110nb3y HnH BpeA. B 3aKJIiOtIeHHe MO)KHO CKa3aTb, LITO, no-bhahmomy, XOTA TeCTHpOBaHHe MO)KeT COKpaTHTb o61iuhn ypobehb notpe6nehha HapKOTHtieCKHX BeLueCTB CpeAH pa6othhkob, BBeAeHHe nporpammbl nphboaht KO MHOrHM ApyrHM nocneactbham. XOTA COKpaLueHHe notpe6nehha âtikorona H HapKOTHKOB H CBA3aHHbIX C 3THM npo6nem ABnAeTCA )KenaeMbIM pe3ynbtatom ;VIA MHOrHX pa6otoaateneii, TeCTHpOBaHHe Ha HapKOTHLIeCKHe BeüjeCTBa MO)KeT TaK)Ke CHH3HTb MOpanbHblFi KJIHMaT B KOnneKTHBe H HapyIIIHTb B3aHMOOTHOLIIeHHA pa60toaatenb-pa60thhk. B HacTOAnjee BpeMA HeACHO nphhocht nh nporpamma 3Ha414TenbHble 3KOHOM144eCKHe npehmyluectba H nph KaKHX ycjiobhax 3TH npehmyli(ectba MO)KHO AOBeCTH AO MaKCHMyMa. ïlepea n011bitkoi4 nonylihtb OTBeT Ha 3TOT BOnpoC, He06XOAHMO, 4TO6bI TO4Hble HayliHble HCCneAOBaHHA BbIACHHnH BeCb CneKTp 3aTpaT H npehmyluectb, CBA3aHHbIX CO BCeMH McTOAaMH TeCTHpoBaHHA. PACI1POCTPAHËHHOCTb TECTVIPOBAHVIA B (1POMbIWlIEHHOCTVI CWA PaCnpOCTpaHëHHOCTb nporpamm CKpHHHHra B COeAHHëHHbIX llltâtâx pa3nhliha, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT THna pa6ot, BbIIIOnHAeMbIX KOMnaHHel3. Onpoc 1988 roaa CpeAHHx H KpynHblX KopnopauHH noka3an, LITO npoh3boactbehhble cphpmbl H KOMnaHHH B KOMMyHanbHOM H TpaHCIIOpTHOM celcropax HaH6onee LIaCTO npoboaat nporpammbl TeCTHpoBaHHA; a KOMnaHHH, pa60taioluhe B 6aHKOBCKOIi, CTpaXOBOii H cl)hhahcoboii cckepax pexce BCerO HMenH noa06hble nporpammbi. KpOMe Toro, KOMnaHHH, npoboaaiuhe nporpammy CKpHHIi1-n'a O6bI4H0 ABnAiOTCA AOCTaTOLIHO KpynHblMH, C 3Hai1HTenbHbIM KOnHIMeCTBOM pa6othhkob H AeFiCTByIOII(HMH B HeCKOnbKHX KOpnycaX (202). 72

81 B o6lijem, gem 60nbLne KOMnaHHA, TeM BbILIIe BepOATHOCTb, LITO oxa nposoant nporpammy TecTNposaHHA. B 1986 roay 25% KpynHeliLIIHX 500 KOMnaHHii npoboahnh nporpammbl TeCTHpoBaHNA (203) no CpaBHeHliio C nhlub 3.2% o6wero LIHCna KOMnaHHii. K 1990 roay 3Ta uhctpa BbIpOCna AO 4.4% (197). Fonee csexche AaHHble noka3bibaiot, LITO B 1992 roay 85% amephkahckiax KopnopauHil HCIIOnb30BanH KaKNe-nH60 clsopmbl TeCTIipOBaHIdA (204). TeM He McHee, 3TOT OnpOC He MO)iceT npeactabnatb BeCb amephkahckhi%i 6H3HeC, H60 OH 6bin HanpasneH Ha KOpnopauNN H BKn104an B Ce6A TOnbKO Te KOMnaHHH, KOTOpble OTBeTHnH Ha onpoc. TaK KaK B OCHOBHOM KpynHble KOMnaHHH HMeiOT nonhthky, KOnHIIeCTBO OXBa4eHHbIX nporpammamn T6CTHpOBaHHA pa6othhkob 6bIBaeT 3Hal-IHTenbHO BbIIIIe, iiem uhcispbi O KOnHLIeCTBe KOMnaHNi-I, KOTOpble BBenH 3Ty noiihthky. r1one3ho 6bIJI0 6b1 OueHHTb KOnHIieCTBO oxba4exxoro nporpammamn TeCTHposaHHA HaceneHHA, HO, K CO)KaneHHIO, 3TOi-i HHCl)OpMauHH HeT B HanHiiHN. CTeneHb NCHO11b30BaHH51 TeCTHpOBâHNA B CHIA, TeM He McHee, nobblluaet HeKOTOpbIM O6pa3OM OueHKa, TITO B 1992 roay 20% amephkahckhx pa6ovhx 6bin4 npotecthposaxbl (186, 204, 205). HaN6onee nonynaphbim THIIOM CKpNHHHra (H3MepAnOCb no LIHCny KOMnaHHN, nphmehablnhx 3TOT THn) ABnAeTCA TeCTHpOBaHHe npetehaehtos Ha pa6oty, a BHe3anHOe TecTHposaHHe - HaHMexee nonynaphbiii McTOA. 143 KOMnaHHii, nphmehaion.(hx nporpammbl TeCTHpOBaHNA, 92% HCIIOnb3OBânH TeCTHpOBâHHe npetehaehtob Ha pa6oty, 77% - TecTNposaHHe no nphghhe, 12%- nephoawieckhil CKpHHHHr H TOnbKO 8% TeCTHpOBâJIH BHe3a11HO (206). Eepona Ho CpaBHeHNio C C0eAHH2HHbIMH IIITaTaMH, npobejjeho HeMHOrO HCCneAOBaHHii no pacnpoctpahehhocth TeCTHpOBaHHA B Espone, BO3M0)KHO notomy, LITO TecTHposaHHe 3AeCb ABnAeTCA McHee AaBHHM ABneHHeM. CyIueCTByeT y6excaehhe, iito HeAaBHee BBeAeHHe TeCTHposaHHA B BenNKO6pHTaHHH ABnAeTCSI B OCHOBHOM CneACTBNeM AKTa no TpalicnopTy H TpyAy 1992 roaa, XOTA B AKTe He robophtca npamo, LiTO KOMnaHHH A0nACHbI npoboantb nporpammbl TeCTHpOSaHi3il. AKT n0 TpaHCnOpTy H Tpyny nph3bibaet pa60toaateneiï I3CIIOnb3OBaTb "BCë CBOe CTapaHNe" AnA npeaotspaülehlia notpe6nehha H 73

82 3noynoTpe6neHHA anxoronem Ha pa6o4em MecTe. BepoATHo, MHOrKe KOMnaHHH npi-ipabhanh 3T0 K BBep;eHHlo nporpammbl TeCTHpOBaHHA. B OTBeT Ha AKT no TpaHCnopTy H Tpyuy bphtahckasi TpaHCnOpTHaA nonhljha npejjoctabhna OTLIeT o nepbblx 14 MecSILjeB uei3ctbhii no TecTHpoBaxxlo c 7 uexa6p5i 1992 roua no 28 cllespansl 1994 roua (cm. Ta6nHuy 3). 3TH TeCTbI npobojjhnhcb.tiohjjohckhm McTpO H SpHTaHCKOII Wene3HOi%I uoporon. Ta6nNL{a 3. OT4eT O T2CTNpOBaHNN, f1pobe,q@hhoro EpNTBHCKON TpaHCfIOpTHON f1t11nl4l1e'0 11oH,qoHcKoe McTPO EPNTaHCKaA )Ke1le3HaSl gopora npobe,qëhhble TeCTbi n03ntnbhble pe3ynbtârbl TecTa OTKa3b1 OT TeCTHpOBaHHA 8 7,qeno B npoyecce paccmorpehrlsl np413hâhbi BHHOBHbIMDi Ha JJcmovHUx: Cnyxc661 %jahh6ix no 1loxoltaM (151) B HCCneuosaHHH 111 esponeiickhx KOMnaHHIi 6bi110 no,i);clihtaho, LITO 30 (27%) H3 HI-IX npoboz[sit nporpammbl TecTHpOBaHHA pa6othhkob (207). B uahhom HCCneJJ;OBaHHH 6bIJI0 TaioKe yka3ah0, LITO 18% KOMnaHHFi HCIIOnb3y1OT TeCTHpOBaHHe npeteh,i);ehtob Ha pa6oty; H3 HHX 72% TecTHpyK)T Ha ankoconb H OCTaBIIIHCCSI TeCTHpyiOT TOnbKO Ha HenerânbHble nponhcblbaemble HapKOTHLIeCKHe BeLIjeCTSa. getäjih ueidctbyk)lljhx nporpamm HnH rotobsilljhxcsi K HCIiOnb3OBaHHIO,IjaHbl B Ta6nHLje 4. 1ZpH OnpOCe, nollemy OHH BBenH TecTHpOBaHHe, BbISICHHJIOCb, LITO KOMnaHHH MOTHBHpyK)T 3T0 xcenahhem COKpaTHTb np06nembl, CB513aHHble C ajikoi'onem H HapKOTHKaMH HJIH H3-3a 3aKOHOI1aTenbHbIX nphlihh. KOMnaHHH, KOTOpble He npobouat TeCTHpOBaHHe, He J1;enaIOT 3T0r0, notomy LITO FIX BOnHyeT BnHSIHHe TCCTHpOBaHHA Ha 3aKOHHble H rpamc,ijahckhe npasa pa6othhkos H notehljhânbhble HeraTHBHble nocneuctbha B O6naCTH B3aHMOOTHOLIIOHHIi pa60thhk-pa6otouatenb, KOTOpble MOryT BO3HHKHyTb B pe3ynbtate (CM. Ta6JIHII;y 5 H 6). 74

83 Ta6nNL4a 4. TNnbl,geI7cTByIOLLINX NnN noarotabnnbaemblx MeponpNATNVI no TeCTNPOBaHNFO 30 EBponeNCKNX KOMnaHNI B 1993 r0,gy KOrAa npobogntca TeCTNpOBaHNe Kon144eCTBO, npobo,galqnx TeCTNpOBaHNe Ha: KOnN4eCTBO, o6/1,ymbibaiolunx npobe/1,ehne TeCTNpOBaHNA Ha: TNKN ankoronb HapKO- ankofonb Hap Ko- TNKN BHe3anHO,qnA BceX pa6oth14kob BHe3anHo /J,nA pa60talolvx B 30HaX nobbiwehhon OnacHOCTN Bo spew nepnogn4ecknx Me,qocMoTpoB,4nA onpeaenehhoro nepcohana Ilocne HeC4acTHbIX Cny4aeB NnN abapnh Ha pa6ore, cornacho Tpe60BaHNAM npn HanN4NN n0/],03pehnn N nobo,qa y pykobo,gctba Kai< 4aCTb npofpammbi ne4eh14a I/cmovriur<: Smith(207). Ta6nNL4a 5. npn4nhbl BBe,geHNA nporpammbl TeCTNpOBaHNA, npe,c4ctabnehhble 30 KOMnaHNAMN npn4nha KonN4ecTBo KOMnaHNN O6L1{aA 3a5oTa O COKpaL14eHNN HeC4aCTHbIX cny4aeb 19 O6LüaA 3a60Ta O COKpaLgeHNN pacnpoctpahehhoctn npo6nem, CBA3aHHbIX C ankofonem N/NnN HapKOTNKaMN ble 10p14,0,N4eCKNe NnN 3aKOHO,qaTenbHble Tpe6oBaHNA 6 nocne KOHKpeTHOfo HeC4aCTHOrO Cny4aA Ha pa604em MeCTe, B03H11KHOBeHNe KOTOpOfO CBA3aHO C ankofonem NnN HapKOTNKâMN 5 BCneA 3a BBe,geHNeM no,go6hol1 npaktnkn B A,pyfNX OpfaHN3aLNAX 4 Bcnep, 3a BBe,geHNeM nonntnkn B OCHOBHON g04ephen OpfaHN3atvN 2 npnbepxcehhoctb COKpaigeHNIO notpe6nehna HeneranbHblX HapKOTNKOB B o6tgectbe 2 kkmoiniuk. Smith (207). 75

84 Ta6nNLla 6. npn4nhbl OTKa3a OT BBe,qeHNA flpofpamm TeCTVipOBâHNA, f1pe,4ctâbiiehhble 28 KOMf1âHNAMN KonN4ecTBo KOMf1aHNL1 HeACHbIM ABnAeTCA COOTHOWeHNe Me>Kgy TeCTNpOB3HNeM N K>pN,qN4eCKNMN N fpa>kgahcknmn CB060,qaMN 19 TeCTNpOBaHNe MO>KeT OTpNLlaTenbHO CKa3aTbCA Ha B3aNMOOTHOWeHNAX pa60thnk-pa60to,qatenb 16 np06nembl, CBA3aHHble C ankofonem N,qpyfNMN HapKOTN4eCKNMN BeLUeCTBaMN, MOfyT BbIABnATbCA 60nee ymeno C fi0m0üabio NMeK)LItNXCA B HanN4NN pecypcob N npoüeayp 9 TeCTNpOBaHNe He COBfIagaeT C 3TN4eCKNMN y6encqehnamn OpfaHN3agNN 9 nobtopho paccmotpnm CNTyaLtNK), KOf,ga,gpyfNe OpfaHN3aL(NN BBe,O,yT f1onntnka TeCTNpOBaHNA 4 HcmovuuK: Smith (207). 76

85 6 OXBaT gevictbvlsi an KO1"Orl bhov1 Il O1l V1TV1 KIA 11oAC4HTâHO, LITO TOnbKO He6onblll0e KOni3LIeCTBO KOMnaHHN o611aj[aiot O4)1,11.1HanbHO O4)OpMneHHO1i 110nHTIdKO1%I, XOTA, BHAHMO, 60nbn]HHCTBO AeNCTByeT, onlipaacb, n0 xpaï-ixeï-i Mepe, Ha Heo(fHL[HanbHOe CornaLLleHHe (208). B 3TOli rnabe paccmatphba1otca HeKOTOpb1e Ony6nHKOBâHHble OLjeHKH KO11H4eCTBa KOMnaHHN, KOTOpble npobo,ijat nonhthxy no CBA3aHHbIM C ajikoronem npo6nemam. XOTA noao6hble HCCneAOBaH1iA He ABnAIOTCA HAeanbHblMH AnA npobe,gehna OljexKH KOJIFiL{eCTBa pa6otalowero HaceneHiiA, oxba4ehhoro noao6hofi nojihthkon, BKJIIOLIeHIie MX B 3TOT 0630p OnpaBAaHO, TaK KaK OHH, no KpaNHeli Mepe, npeaoctabj1aiot HCKOTOpy10 none3hyio HHCf)opMamIo. METOROJ1OpV1NECKI4E f1po6j1embi To4Hylo ouehky o6wero KOnHiieCTBa KoMnaHi3N, npoboaalghx ajikoronbhyx) nonhthky, H 06LgeT0 KOnH4eCTBa pa60thhkob, oxba4ehhbix ACNCTBHeM ajikoronbhon nojihthkh, npoh3becth CJIO)KHO, TaK KaK KOnH4eCTBO O6bI4HO noac4htbibaetca Ha OCHOBe AaHHbIX OnpOCOB, KOTOpbIC XapaKTepH3yIOTCA HCKOTOpbIMH CepbC3HbIMH HCAOCTaTKaMIi. HanpHMep, B OnpOCaX o nonhthkc KOMnaHHI%[ no ajikorojibhbim np06nemam y4actbyiot Te KOMnaHHH, KOTOpb1e y)ke nohhmaiot Ba)KHOCTb 3TOTO BOnpOCa H 11O3TOMy HaH60nee BCpOATHO OTBeTAT Ha BOnpOCbl OnpOCHHKa. Bepl-IyBLnHeCA onpochhkh, TaKHM o6pa3om, BepOATHO, BKn104aIOT B Ce62 60nbIllylo 4aCTb akthbhbix B 3T011 o6nacth KOMnaHHI%I H 3Ha4HTenbH0 77

86 IIpeysenxlixBalOT OueHxy KonxtlecTBa HMeIOajHX IIOnHTHKy KOMriaHHN B Ha1.1H0HanbHbIX MaCHITa6aX. YpOBeHb K011144eCTBa OTBeTOB Ha onpoc, TaKHM O6pa3OM, ABnAeTCA BaxCHbIM noka3atenem pelipe3ehtati3bhocth AâHHOrO HCCneJOBaHHA. To, KaKOH MCTOA noa6opa y4acthhkob HCnOnb3oBanCA, no- BHAHMOMy, OKa3bIBaeT OCHOBHOe BnHAHHe Ha pe3ynbtat onpoca. 3T0 MO]KHO npojjemohctphpobatb, CpaBHHBaA pe3ynbtatbl AByX xccne,aobahhiï, OAH0 HCCneJiOBaHxe ripoboahjiocb Ha 6a3e noanhc4akob xcypaana, nocbaluehhoro pa3-bachehhio BOrIpOCOB no ankoronlo "BHHOrpa,gHâA n03a" (Grapevine) (208), a wropoe Ha 6a3e 60nee penpe3ehtathbhori rpynnbi HaCeneHxA CTpaHbI B uejiom (MO). Pa3nH4H51 MexCAy 3THMH accneaobahhamh,i);onxchbl 6binx npoabhtbca H OHa 0x<HAânHCb, TaK KaK noa11hc414kx "BHHOrpaAHOM J103b1", 110- BHAHMOMy, yxce nohhmaiot HeKOTOpble ankoronbhble BOnpOCbI. 3TO HaLLlnO CBOe OTpaxCeHxe B TOM cl)akte, 4TO B nepsom onpoce 6bin0 06HapyxCeHO 4T0 76% KOMnaHHFi O6naAaIOT no11hthkoi3 HnH HeCKOnbKHMH, KacalOLuxMHCA BOnpoCOS no ankoronk) Ha pa6o4em MeCTe, a BO BTOpOM- TOJIbKO 32%. CpaBHHBaTb AaHHb1e OnpOCOB TaKxCe CJIOxCHO, TaK KaK KpHTepHx TOrO, 4TO COCTaBnAeT nonxthky, 4aCTO pa311h4h6i, TaK xce KaK H McCTHOCTb, rae npoboasitca xccneaobahha (209,210), H pa3mep KOMnaHHN, BKJIIO4eHHbIX B xceneaobahha. KpoMe Toro, cepbe3haa npo6nema ripa HHTepnpeTauxx pe3yji6tatob HCCneAOBaHHN COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO HeACHO, 4TO CO6CTBeHHO a3mepaetc51. HanpHMep, He BCer,ga ACHO, 4TO CTOHT 3a Cppa3oH "ametb ajikoronbhyio nonhthky". OueHHBaeTCA nh TOnbKO Hamy-Hie nonhthkh Hull TaKxCe ee peana3auaa? 3T0 HMeeT BaxCHOe 3Ha4eHae, TaK KaK KOMnaHHx, KOTOpble O6O3Ha4aIOTCA, KaK xmeloluae aojihthky, MOryT He npxaepxchbat6ca ee.,ltpyrhe KOMnaHHH AeIiCTBHTenbH0 MOIyr npoboahtb nojihthky, HO ecnh 3T0 AenaeTCA HeperynApHO HJiii noa ApyrHM Hâ3BaHHeM (nonathka ri0 3a6OneBaeMOCTx xna nojihthka no 3AOpOBbIO), 3TO MOxCCT He o6o3ha4atbca, KaK ankoronbhâa nonxthka. 3TH HCcneAOBaHaA, TaKHM O6pa3OM, MOryT 4acT0 110Kâ3bIBaTb nxlnb KOn144eCTBO KOMnaHHli, y KOTOpbIX ectb 4TO-TO HanaCâHHoe no 3noynOTpe6neHxiO ankoronem. HCCneAOBaHHA, TeM He McHee, AeiïCTBHTenbHO AaloT HCKOTOpOe npeactabnehhe o pacripoctpahehhoctx. 78

87 KO11V14ECTBO PEAJ1I43YIOLLUIX IlO11V1TI4KY KOMIlAH140 CyLgeCTByeT HeCKOnbK0 uccnejjobâhnii, KOTOpble npe,tzoctabnsiiot OL(eHKM KOnM4eCTBa KOMnaHMIi B Ben14K06pMTaHUN, npobo,asill4nx ankoronbhylo nonmtmky Toro HRH uhopo Tuna. H3 HMX, Brittan et al. (100) npejjoctabnsiet HaM60nee nonhyio KapTMHy COBpeMeHHbIX TMIIOB npaktnkm B npombiiiinehhoctn Ben14K06p14TaHMM u jjaet MHCpOpMaLjNIO o TNne nojzxojia, KOTOpblli SISnSIeTCH HaM6Onee pacnpoctpahehhbim. B ux uccnejjobahmm Mo)KHO onpeaenntb Tpu rpynnbi KOMnaHUii: Te, rjze He AenaIOT HM4er0 OTHOCMTenbH0 ajikorojisi; Te, rne 11pM3HalOT HanN4Me np06nembl, HO He npnhnmaiot HNKaKNX Mep; H Te, TlgaTenbHO pa3pa6otaha CTpaTerNSI, KaK CnpaBNTbCSi C notpe6nehnem ankoronh Ha pa6o4mx MecTax. OHM no,11c4mtbjim, 4TO KO11144eCTBO KOMnaHMii, npennpmhmmaioii.mx 11O3NTNBHble AelicTBMSI, COCTaBnSIeT 32%. 3m LjMCppa cnerxa npesblluaet Taxosylo, o6hapyxcehl-iylo O' Brien & Dufficy (141), OHM BbI4NCnMnM, 4TO KOn144eCTBO coctasnxet He 6onee 20%. MEL Research Ltd (HeOny6nNKOBaHHble,ilaHHble 1994 rojja) B uccnejjobahmn, npobenexxom Ha penpe3ehtatnbhoii rpynne KOMnaHNN, pacnojio)kehhbix BENpMMHreMe, noj[c4mtanm, TITO TOnbKO 23% MMeIOT ajikoronbhyio nonutmky, OTHOCNTenbHO H143Ka5I Ljuttipa n0 CpaBHeHNIO C 40%, o6hapy)kehhbimn B NCCnenOBaHNN Cny)K6bI np0m3bo,ijctbehhbix B3aNMOOTHOLNeH14Ii (208,211,212) N 33% no OL(eHKe Howie & Carter (213) CpejjM KpynHblX npennpuhmmâteneli B (Dalicpe, IIlOTnaHJ:1145I. MHOrNe 143 3TNX L(MCpp, TM He McHee, BepOSITHo nepeouehnbaiot O6Luee KOnN4eCTBO KoMnaHNIi B Beniixo6p14TaHMN, npobojjsiiijmx nojintnky. Fionee peanbxo}i SIBJI5IeTC51 LjMCppa, npejjctabnehhasi Powell (Heony6nNKOBaHHble jjahhble, 1990), KOTOpblli M3y4NJI HeCKOnbKO NCCnenOBaHMFi M 3aKJIio4aeT, 4TO McHee 20% IpMpM B Ben14K06pMTaHNM NMeK)T OcpuLjManbHylo nonmtnky Ha pa6o4nx McCTaX, pa3pa6otahhylo C uenb10 COKpaTNTb 3aTpaTbl npennpnsitnsi, CB5I3aHHble C notpe6nehmem ajikoronsi. HO-BNjjNMOMy, ahrnmlickasi npombiimnehhoctb OTCTaeT OT COejIMHëHHbIX liitatob n0 BBejjeHNIO ajikoponbhol3 nonmtmkm (214). Ho nonc4etam, KOnN4eCTBO amepnkahcknx cpnpm, o6nanalommx O(pNL[NanbHOIi nonmtmkoii Ha pa604mx MecTâX COCTaBnSIeT 60%. KOnN4eCTB0 ahrnuiickmx (pmpm C OcpNIZMaJIbHO BBej[eHHOIi nonntmkoii BepOSiTHO ybenm4ntc5i, TaK KaK Te, KTO yxce OCO3HBJI npo6nemy, HO ewe He BBen nonutmky, 6y,ayT 3TO nenatb (24% KoMnaHNM no Nccnejjosaxnio Brittan et al. (100) noj[nanaiot no,a 3Ty 79

88 KaTerOpl-IK)). HeCKOnbKO ClaKTOpOS 6yAyT Cn0006CTBOBaTb BBeAeHHIo nonhthkh KOMnaHHSIMH: IIy6nHKaL[HSI LH(p, noka3bibaion(hx KOnHIIeCTBO pa60thhkos, HMeIOLLwX ajikoronbhble npo6nembi Ha pa6ote (215); OIZeHKH (1)HHaHCOBbIX 3aTpaT, KOTOpble Mo)KeT nopoahtb HCCOOTBeTCTBeHHOe notpe6nehhe ankoronsi (99, 104); 3(l(19eKT KaMnaHHii n0 BOnpOCaM 3Z[OpOBb51 (216,217); ny6nhkal[hsi nonhthkh npabhtenbctsa n0 BOnpOCaM 3,4OpOBbH (5); a TaK)ICe 3aKOHbI, KaCaiOII.meCSI notpe6nehhs1 âjikoronsl Ha pa6ote. 3Ha4@HN@ B@11H4l+iHbl KOMIIaHNN B3aHMOCB513b Me)KAy BenHILHHOii KOMnaHHH H TeM, npobo,ght Jill OHa nonhthky, SICHO nokâ3aha B HCCneAOBaHHH Cnyxc6 npoh3boactbehhbix OTHOLneHHA (208,211,212). TOnbK0 16% ahrnhiickhx KOMnaHHIi C KOJIJICKTHBOM pa6othhkos OT 101 Ao 200 npoboasit nonhthky, no CpaBHeHHIO C 70% TeX, me pa60taet 60nee IienOBeK. XOTSI CpaBHHBaTb 3TH pe3ynbtâtbl TpyAHO, TaK KaK HCCneAyeMble rpynnbi BepOSITHO OlieHb pa3nhiihbi (CyuceCTByeT CpaBHHTenbHO HeMHOrO KOMnaHHI%I C HnH 60nee pa60thhkos), B3aHMOCB5I3b MexcAy pâ3mepom KOMnaHHH H CyLgeCTBOBaHHeM nonhthkh, no-bhahmomy, OIieBHAHa. 3TOT 3(1)41eKT 6bin TaK)I(e npoaemohctphpobah B CLIIA, me 70% HaH6onee KpynHblX 500 KOMnaHHIi (218) pa3pa6otanh ankoronbhyio nonhthky no KOHCynbTHpOBâHHLO, ne9ehhio H noaaep)kke pa6othhkob, n0 CpaBHeHHIO TOnbKO nhllib C 51% KOMnaHHl-i CpeAHei%I BenHIIHHbI. YllY4WEHVIE OXBATA,l1EV1CTBVIA OAHOFI H3 OCHOBHbIX 3aAali OpraHH3aLjHi7, pa6otalolu4x B ahthankoronbhol3 06naCTH, SIBnHeTCSI nosbllllehhe KOnHYeCTBa KOMnaHHlï, KOTOpble npoboasit ankoronbhyio nonhthky H, TaKHM o6pa30m, ybenhiiehhe KOJIKILeCTSa pa60thhkob, OXBaIieHHbIX AaHHOi4 nonhthkofi. 3HaIIHTenbH0e ybenhliehhe O6LI(erO KonHIieCTBa pa60thhkos, OXBaIIeHHbIX ankoronbhoi%i nonhthkoii, 6yAeT 3aBHC0Tb OT ybenhliehhsi ILHena He6011bLLlHx KOMnaHHN, KOTOpble BBeAyT nonhthky. OAHOii H3 OCHOBHbIX BbISiBneHHbIX nphiihh ARA He6OnbIIIHX KOMnaHHi-i OTKâ3a OT ajikoronbhoii nonhthkh SIBnSIeTCSI TO, IITO OHH IiaCTO He BepSIT, IITO y HHX ectb ajikoronbhble np06nembl. 3TO MO)KeT 80

89 noka3bibatb,, TO Ha MHOrHX He60nb11HHX npeanphsithsix AeIiCTBHTenbHO HeT 3TOFi np06nembl, HO TaK)Ke MO)KeT 11OKa3bIBaTb HeAOCTaTOK 3HâHHii 06 BO3M0)KHbIX 3(14eKTaX notpe6nehhsi ankoronsi Ha pa6ote (219,220). HeMHoro npeanphhhmateneh B He60nb111HX KOMnaHHSIX OXOTHO nph3haiot, T TO BO3M0)KHO y HHX ectb 3Ta npo6nema (221), 3TOT xce pe3ynbtat 3ByTHHT B BbIBOAaX HeAasHero onpoca He6onbuHHx H CpeAHxX KOMnaHHli ( pa60thhkob), nposeaexxoro B JIHBepnyne (222). B 3TOM onpoce 65% pecriohaehtob OTBeTHJIH, TiTO ajikotonb HHKOrAa He nphboahn K npo6nemam B TeTteHHe pa6ottero AHA. IlpeAnonarasl, zito 10% B3pOCnOrO HaCeneHHSI nbiot B KOnHTteCTBâX, KOTOpble MOI'yT HaHeCTH yu.tep6 3AOpOBbI0, (IHiIl)pa, KOTOpaSI LIaCTO nphboahtcsi, T{TO6bI pa31sichhtb nottemy BBOAHTCSI nonhthka) y HeKOTOpbIX KOMnaHHii, rae pa60taiot OT 10 AO 50 LIenOBeK He 6yAeT HHKaKHX npo6nem, CB5I3aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankoronsi. Chadwick & Pendleton (222) npeaiionaraiot, TM He McHee, tito KOMnaHHH, KOTOpble chctemathtmeckh 6yAyT CneAHTb 3a chtyaiiheh Ha CBOHX pa6otihx MeCTaX MOryT AeFiCTBHTenbHO 06Hapy)KHTb CBHAeTenbCTBa BJIHSIHHSI, KOTOpOe OKâ3bIBaeT ajikoronb. B AOLIOJ1HeHHe K npo6neme nph3hahh5i HânHP-IHSI CBSi3aHHOrO C ankoronem yujep6a, He6onbuHHe KOMnaHHH MoryT He BBOAHTb OiI)HL[HanbHON nonhthkh H3-3a CpeACTS H OpraHH3aLtHOHHbIX Mep, KOTOpble AnSI 3T000 Tpe6yloTca. bonbuloe KOnHTieCTBO cnyttaeb BBeAeHHS1 nonhthkh, KOTOpaSi AeÎnCTByeT Ha AaHHbII3 MOMeHT, BO3HHKJIO n0 HHHLtHaTHSe OTAenOB npocpecchohanbhon CaHHTapHH, MeHeA)ICepOB no KaApaM HA ynpabnsliouuhx n0 BOnpOcaM 3AOpOBb5I H 6e3onaCHOCTH (208), KOTOpbIX Ha He60nbuHOM npeanphsithh npocto HeT. HeAOCTaTOK CpeACTB MO)KHO AO OnpeAeneHHOI-t CTeneHH BOCIIOJ1HHTb nytem HC11O11b30BaHHSI BHeuIHHX OpraHH3aLtHH, KOTOpble MOryT npeaoctabhtb, HanpHMep, COOTBeTCTByIOII(yI0 nhtepatypy, MâTepHânbi no ykperuiehhio 3AOpOBb51, COBeTbI no pâ3pa6otke nonhthkh H KOHCynbTaljHH AnSI pa6othhkob C ânkotonbhbimh np06nemamh. 3T0 MO)KeT 6bITb peanbhbim BapHaHTOM 03,ns1 HeKOTOpbIX KOMnaHHFi, TaK KaK 3T0 MO)KeT 3HaTiHTenbHO COKpaTHTb 3aTpaTbl Ha pa6oty no ankotonbhbim npo6nemam. bonbiiihhctbo BHeIIIHHX OpraHH3aLjHii 1460 He onjiatihbaiot, nh60 oruiahhba1ot nhlnb He60nbuI0e KOnHTieCTBO 3K3eMïIJISIpOS CBOHX MaTepHanOB (223). 81

90 EcnH 60nbIIlee xonn4ectbo He6onbull-Ix npegnplislthii,gonpfcxbl 3a,qyMâTbCSI Ha,rx BBegeHHeM ankoronbhoa nonhthkh, Hy>KHO 1jOHOJIHHT ell bho npoliymatb, KâKHe otaktopbl, MOryT BbI3BaTb nobbiluehhe MOTHBauHH CaenaTb 3T0, KaK TO notehuhanbhble 3aTpaTbI, CB5I3aHHble C notpe6nehhem ânkoronsi (oco6ehho OCHOBHbIMH pa6othhkâmh), BepOSITHbIi3 3c1c1)eKT ankoronsi B HX KOHKpeTHbIX ycjiobhsix H nyth peulehhsi npo6nembl. CO3j[aHHe ankoronbhoi3 nonhthkh B He60nbIIIOii KOMnaHHH 4aCTO TaKwe Tpe6yeT HCIIOnb3OBaHH51 cpe,ijctb BHeuIHHX OpraHH3auHi3. He60nbuIHe KOMnaHHH TaK>ice 60nee BeposlTHO Bsej[yT nonhthky no notpe6nehhio ankoronsl, KaK iiactb nonhthkh, 3aTparHBaloIl(eii uenblii psi,g BOnpOCOB 31[OpOBb51. r1onhthka B o6nacth notpe6nehhsi ankoronsi MOxceT 6bITb 60nee nphbnekatenbhoii, KOr1[a oha SIBnSIeTCSI mactble 6onee ü1hpokon nonhthkh, KOTOpaSi Taxxce 3aTparHSaeT BOnpOCbl KypeHHSI H notpe6nehhsi HapKOTHKOB (27,166). repnnahha Hcnonb3OBaHHe BHeuIHHX OpraHH3auHii,ans noggepnkkh H no6ymcaehhsl KOMnaHHit pa60tatb Haoa CB5I3aHHbIMH C ankoronem npo6nemamh, no-bh,ahmomy, SIBnSIeTCSI pacnpoctpaxehholi npakthkol3 B FepMaHHH. HeMeuKHH uehtp a1ghxuhil (Deutsche Hauptstelle gegen die Suchtgefahren, DHS) SlBnsleTCSI HauHOI-IanbxblM uehtpom HHCpopMauHH, iiccnejjobahhii H 6H6nHOTeliHOiI cnyxc6bl, pacnpoctpahslioujhm H4OpMauHIO H CTaTHCTHLIecKHe 1jaHHble no repmahhh ( ). HeMeuKHIi HaL[HOHanbHbll3 uehtp cahhtaphoto npocbeiijehhsl (Bundeszentrale fur Gesundheitliche Aufklarung BZgA) Taxxce npeaoctasnsiet HHCbopMauHIO o6 anxorone, H 3Aecb 6bInH pa3pa60tahbi naketbl MaTepHanoB no IIIHpOKOMy Kpyly BOnpOCOB, KacaloluHXCSI ankotojisi Ha pa6oliem MecTe (135). no 1jaHHbIM uehtpa, HanpHMep, "no KpaliHeiI Mepe 5% BceX pa6othhkob SIBnSnOTCSI ankoronhkamh, cnegyiou.jhe 10% noasepralot ce6si Cepbe3HOMy phcky B pe3ynbtate 3noynoTpe6neHHSI ankoronem", H 3TH pa6othhkh B 16 pa3 6onee BepOSrTHO MOryT OTCyTCTBOBaTb Ha pa6ote H B 3.5 pa3 name nonaaatb B np0h3boactbehhble asaphh. TaKxce pa3ssich3ietcsi, zlto HeMeuKOe 3aKOHOZjaTenbCTBO COOTBeTCTByIOIIjHM o6pa3om OTHOCHTCSI K BOnpOCy anxoronsi Ha pa60liem MecTe; HanpHMep, no HBCiIaCTHbIM Cnyi-IasIM Ha np0h3bo1[ctbe, BO3HHKLIIHM n0 BHHe pa6othhkob Aaxce C OlIeHb HH3KHM ypobhem ankoronsi B KpOBH CTpaXOBKa He BbIIUIaIiHBaeTCSI. gehtp no6yxcaaet KOMnaHHH O6,IjyMaTb Mepbi nepbhnhoi3 82

91 np0(1)14nakthkh, TaKHe KaK OTKa3 OT HanHtIH5I ajikoi'onsi Ha TeppHTOpHH, npocseutehhe no BOnpOCaM ankoronsi, coxpauiehhe ctpeccob H yjlytlulexhsi rpacphka pa6otbl. Talcxce AaloTcu pekomehj1;auhh n0 pahhemy BbISiBneHHiO H net-iehhio CB5I3aHHbIX C ankoronem npo6nem. L[eHTp TatoiCe pekomehayet, LITO6bI 3TH Mepbl 6bInH CKOMIIOHOBaHbI B(1)OpMe ankoronbhoh nonhthkh KOMnaHHH, H npeaoctabnslet nphmepbl TaKOï-r nonhthkh. B I'epMaHHH CyüjeCTByiOT TaK)ICe OTJ1;enbHble perhohanbhble OpraHH3auHH, KOTOpble npeji;octabns1iot HH(bOpMauHIO H no,ijzjepmcky. B TetleHHe nocne,zxhhx nsith net Landesstelle Berlin gegen die Suchtgefahren (LBS) : Co3,i[aII perhohâjibhbin CepBHCHbIN IieHTp B bepjlxxe, C KOJIJIeKTHBOM npenoaabatejien no BOnpOCâM yperyjlhpobahhsi npo6jlembl H KOHCyJIbTaHTOB. OH HaueJleH Ha KOMnaHHH H 06H(eCTBeHHble OpraHH3auHH, KOTOpble 3aHHTepeCOBaH6I B npoiihj1aicthke a,1[iihkuhl1 H XOTHT cllejlatb 4TO-JIH60 jijih CBOHX pa60thhkob B 3TOM nj1ahe. B npouecce HHHIIHHpOBaHHA, peâjih3ai]hh H CTaHOBJ1eHHfi 3THX nporpamm, M61 KOHCyJIbTHpyeM HX, HHOr,ila B Te9eHHe HeCKOJIbKHX JIeT. HeKOTOpble KOMnaHHH yxce CCN4aC rotobbi K npobeaehhio nepbblx ularob no o1lehke pe3yjlbtatob (227). LBS TaK)Ke yliactbyet B cobmecthoii pa6ote ceth oprahh3anhii HOT( Ha3BaHHeM DIALOG. 3Ta cetb npeactasnxet co6oil cpopym oprahh3aijhn, KoTOpble Z[enSiTCSi HH(popMaul-IeI%I H cosetamh. HeMeuKHe KOMnaHHH TaK]Ke HMeIOT goctyn K Od)HuHanbHOMy HH(popMattHOHHOMy )KypHâny nog Hâ3BaHH8M "rlapthëp" (Partner) (rly6nhkyetcsi KaXcable gba Mec51t[a H CX0J1;eH C Grapevine, KOTOpbIIi ny6nhkyet YnpaBneHHe CaHHTapHOro npocbettjehhsi AHrnHH), uenb KOTOporo COCTOHT B no,ilgep)kke KOMnaHHIi, 3aHHMaIOIuHXCM CB513aHHbIMH C ankoronem npo6nemamh. Handwerker-Fonds (coio3 MacrepoB) cneuhajlbxo npeaocrasnsiet HH(bOpMauHIO Ana KOMnaHHlï rae HaCLIHTbIBaeTCSI 150 KIM McHee pa6othhkob. 3Ta HH(l)OpMaI.utSI BKnIOtIaeT B Ce6x ZjaHHble no TBKHM BOnpoCaM: 3aTpaTbl no ankoronbhbim np06nemam, BnHSIHHe ycjiobhi%i pa6otbi Ha BO3HHKHOBeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH, KaK BbISIBHTb npo6nemhbix nbioii(hx, KaK KOMnaHHH MO)KHO nomotib H3BHe HJIH H3HyTpH, IOpHAHtteCKaSi HHCbOpMaqHSI, CneuHanbHaSI nomoüjb Z(JISI MaCTepOB, AeTanH CB5I3aHHbIX C ankoi'onem MepOnpHSITHIi H nhtepatypa no BonpOcaM ankoronsi H COBeTbI MeHejl)ICepaM ankoronbhoi%i HOJIHTHKH. 83

92 B BenHKO6pIlTatu-IH TaKHe oprahh3aljhh, KaK YnpaBneHHe cahhtaphoro npocaeüjehha, COSeT no npocbelnehhio H HCCnej[OBaHHAM B 06naCTH ankoi OnA, oprahh3anha Alcohol Concern, MHO>iCeCTBO perhoxanbxblx COBeTOB no ajikoroniu, Cny)K6bI KOHCyJIbTHpOBaHHA pa60thhkob perynapno npe,anaralot COBeTbI, nhtepatypy, noji%jep)kky H TiacTo KOHCynbTHpOBaHHe pa6othhkob J(nA KOMnaHHrl, KOTOpble BBOjjAT H peânh3yiot IIOJIHTHKy n0 ankoronio. rpynnbi CaMOnOMOnjH, TaKHe KaK AHOHHMHble ajikorojihkh TaKxce KOHCyJIbTHpyioT pa6othhkob, TITO He Bb13bIBaeT 3aTpaT JjnA KOMnaHHH. HCIIOJIb30BaHHe noz(06hbix OpraHH3aIjHH, no-bhjjhmomy, ABnACTCA OZ(HHM H3 CnOCO60B, KaK CJjenaTb BBezeHHe ajikorojibhoii nonhthkh 60JIee nphbnekatenbhblm JjnA He6O1IbnIHX KOMnaHHH. BepOATHO, KOJIHLIeCTBO KOMnaHHii, npobo,1jainhx nonhthky, 6yJ(eT ybenh4hbatbc31 B 6yZ[yll(eM. YCneX HX nonhthkh BO MHOrOM 6yJ(eT 3aBHCeTb OT 3HaHHri H no,rwep)kkh, KOTOpyK) npe,goctabat HM BHenIHHe OpraHH3aL(HH. EcnH nonhthka n0 BOnpoCaM ankorojia, KypeHHA H 321OpOBb31 B L(enOM 6yJjeT peanh30bbibatbca BO BCë 6OnbnIeM KOnHTIeCTBe KOMnaHHIi, BO3MO)KHO, TITO npehmynjectba 3TOro pacnpoctpahatbca Ha 061L(eCTBO B L(enOM. Flo-BH,gHMOMy, 3aJjaLia centlac COCTOHT B TOM, TIT06bI y6ejjhtb pykobojjctbo KOMnaHHrl, TITO nposejzehhe COOTBeTCTByioüjeli nonhthkh MO)KeT nphhecth npehmyujectba KaK HM camhm, TaK H HX pa6othhkam. 84

93 7 O6cywgeHme 3KOHOMVIKA AJ1KOrOJ1A bbino nposejjexo 3HaiiHTenbxoe KOnHLIeCTBO HCCneJjOBaHHIi B o6nactl-i notpe6nehhm ankoi'onm H ero BO3MO>KHOrO B03zjel%ICTBii5I Ha np0h3bo,gctbo. B 3THX HCCne,gOBaHHSIX LIâcTO nenaetcm nonbltka OIjeHHTb BO3JIeNCTBHe notpe6nehhm ankoronm B nehe)khom BbIpa)KeHHH, KaK Ha npombiiiinehhoctb, TaK H Ha 3KOHOMHKy B uenom. XOTSI O6LUHe "npehmyn(ectba", KOTOpble MO)KHO OTHeCTH Ha CLIeT ankoronbhon npombiiiinehhocth (HanpHMep, 6naroAapsl CO3AaHHIO pa6ot-hx MeCT, Toprosne H KaIIHTanOBJIO)KeHHSIM), COCTasnSIIOT BaxcHylo LlacTb ypashehhm HaH6onblllee BHHMaHHe nphbnexalot CBM3aHHble C ankoronem 3aTpaTbI. 3TH 3aTpaTbl 6bInH no,gciihtahbi B HeCKOnbKHX ctpahax H LIaCTO no OLjeHKaM OHH COCTaBnMIOT 3HaHHTenbHylO HaCTb o61iler0 BânOBOI'O npouykta ctpahbl. B BenHKO6pHTaHHH gaine BcerO uhthpyctcm ouehka B npeaenax 2 MHnnHapaOS (liyhtob B 1987 roj[y. 3Ta OIjeHKa sknlotiaet B Ce6M 3aTpaTbl n0 CneJIyIOLuHM ctatbmm: 60nbHHIlHble nhctbi, 6e3pa6oTHua, npexcnespemexxam cmeptb, coaepxcahhe HaL[HOHanbHblX cnyxc6 3,apaBOOXpaHeHHM, CB53aHHble C ankoi'onem npabohapyliiehhm. TeM He McHee, CIOna He BXOJjMT 3aTpaTbl, noj[clihtatb KOTOpble He TaK npocto, HanpHMep, notepm 11p0H3BOAHTenbHOCTH, HeCLIaCTHble CnyLlaH, TeKyLIeCTb nepcoxana, HapyLIIeHHSI 11pOH3BOJjCTBeHHbIX B3aHMOOTHOIIIeHHIi H noteph, BO3HHKaIOCuHe B pe3ynbtate yxyjjliiehhm HMHJUKa CiHpMbI. HCKnK)LIeHHe 3THX IbaKTOpOB nphbeno K TOMy, LITO HeKOTOpble HCCnenOBaTenH clihtaiot, LITO 3TH LjH(lpbl MBnMIOTCM HeA00LjeHKOii, a 85

94 peanbhble 3aTpaTbI HaMHOrO BbILIle. 3TO y6eknehhe MO>KHO, TeM He McHee, OCnapHBâTb, OCHOBbIBaSiCb Ha TOM, tito 3KOHOMHtIeCKa31 MOAenb Kanl3Tan O61L1ecTBa - 3aTpaTbl Ho 3a6onesaHHsIM (KO-3113), KoTOpaSI macto i3c110nb3yetc5i AnSI noaclieta 3aTpaT, i3meet OrpaHHtIeHHylO LeHHOCTb, H Ha TOM, TITO 1103HTIiBHble nocneactbii51 notpe6nehasi ankol'ora He B35fTbI B pactiet. HeKOTopble 13CcneAOBaTenI3 HCIIOnb30BanH MOAenb KO-3113 AnA OLjeHKH CB513aHHbIX C notpe6rehhem ankoronsl 3aTpaT. r1pi3 3TOÎi MOACRH 3aTpaTbl OL(CHHBaIOTCA Ha OCHOBe notehl[hanbhoii CTOHMOCTH pa6othhka; oahako, AeÎICTBeHHOCTb 3TOH KOHLjenLjHH orpahhtieha npu HCIIOnb30BaHHH B CTpaHaX, rae CyLLleCTByeT HeKOTOpaSI CTeneHb 6e3pa60THubI. 11pH noactiete 3aTpaT C nomo1l1bio 3TOr0 MCTOAa tiacto 6yAeT nonytlexa ropa3ao 6onbulax gh(ppa, tiem nph OL(CHKe npsimbix 3aTpaT, CB5i3aHHbIX, HanpHMep, C TCKytiCCTbio nepcohana, C BbIIUIaTaMH n0 6o11e3HH H C HapyIIICHiiSIMii B npoii3boactbe. OLlCHKH, KOTOpble nonytichbl nph noactlete BnHSIHFi5I TaKHX (kaktopob, KBK 6e3pa60THHa H npe>kaespemehhaa CMepTb H3-3a notpe6nehhsi ankoronsi, SiBnSiK)TCSI X1/ZlQJ1bHbZM11, a He pepj1bhb1m1t 3aTpaTaMH (AeHbrH, KOTOpble MO>KHO C3KOHOMHTb), KaK 3TO 06bItIH0 npeanonaraetcsi. B AOnORHCHHe K np06nemam nphmchhmocth 3TOÎi MOAeJIid, npehmyülectba, KOTOpble MO>KHO OTHCCTH Ha CtleT notpe6nehha ankotona o6bltiho He BKnlOtiaK)TCSi B ouchky 06ujHX 3aTpaT. IIotITH BCe HH(1)pm H CTaTHCTH'ieCKHe AaHHble, KâcaiOLLjHeCA npo6nembi noactieta 3aTpaT, MO>KHO nphhatb TOnbKO C OrOBopKOÎi, tito OHH ABRAK>TCA nph6nh3htenbholi OLjeHKOIi ABReHHA, KOTOpOC Ha AäHHbIi%I MOMCHT He MO>KeT 6bITb 3adHKCHpOBâHO C HaytIHOIi TOtIHOCTbIO. DiNardo (228) B CBOCM o63ope, nocbaujehhom 3aTpaTaM no notpe6rehhio ankorona H HapKOTHKOB B CHIA, HpHXOAHT K BbIBOAy, tito OL(eHKH o61ijhx 3aTpaT HMeIOT orpahhtlehhyk> L(eHHOCTb. 3TH KpHTHtieCKHe 3aMe9aHHA nphmchhmbi H K npobeachhbim B BCnHKO6pHTaHHH HCCneAOBâHHAM. EcnH MbI XOTHM yjlytlulhtb TOtiHOCTb OL(eHOK, Heo6XOA4MO noaymatb HaA peulehhcm HeKOTOpbIX BOnpOCOB, BKniOtIaA KatiCCTBO AaHHbIX, BnHAHHe ankorona Ha nobcachhe H 3AOpOBbe H B3aHMOBnHAHHe notpe6nehha anko H ApyrHx ctiaktopob. Ha AaHHbIÎI MOMCHT MHOTHC HMCiOUmCCA B HânHtiHH AâHHble Co6HpanHcb ARA yaobnetbopehha KaKHX-R146o Hy>KA KOMnaHHH, a He ARA TOrO, tito6bi AaTb OTBCT Ha KOHKpCTHbIÎI HaytlHblÎi Bonpoc. B 86

95 pe3ynbtate 3T0F0 MHOrHe AaHHble He MOryT HCII0nb30BâTbCSI B Hay4HbIX I.IenSIX. HanpHMep, HH(l)opManHSi 06 OTCyTCTBHH no 60ne3HIi B$enHK06pHTâHHH, B OCHOBHOM HMCeTCSI B HanH4HH B(pOpMe OnpeAenSieMbIX CâMHMH pa6othhkâmh nph4hh HX OTCyTCTBHSi. nph4hhbi OTCyTCTBHSI, KOTOpble yka3bibaiotc5i Câ.MHMH pa6othhkamh, TeM He McHee, HMeIOT ManO HnH HHlierO o6luero c peajlbhbimh nph4hhamh, no KpaliHeFi Mepe, KorAa pe4b HAeT O 3noylioTpe6neHHH ankoronem. HMeIOIIZHeCSI AaHHble o npoiiyckax pa60tbi, TaKHM o6pa3om, He OCO60 11One3HbI An5l OL[eHKH B3aHMOCB513H Me)KAy notpe6nehhem ajikoponsi H OTCyTCTBHeM Ha pa6ote. B AOnOJIHeHHe K 3aLgHTHOMy 3(p(beKTy, KOTOpbIIi MO)KeT OKâ3bIBaTb ymepehhoe notpe6nehhe ajikorojisi Ha 3,1OpOBbe, ApyrHe 1-1O3HTHBHble 344eKTbI Taxxce MOryT BnHSLTb Ha OIjeHKy 3aTpaT. Oco6eHHo He06XOAHMO BbI4HCnHTb LZeHHOCTb ankoronsi, KOrAa OH HCII0nb3yeTC5I B Ka4eCTBe CTHMyna, a TaK)Ke OLeHHTb B03M0)KHbIi-I n03hthbhbifi. COLjHâJIbHbIN 3(13(lIeKT, KOTOpbIi%I OH MO)KeT OKa3bIBaTb. 34(1JeKTb1 B3aHMOCB5I3H MexcAy notpe6nehhem ankor'onsi H ApyrFiMH THnaMH nobeaehha (oco6ehho KypeHHeM H CTpecCOM) TaK)Ke He06X0AHMO y4ntbibatb, TaK KaK 3T0 OKâ3bIBaeT CBOH nocneactbhsi Ha 3aTpaTbI, H Ha AaHHbIIi MOMeHT 3TOT BOnpOC IIJIOXO H3y4eH. (DyHAâMeHTanbHblM BOnpOCOM npl3 OL[eHKe 3aTpaT, BOrIpOCOM, KOTOpbII 4aCT0 HrHOpHpyiOT, SIBnSIeTCSI 3(14eKT IIpeACTaBneHHii H y6e)kaehhfi CaMOrO HCCneAOBaTensl nph onpeaenehhh, KaKHe (paktopbi AOnXCHbI 6bITb BK11IO4eHbI B OL[cHKy 3aTpaT. 3TH peiliehhsi SIBnSIIOTCSi OCHOBOIIOnaraIOLL(HMH, TaK KaK OHH He1,136e)KHO, B 3Ha4HTenbHON CTeneHH OnpeAenSIK)T BenPi4HHy 0L1eHKH. HanpHMep, IIpeACTaBneHHe, 4TO ino6oe notpe6nehhe ankoronx nphboaht K HeraTHBHbIM nocneactbhsim H BeAeT K 3aTpaTaM, HeMHHyeMo nphbeaet K BbInSI4HBaHHIO notehljhânbhbix 3aTpaT H BKn104eHHK3 HX B OLjeHKy. AHan01H4HbIM noaxoa K HOTeHLalânbHbIM npehmyll[ectbam He nphmehsietcsi. DiNardo (228) 3aMe4aeT, 4TO HCCneAOBaTenH 6onee CKJIOHHbI nphhhmatb Ha Bepy HeT04Hble HeraTHBHble pe3ynbtatbi, 4eM H03HTHBHble OL(eHKH, H 3Ta TeHAeHL(HSI HrHOpHpOBaTb HeTO4HOCTb HeraTHBHbIX OneHOK HnH peakhe "ahomanbhble" H03HTHBHble oljehkh (l:iyhaamehtâjibho noapbibaiot Aosepne K nk)60my 3a5IBneHHIO abtopob. B AonOJIHeHHe K CJIO)KHOCTSIM OLICHKH 3aTpaT, CB5I3aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankoronsi, CyLLleCTByIOT CJIO)ICHOCTH C OneHKOIi 34)(1)eKTa, KOTOpbIIi 6yAeT OKa3bIBaTb COKpaLIleHHe HJIH npekpali[ehhe 87

96 notpe6nehha ânkorona. AJIKOrOnb ABnAeTCA TOnbKO OAHHM 143 BenjeCTB, Ha notpe6nehidh KOTOpOro LienOBeK MO)KeT OCTaHOBHTb CBOI%I Bb16op, onpeaenehhâa CTeneHb 3aMenjeHHA MO)KeT Ha6n10jjaTbC51 nph COKpalueHliH KOnHLIeCTBa notpe6nehha HeKOerO onpeaenehhoro BeüjeCTBa. JI1oAH MOryT 6bICTpO nepexo,iliitb Ha anbtephâthbhble BapHâHTbI. YBenHLieHHe notpe6nehha MapHXyaHbl, HanpiiMep, MO)KeT nphbecth K COKpan(eHiilO notpe6nehha ApyrHx HapKOTHKOB (Modal, K.E., HeOny6nHKOBaHHble AaHHble 1993r.); TaKACe COKpanjeHHe notpe6nehha repohha LIaCTO BeAeT K 11OBbIIIIeH13I0 notpe6nehha ankorona (229,230). CHI-DKeHIie notpe6nehha ankorona MO)KeT BeCTH K 11OBbIIIIeHi3iO notpe6nehha nponhcblbaembix HapKOTIiLIeCKHX Cpe,TZCTB (231) H Ta6axa (232). COKpaIIjeHHe HnH OTKa3 OT notpe6nehlia ankorona B 3TOM cnyllae BPAA nh nphbeaet K 3KBHBaneHTy 3KOHOM14I3 B OueHKe 3aTpaT, CB513aHHbIX C notpe6nehhem ankorojia. K CO)KâTIeHHK), npeacrabnehhe, KOTOpoe LIâCTO nojjpa3ymebaetca B ouehke 3aTpaT n0 notpe6nehhio ankorona, COCTOHT B TOM, IiTO 3TO KOnü,ieCTBO AeHer, KOTOPOe MO)KHO C3KOHOMHTb, ecnh notpe6nehhe ankorojisi 6yAeT npexpalluexo; He noxo)ice, LIT06b1 3T0 6bIJI0 TaK.,gaxce ecnh 6bI 3TI4 npo6nembl 6bI11H pelnehbl, BbI3bIBaeT COMHeHHe TO, MHOro nh MbI npho6petem, yctahobhb 6onee npashnbhy10 ouexxy o61ijhx 3aTpaT. PelueHHe 3THX B OCHOBHOM npakthlieckhx npo6nem,ijeiictbiitenbho MO)KeT yjlylnnhtb 061uy10 TOLIHOCTb noaclieta AeHe)KHbIX 3aTpaT, HO Mâno nomo)ket B peulehhh ApyrHx npo6nem nphaahha TOnbKO 3KOHOMHLIeCKOÎ-i IjeHHOCTN notpe6nehh10 ajikorona. 3TH Apyri3e npo6nembl BKn101IaIOT B ce6a ouehky TaKHX BelljeH, KaK nhtihaa cbo6oaa, yaobonbctbha, yjlylliliehhe KaLIeCTBa )1(H3HH, KOTOpble MO)KeT nphhecth ankoronb. 3TH CiaKTOpbI TaK)iCe Hy)KHO ylihtbibatb, ecnh noacliet "3aTpaT" BOo6Hje HMeeT KaKOi-i peanbhblli CMbICn. He BCe OI.jeHKH 3aTpaT, TeM He McHee, 3aCny)KHBaIOT 710AO6HOH KpHTHKH. HCnO11b3OBaHHe noaclieta 3aTpaTbl-npeHMynjeCTSa Mo)KeT 6bITb none3hbim, n0 KpaNHeH Mepe, nph ouexxe 3c14eKTa OnpeAeneHHbIX BapHaHTOS noniiti3kh. AHanH3 3aTpaTbI-npeHMynjeCTBa 11O3BOJI51eT HCCneAOBaTeniO nonyllhtb HaAe)KHyiO ouehky 6e3 nojihoro OnHCaHHA MHO)KeCTSa TOHKHX CB513eH Me)KAy notpe6nehhem ankorona H H3MepeHHeM Pe3ynbTâTOS ero notpe6nehha. XOTA TaKaA CHCTM He MO)KeT npeaoctabhtb noka3atenb o6njhx 3aTpaT, OHa MO)KeT 0603HaLIHTb OTHOCIiTenbHylO 344eKTHBHOCTb 3TOrO BapHaHTa 88

97 nonhthkh. HCIIOnb30BâHHe (1JOpMbI ahânh3a 3aTpaTbl-IIpeHMyLLjecTBa MO)KeT 6bITb OCO6eHHO none3hbim AnA KOMnaHHii (B OCHOBHOM ARA npaktiiiieckoro HCnOnb30BâHH51, a He AJIA OL.jeHKH 06LgHX 3aTpaT), Talc KaK OHa AaeT OTBCT Ha 'rame BOnpOCbl, KaK "HOBbICHTCA nh np0%1ykthbhoctb C nomoü.jbio BBe,rXeHHA nonhthkh X?" XOTA COBpeMeHHble OL[eHKH TaK HeHaAë)KHbI, OHH OTIeHb Hy)KHbI, TaK KaK OHH ABnAIOTCA CpeACTBOM H3MepeHHA 06II.tHX CBA3aHHbIX C ankoronem 3aTpaT, TITO OTIeHb none3h0 )2(nA (kopmhpobahha 06LIjeCTBeHHOrO MHeHHA H nonhthkh npabhtenbctba. HeKOTOpble KOMMeHTaTOpbl ytbep)i(ljaiot, TeM He McHee, TITO 6bIIIO 6bI OIDH6KON HCIIOnb30BaTb nog06hble OLjeHKH, KaK pykobojjctbo XnA Onpej[eneHHA nphophtetob nph pacnpe,izenehhh pacxoj[ob, TaK KaK OHH He oiihpaiotca Ha TBëpj>;y10 3KOHOMHTIeCKy1O OCHOBy. Guyot (233) HyLkeT,LjanbLlle H ytbepxcaaet, TITO 3KOHOMHTIeCKHII cnop He HMCeT nog C060H HHKaKOii peanbholï 3KOHOMHTIeCKOr%I OCHOBbI, HO CTIHTaeTCA, TITO OH none3eh, TaK KaK n03bo1151et nonhthkam noahatb "npo6nemy" H Bb16paTb npabhjibhble Mepbl ee peluehha. OTBETHbIE MEPbI IIPOMbIW11EHHOCTVI no I1PO611EMAM A11KOf O11A gaxce HeCMOTpA Ha TO, TITO CyIIIeCTByIOT 3HaTIHTenbHble np06nembl c OL(eHKOIi 344eKTa notpe6nehha afikocona B O6LL[eM AeHe)KHOM Bblpa)KeHHH, K yj>;obnetbopehhio MHOCHX nioaeh 61DIJI0 npo,r[emohctphpobaho, LITO notpe6nehhe ajikorona, no KpaNHei%I Mepe B HeKOTOpbIX chtyaijhax, MO)KeT CO3AaBaTb 3HaTIHTenbHble npo6nembl g.tia npombillinehhocth. B OTBeT Ha 3T0, npombiiiinchhoctb centlac, n0-bhahmomy, HaTIHHaeT nph3habatb H 3aHHMaTbC5I ânkoconbhbimh np06nemamh. MOTHBaLjHSI 3THX,geFICTBHI%I noabhnacb B OCHOBHOM B pe3ynbtate ny6nhkanhh HCCnejjOBaHHii, r.txe 6bInH OnpeJjeneHbI HeKOTOpble BO3MO)KHble CB313aHHble C notpe6nehhem 3aTpaTbl, H TaK)Ke B pe3ynbtate nosibnehha 3aKOHOJ(aTenbHblX J.tOKyMeHTOB. OCHOBHaA OTBeTHâA Mepa npombiiiinehhocth n0 ankoconbhbim np06nemam COCTOHT B BBeAeHHH ankoconbhoi%i nonhthkh Ha pa60tihx MecTaX. EiJIKOCOnbHaA nonhthka MO)KeT nomotib B BbIABneHHH, nobbilnehhh AHCHHLIJIHHbI H pea6linhtaiuhh pa60thhkob C ankoconbhbimh np06jiemamh, a TaKACe H B npocbcil.);ehhho pa60thhkob O BO3MO)KHbIX 31:1)43eKTaX notpe6nexha ajikorona H 89

98 Mexee onacxoii npaxthxe ero ynotpe6nehhsi. IIpeHMyinecTSa, KOTOpbIX MO)KHO AOCTHLib IIyTeM BBeAeHHSI ankoronbhoi%i nonhthkh, BKJIiOLiaioT B Ce65I CO3AaHHe 6narOnOnyLIHOrO, 3AOposoro pa6oliero KOnneKTHBa C nobbiiiiehhori MOTHBaIjHeii, a TaK>Ke HeKOTOpble 3KOHOMHT-IeCKHe npehmylljectsa, BKnIOT-IaSi Te, KOTOpbIX MO)KHO AOCTHLib nytem pea6hnhtauhh pa6othhkob, KOTOpble B npothbhom CnyLiae MOrnH 6bI pa6otatb HenpOAyKTHBHO HnH 6bITb ybonehbl. To, KaKHM o6pa3om paccn-iatphbaetcst ankoronbhasi 3aBHCHMOCTb, HMeeT Cepbe3Hble nocneactbhsi AnSI yctaxosnexxsl npoljenypbi nei4ctbhii B OTHOnIeHHH pa6othhkob, y KOTOpbIX ectb HnH OHH MOTyT nposibhtbcsi ânkotonbhble npo6nembl. XOTSI ctatyc ankotonbhoil 3aBHCHMOCTH, KaK 3a6oneBâHHSI ocnaphbaetcsi, pa60tonatensim pekomehayetcsi OTHOCHTCSI K 3aBHCHMOCTH HMCHHO TaK. ripoh3boactbehhble TpH6yHanbi 6onee HRH McHee nphhsinh 3Ty CxeMy pa6otbi H LiaCTO Tpe6yK)T OT KOMnaHHiï npenoctabnsitb HeKOTOpOe o6ecneliehne AnSI CTpaAalonjHx B pe3ynbtate ankotonbha npo6nembl, KaK 3TO AenaeTCSI AMA CTpanatoiljHX OT nio6oro Apyroro "3a6oneBaHHx". 3To Tpe6osaHHe MoxceT HHOrna nphbecth K Ka3an0cb 6bI a6cypahoil chtyauhh, xorna pa6otonatenb ybonbhsict pa60thhka c xopoiuei3 npoaykthbhoctbio H 6e3 ankotonbhbix npo6nem, B TO )Kc BpeMSi OCTaBnSISI pa6othhka C xyallieii npoaykthbhoctbk) H ajikotonbhbimh npo6nemami3 3a ()duo u riio.nc2 Hapÿlt[2HIlE. 3Ta BHAHMaSI ABOI%IHasI CHTyaIjHSI MO)xeT BbI3BaTb HeKOTOpOe HerOAOBaHHe, H Aaxce npxsena K TOMy, LITO HCKOTOpble pa6othhkh 3a5IBn5InH, LITO CTpanaioT OT ankotonbhbix npo6nem, KOrna B peanbhocth 3THX npo6nem He 6bIJIO. AJIKOTOnbHaSl nonhthka pa3pa6atblbaetcsi C IjenbiO CnpaBHTbCSI C npo6nemamh, Korna OHM y)ke nposibhnhcb, HO ee TaK)Ke MO)KHO HCnOnb3oBaTb, LITO6bI BbISIBHTb notehi[hanbhbie np06nembi nytem npocb6bl K pa60thhkam BbICKâ3aTb BCe CBOH onacehhsi Ha TMY ajikotonsi n0 TOTO, KaK 3TO CTanO AHCI[HnJIHHapHOii npo6nemoh. Taxasl ctpaterhsi o6blliho BKnioLlaeT B ce6si npenno)kehhe npofith neliehhe, B TO BpeMSi, KaK pa6ollee McCTO 3a 3THM LienOBeKOM COXpaHSieTCSI. 3-ro no6yxcaaet pa60thhkob 06pan[aTbCSI 3a nomolgbx) n0 nio6o1,1 npo6neme c notpe6nehhem, H B TO)Ke spew' AaeT pa60toaatenk) BO3MO)KHOCTb COKpaTHTb o61ghai ypobehb notpe6nehhsi Ha pa6ohhx McCTax. AJIKOTOnbHaSi nonhthka, TaKHM o6pa30m, HMeeT notehuhanbhble npehmyiaectba, Kai( AJISI pa6othhkob, TaK H ARA pa6otoaatensi. OHa MO)KeT OnpenenSlTb 90

99 npouenypy yperynmposaxma ajikoi'onbhbix npo6nem, KOTOpble yxce nposibhnhcb, H, ilepe3 npenoctasnehhe ne'iexha pa6othfixam Ha no6pobonbhon OCHOBe, MO)KeT naxce COKpaTHTb KO11H4eCTBO CBA3aHHbIX C ankotonem.ghcuhiuihhaphbix HapynleHHH. BaxcHOil CpyHKIjHeIï nio60h ajikoronbhon nonhthkh, 1;13yHKI.jHeN, KOTOpON 4aCTO npehe6peralot, ABJIAeTCA BbIABneHHe TeX acnektob pa6overt cpenbi H/HJIH acnektob pa6otbl, KOTOpble Cnoc06CTByiOT notpe6nexmlo. OnpenenexxaA npakthka Ha pa6ote H pa6oilee OKpy)KeHHe OKa3bIBaeT MOIijHOe BnHAHHe Ha ypobehb notpe6nehma, OHM MOryT neiictbobatb npothb yctâhobnehma COOTBeTCTByiOIIjHX HOpM notpe6nehha. Pa6OTHHKH MOryT 60nbLLie pearhpobatb Ha 60nee 6nM3K0e H MOIIjHOe npenctabnehhe O TOM, LITO ABnAeTCSI "npmemnembim", LIeM Ha npabmna KOMnaHHH, xacaion(heca notpe6nehha ânkorona Ha pa60liem MecTe. "1-1T06bi nocthiib KaK MO)KHO 60nbLllerO ycnexa, He06XOnHMO, 1I06bI nojihtmxa 6bina HanpaBneHa npothb B03neiiCTBHA non06hbix npenctabnehhm H npaktmkh Ha nobenehhe, H MeHAna MX, ecjim 3T0 BO3MO)KHO. PeanH3aL1HA COOTBeTCTByIOII.jeN ankoronbhon nonhtmkh npenoctabnaet O,gHH MeTOn, KOTOpblii MO)KeT HCnOnb3OBaTb pa60tonatenb. MeTOnOM H3MeHeHHA 06üjer0 nobenehha Ha pa60llem MecTe ABnAeTCA BBeneHMe 6onee o6lgefi nporpammbl ahthâjikoconbhoro npocbeiijehma. 11onO6Hbie nporpammbl MOryT H3MeHHTb nobenehhe pa60thhkob nytem npenonhecehha 3HaHHN o6 ankoronbhoii nonhthke KOMnaHHM, eKTaX notpe6nehha ankorona, O no3ax, KOTOpble MO)KHO notpe6natb 6onee Mexee 6e30naCH0. XOTA Ha nahhbin MOMeHT HeACHO HâCKOnbKO 3(I(IIeKTHBHbIMH nenctbmtenbho ABnAIOTCA npocbetmtenbhble KaMnaHHH B H3MeHeHMH nmtenhoro nobenehha, OHM nponemohctphpobanh CBOii ycnex B pacnpoctpaxehhh HH(kopMaLjMH. TaKHM 06pa3oM, MX BKJIIOLIeHHe B ankoronbhyio nojihthkyabjiaetca OnpaBnaHHbIM. B nocnenhhe ronbl OnHHM H3 OCHOBHbIX H HaM60nee npothbopelihbbix HoBOBBeneHHFi, nbitabiiihxca COKpaTHTb KOnMLIeCTBO ajikoi'onbhbix npo6nem Ha pa6ollhx MecTaX, 6b1n0 BBeneHMe TeCTHpOBaHHA. OCHOBHbIMH (1)OpMaMH TeCTMpOBaHHA, KOTOpble MC11Onb3OBaJIHCb n0 CHX nop, 6bInM: BHe3anHoe, no nphlimhe, nocne neliehha, nepmonmlieckoe M TeCTHpoBaHHe npetehnehtob Ha pa6oty. BBeneHHe n0no6hbix TeCTOB noabmjiocb, no KpaiïHeri Mepe LiaCTMLIHO, B pe3ynbtate 3aKOH0naTenbHbIX 91

100 JjOKyMeHTOB, KOTOpble HâJlaraK)T Ha pa6otojjatejisi TiaCTx9HyK) OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb, HapSiAy C HapynIHBIIIHM npabxjla pa6othiikom, 3a xhljxjjehtbl C ytiactxem ajikorojisi. XOTSI 3aKOHOsaaTeJIbCTBO np5im0 He Tpe6yeT BBeJjeHxSI nporpamm TeCTxpOBaHHSI, OHO no6yxqjaet pa60to.gatejiert BBOJjxTb i3x, Tpe6ysi, 9T06b1 6bulx npxjio>kehbi "BCe CTapaHxSi" C qejlbio 1436e)KaTb HeCt{aCTHbIX CJIytiaes C yliactxem âjikorojisi HRH HapKOTxKOB. KpOMe TOrO, npej.joctabjiehhe nonxuxx npasa TeCTxpOBaHxSI x apecta 6e3 OpAepa TeX, KOro 3a11Oj;03p111I11 B HâJlxTixx ajikorojisi B OpraHx3Me, JjaeT t{etkxii CxrHâJl, MTO 3T11 "BCe ctapahxsi" MOryT JjeiiCTBATeJIbHO 03Ha4aTb. OJ[Hi{M I43 OCHOBHbIX ycjlosxii ycnexa ajikorojibho)i noj114tnkh, H BOnpOCOM OrpOMHOÎI Bâ)KHOCTx,tIJISi npombiiiijiehhoctx 51BJI51eTC5I 3aTpaT0-344eKTIiBHOCTb JjaHHOii nojixtxkx. Ha AaHHbItiI MOMeHT CJIO)KHO BbISICHi{Tb XOTb C KaKOI3-JIx6o CTeneHbK) ybepehhoctx npxbejjet JIx BBeJjeHxe ajikorojibhoil nojixthkx B pe3yjlbtâte K KaKi-iM-JIx60 npexmynjectbâm JjJISI KOMnaHxx. HpOBeJjeHHble B CHIA xccjiejjobâ.hxsi, nokâ3ajih, TiTO npejjoctabjiehxe JleTieHxSi AAA "ajikoroji)ikob" MO)KeT nphbectx K 3Ha4xTeJlbH0ii 3KOHOMx14 CpeJ[CTB J(JISI KOMnaHxH. TeM He McHee, pe3yjlbtatbl 3T14X xccjiejiobâ.hxi4 HeJIb35I npxmehsftb B Jjpyrxx ctpahax, TaK KaK CynjeCTByIOT OtieHb KpynHble pa3j{xtixsl B CHCTeMaX 3JjpaBOOXpaHeHxSi H B CTeneHx OTBeTCTBeHHOCTx yt{actsyioii[xx KOMnaHxli. TaKxce BepOSrTHO, TITO O11eHKx 061IjxX 3aTpaT Ha JIeTieHxe B CHIA MOryT 6bITb xckycctbehho 3aBbIIIIeHbI, B pe3yjlbtate HeKOTOpbIX npxtinh, KOTOpbie TiaCTO He CB513aHbI C 30:1)eKTHBHOCTbiO JIeYeHi{SI. BbIBOJjbI HejjaBHxX xccjiejjobâhxii 110Ka3bIBaK)T, TITO OTHOCi{TeJIbHO JjellieBOe, MHHi{MâJIbHOe B03J4el%ICTBHe MO)KeT 6bITb TaKi{M )Ke 3114eKTHBHbIM, KaK 14 CTaIjxOHapHOe JIetieHxe. HpOBeJjeHxe MxHxMaJIbHbIX B03JjeHCTBPi1%I CJjeJIaeT JletieHHe JjenIeBJIe, H B pe3yjibtate cjjejiaet BCeCTOpOHHK)IO ajikorojibhy1o nojii{txky 60Jiee npxbjlekatejibhoii H OTKpbITON Jj.Tisi 60JIb)IIerO KOJIxTieCTBa npejjnpxhlimatejien. AO TOrO, KaK MO)KeT 6bITb JjaH KaK0ii-JIx6o OnpeJjeJIeHHbIi{ OTBeT no nobojjy 3aTpaT0-3(lI(PeKTHBHOCTx ajikorojibhon nojli{ti-ikh, Hy)KHO npoboctx 3HaTixTeJIbHOe KOJIxTieCTBO xccjiejjobahxi%i He TOJIbKO B o6jiâcth 3(1(1)eKTHBHOCTx pa3ji144hbix (popm JIeTIeHxSI, HO TaK)Ke n0 BOnpoCy, JjJISt KaKiiX pa6othi4kob OHO 6yJjeT Hax6oJIee nojie3hbim. HO OIjeHKaM, JixIIIb He6oJIbIIIOe KOJIxTIeCTBO KOMnaHxii xme1ot ajikorojibhyio nojiiitxky (XOTSI peajlbhbii npoljeht pa6otaioujero HaCeJIeHxSI, OXBaTIeHHOCO JjeMCTBxeM JjaHHOlï nojii{ti{kx, BepOSITHO 92

101 6 OHH01t3aH 30N0dHril 'IV31-11/(itX9 H HoNHxlAgEd oa.loahh11o)1 33m911o9 pat 9.LEHI4.LUHXO.La17X9 H H100HH311mI4IVOdL1 H K09.LKIIEd.LOOdLIOEd OdHm aoh `K9Hodo17 H H H xhnaahh.londeh YVUOOduoH ou HNH.LHIrou H3m LOUh NUN oghir `OI1101oN1fE OU HNHI,H11oH L3dNHON 410Uh NUN `ENHI.H11ou `XIVOYHitHH-OU IfUH411o.lON1fE '01h `41E ENO g 0HH3hO111NU OHNCOYV ' OH.LOdU1tXoO.I EH HIfH OiÂ.IÂd17 EH HHHELIIVON iioh1to O K0I01EHI917E1f310d011 OI.00du I9.LEd.LE '1,11VK.LOOH1tÂd1 0,13 O XN0fl0113h K04,LHHUd11O 4ho NO1.I9IIOII XHNUNHH Kol,aUIVHHi3dutt0d11 OH NUN NE.L `ahhodâ IVOH4IfBHOH11EH EH 3HHONC01101I.LHmhXIfiç OHO HIC 1tKdH OH `iihhe1iivon XI4H9113it10 xenyvud H4.LE1O9Ed0 13xcoN1 ahhamad aoxxawadaon.ledn 3oNU.I 'xoyi31190du IJOHttoxo 00 U313g0113h,C.LOgEd EH E1V01idu 910OH.LKOd3H içyviçinhhhiv N H.LOaHO 14901h `ahhehodhl.oal. 3OH91fa1HdBH1T3dII KX 41101I0H H H.LOOxxcodo.LOOltadu HKHHdII OHN<OW OH `XI9HOH 41EYHHEH H H/VUIV31190du HIVI4H9110.IONIfE O HONHH.L09Ud 411SH4UGHX.LOIENCUOitodll `33H31V OH YVa.L `3l4do10N `XKHHULIIVON XI9d010N3H H H H.LaxcOIV KHHaIIIOH.LO O.IOH9O11OJ1 HHHEHYVON XNHH.LO9Ed X14.lXd1Y N I414H3HI0H10 O.IOH41fEHTIOOH.I.HE OJOHTIOXO.LO 9.LETIEdl.O a.latyicg ancne.l `9Ttad3ho 010H0 H OIUa.LENIHHHdllTladH E- `I4H H0900 Xie icwaugodh 0.La02HHdll NHH.LOgEd 01h `in01 H I016,LE3.9UiC ad HI4HHaH.LOHHTIg I91V31190d1.1 W2HHaHI3d 1I4Hh0d00N.LEdN 9HIHU ISO,LaKUHIf 0HH2H91f0HÂ `aehxuo 1a09011f g"ahhamedgo 30HHU1taHEdllO3H EH INE901fENC >1 Hl,OaHHdll l.an<oiv 01E1911iC 3d EH.LOaTHaH ENHH109Ed H 3HNO3hH10NdEH O.IaTH01KU9ad.LOH 14,L09Ed 0 ahhoh4ughic.laehhwoliuh `IVK113.LUIVHHHdLIit3dLl :Ol.h H HOH41101ON1fH HNH.LIi110u 3HH31taaH E I.3ULIÂI ,/") H.LOOHHa11mI41,V0d11 130NOHU.LHd9 KH11Ud31734/HOx `d3ivhduuh 61/110113ti H ahed.lo H30H X L003HHdu 01e 01h `I4H3tt31(39/t H HxH,LH110u HOH41rO.lONIfB ahh3113ha 3ox9U1moUlVOxodHm.LOixdmoou HHIIU HHU.Ido 0I9dO.L0313H ',CNH.LHUOU wkhheuwon al9do.lon I.Â.1011IOU `HoodiCo3d ÂN.L09Ed Ed EH H iihheliyvox XHm411o9aH 11'Nd11 XI99000 ahha11aitadll0 EH I4H311HUdI1EH )C11011' ah11loi/c1t3110 icyvol.eou `ÂNH.LH110U 9.LH17oHOdLi.L2tK9 HIf 17KdH HHHUUWON ahm911093h 01h `OH.LKOdaH HHiIEIVdOCIIHH IiOHHE1l KHHa11HUl.00ttadH 'K09.LK1fHKOdu.LaUHHhUH KEdO.LON `I4IV311godu XUIV Ud ii14hncoiv OH XHmOIEHI9 ENOU `d1:1h11 HHIIENH11gAI H (01H110d,CN ou ohh39000) K4HOdO1t IVEOodlloH ou HHHUIIIVUN `HO,LNE X14H411a.LEttOHONE KHHKH11H a.le.l9ifaad H.LO.LOEd oh oh9113.lhheh OH.LKOdaH `aaxalv 0H IVa.L `OH.LOahHUON oic aoh,lhatlodll '(XdClmHti OiXIII41ro9 13K11HE1000

102 IIOnIiTIiKi-i HeIi36e>KHO nphbeaet B pe3ynbtate K OIlpe,geneHHbIM OrpaHiitLeHidAM nobeaehida pa60thiika. OZ(HaKO, 3T0 MO>KeT 6bITb OnpaBAaHO, TaK KaK notchl[iiânbhble npefimylgectba AnA pa60toaâteneii H pa6othidkos MOryT nepebeci3tb Ill-060g H3 HeAOCTâTKOB, CB5I3aHHbIX C OrpaHi3LIeHIieM niiho1i CBO60AbI. CpeAH BepOATHbIX nocneactb1in 60nee IIliipOKOrO iiclion1,30bahha IIOnIiTi-IKIi 6yAyT: COKpameHi3e KOnmeCTBa HCCVaCTHbIX CnyHaes, COKpaLLjeHi3e o6ycnobnehhon ankoronem CMepTHOCTi3, nobbilliehi3e npoii3boai3- TenbHOCTi3 TpyAa H cpopmhposaxxe 6onee i3h(kopmiipobahhoro pa6omero KonneKTHSa. IIocneAHee OCO6eHHO Ba]KHO, TaK KaK 3T0 IIOMwKeT BCeM pa6othidkam AenaTb 60nee rpamothbiî-i Bb160p B nnahe CBOerO nobeaehfia OTHOCIdTenbHO notpe6nehlia ankorona. 3TO, B CBOIO oliepeab, MO]KeT B pe3ynbtate nphbecth K 3HaLIi3TenbHbIM Li3MeHeHiiAM He TOnbKO nhteiihblx nphbbiliek Ha AaHHOM pa6ohem McCTe, HO IIiiTeliHblX nplibbilick o6lljectba B L(enOM. 94

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