FÜGGŐ BESZÉD Reported/Indirect Speech

Átírás

1 FÜGGŐ BESZÉD Reported/Indirect Speech A függő beszéd azt jelenti, hogy valakinek a szavait tolmácsoljuk, de nem szó szerint, hanem tárgyi mellékmondattal (Azt mondja, hogy ; Azt mondta, hogy ). ÁLTALÁNOS SZABÁLYOK Értelmi egyeztetés (csakúgy, mint a magyarban) A mellékmondatban a mutató névmások és személyes névmások értelemszerűen megváltoznak az eredetileg mondottakhoz képest. Ez az értelmi változás függ attól, hogy a) kiről szól az, amit valaki mondott pl. Az eredeti kijelentés: Lusta vagy. ( You are lazy. ) Tolmácsolva: Azt mondja (rólam), hogy lusta vagyok. (He says (about me) that I am lazy.) Azt mondja (rólad), hogy lusta vagy. (He says (about you) that you are lazy.) Azt mondja (róla), hogy lusta. (He says (about her) that she is lazy.) b) ki az, akinek a szavait tolmácsoljuk pl. Az eredeti kijelentés: Lusta vagyok. ( I am lazy. ) Tolmácsolva: Azt mondom, hogy lusta vagyok. (I say that I am lazy.) Azt mondod hogy lusta vagy. (You say that you are lazy. ) Azt mondja, hogy lusta. (He says that he is lazy. ) Backshift (Ilyen nincs a magyarban!) Általában, ha a főmondatban a bevezető ige múlt időben áll (Azt mondta, Azt kérdezte stb.), a mellékmondatban szereplő igék, modális segédigék, mutató névmások és időhatározók az eredetihez képest visszalépnek (pl. az adott igeidő helyett egy előtte lévő igeidőt használnak). Ezt nevezzük backshift -nek. pl. Az eredeti kijelentés: - Iskolába járok. (jelen idő) I go to school. (jelen idő) Tolmácsolva: Joe azt mondta, hogy iskolába jár. az igeidő marad jelen Joe said that he went to school. az igeidő átvált múltra

2 Megjegyzés: Nem kell backshift, ha az eredetileg mondottak a függő beszédkor is érvényben vannak. pl. I am a student. > He said that he is a student. (Ha még mindig igaz, hogy ő diák.) A that elhagyható a mellékmondatból. pl. I am a student. > He said he is a student. PRESENT PAST Present Simple Past Simple Az igeidők backshift-je pl. I eat a lot. (Sokat eszem.) She said that she ate a lot. (Azt mondta, hogy sokat eszik.) Present Continuous Past Continuous pl. It is raining. (Esik az eső.) He said that it was raining. (Azt mondta, hogy esik az eső.) Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple pl. I have bought an umbrella. (Vettem egy esernyőt.) He said that he had bought an umbrella. (Azt mondta, hogy vett egy esernyőt.) Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous pl. I have been working in the garden for an hour. (Egy órája a kertben dolgozom.) He said that he had been working in the garden for an hour. (Azt mondta, hogy a kertben dolgozik egy órája.) PAST PAST PERFECT Past Simple Past Perfect Simple pl. I cried a lot. (Sokat sírtam.) He said that he had cried a lot. (Azt mondta, hogy sokat sírt.) Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous pl. I was reading a book. (Épp egy könyvet olvastam.) He said that he had been reading a book. (Azt mondta, hogy épp egy könyvet olvasott.) Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (nincs backshift!) pl. Joe had left before I arrived. He said that Joe had left before he had arrived. (Azt mondta, hogy Joe elment, mielőtt ő megérkezett.) Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous (nincs backshift!) pl. They had been sleeping for hours by midnight. He said that they had been sleeping for hours by midnight. (Azt mondta, hogy éjfélre órák óta aludtak.)

3 Future time: WILL WOULD Future Simple (will + infinitive) would + infinitive pl. I will help you. (Segíteni fogok neked.) He said that he would help me. (Azt mondta, hogy segíteni fog nekem.) Future Continuous (will be + ing) would be + ing pl. I will be travelling all night. (Egész éjszaka utazni fogok.) She said that she would be travelling all night. (Azt mondta, hogy egész éjjel utazni fog.) Future Perfect Simple (will have + 3. alak) would have + 3. alak pl. Joe will have cleaned the rooms by 3 o clock. (Joe ki fog takarítani 3 órára.) He said that Joe would have cleaned the rooms by 3 o clock. (Azt mondta, hogy Joe ki fog takarítani 3 órára.) Future Perfect Continuous (will have been + ing) would have been + ing pl. She will have been sleeping for hours by midnight. (Éjfélre órák óta aludni fog.) He said that she would have been sleeping for hours by midnight. (Azt mondta, hogy éjfélre órák óta aludni fog.) A modális segédigék backshift-je MAY MIGHT pl. You may drink it. (Megihatod.) He said that I might drink that. (Azt mondta, megihatom.) CAN a) ha jelenbeli szükségességet jelent (ami a beszéd időpontjában már nem áll fenn) COULD pl. I can sing. (Tudok énekelni.) She said that she could sing. (Azt mondta, tud énekelni.) a) ha a jövőre vonatkozik WOULD BE ABLE TO pl. I can go there tomorrow. (Holnap el tudok menni oda.) She said that she would be able to go there the following day. (Azt holnap el tud menni oda.) SHALL SHOULD vagy: was/were to pl. Shall I open the door? (Kinyissam az ajtót?) He asked if he should (/was to) open the door. (Azt kérdezte, kinyissa-e az ajtót.) WILL WOULD pl. I will go dancing. (El fogok menni táncolni.) He said that he would go dancing. (Azt mondta, el fog menni táncolni.)

4 SHOULD nincs backshift pl. You should drink milk. (Tejet kellene innod.) He said that I should go there. (Azt mondta, tejet kellene innom.) NEED a) ha jövőbeli szükségességet jelent WOULD HAVE TO pl. I need drink it only tomorrow. (Csak holnap kell meginnom.) He said that he would have to drink that only the following day. (Azt mondta, majd csak másnap kell meginnia.) b) egyéb esetekben nincs backshift pl. I need drink milk. (Muszáj tejet innom.) He said that he need drink milk. (Azt mondta, muszáj tejet innia.) MUST a) ha jelenbeli szükségességet jelent (ami a beszéd időpontjában már nem áll fenn) HAD TO pl. I must go now. (Mennem kell.) He said that he had to go then. (Azt mondta, mennie kell.) b) ha jövőbeli szükségességet jelent WOULD HAVE TO pl. I must go there next week. (Oda kell mennem a jövő héten.) He said that he would have to go there the following week. (Azt mondta, a jövő héten oda kell mennie.) c) ha valószínűséget jelent MUST HAVE + 3. ALAK pl. They must be at home. (Biztosan otthon vannak.) He said that they must have been at home. (Azt mondta, hogy biztosan otthon vannak.) MUSTN T a) ha törvényszerű tiltást jelent nincs backshift pl. You mustn t park under a No Parking sign. (Tilos parkolnod egy Megállni tilos tábla alatt.) He said that I mustn t park under a No Parking sign. (Azt mondta, tilos parkolnom egy Megállni tilos tábla alatt.) b) ha egyéni tiltást jelent WAS/WERE NOT TO pl. You mustn t eat chocolate before dinner. He said that I wasn t to eat chocolate before dinner. (Azt mondta, nem szabad csokit ennem vacsora előtt.)

5 THIS THAT Mutató névmások, határozószók backshift-je pl. Eat this. (Edd meg ezt.) She told me to eat that. (Azt mondta, egyem meg azt.) THESE THOSE pl. These children are clever. (Ezek a gyerekek okosak.) He said that those children were clever. (Azt mondta, azok a gyerekek okosak.) HERE THERE pl. I am here. (Itt vagyok.) He said that he was there. (Azt mondta, ott van.) YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE pl. I drank a lot yesterday. (Tegnap sokat ittam.) He said that he had drunk a lot the day before. (Azt mondta, sokat ivott az azelőtti napon.) THE DAY BEFORE YESTERDAY TWO DAYS BEFORE pl. We saw a bank robbery the day before yesterday. (Tegnapelőtt láttunk egy bankrablást.) He said they had seen a bank robbery two days before. (Azt mondta, láttak egy bankrablást két nappal azelőtt.) AGO BEFORE pl. I read this book three days ago. (3 nappal ezelőtt olvastam ezt a könyvet.) She said that she had read that book three days before. (Azt mondta, 3 nappal azelőtt olvasta azt a könyvet.) LAST BEFORE pl. Susie travelled to Spain last year. (Susie tavaly Spanyolországba utazott.) He said that Susie had travelled to Spain the year before. (Azt mondta, Susie az azelőtti évben Spanyolországba utazott.) TOMORROW THE FOLLOWING DAY / THE NEXT DAY pl. I am giving a party tomorrow. (Holnap bulit rendezek.) He said that he was giving a party the following day. (Azt mondta, másnap bulit rendez.) NEXT THE FOLLOWING pl. We will be in London next week. (A jövő héten Londonban leszünk.) He said they would be in London the following week. (Azt mondta, a következő héten Londonban lesznek.)

6 TONIGHT THAT NIGHT pl. I am free tonight. (Ma este szabad vagyok.) He said that he was free that night. (Azt mondta, aznap este szabad.) TODAY THAT DAY pl. I am working a lot today. (Ma sokat dolgozom.) He said that he was working a lot that day. (Azt mondta, aznap sokat dolgozik.) NOW THEN pl. Now I am ironing. (Most épp vasalok.) He said that he was ironing then. (Azt mondta, épp vasal most.) FÜGGŐ KIJELENTÉSEK Reported/Indirect Statements A leggyakoribb bevezető igék a főmondatban: SAY (mond) pl. He says he goes to school every day (Azt mondja, minden nap iskolába jár.) He said he went to school every day. (Azt mondta, minden nap iskolába jár.) TELL sy. sg. (mond vkinek vmit) pl. He tells me that he sleeps a lot. (Azt mondja nekem, sokat alszik.) He told me that he slept a lot. (Azt mondta nekem, sokat alszik.) STATE (állít, kijelent) pl. He states that he saw me yesterday. (Azt állítja, látott engem tegnap.) He stated that he had seen me the day before. (Azt állította, látott engem tegnap.) THINK (gondol vmit) pl. He thinks that he is right. (Azt hiszi, igaza van.) He thought that he was right. (Azt hitte, igaza van.) KNOW (tud vmit) pl. I know that she is lying. (Tudom, hogy hazudik.) I knew that she was lying. (Tudtam, hogy hazudik.) Valamint: announce (bejelent), believe (hisz), promise (megígér), hope (remél) stb.

7 1) Finish the sentences using Reported speech. 1. Mandy is at home. Jim said that 2. Frank often reads books. Jim told me that. 3. We re watching TV. They said to me that. 4. David was ill. Jill said that. 5. The girls helped in the house. Jill told me that. 11. Our teacher is going to London tomorrow. Jim said that 12. I was writing a letter yesterday. Jim told me that. 13. Our father flew to Dallas last year. They told me that. 14. Tim went to the stadium an hour ago. Jill said that. 15. My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend. Jill said that. 6. I am going to ride a skateboard. Jim said to me that. 7. We have cleaned the windows. They told me that. 8. We didn't have time to do our homework. They remarked that. 9. My mother will be 60 years old. Jill told me that. 10. The boss must sign the letter. Jill said that. 16. I am going to read a book this week. Jim said to me that. 17. We will do our best in the exams tomorrow. They told me that. 18. We didn t eat fish two days ago. They remarked that. 19. I spent all my pocket money on Monday. Jill complained that. 20. John had already gone by the time I arrived. Jill said that.

8 2) Put the following sentences into Reported Speech. 1. I have something to show you, I said to her. 2. Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun, she said. 3. I m going away tomorrow, mother, he said. 4. I ve been in London for a month but so far I haven t had time to visit the Tower, said Rita. 5. It isn t so foggy today as it was yesterday, I remarked. 6. We have moved into our new flat but we don t like it nearly so much as our last one, said my aunt. 7. We have a lift but very often it doesn t work, they said. 8. The clock will never work again if you try to mend it, my mum said to me. 9. I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday, he said. I m going to take it to the museum this afternoon. 10. I ll come with you as soon as I m ready, she replied to him. 3) Put the following sentences into DIRECT SPEECH. 1. They said that they were giving a party the following week. 2. She said she went to school every day. 3. He said that he had to go home because his wife was waiting for him at home. 4. My mother told me that she was very tired. 5. The king announced that he would give his daughter to the bravest man. 6. Tom remarked that he had never seen such a beautiful girl before. 7. Sarah said that she would have read that book by the following day. 8. I knew that they hadn t told me the truth. 9. He said if I didn t like escalators I could go up the emergency staircase. I thanked him and said that I would do that. 4) Report the following putting the introducing verb in the Past. 1. I can t do it now, but I expect I can do it next week, I said. 2. You must leave the country at once, the police told him. 3. You mustn t forget what I told you last lesson, I told them. 4. You mustn t come in without knocking, he told us. 5. You needn t come in tomorrow, my employer said.

9 6. I couldn t get into the house because I had lost my key, so I had to break the window, he said. 7. You may go home, if you want, the teacher told us. 8. They must be at home because the lights are on, John said. 5) Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Az anyósom kijelentette, hogy nem tudok főzni. 2. A férjem azt gondolta, hogy csak két pohár sört fog inni. 3. A gyerekek azt mondták, hogy nem akarnak aludni. 4. Azt hittem, teát iszol a konyhában. 5. Azt ígérted, hogy feleségül veszed ezt a lányt? 6. Sue nem hitte el, hogy a barátnője örökre elutazott. 7. A rendőrök azt mondták, hogy már egy félórája követnek. 8. Azt mondtad, hogy táncolni fogunk. 9. Miért mondtátok, hogy Tony nincs otthon? 10. A főnök bejelentette, hogy fizetésemelést fogunk kapni.

10 KEY: 1) 1. Jim said that Mandy was at home. 2. Jim told me that Frank often read books. 3. They said to me that they were watching TV. 4. Jill said that David had been ill. 5. Jill told me that the girls had helped in the house. 6. Jim said to me that he was going to ride a skateboard. 7. They told me that they had cleaned the windows. 8. They remarked that they hadn t had time to do their homework. 9. Jill told me that her mother would be 60 years old. 10. Jill said that the boss had to sign the letter. 11. Jim said that their teacher was going to London the following day. 12. Jim told me that he had been writing a letter the day before. 13. They told me that their father had flown to Dallas the year before. 14. Jill said that Tim had gone to the stadium an hour before. 15. Jill said that her mother would celebrate her birthday the following weekend. 16. Jim said to me that he was going to read a book that week. 17. They told me that they would do their best in the exams the following day. 18. They remarked that they hadn t eaten fish two days before. 19. Jill complained that she had spent all her pocket money on Monday. 20. Jill said that John had already gone by the time she had arrived. 2) 1. I said to her (that) I had something to show her. 2. She said (that) nothing grew in her garden. She added that it never got any sun. 3. He said to his mother (that) he was going away the following day. 4. Rita said (that) she had been in London for a month but that far she hadn t had time to visit the Tower. 5. I remarked (that) it wasn t that foggy that day as it had the day before. 6. My aunt said (that) they had moved into their new flat but they didn t like it nearly so much as their last one. 7. They said (that) they had a lift but very often it didn t work. 8. My mum said to me (that) the clock would never work again if I tried to mend it. 9. He said (that) he had found an old Roman coin in the garden the day before and he added he was going to take it to the museum that afternoon. 10. She replied to him (that) she would come with him as soon as she was ready. 3) 1. We are giving a party next week. 2. I go to school every day. 3. I have to go home because my wife is waiting for me at home. 4. I am very tired. 5. I will give my daughter to the bravest man. 6. I have never seen such a beautiful girl before. 7. I will have read that book by tomorrow. 8. They didn t tell me the truth. 9. If you don t like escalators you can go up the emergency staircase. Thank you, I will do so. 4) Report the following putting the introducing verb in the Past. 1. I said I couldn t do it then, but I expected I would be able to do do it the following week. 2. The police told him he had to leave the country at once. 3. I told them they were not to forget what I had told them the lesson before. 4. He told us we were not to come in without knocking. 5. My employer said I needn t come in the following day. 6. He said he couldn t get into the house because he had lost his key, so he had had to break the window. 7. The teacher told us we might go home if we wanted. 8. John said they must have been at home because the lights were on.

11 5) 1. My mother-in-law stated (that) I couldn t cook. 2. My husband thought (that) he would drink only two glasses of beer. 3. The children said (that) they didn t want to sleep. 4. I thought (that) you were drinking tea in the kitchen. 5. Did you promise that you would marry that girl? 6. Sue didn t believe that her friend had gone away for long. 7. The policemen said (that) they had been following me for half an hour. 8. You said (that) we would dance. 9. Why did you say that Tony wasn t at home? 10. The boss announced that we would get a pay-rise.