EARLY GEOLOGICAL MAPS PUBLISHED INDEPENDENTLY OR AS INSERTED IN BOOKS OF THE HUNGARIAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

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1 EARLY GEOLOGICAL MAPS PUBLISHED INDEPENDENTLY OR AS INSERTED IN BOOKS OF THE HUNGARIAN GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE GYÖRGY VITÁLIS Hungarian Geological Survey Budapest, Stefánia út 14. H-1143 UDC: 55(084.3) 1920/1944 K e y w o r d s : mapping, geological maps, Hungary The present study renders an account of the maps published by the Hungarian (formerly Royal Hungarian) Geological Institute between , dealing also with the mapping activity of our survey geologists. This is a continuation of the series of studies written by the same author (1991, 1992) on maps surveyed and plotted by staff members of the Hungarian Geological Institute, and published also by the Institute between 1920 and 1944 (FÜLÖP, J. 1969, JÁMBOR, Á. 1989, VITÁLIS, GY. KUTI, L. 1989). Geological maps published by the Institute Following World War I and the Trianon Tresty there was a great recession also in the map publishing activity of the Institute. As it can also be read in the list of publication (Annual Report of the Royal Hungarian Geological Institute, Volume II) the following maps were published in the period concerned. By the financial aid of the Hungarian General Coal Mining Corporation (MÁK) and the Esztergom Szászvár Coal Mining Corporation the Institute was able to publish the Mining geological map of the Esztergom Coal Mine Region, scale 1:7500 by P. R o z l o z s n ik, K. T e l e g d i-r o th and Z. S c h rét e r in 1922, with coloured representation of 16 types of geological formations. Also a financial aid was granted by MÁK for the publication in 1924 of the Mining Geological Map of the Tatabánya Coal Basin (P. R o z l o z s n ik ) on a scale of 1: showing 22 geological formations in colour (Fig. 1). The coloured print of the south-eastern part of the Geological Map of Hungary and the neighbouring regions scale 1: was published under the directorship of F. Nopcsa in 1928 distinguishing 64 kinds of rock units on the basis of all the survey data collected previously. The Geological and tectonic map of Hunyad Country and its environs, on a 1: scale, was published by English and Hungarian versions in It comprises 21 geological units, showing also faults, anticlinal folds synclines and thrust faults. Explanation was given by F. Nopcsa on the map sheet.

2 Fig. 1. Extrád from the mining-geological map of the Tatabánya Coal Basin (Original scale: 1:12 500), after P. ROZLOZSNIK, ábra. A tatabányai szénmedence, eredetiben 1: ma. bányaföldtani térképrészlete (ROZ LOZSNIK, P 1924 után) Among the economic-geological map types I call attention to the Map of the areas and quarries of limestone in Hungary (Scale 1: , 1928) that features also the roads and railways, and shows the rocks in a threefold division: older and hard, compact limestones; compact carvable freshwater limestones and coarse limestones. The hachured of Saline soils of soils of mutilated Hungary with the drivers well network for groundwater observation (scale 1: ) was published in Here argillaceous-imperrious, sandy and sulphuric-saline areas are depicted by also giving the existing and planned driver wells or well groups for groundwater checking. The reference map showing the distribution of quadrangles surveyed for different purposes till 1944 ( L. L Ó C Z Y Jr., 1945) demonstrates the geographic location of areas surveyed for hydrocarbons, ores and coal, and the position of areas where a search for kaolin, rock salt, refractory clay was done, and also indicates the zones of scientific agrogeological studies. Just for the sake of completeness, we should also mention that the progress of soil surveys, and the map series on a scale of 1: are also shown on the index map of the director s report for 1943 ( L. L Ó C Z Y Jr.). Their titles, in details, are enumerated in the list of publications of the Institute (Annual Report for the

3 Years , Vol. 2) and in the annual reports of the relevant years. Here, however, these reports will not be discussed. Geological maps published as inserted in the bulletins of the Institute Several maps of great importance were also published as inserts in an article or as annexes. The publications of the Royal Hungarian Geological Institute, namely the Yearbook, the Annual Report, the Report on the Debates (from 1942), the series Geológica Hungarica (from 1929), the Geology of Hungarian Regions (from 1935), and the practical and occasional publications generally contain coloured maps or maps hachured with one colour or hachured maps related to geology. The maps included in the different publications can be divided practically into three groups according to their date of publication and topics. In the period between mining geological maps were published for all the coal basins in Hungary. The majority of the maps issued between deal with the structure-geological setting of areas built of Tertiary sedimentary rocks in N Hungary giving guidance to the then planned hydrocarbon explorations. In the period between the maps depicting the megatectonic structure of the NE Carpathians and the natural gas occurrences in Transsylvania are dominating. In the volumes XXVI XXXVI of the Yearbook of the Royal Hungarian Geological Institute, pertaining to the period, 15 geological maps (1: : scale), 5 tectonic-morphological maps (1: : , 1 geological-tectonic map (1:20 800), 1 tectonic map (1: ), 1 economic-geological map (1: ) and 1 morphological map (1: ), i.e. altogether 24 map sections or map supplements were published. In the Annual Reports and the related series Report on the Debates altogether 243 maps (scale 1: ) were published in the following distribution: 164 geological maps (1:1000 1: scale), 28 geological-tectonic maps (1:3700 1: ), 17 tectonic maps (1: : ), 10 paleogeographical maps (1: : ), 6 hydrogeological maps (1:5000 1: ), 5 economic-geological maps (1: : ), 4 pedological maps (1: :50 000), 4 paleontological maps (1: : ), 3 mining-geological maps (1:1900 1:16 900), and 2 geophysical maps (1: : ).

4 The series Geologica Hungarica included 26 geological maps (1:1600 1: ), 9 tectonic maps (1: : ), 2 morphological maps (1: : ), 1 hydrogeological map (1: ) and 1 geophysical map (1: ), i.e. altogether 39 maps and map sections (scale 1:1600 1: ) were published in this series. In the Geology of Hungarian Regions series 11 geological maps (1: : ), 3 tectonic maps 1: : ) and 1 pedological map 1: ), that is altogether 15 maps (1: : ) can be found. In the Practical and Occasional Publications 38 geological maps (1:5600 1: ), 14 mining-geological maps (1:2200 1:90 000), 1 tectonic map (1:40 000),- 1 map for geology and mineral deposits (1: ), 1 morphological (1: ) and 1 pedological map (1: , i.e. altogether 56 (1:5600 1: ) map sections or map appendices were published. Summarizing and evaluating the maps published in the Yearbooks, Annual Reports, Report on the Debates and in the series Geologica Hungarica we can conclude that they, according to the requirements of the age, as the result of the work of the geologists of the Royal Hungarian Geological Institute, largely contributed to the geological understanding of the country, of course, according to the given possibilities. Some characteristic examples that reflect the geological mapping method of the period, and also its development are shown in figs Fig. 2. In the Table I of Part 3 of the vol. XXXVI of the Hungarian Geological Institute the geological map (1:20 000) of the western part of the Veszprém plateau prepared by J. E rdélyi F a zek a s certain geological formations are emphasized by a rather demonstrative way of hachuring. The map published in 1943 depicts 19 geological formations. Fig. 3. In vol. IV of the Annual Report of the Royal Hungarian Geological Institute for further on Ann. Rep. (G y. V ig h F. H o r u s it z k y, among others published also the light-brown-hachured geological and tectonic map of the Sas Hill, scale 1:3700, that shows precisely the extent öf 10 geological formations and the observed tectonic phenomena. Fig. 4. F. P ávai V a jn a in his the Geological and Tectonic Map of the Rákoscsaba Pécel Ecser Anticline (scale 1:47 600) (Ann. Rep , Vol. I.) represents besides 4 geological formations the supposed anticlinal struc-

5 Fig. 2. Extract front the geological map of the western half of the Veszprém Plateau (original scale: 1:20 000), after J. ERDÉLYI FAZEKAS, ábra. A veszprémi fennsík nyugati felének eredetiben 1: ma. geológiai térképrészlete (Erdélyi Fazekas, J., I943 után) tűre upon strike andx dip reading (continous lines) and the trends of synclines (dotted lines). Fig. 5. G. T e l e k i on his tectonic map of the Felsőörs zone (scale: 1:35 700) (Ann. Rep , Vol. I), besides 22 geological units depicted by hachures shows faults with continuous lines, downward displacements with pecked lines and the thrust faults with cogged lines. Fig.. 6. F. H o r u s it z k y s Geological map of the Bér Buják elevation,' scale: 1: (Ann. Rep. T , Vol. II) including 13 geological units, also well illustrates the typical faults of the Cserhát Mts area and, consequently, the contact of the different rocks. Fig. 7. S. Jaskó s hachured geological sketch map of the so-called Bicske Gulf, scale: 1: , contains 9 geological units (Ann. Rep , Vol. I), summarizes all the features that can be observed at all in an area so poorly exposed (Fig. 7). Dots indicate the uplifted and dotted lines the subsided ranges. Fig. 8. Rather expressive is Z. SCHRÉTERÍ s geological map published in the Report on the Debates, Vol. 5, 1943, scale 1:71 000, reflecting also the folded structures of the Bükk Mts. Besides depicting 17 geological units, this map also illustrates the tectonic elements., Figs. 9 TO. "A new colour appeared.in the map publication àctivitÿ of the institute by the introduction of the coloured geological map enclosures, plotted

6 3. ábra. A Sashegy eredetiben 1:3700 ma. földtani és hegyszerkezeti térképrészlete (VIGH, GY. HORUSITZKY, R, Í940 után) on a correct topographic basis, published within the series Geology of the Hungarian Regions. From them we have selected Z. SchrÉter s geological map of the Nagybátony region (scale 1:25 000), displaying 17 geological units (Fig. 9), and J. N oszky s geological map of the Cserhát Mts scale: 1:75 000, with 21 units (Fig. 10). In the present study one detail of each of the above maps are published. On the map section from the Nagybátony region with double-dotted line also the Nagybátony anticline is shown (Fig. 9), while the extract map from Cserhát calls attention to the varied geological structure of the Danube Bend and the of the Nagyszál near Vác (Fig. 10).

7 Fig. 4. Extract map showing a part of the geological and tectonic map of the Rákoscsaba Pécel Ecser anticline (original scale: 1:47 600), after F. PÁVAI VAINA, ábra. A rákoscsaba pécel ecseri felboltozódás eredetiben 1: ma. földtani és hegyszerkezeti térképrészlete (PÁVAI VÁJNÁ, F., 1941 után) The practical and occasional publications of the Institute include predominantly geological and mining geological maps. Figs Of these a sketch map published in F. Schafarzik A.Vendl: Geological Excursions in the vicinity of Budapest (1929) is selected showing the geological makeup of the Pesterzsébet Budafok area by 9 geological units on a 1: scale (Fig. 11). The authors of this map attempted to depict the rock types supposed to be present in the bed of River Danube. From M. PÁLFY s monograph, entitled Geological conditions and mining production of Hungary s gold and silver mines (1929) the Telkibánya mining district is shown scale 1: with 7 geological units (Fig. 12). This, besides the geological units, shows also the dikes, bedplates, and shafts important for the precious metal production.

8 Fig. 5. Extract from the tectonic map of the Fels<5ors region (original scale: 1:35 700), after G. TELEKI, 1941, ' 5. ábra. Felsőörs környékének eredetiben 1: ma.-tektonikai térképrészlete (TELEKI, G., 1941 után) Fig. 6. Part of the geological map of the Bér Buják elevation (original scale: 1:50 000), after F. HÖRU- SITZKY, á b ra. A bér bujáki kiemelkedés eredetiben 1: ma. földtani térképrészlete (HORUSITZKY, F., 1942 után)

9 The maps published by the Institute between 1920 and 1944 independently or as atteched to textual publications reflect the creative spirit of our survey geologists. These maps are worth studying even today because of their pleasing appearance and exemplary delineation technique. For the excellent reproduction of the figures, the author is highly indebted to Margit Pellérdy. Fig. 7. Pari of the geological sketch map of the Bicske Gulf (original scale: 1: ), after S. JASKÓ, ábra. A bicskei öböl eredetiben 1: ma. geológiai térképvázlat részlete (JASKÓ, S., 1943 után)

10 Fig. 8. Extrád front the small-scale geological map of the Bükk Mts (original scale: 1:71 000), after Z. SCHRÉTER, ábra. A Bükk-ltegység eredetiben 1: ma. átnézetes földtani térképrészlete (SCHRÉTER, Z., 1943 után) Fig. 9. Extract from the geological map of the Nagybátony area (original scale: 1:25 000), after Z. SCHRÉTER, ábra. Nagybátony környékének eredetiben 1: ma. földtani térképrészlete (SCHRÉTER, Z., 1940 után)

11 Fig. 10. Extract from the geological map of the Cserhát Mts (original scale: 1:75 000), after J. NOSZKY, ábra. A Cserhát-hegység eredetiben 1: ma. földtani térképrészlete (NOSZKY, J., 1940 után) Fig. 11. Sketch map showing the geological conditions of the Pesterzsébet Budafok area (original scale 1:66 000) after F. SCHAFAR- ZIK A. VENDL ábra. Pesterzsébet Budafok geológiai viszonyainak eredetiben 1: ma. vázlata (SCHAFARZIK, F. VENDL, A után) \

12 Fig. 12. Part of the geological map of the Telkibánya mining district (original scale: 1:21 000), after M. PÁLFY, ábra. A telekibányai bányaterület eredetiben 1: ma. geológiai térképvázlata (PÁLFY, M., 1929 után) REFERENCES IRODALOM FÜLÖP, J. 1969: Geological Mapping in Hungary: Past, Presence' and Future. In: Fülöp, J. Tasnádi Kubacska, A. ed.: One Hundred Years of the Hungarian Geological Institute, Budapest: JÁMBOR, A. 1989: Geological Forecast maps of Hungary. In: Csáti, E. ed.: Hungarian Cartographical Studies th World Conference International Cartographic Association. Hungarian National Committe, Budapest: LÓCZY, L. 1945: Igazgatói jelentés a m. kir. Földtani Intézet 1943 évi működéséről. Direktionsbericht über die Tätigkeit des Kön. Ung. Geologischen Anstalt im Jahre Földt. Int. Évi Jel ről I,.: VITÁLIS, GY. 1991: Old geological maps published in the edition of the Hungarian Geological Institute or published as insets within the issues of the Institute In: Vitális,. Gy. Kecskeméti, T. ed.: Museums and Collections in the History of Mineralogy, Geology

13 and Paleontology in Hungary. On the occasions of the 16th International Symposium of IN- HIGEO Dresden, Germany, Hungarian Geological Survey Hungarian Geological Society, Budapest: VITÁLIS, GY. 1992: A Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet kiadásában és kiadványaiban megjelent archív földtani térképek Földt. Int. Évi Jel. 1990^61: sajtó alatt. VITÁLIS, GY. KUTI, L. 1989: Geological Maps of the Hungarian Geological Institute. In: Csáti, E. ed.: Hungarian Cartographical Studies th World Conference International Cartographic Association. Hungarian National Committe, Budapest: A MAGYAR ÁLLAMI FÖLDTANI INTÉZET KIADÁSÁBAN ÉS KIADVÁNYAIBAN MEGJELENT ARCHÍV FÖLDTANI TÉRKÉPEK VITÁLIS GYÖRGY Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet Budapest, Stefánia út 14. H-1143 ETO: 55(0843> 1920/1944 A tanulmány az INHIGEO kötetben angol nyelven megjelent közlemény (V it á l is G y. 1991) és a MÁFI Évi Jelentésében (VITÁLIS GY. 1992) közzétett hasonló című tanulmány folytatásaként, a Földtani Intézet geológusai által készített geológiai felvételek alapján az Intézet kiadásában és kiadványaiban az évek között nyomtatásban megjelent geológiai térképeket tekinti át, és egyúttal az Intézet térképezési tevékenységébe is bepillantást nyújt.az Intézet által a tárgyidőszakban kiadott jelentősebb térképek közül 2 db 1:7500 1: ma. bányaföldtani, 1 db 1: ma. földtani és tektonikai, 1 db 1: ma. földtani és 2 db 1: : ma. gazdaságföldtani térképet ismertet. A tárgyidőszakban kiadott talajismereti térképekkel a tanulmány nem foglalkozik. Az Intézet kiadványai közül a Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet Évkönyvében, a Magyar Királyi Földtani Intézet Évi Jelentésében, a Beszámoló a Vitaülésekről, a Geologica Hungaricaban, a Magyar Tájak Földtani Leírásában, valamint a gyakorlati és az alkalmi kiadványokban: 254 db 1:1000 1: ma. földtani, 31 db 1: : ma. tektonikai, 29 db 1:3700 1: ma. földtani és tektonikai, 17 db 1:1900 1: ma. bányaföldtani, 10 db 1: : ma. ősföldrajzi, 7 db 1:5000 1: ma. vízföldtani, 6-db 1: : ma. gazdaságföldtaniy 6 db 1: : ma. talajtani,

14 5 db 1: : ma. tektonikai és morfológiai, 4 db 1: : ma. morfológiai, 4 db 1: : ma. őslénytani, 3 db 1: : ma. geofizikai és 1 db 1: ma. földtan-teleptani térkép, illetve térképrészlet látott napvilágot. E térképek híven tükrözik és gazdag tárházát adják az intézeti geológusok alkotó szellemének, ezért tanulmányozásukat a ma kutatói számára is melegen ajánljuk, mert mind kivitelezésükben, mind ábrázolástechnikai megoldásaikban például és mintául szolgálnak.