emeron GMBI RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa Cati sasna RBHmhakSRt eroberogeday ³ elak Kwm supa GnuRbFansßanIy_plitRtIBUCTI 1-rdæ)alClpl elxturs½bþ³

Átírás

1 RBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa Cati sasna RBHmhakSRt emeron GMBI -eroberogeday ³ elak Kwm supa GnuRbFansßanIy_plitRtIBUCTI 1 énrdæ)alclpl -TUrs½BÞelx ³

2 matikagtßbt esckþiepþim 1- lkçn³civsarsþ 1>1 cmnat;fñak; 1>2 RbPB 1>3 TMrg; nig rubrag k> rubpáúmerka k-1> Epñkk,al k-2> EpñkdgxøÜn k-3> EpñkGv³yv³ x> rubpáúmkñúg x-1> sac;dum x-2> erkagq wg x-3> Rbdab;rMlayGahar x-4> Rbdab;degðIm x-5> Rbdab;rbt;Qam x-6> Rbdab;beBa jecal x-7> Rbdab;bnþBUC 2- RbB½n énkarciba wmkegáb ciba wmkñúggagsium:g; ciba wmkñúgrsh ciba wmkñúgés, 3- cmni nigkarerbir)as;cmni 3-1> taragerbir)as;cmnirkab; nig kmritrbuetguinkñúgcmni 3-2> taragpsmcmniekécñsrmab;kunkegábmangayubi 10éf dl;40éf 3-3> taragpsmcmniekécñsrmab;kunkegábmangayuelisbi 40éf 2

3 esckþiepþim kegábcastvedlrs;enaeliekakpg nigkñúgtwkpg ehiymangtßrbeyacn¾caercin ducca³ erbicamðúbgahar erbah sac;kegábman»carskñúgkarniymbisartueta nigmansar³rbeyacn_kñúgkarsmlab;stvl it ducca Cenøn dgáúv emgme)a:>>>>> CaGahar. bc úb,nñ kegábrtuv)ansiss nisistefvikarsiksarsavrcavxagepñkciv³vitüa nigepñkvitüaebtü edim,ibrgikkar EsVgyl; niggnuvtþ[kan;etmanrbsit PaBEfmeTot etaelibec ketsciba wm k¾ducca bec ketsplitbucpgedr. kegábmantmélesdækic enakñúgtipsar nigenatamepacniydæannanaculcitþykmkefvicamðúb ducca kegábqaerkog kegábqaxji kegábe)ak>>>>. mü:agvijetot kegábedlmanlk;enatipsarnabc úb,nñenh )anmkbikaredircab;kñúgfmµcati ducca tamvalers> tamérbpñm>>>>> mantmhmtuc² ehiysmburetatamrduv BiesskñúgrdUvePøóg. enakñúgrbvtþ isarsþexµr kegábcastvgbiycmeno ehiy)andmnalfa kegábføak;bieliemxenaebledlmanepøóg Føak; EttamkarBitstVkEgábCaeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgrUgdI enaebledlmanepøógføak; kegábkaydiecjmk edim,ibnþbuc GaRs½yehtuenH)anCaRbCaCn eyigbmu)anexijkegábebjmyyqñam. nabc úb,nñenhkarciba wmkegábtamcnbt PaKeRcInBwgEp kbuccab;bifmµcati ehiykarciba wmenhbmuttyl)anlt pll BIeRBaHkarciBa wmmanry³eblyur nigkµanbec ketsciba wrtwmrtuv. b:uenþedayelkkarciba wmkegábedltijbiksidæanplit BUC ehiyksikrmyycmnynedl)anføab;qøgkat;vkábnþ úhbnþalbec ketsciba wmkegábttyl)anecakc½yetibb:unµanqñamenh ehiykarttylecakc½yenhk¾mintan;bmebj)antamesckþirtuvkarenaeliy. tamkartamdan nigcuhbinitüpþal;dl;ksikrciba wm eyig CaGñkCMnaj)anerobcMÉksarfµ I sþibi bec kets ciba wmkegáb edim,itukcakarcmnyysµartivarib,kr nigcakkþarkwhl ² enakñúgkarbrgwgmuxrbrciba wm[)anrwgmam. CaTIbBa b;eyig xitxmbeba jkmnitcartwsþi nigkargnuvtþn_ Bnül;dl;bgb ÚnvarIb,krkm<úCa kñúgekalbmngeliksþüy kmritcivpabrbcaksikr[manpabrbesirelig nigedim,igpivdæn_vis½yvarivb,kmµ[mankarrikcmerin nigeconelon ducrbetscitxag. 3

4 1-lkçN³CIvsaRsþ 1-1> cmnat;fñak; bmengeckrbept nigcmnat;fñat;rbs;kegábmanducxagerkam ³ - Epñk (Phylum) : Chordata - fñak; (Class) : Amphibia - lmdab ;(Order) : Anura - GMbUr (Family) : Ranidae - BUC (Genus) : Rana - RbePT (Species) : H. tigerinus - eqµahenarbetskm<úca : kegábmadfm - eqµahpasarbrets : Rana tigerina 1-2> RbPB stþvitüakrcaercin)anebgecklmdab; Rana ya:gticbmputman 19 GMbUrénkEgáb nigkigák;. RbePTkEgáb dmbugbmput)anekitet,igenaeliepnditamgbi 180 lanqñammunemø:h. ek)anrbthexijmankegáb nigkigák;rbehl 2>700 RbePTEdl)anrIkcMerIntaMgBIyUryarNas;mkehIy kñúgcmenamrbeptkegábtamgenahman BBYkkEgábCaeRcInGacbriePaK )anducca ³ Rana bexadatyla; Green frog; Tigrina Indian; Bullfrog; Rana Rugulosa; Rana Coassaa (Jerdon s Frog); Rana Catesbiana; (North American) Anura. kegábtamgenh ek)anrsavrcav PJas;-bgáat; nigciba wm enavitüasßan Entral Inand Fisheries Research Institute (Cifri) India tamgbiqñam 1968 emø:h. Tree Frogs Hylidae Cricket Frog Acris Cricket Frog Acois gryllus gryllus Cricket Frog Acris gryllus Coepitans Chorus frog pseudacris Mountain: Chorus frog Pseudoucris brachg phona Brimley s chorus frog, Pseudacis Brimleyr edayet,k enarbetskm<úcaeyigekrbthexijmanrbeptkegábcaercinducca³ kegábkub ³ Rana tigrina CaRbePTkEgábEdlmanmaDFM kegábpñm ³ eqµahvitüasarsþ Rana Blythii eqµahbanic kmµ Blyth s Mountain frog 4

5 kegábpñmercinrs;enatmbn;pñm tammat;ercah edaycab;stvl itcagahar kegábenhmanbn smbur GaRs½yeTAtam mcædæanedlvars;ena EtPaKeRcInvamanBN smburexµa nigrkhm TMgn;rbs;vaminelIsBI 100Rkam eliy. kegábrnam ³ rs;enatamérbrnam nigrsat;mktamtwkcmnn;hurculmktmbn;ek,r² énvalerslictwkenakñúgrduv vssa PaKeRcInénkEgábenHmanBN smburgars½yetatammcædæantwkedlvars;ena rubragrbs;vaevgcagkegábkub TaMgdgxøÜn ecig éd niges,krkas;bnþic. kegábk at; ³ TMhMb:uneméd Es,ksVit ERskB surrsyy vars;enatwkrak;². kegábgacm eka ³ TMhMtUcCagkEgábkUb BN és,rck; nigmanqñútbn masenatambenþayxñg Rmammuxman 4 nigrmamerkayman 5 vaetgrs;enaeliekak smburlamkeka manfñk;enaerkamcgáa. kegábrsuv ³ BN Rbhak;RbEhlnigkEgábkUbEdr. huighg ³ mangv³yv³tuc² xøi²cagkegábkub ebahe)a:g k,altuc manrklaenaelixñgbn RbepHexµA nig BN etñat. vabnøwsmelgenaeblepøóg ehiybgrbs;vatuccagkegábkub. KIgÁk; ³ mantmhmfmlµm Es,kKeRKIm rs;enaeliekak Bgrbs;vaGNþay² ragducrcvak;tp ab;kña. kba aj;eck ³ madtucesþig BN suinynehiyetgeterbrbylrh½s tamtikenøgrs;enaelirukçcati ecigs itduccigck;. kegábepsg²etot ³ manragrbhak;rbehlnwgkba aj;eckedr Es,krelag TMhMFMCagkBa aj;eck bnþic. cmnigaharrbs;kegábxagelienhrymman emgme):a knþ Úb mus r: uy Cenøn emepøóg mm:ug kunxüg ex A kþam nig stvl itepsg²etot. 1>3 TMrg; nig rubrag k> rubpáúmerka kegábcastvragfat; KµanknÞúy vaefvidmeniredaybwgep ketaelircmuh nigecigerkay vaggáúyecagehag eliecigxøixagmux nigeliecigevgxagerkay ehiyvaelatetamuxcafmµta. kegábcastvedlmanq wgxñg BYkenHdMbUgmankarvivtþn_BIstVRtI edayecjbikunk úkvasñak;enakñúgtwk kardkdegðimtamrskiducrti tmkvaeligmktammat;gnþ ÚgdUcstVdéTeTot ehiygacniyay)anfa CastVGacmanCIvit TaMgenAkñúgTwk nigépþdirabesµiedlmandgxøünxøi. eblxøhenakñúgdmnak;kalkunk úkvamanknþúy GacEhl)anya:gelOndl; mképþdirabesµimanecigbirkur edayecigerkayfm ehiyniggacelat)anq ayetotpg. smrab;ragkayrbs;kegábeck ecjcabirkw ³ 5

6 k-1> Epñkk,al k,alkegábmanrag 3RCugCab;dgxøÜn Epñkk,alrYmman³ EPñk ³ EPñkkEgábmanragdUcRKab;XøI GacsMlwgemIl)anenATIggwt karcybrbthnwgbnøwepøig nwgemilexijcabn exovsmrab;ebléf b ebledlmanbnø Wc,as; vasmlwgemilminq ay ehiyvamanrtbkepñk 3Can;. EPñkenaHmanRtbk 2 (RtbkEPñkelI-eRkam) RtbkEPñkeRkamGacbiTEPñkCit nigrtbkepñknictitg; nictitante b RtbkTI 3 esþigføa smrab;biteblkegábrs;enakñúgtwk ehiyrbrsimanbn mas. Rtecok ³ enabierkayepñkva eyiggacsmkal;exijfa CasrIragÁesþIg manragmul nigmanrtecokbir RtecokenABIeRkayEPñk kegábkµanrtecokerkaet. RcmuH ³ enaxagmuxepñkkegábmanrnærcmuhbirføúhculetakñúgmat;smrab;rsubykgakas FatuxageRkAcUl etakñ úgxøünedim,idkdegðim ebledlvaegibeligbitwkb k_enaeliekak. mat; ³ mat;kegábmanlkçn³tulaykalnavahamat; eyiggacsmlwgemilexijepñkxagkñúgmat; kegáb xageliragecigkérnþ EpñkxagkñúgmanragCaRsTab;kstVxügEdlenACab;edImbMBg;k enakñúgmat;mangnþatmyy rikcug ehiyerbkcabirmincab;kñaenamçag² b enagmtamfáammanefµjtuc²epñkxag manefµjbircyrtuc² smrab;pþúkgahar minegayrbutecjmkerka b culetakñúgefµjtamgenhduhgbtamfáam b duhrtg;tamq wgbidanxageli vaminxusbiefµj rbs;mnusset. k-2>epñkdgxøün EpñkxøÜn ³ xagelidgxøünkegáb mandumkmbkbirenacmknþaldgxøün manebahe):ageligfm CagxøÜn (cmebahkegábji) cmenkkegábeqµalmanxøüntuc kegábkµanknþúyet. Es,k ³ vamanlkçn³tn;rabesiµehiymancatirmgil CatirMGilTaMgenHeFVIeGayEs,kesIm Canic EpñkxageRkArbs;Es,kkEgábmanBN cmruh. - enaepñkxagerkam ³ BN eloglaybn Rkhm BN Twkbuic b BN RbepH BN sár b exµa b s BN TaMgbIxusKña. - EpñkxagelI ³ Kµaneram b RskaeT Es,krbs;vamanCatiGnæilbeBa jya:gercin CatirMGilenH vartrtg;canic nuvpabesim ebieyigcab;c,ices,kvaeyigsegátexijes,kenahywt ehiyhak;duc CaFMCagxøÜnvaeTotpg EpñkxagxñgenHmanRkLaGuc²BN ébtgrskm b RbepHehIyBN smburrbs;vagars½y etatambuc RbePT karlutlas; epsg² RBmTaMgtMélesdækic rbs;va. k¾b:uenþ Es,kkEgábGacERbBN etatamtikenøgrbs;va. karerbbn rebobenhcacmnyyya:gsmxan; cmebahkegáberbahvagaclak;bmbynxøünrbs;vabnømkumegaysrtuvemilexij (kegábmanrbevg 10-12s>m). 6

7 k-3> EpñkGv³yv³ kegábmangv³yv³4 ecigmuxbirxøi ecignimyy²manrmam4 (KµanemédeT) ecigerkaytamgbir EvgCagdgxøÜn nigecigmuxmansac;dumfm² EckCa3pñt; KWePøA kmpynecig nigrbgb;ecigcaepñkmyyevg. vamanrmam5 vap ab;edayes,k esþigmanrmamcab;²kña. eblenaes óm EpñkTaMg3bt;CaragGkSr Z ehiylatsnæwgya:grh½sénecigenh GacecalxøÜnva etamux)anq ay kegábefvidmenirelatedayrbgb;ecigrbs;va ecigevgtamgbirrbs;kegábgacehl)anelon RmameCIgTaMg5 minesµikñaet. x> rubpáúmkñúg x-1> sac;dum taméksar Biological Science Amoleculare Approach ebieyigbnøat;es,kkegáb eyignwgexij sac;dumrbs;kegábmanbirbept ³ - sac;dumrlig - sac;dumqñút - sac;dumebhdug ebieyigbnøat;sac;ecjetot eyiggacexijsrésvibaøans²enaegbnwgq wg. x-2> erkagq wg erkagq wgrbs;kegábrymman ³ erkagq wgk,almanq wgllad¾ nigq wgfáam erkagq wgdgxøün manq wgxñg nigmanq wgkg 10 -Epñkk,almanq wgkgk 1 -Epñkxñg cegáhmanq wgkg 7 -EpñkKUT manq wgkg 1 -EpñkknÞúymanq wg 1 erkagq wggv³yv³ -Gv³yv³muxmanq wgediméd q wgkmpynéd nigq wgrbgb;éd -Gv³yv³eRkayman q wgepøa q wgkmpynecig nigq wgrbgb;ecig1 kegábkµanq wgcmniet bu:enþeyig segátexijexñgcmehogénq wgkgevg²bnþic. x-3> Rbdab;rMlayGahar Rbehagmat;maneramj½rCaeRcIn ehiysmburetaedayrkebjesøs GNþatERBkcugsßitenARkGUmeRkam Epñkxagmux cuggnþatgacbnøútecjerkaedim,icab;stvl it. 7

8 -efµj ³ CaRbePTfÁamduHtamrwmbbUrmat; -edimk ³ sßitenakñúgmat; -bmbg;gahar ³ latsnæwgtamrgvhmat; -RkBH ³ EvgekagmksþaM -ebahevontuc ³ Evglµm -cugebahevon Rectum ³ EpñkeRkamCab;køÚGak; -eføim ³ manbirekøbedlepñkxageqvgfmcag ehiyeckcabirekøbtuc²etot. fg;twkrbmat;enaefø ImxagsþaM beba jtwkrbm:at;. -lmebg ³ latsnæwgtambenþaybmbg;twkrbmat; ehiybeba jtwklmebgtambmbg;enhetadl;rkbh. x-4> Rbdab;degðIm kegábdkdegðimtames,k nigsyt. Es,kkEgábrlIgKµanRskaeT Es,kenaHesImCanic edaysarrmgil müa:getotrmgilecjbirkebjes,k. q wgcmnikegábragfñak;² KµansnÞHRTUg KµanRbGb;ebHdUg. enaeliekak eyigexijrkgummat;rbs;vaepitpt karenh KWvaRsUbykxül;. enaeliekakenhetot eblgakasfatuekþaes,ks ÜtvadkdegðImtamsYt. Es,kkEgábesþIg ehiyesimcanic vabmebjmuxgarmyyya:gsmxan;kñúgkardkdegðimrbs;kegáb. ]sµ½nénxül;gacrcabcul ecjtames,kya:ggayrsyl rycetab:hnigqamedlrt;rkb;srésqamkñúgxøünvaenhcakardkdegðimtames,k. kegábmansytbirrelag manftcaercin KWCasYtEdlKµanbMBg;xül; nigkµantgsyt. kardkdegðimtamsyt RbRBwtþeTAedaykarelb. sytkegábtucnas;ehiyminsuvsmxan;cmebahstvenhb:unµanet kñúgkardkdegðim. ebiekyk sytecjstvenhgacrs;enatetaetot)an pþúyetavij ebiekykfñametalabelies,k b ekefviegayes,kvas Üt vanwgsøab; edaykarfb;degðim. x-5> Rbdab;rbt;Qam -QamkEgábmanekasikaRkhm manénvy:u. -ebhdugman 3ft KW ³ ftelieqvg1 ftsþam1 nigfterkam1etotqamecjbiev:nculetakñ úgebhdug (Sinus) suinus ehiyculetaftelisþam. cmenkftelieqvgttylqamtamev:nsyt. ekasikaqamtamgt,aykñúgsrés QammaneRcInkuHkrenAray):ayRbeRCotKñatamlMdab;lMedayrbs;va. tamkarbinitüdmenirqamrt;rbs;va eyigexij TMnak;TMngy:agsMxan;rvagRbB½næQam nigcalikaragkay. 8

9 x-6> Rbdab;beBa jecal mantmrgenambiresþigenatambenþayq wgxñg KWCaRkeBjBN RkhmRTEvgEdlmanbMBg;TwkenambeBa j etakø ÚGak; kñúgkøúgak;mane)øakenammyy. TwkenamkEgábravNas;ehIyGaceRbICaTwkbMrugenAeBlmCÄdæaneRkAmanPaB hytehg. x-7> Rbdab;bnþBUC -kegábeqµal ³ manbgsvasbir manggáfatuxøaj;enabielismrab;beba jtwkkam bmbg;twkkamqøgkat; tamtmrgenam ehiyecjetakøúgak;tambmbg;enam. -kegábji ³ GUEvFM²manGgÁFatuxøaj;enABIelIdUcKña. bmbg;guvulevgekag RkgicRkgk;rYcecjeTAkøÚGak;. enaeblføak;kñúgbmbg;rbs;vaguvulmanb½tæedayersamgnæil Edle):agenAkñúgTwkeRkayeBlBg. 2-RbB½n énkarciba wmkegáb ciba wmkñúggagsium:g; ciba wmkñúgrsh ciba wmkñúgés, rebobciba wmkñúggagsium:g; TMhMBI 6-30 m 2 kmbs;bi 0>8-1> m )atgagrtuvsg;[manlkçn³cmeroletamçag kmbs;twkbi 1¼2 dl; 2¼3 énxøünkegáb cmnynkunkegábdak;ciba wm - ExTI 1 BI³ k,al¼ m 2 - ExTI 2 BI³ k,al¼ m 2 - ExTI 3 BI³ k,al¼ m 2 RtUvRtYtBinitü ry³eblbi 7-10éf mþg. rebobsagsg;gag -RkLaépÞGagCamFümBI 6 eta 30m 2 2 x 3> 3 x 5 > 4 x 6 > 5 x 6 -GagciBa wmkegábsac;rtuvmancmera BI 0>8 eta 1 m -)atgagrtuv[etr remolrkuc edimi,gayrsylpøas;bþúrtwk. 9

10 erobcmrkwh )atragetretarcugmçag )atgagmanépþrelag rebobciba wmkñúgrsh TMhMBI m 2 CMuvijRsHRtUvB½T és, b sgá½si 1-1>2 m 4 x 8 > 5 x 10 > 10 x 20 CMerATwkminelIsBI sm nigmanbmbg;bgðúrtwk dg;siuetesþigcaggag 60-80kUn¼ m 2 pøas;bþúrtwk 2-3éf ¼dg kmrit 1¼2 dl;1¼4b:uenñah cmniksikmµ 3-4dg¼éf )acelimat;rcamg b elicmrk cmnayebl cmnaytn;ticcagciba wmkñúggag mankar)at;bg;ercin Bi)akkñúgkarcab;rMElk. rebobciba wmkñúgés,ha)a: és,ha)a:tmhmbi 6-50 m 2 és,ha)a:kmbs;bi 1-1>2 m 2 mankmrb dak;ciba wmkñúgésbi k,¼m 2 CMrkGaceRbIdUcCa kmepøak esñar 3¼4énés, RtUv]sSah_Binitüés,ha):aerogral;éf. 10

11 3-cMNI nigkarerbir)as;cmni 3-1> taragerbir)as;cmnirkab; nig kmritrbuetguinkñúgcmni taragpþl;cmnirkab;rbcaméf kmritrbuetgiun (%) TMhMRKab;cMNI ry³eblciba wmbidmnak;kalkun karpþl;cmni 35% mm 15 éf dmbug (3 30 g ) 7-10 éntmgn;kegábpþl;bi 4 6 dg 30% 3-4 mm 30éf bnþab; Rk 5-7 éntmgn;kegábpþl;bi 3 4 dg 25% 5-6 mm 30éf bnþab;etot Rk 3-5 éntmgn;kegábpþl;bi 2 3 dg 22% 8 10 mm elisbi 75éf elis 150 Rk 3-5 éntmgn;kegábpþl;bi 2 3 dg smkal; ³ kegábculcitþsiucmnienaeblyb;ercincagenaebléf éf ³ FMFat;)anBI Rkam - 60 éf ³ FMFat;)anBI Rkam - 90 éf ³ FMFat;)anBI Rkam éf ³ FMFat;)anBI Rkam. cmnierbigs; 1>2 eta 1>3 K>Rk )ankegábsac; 1 K>Rk ciba wmkñúgés,. cmnierbigs; 1>3 eta 1>5 K>Rk )ankegábsac; 1 K>Rk ciba wmkñúggag. KYrciBa wmkñúgry³ebl BI éf )anehiy. 3-2> taragpsmcmniekécñsrmab;kunkegábmangayubi 10éf dl; 40éf smasfatupsm PaKryénsmasFatu K>Rk kmritrbuetgiun knþk; 48 emsarti 28 senþkesog 6 ebatrkham 18 GMbil 1 srub 101 Cag > taragpsmcmniekécñsrmab;kukkegábmangayuelisbi 40éf smasfatupsm PaKryénsmasFatu K>Rk kmritrbuetgiun knþk; 36 emsarti 42 senþkesog 18 ebatrkham 4 GMbil 1 srub 101 Cag 26 11

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