Sustainable Architecture - Theory

Átírás

1 Sustainable Architecture - Theory Youth Education Centre, Windberg Architect: Herzog und Partner 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 1

2 Sustainable Architecture - Theory Contents: Natural vs. Built Environment Ecological Architecture / Green Building Performance Metrics of Sustainability Economical Aspects of Sustainability 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 2

3 Natural vs. Built Environment 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 3

4 Environmental Impact of Buildings More people live in urban than in rural areas 40% of raw materials is consumed by buildings Running out of fossil energy sources 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 4

5 Characteristics of The Built Environment Increasing Urbanization Energy consumption Amount of waste Amount of sewage How to manage these issues in architecture? 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 5

6 Environment and Architecture Historic Overview Traditional architecture: protective, resists external impacts, small windows (15%) Modernist architecture: large windows 80%, insufficient construction technology, large energy consumption, bad indoor climate 1980s: counter-balancing bad indoor climate with cooling and heating Sequential Architectural Design Process design disciplines do their job one after the other 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 6

7 Environment and Architecture Historic Overview energy crisis: energy over-consumption becomes an issue Building energy research: study and simulation of energy currents through the building envelope Sustainability becomes an issue Simultaneous Architectural Design Process activities of design disciplines overlap to optimize efficiency and save time 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 7

8 Environment and Architecture Architectural Design Guidelines Functional: constructional, operational Human: safety and security, health, comfort Cultural: aesthetics, social context Economical: profit, life cycle cost Ecological: energy use, energy sources, building materials, water management, waste and pollution management Eco-Architecture Environmental awareness in architecture 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 8

9 Ecological Architecture Green Building Youth Education Centre, Windberg Architect: Herzog und Partner 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 9

10 Ecology vs. Sustainability Sustainability Constant social development without allowing economic growth beyond the limits of the environmental supply and waste management capacities Ecology The science of the relationships between organisms and their environments Ecology Sustainability 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 10

11 Ecological Architecture FIRE Energy AIR Water Management Building Materials WATER Waste Management Site Management EARTH 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 11

12 Conventional Building Operation Sun Unutilized Natural Resources Wind Precipitation Air Sound Noise Fresh air Fossil energy Fresh water Materials Operation Stale air Heat energy Sewage Waste Vegetation Earth LINEAR PROCESSES 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd Water 12

13 Ecological Building Operation Sun Utilized Natural Resources Fresh air Wind Precipitation Water management Building Materials Vegetation Operation Energy Waste management Water management Water CIRCULAR PROCESSES Ground water Geo-structure 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 13

14 Green Building - Directive Implement the main ecological guidelines throughout the buildings entire lifecycle Main Ecological Guidelines Reduce Conserve Recycle Lifecycle of Buildings Design Fabrication Building Maintenance Renovation Demolition Provide the highest possible level of autonomy 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 14

15 Green Building - Autonomy Cut dependence on external resources Achievable Levels of Autonomy Heat energy (20-100%) Electricity (20-100%) Water supply (20-100%) Sewage management (20-100%) Waste management (20-40%) Yellow Tree House Restaurant Pacific Environment Architects Photo: Lucy Gauntlett 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 15

16 Ecological Architecture - Principles Energy: maximize efficiency, conserve fossil, use renewable Air: healthy indoor air quality, reduce CO2- equivalent emission Building Materials: recycle, reuse Earth: minimize land use, utilize local resources Waste Management: consciously Water: avoid pollution Water Management: conserve drinking water, use rain or grey water Fire: utilize solar energy 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 16

17 Performance Metrics of Sustainability 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 17

18 Green Building Rating Systems - Chapters According to LEED 2009 Econia Business Park, C&J Architects Viikki Church, JKMM Architects, Photo: Arno de la Chapelle Sustainable sites Water efficiency Energy and atmosphere Materials and resources Indoor environment Innovation in design Regional priority 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 18

19 Green Building Rating Systems - Points According to LEED 2009 Sustainable sites 26 Water efficiency 10 Energy and atmosphere 35 Materials and resources 14 Indoor environment 15 Innovation in design 6 Regional priority 4 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 19

20 Performance Metrics of Sustainability Energy-Related Operational Metrics Energy Consumption Energy Performance Rating CO2-Equivalent Emission Life Cycle Metrics Energy Consumption Life Cycle CO2-Equivalent Emission 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 20

21 Operational Energy Consumption Metrics EcoDesigner* final, commercial release EcoDesigner* final, commercial release EcoDesigner* Public Beta release 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 21

22 Operational Energy Consumption Metrics Energy Demand Fuel Consumption Energy Performance Rating Compare projects with: statistical database or calculated baseline performance Primary Energy 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 22

23 Consumption And Emission Metrics Primary energy consumption locally relevant factors enable the conversion of all end-use energy quantities to primary energy so that they can be summarized Equivalent CO2 emission converts the effects of emitted greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, CO, NMVOC, NOx. N2O) to the equivalent amount of CO2 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 23

24 Consumption And Emission Metrics Fuel type Primary E Factor CO2 Factor District heating Electricity Natural gas Raw mineral oil Coal Dried wood Renewables /26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd

25 CO2-Equivalent Emission vs. Natural Absorbers To ensure the healthy balance of the environment, emission must be reduced to meet the capacity of natural absorbers E.g. Present situation in Hungary: CO2-Equivalent Emission= ~6 tons/capita, a capacity of natural absorbers= ~2.5 tons/capita, a 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 25

26 CO2-Equivalent Emission Capacity of Natural Absorbers E.g. On a sunny summer day, a 100 years old oak tree produces 9.4 m3 oxygen clarifies m3 air This is enough for 12 grown up persons for a day 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 26

27 Performance Metrics of Sustainability Not Energy-Related Solar Reflectance Index (Heat Island Effect) Water Used for Operation Drinking Potable Percentage of Building Reuse Building Material Content (Relative) Reused Recycled Regional Low Emitting Ecological Footprint 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 27

28 Ecological Footprint Resource and waste management needs of a society/economy/household in ecological active land area (Ha/person, year) Based on international statistics Usually between 1.6 and 9 Ha/person, year 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 28

29 Economical Aspects of Sustainability 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 29

30 Rationalize Costs And Expenses Consider Whole Life Cost Evaluate return of investment on components Minimize traffic and transportation think local Minimize consumption: material, drinking water and energy 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 30

31 Payback Calculation A typical office building costs about three times its initial cost to operate and maintain over 30 years Carefully implemented sustainable design only costs 2% more to build but may pay back the original investment 10 times over Reduced energy consumption due to strategic green investments has a stronger effect on the LCC than the original investment If the team members involved know what they are doing, you can go pretty far down the path of creating a green building without adding extra costs at all. Environmental Building News editor Nadav Malin 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 31

32 Life Cycle Analysis Energy calculations and cost simulations can be used concurrently to ensure that energy-conservation and capital goals are met Whole Life Cost = Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Construction Operation Maintenance End of life + Profit 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 32

33 Government Incentives Green constructions typically only become profitable after a long time Project-related costs do not include national consequences (exploitation of resources, pollution etc.) To offset the extra initial investments, governments should support green construction, on national level. 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 33

34 References Épületszerkezetek Tanszék - Épületszerkezzettan 7 Fenntartható fejlődés fenntartható építés ALAPFOGALMAK- Dr. Lányi Erzsébet Energia-, levegő- és víz- HÁZTARTÁS - Dr. Lányi Erzsébet ANYAGHÁZTARTÁS épu letszerkezetek építéstechnikák - Dr. Lányi Erzsébet ALTERNATÍV ÉPÍTÉSI MÓDOK föld- és szalmabála - építés, reciklált anyagok - Dr. Lányi Erzsébet MŰSZAKI ÉS ÖKOLÓGIAI ÉPÜLETREHABILITÁCIÓ Algoritmus - Dr. Lányi Erzsébet ÉPÜLET-REKONSTRUKCIÓ ÖKOLÓGIAI ÉRTÉKELÉSI SZEMPONTJAI -? ÉPÜLETFELÚJÍTÁSOK ENERGETIKAI LEHETŐSÉGEI Transzparens szerkezetek Dr. Becker Gábor KÖRNYEZETTUDATOS FELÚJÍTÁSOK ÉPÍTÉSZETI TŰZVÉDELMI VONATKOZÁSAI - Dr. Takács Lajos Gábor ÉPÜLETFELÚJÍTÁSOK ENERGETIKAI LEHETŐSÉGEI - dr. Kakasy László ÉPÜLETEK UTÓLAGOS SZIGETELÉSE TALAJNEDVESSÉG, ÉS TALAJVÍZ ELLEN - dr. Kakasy László Magasépítés Tanszék Ökológikus Építés Jegyzetek Fenntarhato -- Dr. Széll Mária Energia - Dr. Széll Mária és Dr. Tóth Elek Energiatermelés Dr. Pátzay György Energiafogyasztás - Dr. Széll Mária Éghajlat - Dr. Széll Mária Ökológikus építés - Dr. Széll Mária Globalizáció vs. Fenntarthatóság / Fenntartható Fejlődés - Dr. Széll Mária Energiaválság Fűtés - Dr. Tóth Elek Hőszivattyú - Dr. Tóth Elek Problémakör - Medgyasszay Péter PhD, Vajnáné Horn Valéria DLA Regionalitás - Medgyasszay Péter PhD Egészséges környezet - V. Horn Valéria DLA Passzívház - Medgyasszay Péter PhD Szoláris építészet alapjai - V. Horn Valéria DLA Föld / vályog - Medgyasszay Péter PhD Öko-rekonstrukció - V. Horn Valéria Fenntartható ház - Medgyasszay Péter PhD Építésökológiai értékelés - V. Horn Valéria DLA Other ANSI/ASHRAE, BRE, CIBSE, DOE-EERE, EIA, IBPSA, USGBC, Passivhaus Institut, GBC AUS, ABCB, ISO, Magyar Épu letenergetikai Szabályozás 2/26/13 Building Constructions 7 - Lecturer: Miklós Svéd 34