Computational Neuroscience

Átírás

1 Computational Neuroscience Zoltán Somogyvári senior research fellow KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics Supporting materials: BSCS 2010 Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok /

2 Computational Neuroscience Structure Dynamics Implementation Algorithm Computation - Function Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok /

3 The brain and the computer Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 3

4 Hierarchy of description Mind Body? Nervous System Peripheral Central Brain Neurons Membrane potential Under treshold Spinal Cord Glial cells Chemistry Action potential Frequency Time patterns Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 4

5 Brain of vertebrates (mammals) as visible with naked eye human 1. medulla oblongata 2. pons 3. cerebellum 4. mesencephalon 5. metencephalon rat thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus 6. telencephalon ganglia basalis cortex paleocortex archicortex hippocampus,... neocortex lobus frontalis lobus parietalis lobus occipitalis lobus temporalis Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 5

6 Elementary unit of the nervous system: The neuron Parts of the neuron: dendrite soma nucleus axon initial segment terminal Function: reception integration reproduction transmission encoding output synapse communication glia myelin sheath Ranvier-nodes background speed up amplification Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 6

7 Types of neurons Pyramidal cell in the cerebral cortex Purkinje cell in the cerebellum Bipolar cell in the retinal Reticular cell in the thalamus Mitral cell in the olfactory bulb Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok /

8 The cell with electronmicroscope nucleus cytoplasm membrane lipid bilayer proteins integral peripheral extracellular space (EC) intracellular space (IC) Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 8

9 Trough the cell membrane Forces of ion transport Different permeability, for different ions and molecules Membrane transport, trough proteins pumps (+energy!) channels transporters Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 9

10 Discovery of the electricity in animals Galvani, De Viribus - Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 10

11 The electric neuron: resting potential with electrode The phenomenon: Potential difference between the two side EC and IC of the membrane Reason: on the two different sides of the membrane: different concentrations of ions on the two side of the membrane different permeability for different ions Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 11

12 The generation of the resting potential Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 12

13 The electric neuron: action potential with electrode What is the action potential? A short change in the membrane potential Traveling action potential Time: 0 ms Time: 1 ms Time: 2 ms firing threshold potential resting potential The action potential is an 'all or none' phenomenon Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 13

14 Between two neuron: The synapse Ionotrophic (A) and metabotrophic (B,C) receptors Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 14

15 Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters Glutamat (information transmission) Serotonin (mood, wake/sleep) GABA-gamma aminobutyric acid (in the central neural system) Acetlicholin (neuromuscular junction) Noradneraline (arousal) Glycine (in the periphery) Dopamine (reward system, Parkinson disease, schizophrenia) Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok / 15

16 Lengyel Máté: Biológiai alapok /