bvti seg brbs'eka-tk'

Átírás

1 bvti seg brbs'eka-tk' G~krs'enACayEdnExµr f etagetcag~kk ahan ( G~kelg deg A ). k~ gsm&ygananikmvrs g G~kelgCayEdnekA-tk' CaG~krksIunS bhuk tiegot tieqiìr BIVt'dMbg esomrab dwkyketalk' enaext surin sukesom ryctij knat'ns tlb'mkvij. enaeblcb"unvayyk NÎËcinenaH fedlca smınïmit Cb"un k*vaykgt&bgananikmvrsgedr. k~ gsâgappleamq anjnenh fvnrkeka-tk'efi CaG~k nsp ËvkgT&B fculvayt&bvrsgena sukexµr. q~s1941 VrSgsuxcit bkl'vt'dmbg esomrabeta f. eblenah fvnsmu[eka-tk'efi CaTahan f EtekA-tk'min Bm Kan'EtsMusiTiÏGaC afr f[elakgac cuheligbivt'dmbg esomrab ns bhuk tiegot tieqiìr etalk'ena suk fduckalbimun fk*yl' Bm ehiyvncunemdaykiti ysmyydl'eka-tk'pg. Bwti karn_q~s1945 T&BsmınÏmit VrSg-Gg'eK s elakeka-tk' rdωmâni tuvvrsgcab'niretseta sukvrsg. bfl unˆ-cnêm"ul, Gaca r nyn-dygvneposx ÁncUlmkex t Vt'dMbg ehiyvnp ÁcepI mbegi Xun. G~kTSgBIrk*rkG~kEdlma nsitiïgaccuheligbivt'dmbg eso mrabeta suk f e JH tuvkartij ksepi g. eka-tk'k*vncybcamyy niggacar nyn-dyg enavt'dmbg. e kaymketgetacybbipakßak~aena bnˆakarlk'esovepamyyeqµah «bnˆakarexµrgure CA» enapßare ka m-vt'dmbg. bfl unˆ-cnêm"ulnigny n-dyg k*bjç HbJçËlykekA-tk' [efi Caem sßr:m~ak'etacamyynwg siuv-ehg Edlsappleal'K~aenAVt'dM bg ehiy KYsarTSgBIrVnrs' enacamyyk~ak~ gcmrm sßr:. q~s e kaybimanbykevotmij culmke CotE Ckk~ gclnaexµr sßr:enah lavekv-muni, m"a-mun, miu-pu VncUlCamYyevotmij eda ymanp~ak'garrbs'yyncati bwkßa nigkgt&byynenacamyypg. eka tk' niglavekv-muni k*ebkvk'k~a CaBIr kum Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~ gesovepa HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER fa bub ehtu n karebkvk'k~a KWbN almkbierog Vk'600,000erol nigeka-tk'efi VbG~k suk. kar byutïk~ak* esovepaenhsresrxusedrfa BYkekA-tk' byutïk~acamyybyklavekv-muni ena tg' sukbi tambitbyk lavekv-municulmkxagedndieka-tk' ehiyedjvj'bykeka-tk'edlmank~atic tg'pumi kucqµar cm a y15kilëem" tbipumi sukbi (tamsmdikuntahanbirnak'edlenacamyyeka-tk'k~ gkar byutïenah sb f rs'ena Everett rdωva"siunetan. EdndIlavEkv-munI nigedndi tytedayeka-tk' EckK~a tg'sêwg. BYk lavekv-muniq gsêwgculmkmank~ae cin tuvrbysep AkMeb"HKUfk*dYlcuH. nwk sµanets ab'ehiy BYklavEkv-munIk*cUlmkykkSePI g eka-tk'edkenadik*tajksepi gkar"abinvj's a culmk NÎËcinvij elakswgg"ukfaj'edletibeligcanayk tclnaexµr sßr:camyymab"uk- -39-

2 b'gs' VMbYnnak'vij. BYklavEk-munICagdb'nak'eTotk* Vs'rt'ykrYcx ÁneTA. BYkkUnecA k*nsk~a KaEsgekA-tk'sMedAeTACayEdn TahanExµr-VrSgm~ak'EdlF ab'cyy sßr: Vn[f~SnigCYyrMu rbys. eknseka-tk'q gednculeta suk f etavgkkedkb avlenak~ gebt myyenae tiyxaglic Ten eca bhy"a eqµahsiriur"at' ( tamsmenogpasa f ebiexµrfa sirirdω ) G~kEdlnSekA-tk'eTAB avl ni genabmerik~ gebt fenah KWmYyeQµaH sm-put ( CIdUnmYynigelakV"n'-suFI ) edayp as'b ËrK~aCamYy eqµahpl-bfl untu ( sb f rs'ena Puyallup rdωva"siunetan ). esovepa HoOW POL POT CAME TO POWER nig Channa fa eka-tk'mkedkebt sukexµretavij. ebieka-tk'edkebt sukexµr k*nwg tuv TahanExµr-VrSgcab'sm ab'ecalcaminxan k~ gedim ( f 13 kum : tam ksar ksygsm at'vrsg ) q~s 1951enaH. myyetotyynevotmijvntsgykkµáylavekv-munibirnak'etabâjçk TwsI yynubniykmµenahanu yetotpg myyeqµah bu nigmyyetoteqµaheqog edayefi dmenirculeta suk f vagetaculxagej Fisat' kmbt etataekv ryceta sukyyn. eqµah pl-bfl untu ( sb f rs'enardωva"siunetan ) k* buge bo berobcmx ÁnecjBIåt rmanc&yeta sukesom rycbn etahanuyetot Ete kaydwgfa BYklavEkvmunIcUl dcamyyyyn nigmanp~ak'garyynevotmijenaefi karcamyyk~ g kums~ëldwknspgenah k* kajmi n BmeTA. esovepa HOW POL POT CAME TO POWER sresr tg'tmb&r95 faeka-tk'niglavekv munieqµahk~aedaysarb"uk-xunyk Vk'600Jn'erol smrab'tijksepi g nigedaysareka-tk'efi Vb bcacn. G~kniBnÏecosvagminsresrBICMerotCMErkyYnmkk~ gclnaexµr sßr:et eblenahsiuv-eh gvnecjetaeronenahanuyput. k~ gkartak'tajykbykexµr sßr:tmbn'esomrab-vt'dmbg hu-cimijvncat'p~ak'garcmnyn VMnak'. emdwknsenhmaneqµahfa GugsWug ( Nguyen Thanh Son ). edim IsMerckicçkarenH BYkP~ak'garyYnVn rk sibirnak' EdlmanG~k sukculcit slaj's ab'e cin KWm~ak'eQµaH m"a-mun tuvcam aymigeka-tk' etaniyaytak'tajeka-tk'[vneday[ Vk'mYycMnYny"agFMeTAm"a-mUn edim IecosvagedIm Iecosva ge kgekdwg luyenahyynxçb'nwgs wkeck Etpl-bfluntUsB f enardωva"siunetancakµáym"amunvnlb emilexij. eka-tk'vn bekkdac'ghg anwgkarbjç HbJçËlEdlm"a-mUnxMniyaylYgelambJç H bjçël tambmngrbs'p~ak'garyynevotmijenah rhuttajksepi grkvj'm"a-munecaletotpg. edaykmeragkarbrac&y emp~ak'garhu-cimijeqµahgugswug k*[k~avam~ak'eqµah eg øg mktak'tgcamyyya ytmu-xun ( enapumi tmu XMue CaynaggYn suk sis~m ) etot EdlmanG~k sukculcit rab'gans ab'e cin nigcitditcamyyeka-tk'pg. yyneg øgenahvns at'rkcybeka-tk'enacmrmt&b sßr:ena BeQµaH tjm gek gbn Cae cindg EtekA-tk'Vn[BYkT&B sßr:edjp~ak'garyynevotmijenahecjbitmbn'enahpg. kun bustmu-xunbirnak' ( TMu-sg nig TMu-sIun ) sb f rs'ena Everett rdωva"siunetan CasakßIEdlV nenacab'camyynwgeka-tk' eblvj'k~acamyybyklavekv-muniena tg'pumi kuccar åt rmanc&yenah. q~s1946 VrSgykVt'dMbg esomrabvij BYkG~kmanx Án bqsgvrsgduccam"a-mun, TMu-Xun, eka-tk' k*dwknsbjç Ën bbnïkunecaetars'ext surin sukesom bus@enaetefi skmµpabclnaexµr sßr:tmbn'åt rmanc&y smeragcugkal'dedl rhutmkdl'q~s51 etibvncyb tuvr"uvk~anwg kumswg-g"u kfaj'. e kaysni~sithßwenvq~s1954 k*vil tlb'mkrs'enak~ g sukexµrvijx HenAsMeragcugkal' åt rmanc&y x Hmkrs'enA klaj'kmbg'f Ëvvij duccaeka-tk'caedim elikelgetyaym"a-mun Edlk a ycag~kmanbgappleár ( edaysarluyyynevotmij[ ) k*rs'enasurinrhut ehiycras ab'k~ gq~s1977. kalsafarnrdωrlmq~s1975 naytahan ecah ayext rt'culeta sukesom m"a-munvnetacybehi yniyayfa «BYkGs'elakeFI rdω bhartm ak'sihnu eblsihnuenak~ g sukelakminefi et elaktu k[sihnuecjbi suk etibelaknsk~atm ak' rhutsihnuculcamyyyyn CamYyExµr khm elakc Sg em"cnwgq~h». rhutdl'q~s1955 eka-tk'edl bugqrcaebk CntMnagraÂs CamYyb"uk-Xun, lavekv-muni k* tu vsem cbjçamkdab-qyn [sm ab'eka-tk'ecalk~ gexmkra tuvnwgexbusß q~smmir ebitamsmdi[kar rbs'g~k sihgß-funhak' CakUn sieka-tk' sb f rs'enardω Oregon nigg~k sigiuv-y"ag naedimekasa v CakµÁyekA-tk', sb f rs'ena kugv"ris_ sukvrsg VncUlrYmTSgclnaExµr sßr: TSgCYybMerI -40-

3 clnaswg-g"ukfaj' ( bmerivytwkelakswg-g"ukfaj' ) kalbiv&ycmtg' nigvnsappleal' KYsarelaksIuv ehg, PriyaeQµaHCus-Gwug nigkun busbgeqµahlag-m"anit y"agcitditetotpg. esovepacritexµrrbs'elakbflunˆ-cnêm"ulsresrfa bsineka-tk'man ksbit dmbgcab'nwg denah KµannrNaGaccUlCitKat'VneLIy. mnusßda b-qyneqµahedayer"m ( efµjmasebjmat' ) x ac byutïminq~hk*vj's m ab'eka-tk'eta. exµacecalenatienahcagbi f KµannrNahflaneTACiteLIy. bi f e kaymk etib kum KYsareTAlblYcyksBmkbJç Hs at'@enavt Tg' V t Citp~ËrkµÁyGun EdlF ak'bielilanhßibs ab'cag10 f munenah. biq~s e kay etib kum KYsarhflaneTAKas'sBTSgBIrmkbUCaeFI bun åtiêskusl enak~ gvt Tg'V t. kumsiuv-ehg, Vk'-xan' ( sm&yln'-nl'kat'jk's&ki byn efi ecah a y sukvnn' ), Lac-saern ( Gacar saern ), Lac-savn, mul-sm ti, Gacar e bs, bflug-epok, lavekv-muni, m"a-mun (m aymigeka-tk' ), miu-pu, rugelitcaedim VnTak'TgCamYyyYnevotmij edaysarcaj'åvyexasnarbs'bykhu-cimij nigedaucg'vnksepi gbiyynmkvaygananikmvrsgpg (20) nigm" agetot edaysaryynexijexµrkmbugvt'emdwkns ( VrSgcab'sW g-g"ukfaj'niretseta sukvrsgenapoitier ) yynk*eq øt{kasd*kmrenhe Cot E CkcUlk~ gs~ëldwknsexµr sßr: edaye biluypg niyaybjç HbJçËlpg cak'bykexµr sßr:[eq ahk~a nigrkkl l icsm ab'exµr Edlmin BmcuHcUl CamYyyYnevotmijecal[Gs'. k~ gq~s1947 elaksiuv-ehgvnetagnêgbjç HbJçËlkµÁybegI trbs'p riyaelakm~ak'eqµahrug-elit EdlCanisßitenAmhaviT al&yfmµsat ( sm enog f ebiexµrkwmhavit al&yfmµsaâs mhavit al&yc ab' ) na kugvg kk (10). BYk kumelaksiuv-ehgenhk*vnk ayetaca «Exµrevotmij» EtenAk~ g karxmu KgdwknSedayyYnevotmij. TItSgrbs'BYkenHenAtMbn'sMLËt kjë g ext Vt'dMbgCitTl'Ednesom. escki bjçak'rbs'elakbflunˆ-cnêm"ul k~ gesovepa «critexµr» k*vnsarpabfa Exµr sßr:mankartak'tgcamyy yynevotmijedr (11). edaysarmantmnas'cg'efi FMEterogx ÁnenaH Exµr sßr:k*vk'ebkk~ags'. dab-qynetatsgtienap~mkueln, eka-tk'enap~mdgerk åt rmanc&y klaj' '(20) tamsmdi[karrbs'elaklag-m"anit tuvcakun busc gsbelaksiuv-ehg sb f rs'ena rdωniv-y"k shrdωgaemrik. (10) rug-elit ( CaeQµaH f ) enh gedle kaymkeksappleal'fa nyn-ca eqµahedimkwela-ebg Kn pêhenaxagelivt Krbni c cm ay behlca2kilëem" tbipßarelivt'dmbg. (11) sumganesovepa «critexµr» rbs'bflunˆ-cnêm"ul tg'tmb&r

4 esomrab. enavt'dmbgmanlavekv-muni, siuv-ehg, mul-sm ti, bflug-epo edaysarmantmnas'cg'efi FMEterogx ÁnenaH Exµr sßr:k*vk'ebkk~ags'. dab-qynetatsgtienap~mkueln, eka-tk'enap~mdgerk åt rmanc&y klaj' esomrab. enavt'dmbgmanlavekv-muni, siuv-ehg, mul-sm ti, bflug-epo kcaedim. ext kmbg'fmman gyn-hug, sal t-qay (12), s&ki bisflab e kay mkmanculbip~mdgerkefmm~ak'etoteqµahem"n Edlykrhsßnamfa Em"n EknEpndI sigkiappleen t. s&ki bisflabe kaymkminculrymcamyyswg-g"uk faj'et ena kacamyykunt&b sßr: edayykelsfa vin&yclnaelaksw g-g"ukfaj'twgetgebk. BYkExµrevotmijenAtMbn'bUJ enaxags ayerog B Evg ducca esam-pwm, kumehg-smrin k*minculrymcamyyswg-g"ukfaj' Edr edayyynvngb'rmb JçËl TwsI [bmerivaetaehiy. ext kmbg'swı manc&nê rgßienabnêayc armn, savag-vgß ( sßr:ks TVrSg ), But-qay enacen ah P~MtµatBgmktMbn'Vt'dwg P~M bsitiï. ext kmbg'cammanesam-pwm, Gacar yi emecar. ext kmbtmannub-bupan, Gacar emon (swg-g"ukmij) e kaymk mannisßitbi sukvrsgmkcu lrymetotkw vis krci-kimgan nigsal t-sr (b"ul-bt). eyigexijfa k~ gebledlexµrvt'em yunevotmijvnluk dculmk e CotE CkbJç HbJçËlykExµr sßr: ExµrevotmijVn ehtuenhehiyetib elakfaj'mingacefi karb gybb gymclnaexµr sßr:tsggs'k~ g betsexµr Vn. (12) sal t-qay tuvcabgbegi trbs'sal t-sr ( b"ul-bt ). -42-

5 clnats~uelakswg-g"ukfaj' edaygn rakmn_bi kumbkß bcafibety nigkmehijbykevotmijculmk e CotE Ckx Sgk apgenah sem csihnuvnsmuvrsggnujôat[elakswg-g"u kfaj'vnvil tlb'mkmatupumivij edaysn afamincullëklmerogneyav yetoteliy. elakswg-g"ukfaj'vnculmk sukexµrvijena f TI29tula f enah g emdwknsyynvn[p~ak'garekedlcakuncijçwmnigcabmeripêal'elakr"a ym"ug vaysm ab'elak Jean de Raymond eblelakkmbugsmran. esov epa How Pol Pot came to power Vnsresr tg'tmb&r95 fakwcabkßbyk elakswg-g"ukfaj' CaG~ksm ab'etavij. e kaybicybcmuk~acamyyelakv"c-qwn, swum-va"r nigbyk bcafibety mk k* suhmtik~afa tuvetecjeta B bmulb gybb gymexµr sßr:vayvrsg edim I kracpg nigkmu[yynculmkluk dk~ gerogexµrvnpg. elakswg-g"ukfaj' -43-

6 sum Cabfakalelakfaj'enACaCnnireTs sukvrsgenah elakvn Tak'Tg bwkßacamyybjôv&n EdlVneTAsikßaenA sukvrsgman elakhgß-funhak', elakgiuv-y"agcaedim ehiyvnsappleal'cit efi mk~aca mun. eblmk sukexµrvij elakfaj'vncat'[elakgiuv-y"agetarkemil ken gedlgacefi muldωantsfluvn. elakgiuv-y"agvnetarkemilexijti ken gbir 1- tmbn'kmbg'sıw P~M{r"al' EtCakEn gbivktemi gb"us i_vit pßaysem gpg CatMbn'Edl bcacnminsuv CYt CabnwgclnatsflUrMedaHCati BIGaNaniKm pg nigcatmbn'edlbivkk~ gkartak'tgcamyybipbbretsedim IrkCMnYypg 2- tmbn'esomrab GUrsµac' P~MdgErk : CaTIkEn glìgactsgcamuldωanv n e JH bcacnk*p ak'rlwke cin edaymanclnaexµr sßr:tsgbiq~s1945 pg CaTIGactemI gb"us i_vit pßaysem gvn syl ehiynigcap ËvmYyGacTak' TgCamYyBiPBbreTstamry: sukesompg. ehtuenhehiyetibelakfa j'smercykgursµac' efi CamUldΩantsflUCamYyVrSgedIm I krac. elakgiuvy"agvnniyay tuvr"uvk~acamyyemexµr sßr:eka-tk' nigti bwkßasamut-bflun fan' (12) ryccae sc sbeblnwgkart f rbs'elakln'-nl'caecah ay ext Vt'dMbg. ena f TI9 mina 1952 evlaem"ag1p W elakfaj'vncakecjbi kugp~mebj edaymanshkarirymdmenirkw elakegor-siucuv, hgß-funhak', KS-er"t ni gssg-savat (13) tamrfyn siu tuegnbirbs'elakfaj', elakegor-siucu v nigks-er"tpêal'. f TI10 TSgGs'K~aVneTAdl'eKak tmu enacen ah klaj' nig B CUk. eblenaheka-tk'nigsamut-bflunfan' VnCiHesHmkcSTTYl (12) elaksamut-bflunfan'sb f rs'ena kuglgbflècrdωkalih &rnij"a. (13) elakssg-savatvnnibnïerog belamelakbird*bierahcab'cit es~haxıg'xıs' åt mkties~hacatiemahmt' KWerOg «eteca khm» nig «mhaecarenatl'edn». ero gmhaecarenatl'ednenh kalbidmbugevhcabirexß EtenAq~S1972 kumsarbt man «nkrfm» Vn bmulevhrymk~aetmyyesovepaetavij. k~ gerogmhaecarenatl'edn viessk ahan BuknageTvI (sgßarmannê) CatMNagelaksWg-g"ukfaj'Etm g e JH tg'vkappleedlelak[brkun tg'tmb&r86 KWCasMdIelakfaj'EdlEtgEtniyay[BrKU s amik~ gcyrtsflurbs'elak. elakssg-savat Vn tuvelakesk-smegot ( bcç b n~casmacik BwTÏsParbbhflun-Esn) cab'yketasm ab'ecalk~ g f mkra 1959 rymk~anwgkarcab'cgk~ g f CamYyK~a nbykgtitexµr sßr:ca m nak'epßgetot. G~kx HeTotVneKcrt'eTA sukyynxagt Ëg rymefi Ca «ExµresrI» CamYyelaksWgg"uk faj'. x HeTot tuvcab'kukducca elakgiuv-y"ag, KS-er"t, dyg-c&nêsaratcaedim. G~k Edl tuveksm ab'camyyelakssg-savatkw Tav-Twgsan, KYmYn, sari, Gacar buk tamsmdig~k sigiuv-y"agfa ln'-nuncag~ketacab'giuv-y"ag k~ gevlayb'em"ag VMbI f TI20 mkra

7 ehiynscuhtamp ËvreTHeTAk~ g B. f enahlanmyy tuvxucedaydac'cg Ët k* nsk~arujlak'tukk~ g BkMu[VrSgdwgdan. f bnêab' VnmksMNak'enAk~ g vt e CaynaggYnxÊg'bIem"agk*æsUrkSePI gvj'cmruhena klaj' TSgGs'K~ak* bn dmeniretamuxetot. BIr f e kaymk elakgiuv-y"agvnykrfyn Lg'r"UEvrmYydwkb"us i_vit pßaysem gmyybi ksygexasnakar ( elakv"c-qwncardωmâni ksyg exasnakar ) mkqb'enapumi Tg'V t ( klaj'). G~kTSgGs'K~ak*eTACYb CMuK~aenAxagekIt sukcugkal' tg'sêwgdac' tamdgsêwge sg rycykb"us i_vit etatemi gena tg'kunp~mrugs EdkBIbUraNCabeN ahgasn~sin edayelakeb" g-kitcag~ktmelig. elakswg-g"ukfaj'vndak'eqµahclnarbs'elakfa «clna sßr: rymexµrbmericati» EdlmanVvcna : krac - bcafibety -sgapplemexµrfiµ-vin& y f f~ër-k ahan. karcat'tsgk~ gclnatsflumanducteta 1- elakswg-g"ukfaj' Ca bmuxclna. 2- elakegor-siucuv Ca bmuxrg CaG~kcg kg TwsI k ÁnclnatsflU vin&y nigkarttylxus tuv xagepnkarneyavyb gybb gymbykg~ktsflu Exµr sßr:. 3- elakgacar exov-cmu (14) CaGKappleelxaFikar manelakyn'-hflagcapu QYy. 4- elakhgß-funhak' TTYlxus tuvxagep~kgb'rm vb Fm sil : nig erobcm kumel angb'rmdas'stig~ktsflu nig bcaraâs enatmbn'enah. 5- elakgiuv-y"ag CaembJÇakar Kb' KgTTYlbnÊ kxagep~ksni suxtueta (15) nigembjçakarpumipakbsçwmtis (ext Vt'dMg ejfisat') 6- elakeb"g-kit CaG~kbecçkeTsxagtMelIgnigCYsCulb"us i_vit pßaysem g. elakxi-tsglwm TTYlxus tuverobcmxagkmµvifipßaysem gcmerog clnatsflu ep g GtƒaFib ayneyavy nigcmhrclnatsfluedim I k rac bqsggananikmvrsg ( bcç b n~efi CardΩmÂnI ksygsafarn kar nrdωapivlhflun-esn ). (14) elakgacar exov-cmu kalq~s1942 VnePosCamYyGacar Gfluk-Ca etakg'ena su kesom ( kugvgkk) k~ gsm&yedlvrsgcab'gacar Ehm-ecov. eblelakswgg"ukfaj'vilmkbi sukvrsg (Gn rakmn_byk bcafibety ) ehiycul B (q~s1952) elakgacar exov-cmuvnculmkrybrymcamyy EtelakBMuVnlacaksik abteteblenah (15) natiembjçakar Kb' Kg KWTTYlxus tuvxagrdωvlsiuvil sgapplemkicç nigxagneyavy. -45-

8 7- elakdyg-c&nêsara"t (16) CanayGKappleesnaFikarkgT&B manpuqyy GKappleesnaFikargKWelak lav-fansw (17). 8-elakekA-tk' CaemT&BnigCaembJÇakarswkeyaFPUmiPaKbsçwmTis. 9- elakssg-savat ( e kayq~s1954 Cacagh agsarbt manexµr Ca G~kniBnÏerOg «eteca khm» nig «mhaecarenatl'edn». edimq~s 1959 tuvgtits&ki biesk-smegotsm ab'ecal. elakcaembjçakarpumipakåt rtis (esomrab) manelaklwk-smegon ( rhsßnam p ay Bwk, sb f rs'enardωm"asßaquest ) CaPUQYy. 10- elakks-er"t embjçakar Kb' Kg nigcaembjçakarpumipak san Tis ( kmbg'fm, kmbg'q~sg, kmbg'cam ) EdlmanembJÇakar bcsext nimyy@ KWelakEm"n (18) (rhsßnamem"neknepndi sigkiappleen t tuv BYkb"UlIsGaNaniKmVrSgB&TÏcab'sm ab'k~ gq~s53), elakgflum-sium (19) ( tuvcabgelakgflum-hak', sb f efi karenaxag kumgvkas NA (16) elakdygc&nê-sar"at ( GnuesniyeTa ) nigelaklav-fansw kalenahkan'tahanmyykgvr:esnatucenasiusupun VnnSTahan BmTSgGavuF LanesGiumes10 niglanhßib2e KOg rt'etaculrymcamyyelakswg-g"ukfaj'. kar bkl'gavufefi ena PUmipÌ g sukcugkal' ext åt rmanc&y. TahanEdlmin Bmtamelak@VnGnuJÔa t[ tlb'mkcyb bbnïkunvij sl'ettahan30nak'edlsuxcit tamelak. e kay mk edaymingac TSVnnwgkarlMVksIuGt'sIuX an edk B Jt' bbnïkun Tahanx H k*rt'ecjefmetot enasl'et7nak'b"uenˆah. (17) CaGnuesniy ti CakUnelaklav-FansflU emxmukmbg'fµ sukvray ext kmbg'fm. m ayeqµahekol. elakmanbgbìën bus si VMbInak'KW lav-fanegg, lav-fansiu lav-fanegom nigbìën sibirnak'kw lav-kwmqun niglav-kwmqi. lav-fangium nisßitevcçbniîtq~s VnTak'Tges~haG~k KUexov-b"uNˆarI ( e kaymkca b BnÏTI1rbs'b"ul-Bt edayx HmenaseJçtnabI bbnï etibk~ gq~s1978k aycaqappleátvk' b"u l-btk*man bbnïfiµetot ) EtGMueKolCam ayminyl' Bm e JHmanrUbsm ti minsìat smefi CakUn bsarkat'. tg'enhehiyedlefi [exov-b"unˆarituccit nwgx Án g man KMnitsSj S(complex)sÌb'BYkvNˆ:G~kman Caehtu[G~k KUGP&B es~h_enh sbeyabl'k~acamyysal t-sr EdlmanbMNglagCMrHsgapplemBukrlYy nigksagsgapplemkumµ ynis etatam TwsI cmkytlilarbs'karl Max nig TwsI em"aniymrevirvayeq ghysehtu (18) elakem"n Ca sßr:edlelakswg-g"ukfaj'bjçënmkbip~mdgerk minemncaexµr sßr:bimunmket. (19) elakgflum-sium Camit elaklav-fanswu VncUlbnM efi CakUnTahanelaklav- FansWu edim ICarnukk~ gnsrt'mkp~mdgerk. kalenah elakesg-sflun f ( tuvln'-nu nefi XatenA f TI24 mina q~s1970 edayx acelakefi rdω bharykgmnaceta[elak swg-g"ukfaj'vij e kaykar bkastm ak'sem csihnuryc ) k*vnnskuntahanrt'mkp~m dgerkedr EtedayKµanG~knSp Ëv k* tuvvrsgtammktan'cab'yketavijena tg'p~met gmanc&y ehiybjœb'elg[kan'kuntahanetot [etakan'xagep~ksm ar:nignssar vij. -46-

9 SA, rdω FLORIDA ) nigelakem"a-efn. edaysarescki GMJvnavnUvkarb gybb gym, ExsIha1952 elakgynhug manpuqyyeqµahsarin nigsal t-qay (20) xagkmbg'fm VnnSTahan sßr:150nak' BmTSgGavuFpg mkculrymcamyy. nerat m-c&nêrgßi xagkmbg'swı k*cg't&b sßr:mkculrymcamyyedr Etelakfaj'VnsMu[c&nÊrgßItSgenAbnÊayc armn (xaglix kugkmbg'sıw)dedl ehiyelakvnbjçë nelakegor-siucuvxagneyavy (21) nigcmnyyxagep~keyafam~ak'eqµah EcmeTACYy. karelikykclnatsfluelakswg-g"ukfaj'mkgfib ay tys@enh xm Ka n'etcg'bjçak'fa elakfaj'mancit es~hacatiemahmut CaemdwknSKMrUm~ak' (rhu tsb f ExµrKµanemdwknSKMrUeT) mannin~akarxagrbbsafarnrdωesriniym EdlCae KaHf~ak'cMeJHrbbraCaniymp ac'kar. karerobcmd*x Sgk anigcmnuhcuh cul nbykbjôv&n ExµrCamYyelakfaj' VneFI [sihnuvrm x acvt'bg'gmna ck*cat'tukelakfaj'cas tuvti1rbs' Tg'. ehtuenhehiy VnCaenAe ka ysni~sithßwenvq~s1954 BYkGn rcativnnselakfaj'culmkcitdl' ku gp~mebj EtsIhnumin BmTTYl. cugq~s1954 elakfaj'vnsresrlixit CnmksIhnusMucUlmkrYbrYmCamYy EtsIhnumin BmCadac'xat ehiycat' Tukelakfaj'CaCnk t'cati e JHVn bqsgnwg BHmhakß t. mketbiela kfaj'mancit etartn' minhflanefi [ducrdω bhar f ( 1932 BHecATI7rt'eTA GWr"ub- q~s1941 BHecATI8Edl Vf~adeNI mykgmnacmkvijenah tuvekefi Kt) edim Iecosvagkarsm ab'rgapplealk~a g etibneyavyelak tuvbrac&y (20) sal t-qay tuvcabgbegi trbs'sal t-sr (b"ul-bt). (21) enaq~s1953 edaycg'vnbun s&ki c&nêrgßivnnstahanniggavufmkcuhculca myysem c edayyktsgelakegor-siucuvmkpg Etsem cmin BmTTYl e JHelak egor-siucuvcabkßbykrbs'elakswg-g"ukfaj' ehiysihnuvn[b"ulisnselakmk bkl'[ kump~mdgerkvij. But-qay tmbn'ext kn al P~M bsitiïk*vnmkcuhculca myysihnuk~ grvagq~s enahedr. dab-qyn (dabcajk esomcazann rs& ki Tahaneday)VncuHcUlCamYysIhnutSgBIq~S1949 ehiysem cvnetgtsg[efi Caes c taj' CaemT&B tyt taext esomrabnigkmbg'fm. -47-

10 (22) k~ grcçkal BHecA Pracha Thipok, Rama VII manrdω bhardkhutgmnacbi BHm hakß tdwknseday Pya Bahol nig Song Varadeth. BHecA bcafib"ukvnepos BH GgappleeTAGWr"ub (si s, Gg'eK s). Casm&yelIkdemI ggmbur f. ekefi karekt mg'gkßr saâs f EktYB JÇn:x HdUcCa x, q, p, f. kumg~kefi rdω bharvnbegi t kumracanu sitiï[cmnysrhutdl'q~s1940 etibekelik BHecA Ananda Mahidol [eligesayra C Ca BHecArCÇkalTI8 ( Rama VIII ). myyq~se kaymk, behledaysar BHecAenH manbmngdeni mykgmnacracsitiïmkvijenah etib tuvekefi Kt. rycehiyekk*gpi esk BHecAPUmibul GduletC rcçkalti9 (Rama IX) rhutdl'sb f enh. bets f, fi ebiekite kayexµr ( q~s1238 n Kis skrac ) EtemdwknS fmankarvag v EkE b betsetatamtmenar nneyavysklelak ( Flexibility)eTIb betsenhena Kg'vg'Vn TSgrbbraCaniymk*Kg'vg'Canimit rubrbs' bets frhutsb f eday BH racaminkan'gmnacducca BHraCnIeGlIhßaEbtEdr. (22). elakfaj'vnhamdac'xatmin[sm ab'exµrk~a get elaketgejl bjçak'fa CaGnÊak'rbs'xµSgyYnkumµ ynis Edlcg'[ExµreQ ahk~a nigtajexµr bjçëlk~ gshb&nï NÎËcin e JHhU-CImijkalenACakmµkr sukvrsg V nbbylelakm g [begi tclnatsflurymk~ayyn-exµr-lav vaygananikmv rsg Etelakmin Bm. e kaymk eblelakbegi tclna sßr:rymexµrbmeri Cati hu-cimijvnbjçëntmnagbynnak' (ExµrBIrnak'yYnBIrnak') mktak'tg elakm getot EtelakenAEtmin BmcUlrYmCamYyBYkyYnevotmijCadac'xat e JHExµrmanEtxatKµancMeNjesaH nigm" agetot elakcaexµre kamedl Vnrs'enA nigsappleal'butt temdwknsyync as'nas'. e kaymketot k~ gq~s1957 elakswg-g"ukfaj'vnsresrlixitcmnyn bi briyay BmanBIdMeNIrneyaVyxusrbs'sIhnu EdlkMBugeCOtamkar lygelamrbs'cu-egglaynigem"a-estug [sihnucyyhu-cimijk~ gs- ÂgappleamrMedaHevotNamxagt Ëg. lixittsgbienah VnbJÇak' Vb'sIhnuBI e KaHf~ak'yYnhU-CImij vt mankgt&byynkumµ ynis enaelitwkdiexµr sukexµr nwgk aycalancmvmgrvagb kesrinigb kkumµ ynis nigbmngrbs'hi-cimi jk~ gkarelb sukexµr rymefi shb&nï NÎËcineTotpg. lixittsgbienah si hnukµanvnykcit Tukdak'sUm Ibni cesaheliy e JHeCOtamkarFanaGHGag rbs'emdwknscin nighu-cimij Edlsn afanwgekarbburnpabtwkdiexµr nig KS T[sIhnuenAelIGMNacrhUt. ehtuenhedayecosmdievk Vs'rbs' emdwknsyyn100pakryenah sihnuenaetbn CYyyYnkumµ ynis kan'etx Sg elig@efmetot. -48-

11 ksareyag - References (1) egg-sut, ksarmhabursexµr TMB&r (2) egg-sut, ksarmhabursexµr TMB&r (3) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmère - publié en page 90 (4) Gwum-qMu, ejrkmevr evhbumıq~s1966 TMB&r38 (5) Georges Maspero, L'Empire Khmère - publié en page 90 (6) Milton E. Osborne, the French presence in Indichina published page 90 (7) D Kam, åkj"avinˆ QUk evhbumıq~s1971 TMB&r46-59 (8) Etude Cambodgienne Avril-Juin No 10, page (9) D Kam, åkj"avinˆ QUk evhbumıq~s1971 TMB&r78 (10) D Kam, åkj"avinˆ QUk evhbumıq~s1971 TMB&r142 (10') emt&btn'cacitatytxag BukxM tamescki dmnalbicitaxag Buknig BukxM pêal' fa tatn'camyyåkj"amhavic&y CaecAh ay sukvnt&bvayvrsg VnelIkT&B etaelamt&bvrsgenaelip~msnê k. e KOgxµ ketc: GavetC: davkmnan'x ÁnxM Vn exij ehiydavenah xm VnykmkrkßaTukpÊal'x Án davenah tuvbykb"ul-btjy&- y TisdkhUtykenAcugq~S1978 e JHx ac bcacnbhsm ab'bykvavij sum IEt BUefA ksbitpappleak' Ex v k*bykvadkhuttukedr enamuneblt&byynculq anjn suk Exµrbni c. (11) Etude Cambodgienne Avril-Juin No 18, page 34 David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 144 (12) Etude Cambodgienne Avril-Juin No 18, page 31 (13) Milton Osborne, the French presence in Indichina and Cambodia (14) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 154 (15) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 159 (16) Kg'-sm ar, BH KUGacar Ehm-ecov, TMB&r 33 (17) Kg'-sm ar, BH KUGacar Ehm-ecov, TMB&r 28 (18) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (19) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (20) b"unˆ-c&nêm"ul, critexµr, TMB&r20 (21) William Shawcross, Side-Show, Published 1979, page 47 (22) David P. Chandler, A History of Cambodia, Published 1983, page 47 (23) b"unˆ-c&nêm"ul, critexµr, TMB&r21 (24) b"unˆ-c&nêm"ul, critexµr, TMB&r35 (20) b"unˆ-c&nêm"ul, critexµr, TMB&r36-49-

12 CMBUkTI3 ekalbmng rbs'hu-cimij enak~ CnCatiyYn emdwknsyynenaetb n sâgappleapple amrhut KµansJÔaNamYybJÇak'fa CnCatienHQb'eFI sâgappleapple amesah eliy. sâgappleapple amedlcncatienhvnefi mkgs' VMstvtßehIyenaH KWCas Âgappleapple amb giktwkdi sâgappleapple amb gybb gymevotnamxagecignigevotnamxagt Ë g. nkrcmv" (1) Vn tuvrlayvtbiepntisklelakk~ gq~s1696 yyn TukEtext samlcambir, CasrKuNdl'emT&Bk t'cam EdlCYyyYn[elb sukcam, KWext pan'ri nigpan'ra"g. ext samltsgbirenh tuvyynrmlayeto tk~ gq~s1725 (1). tsgetbimintan'elb sukcamrycral' sylbylpg CnCatiyYnVncuHm kcanikmcn ehiymktsgtilmenay"ages øms at'k~ gext ska ti cg a tjm g (2) enaedimstvtßti17 edaysaretkaref s behsrbs'ecah ayext ExµrenATIenaH ehiynigedaysarsâgappleapple amrvagracvgßexµr EdleQ ahk~adeni mracbl g enak~ gq~s1651. kß texµrvnetasm ucmnyyt&bes cyyn[mkcyy c SgykGMNac[x Án es ceg øg-evogk*bjç ËnkgT&ByYnmYykgBlFMmkCY yc Sg[es cexµr ehiyeq øteblenahk*deni mykext ska tinigcg a t JMg etatukcasrkunedlekvncyyes cexµr[vnggappleappleÿyeliracbl g. ( kkn es csihnuk*vnefi duck~aedrkalbiq~s1970 edayrt'etabwgkgt&b eyokkug-eyoknamxagecig [culmkvay bharrbbsafarnrdωexµr edi m IykGMNac tlb'mkvij. GMeBIenHVnbN al[vt'bg'gayucivit nig T B sm ti Exµry"agsMebIm rhutdl'efi [ sukexµrk ayetaca<tilanbixat> nstvtßti20. enhehiykmnites celapln' nigsi uecarcaj'klxµsg ). GaNaext ExµrEb"kxagekItVnrbUtmYym g@etak~ gkn ab' dyyn kmb g' kbí BnKr (1696), ext Jm, raca, em-s, lg'ehar (1731), pßaredk, mat' CUk (1696), TSge tiyt Ëg, ext TwkexµA (1840). dmenireqıahmktis xagt Ëg ncncatiyynvncb'sb Kb'CasƒaBr enaebledlyynkan'kab'v ntmbn'e CayTwkexµA EdlCaEdncugxagt ËgbMput nedndi NÎ Ëcin. emdwk nsyynk*cab'erobcmdmenircuhmktisxagliccabn etot e JHvacSVc'[CnCa tiyynrs'. (1) betscam cmv" kan'sasna s amena tg'evotnamkn al man VsaTcam Catwktag. (2) KWext ebonh" a dunnay Vero sb f. -50-

13 e kayes cggappleapplecnêti2suktq~s1834 k~ grackß tiggappleapplemi u yyn tyt ta suk ExµrTSgmUldUcCaGaNaext yynehafa tan'-tayfan' ehiy kugp~ MeBjVn E beqµahetacansy"ag. enhcadmenireqıahmktisxaglicelikti1rbs' yyn. k~ gcmbukti1 eyigexijfa karefi evotnamubniykmµ betsexµr kar efi [Exµrk ayetacayyn edaymef avyek Arbs'es cmij-m"ag, y"a-l g nig etog-mijy"agvn tuvbrac&y edaysar bcara s ExµrbHeVrJseBj pê bets kab'sm ab'yyntsgsi uviltsgtahan nigedaysarvt man BHGgappleapple DYg CamYykgT&BExµr- f EdlmanB "ab:dinetecacaemt&bculmk sukexµr q~s1841. vt manvrsgedlvayyk sukyyndak'cagananikmvnk~ gq~s1859 VnbgÌak' smenireqıahmktisxaglic nbykyynmyyry:. k~ gsm&ygananikm yynk*vnefi kartsfl UvayVrSgminQb'QrEdr Etmane cin kume cinbkß, manetbkßkumµÿynis evotnamdwknsedayhu-ci mijet EdlmaneQµaHl ICageK nigmansmacike cincagekpg. emdwkns yynenhmanbmngd*fmefgnas' KWb"gbegI tmhac kevotnam ( Viet Empire ) edaydak'eqµahbmp&n fa shb&nïkumµÿynis NÎ Ëcin shb&nï NÎ Ëci n (Federation of Indochina) edaymef avyelb betsexµrniglavbjç Ë lk~a. k~ gsm&yvrsg yynvncmrujbjç ËnniKmyYn [mktsgenaeliedndi kussgsi unkan'ete cinelig@ nigbn ak'k~aekculetacitcyyefi karvrsg y kcit VrSgk~ gepnkarb giktwkdienh. k~ gvkappleapple enhxm nwgravrknuvtmnak'tmngsk mµpabedlhu-cimij b"gykclnatsfl UExµr-lav[rYbrYmCamYyyYn efi CaT&B rymclnatsfl U NÎ Ëcin vayvrsg[ecjbi NÎ ËcinTSgmUl Etk~ geblenah yyncaemdwkns Kb'vis&y. c as'nas' hu-cimijvnsikßabicarna bvti sa s duntaek brac&y PaBdUntaeK k~ gepnkarsmerc nyynubniykmµ sukexµr kalbijk'kn al stvtßti19enah. edim IsMercnUvEpnkaryYnnUbniykmµk~ gdmenireqıahmk TisxaglicelIkTI2k~ ggnaktenah hu-cimijvn tihrihnigerobcmkmeragkar y"aghµt'ct'nas' edaysikßadl'cmerasgappleapplemexµr cmnucexßay, karkitet beyacn_pêal'x Án nemdwknsexµr rycsresrbn STuk[sav&kKat'bn evnneyavyenhetot. -51-

14 skmµpabhu-cimijmkeliexµr nigkarbdiesfrbs'elakswg-g"ukfan' tsgbienacakmµkrkv"l' sukvrsgem" H hu-cimijmanekalbmngd*fmef gk~ gkar bqsgnwgvrsg nigb gybb gym betstsgbi (yyn-nav-exµr) efi Ca shb&nïkumµÿynis NÎ ËcinEdlmanyYnCaG~kdwknS. hu-cimijvntsgsr esrvicarnkfak~ gsarbt manpßayena sukvrsgfa NÎ ËcinVrSgnwg tuv efi evotnamubniykmµetotpg. tamsmdielaktit-gyn EdlCaelxaFikar pêal'rbs'elakswg-g" ukfan'fa kalena sukvrsgcakmµkredirkv"l'enaeli yrvagq~s1935 hu-cimijvnetabbyl Tg'sUpaNuvgß (lav) nigelakfan' edim IrYbrYmK~abegI tclnatsfl UrMedaH NÎ ËcinTSgmUlBIGaNaniKmVrSg Et edaydwgkll icrbs'yyn elakswg-g" ukfan'vnbdiesfsmenirrbs'hu CImijedayniyayfa sm u[yynefi karrmedah sukyyncuh ExµrvijeyIgnwg efi kartsfl UrMedaHenA sukexµredr eyignwgvayvrsgtsggs'k~a edayminq a njnk~a KWyYnmin tuvykkgt&bmkenaelitwkdiexµr Exµrvijk*minykkgT&B etatsgenaelitwkdiyynedr. e JHelaksWg-g" ukfan'emilexijfa ebiexµr niglavetarybrymclnatsfl UCamYyyYnenaH Exµrniglavk*nwg tuvyynelbgs' TSgkgkm Sgtsfl U Gs'TSgTwkdIeTAeTot edaysaryynman bcacne cincag Exµrniglav ehiymyyetotvacaekalbmngemdwknsyynk~ gepnkarb giktw kdismrab' bcacnyyn sylrs'enatetagnaktpg. elakswg-g"ukfan'man kmenitenaedndikmı Cae kam EdlyYnF ab'b n'ykenah, Vnsappleal'nigyl' c as'nas'nuvcit KMnitemdwknSyYn nigekalbmngrbs'hu-cimijenh EthU-CImijenHmineVHbg'bMNgd*FMeFgenaHeLIy emdwknsyynenhef Kt KWdMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglic tamlmganduntayyn ( BHecAmij-m"ag, y"a-l g, e TOg-mijy"ag ) enahrhuttal'etvnsmerc. e kaymketot eblelakswg-g"ukfaj'vnvil tlb'mkbicivpabniret s sukvrsgk~ gq~s1951 ehiycul BP~MdgErkbegI tclna sßr:rymexµr bmericatienah (1) bmanca6exe kaymkelakcul B hu-cimijvnbjçën mtsgvnsresrbnêat'neyavy nigbn STuk[sav&kKat'Gnuvt tetagna- (1) elakswg-g"ukfaj'vnvil tlb'bicivpabnirets sukvrsgena f TI20tula19 51 ehiyvncul BtsflUenA f TI9mina1952. BYkKNbkß bcafibety VnerobcM TTYlelakenAePaCniydΩankuk-em"g k~ geblenahelakminvnefi sunêrkfaevgeliy Kan'EteJlJk GrKuNdl'KNkmµkarTSgGs' rycelakp Sfa ebi bsincaelak m~ak'dyl sumg~ktsggs'k~akmuqb' tuvnsk~abn rs'etamuxetot. enhcaescki [karn_ rbs'elaksflam-hyt KNkmµkarbkß bcafibety bcsti kugp~mebj sb f rs'ena kugsiugafil rdωva"siunetan. -52-

15 (2) cmnuc tg'enh b"ul-bt sal t-srvnemilexijedr ehae bimef avyek A bg MExµrTUTSg bets[ttylykrbbkumµ ynis em"aniym edaycadmbugcnenhminbejç jekaledaneyavyek[exµrtsggs'dwgduccaswg-g"ukfaj'et ekeckepnkarekca dmnak'@ rhutrlay suk. tmnagbynnak' (yynbirexµrbir) mksmucybcamyy. elakswg-g"ukfan'vn[ tmnagevotmijtsgbyns~ak'enak~ gcmrmgursµac'sin. luh BwkeLIgelakfan' cat'epnkarcmnmucaelikti2. k~ gsm&y bcmuebjggappleelikti1 elakvn[tm- NagyYn2nak'enAe kasin csculrymena f TI2vij e JH f TI1Cakar bcmu n emdwknsexµrsutï. Etdl' f TI2 yynbirnak'enahmin BmcUl bcmu edaysmgag faekminvnculrym bcmuenaelikti1. k~ g f TI1 ExµrBIrnak'enaHVnesI~tam smeniryyneyokmijfa 1- smubjçënkgt&bevotmijmkcyyc SgbeN jvrsgecjbi sukexµr 2- smu[exµrcyyp l'es øggaharsmrab'kgt&byynena sukyyn 3- smu[t&bevotmijcuheligefi skmµpabtam BMEdnExµredIm IvayVrSg elakswg-g"ukfaj'vnbdiesfnuvsmenirrbs'yynevotmijenh ehiy VnBn l'exµrevotmijtsgbir BIKMeragkarminesµaH tg'rbs'emdwknsyynmk eli betsexµr. elakbjçak'fa ExµrmincSVc'eTAeFI kumµ ynis et, bcaraâs Exµrc as'caminebjcit Cadac'xat ebibykekyl'fa kumµ ynis CaGI enah?. ebicg'nsexµr[culkumµ ynis manete bifm ek Ab"ueNˆaH (2) e JH bcaraâs Exµr slaj'esripab raâs ExµrminTan'x Hm ËbGahardUcCaraÂs yynenaeliy ekefi E sm gk~ gmyyq~s rycsmrak5-6ex difi bg begi tplk*enafmtulay Nas' rdωapivl Kan'EtCYy[ksikrExµrecHeFI E stambecçketstmenib bmvt'qµájkn al smnuksukv"n'bukrlyy enahk*nwggacedah saybj a CIvPaBksikrExµrVnehIy. ebl tlb'etavij ExµrTSgBIrnak'enaHk* tuvyynyketasm ab'ecal eda yvamintukcit nigecatfa VncUlrYm bcmusm at'camyyelakswg-g"ukfan'. -53-

16 EpnkarhU-CImij nigkll icevk Vs'Exµr elakkim-epn manedimkmenitenakmı Cae kam F ab'vnbyseron ehiy 'VnTak'Tgsappleal'BYkyYnnigExµre kamx H EdlVnbMerIclnatsflUevotmij rhutelakvnttyl ksarcapasayynsi BIclna nigskmµpabyynevotmi j k~ gekalbmngelbtwkdiexµrniglav. edayemilexije KaHmhn ray EdlyYnkMBugEteFI mkeliexµrduec~henah elakk*vngakmkculrymcamyyclnaexµresrirbs'elakswg-g"ukfaj'vij. elakvnsresrcuhcagtƒbt b cs f k~ gtmb&rsarbt man «ekahsni PaB» si GMBIe KaHf~ak'EdlyYnkMBugerob Epnkaryk sukexµr. esµrxm k*f ab'vngangtƒbtenahedr ehiyk~ ggtƒbt enah manps tagftcm gcab'tsgeqµahsarbt man niggtƒbtrbs'hu-cimi j EdlVnsresrcuHpßayenA sukvrsg tsgetbikalhu-cimijenaefi Ca kmµkr sukvrsgem" H. cmngecigenahsresrcapasavrsgfa L'Indochine française sera vietnamisee. k~ gsm&ysafarnrdω elakkwm-epnmanzann rs&ki CaGnuesniy k ( s&ki bi ) efi kark~ gkariyal&yti2 (3) xagep~kykbt man e kaymkelakca b'eq~atcatmnagraâs mnîlviharsyk. edayescki esi~rsmubig~kgancae ci n elakvnerobcm bmulsmenrrbs'elak EdlcuHk~ gsarbt manekahsni Pa B enahcg kgcaesovepamyyelig. smenagtƒbtvnculetak~ geragbumı edim IeVHCaesovePAeTAehIy EtGkusl betsexµr tuvgn rkb Exµr khm Q~HrbbsaFarNrdΩ tuvrlm elakk*vnvt'bg'civitk~ grbbb"ul-btefm etot. elakkwm-epnvnbke b ksarsresrcapasayynenah si BIdMeNIrb s'knkmµkaryyn EdlVncuHmkeFI skmµpabcadmbugk~ g sukexµr rvagq~s GtƒbTenaHsresrfa KNkmµkaryYnevotmijenaHmanBIr kum myy kummank~acag10nak'. kumti1vncuhmk ehiytsgtitak'tgbegi tknkmµkars~ël k~ gtmbn'ext s ayerog, BEvg, kmbg'cam, Cb', emmt' e JHenA TIenaHmanyYnCae cin CakmµkrcMkarekAsflUVrSgenACb'-emmt'. kumti2vn bn dmeniretaext kmbt edayq gkat'tamext taekv. enataekvbykekvntsg culrymsb ayk~ gbifibun culq~sexµrk~ gpumicnbtmyy rycetibbykevotmij bn dmeniretaext kmbtetot. enatienahekvntak'tgbegi tknkmµkars~ël (3) naykariyal&yti2 KWelakKwm-eGgKUrunedt CaP~ak'garsm at' pêk~ grbs'exµr khm ehtuenhehiyetib Kb' btibti kareyafaecnla1 ecnla2 tuvbrac&yrhut. -54-

17 evotmij edayerisbykgnikcnyynekitk~ g sukexµr k~ gcmenamnikmyynca e cin EdlVncakecjBIext Jm ( Hatien ). k~ genahmanyynekit sukexµr m~ak' F ab'byssikßafm vin&yenabutïikvit al&y echniyayexµrsêat'c as'la s' EdlExµreyIgx Hsappleal'eQµaHfa «Gacar emon». Gacar Gn-emon swg-g"ukmij CakUnrbs'niKm yynmkbiext Jm ( Hatein ) ekitenaext kmbt. hu-cimijvn[cnenhek geqµahbnm facabìënrbs' elakswg-g"ukfaj' edim IdwknSclnaExµrevotmij ( bmeriyyn ). etars'enahanuye kaysni~sit hßwenv (20kk da1954). emdwknsyynvnbjç Ë nmk (CamYyGtitExµrevotmijBIrJn'nak') [dwkns clnaexµr khmk~ gq~s1970. s ab'k~ gq~s1972 edayb"ul-btbmbul. edayelakswg-g"ukfaj'caemdwknsexµr bqsgnwggananikm ehiy tuv VrSgcab'eTA ExµrkMBugVt'emenaH hu-cimijk*[gacar emonenhmkek g eqµahcaswg-g"ukmij ehiyexasnafacabgëìnbegi trbs'elakswg-g"ukfa n'' edim ITak'TajykExµreTAbMerIclnayYnevotmij. k~ gq~s1952 ExµrBIrnak' EdleTACYbelaksWg-g"ukfan' ( CamYyyYnBIrnak' ) VnsYrelakfa eti swg-g"ukmijedlmynbn b[efi CaemdwknSenAkMBtenaH tuvcabìënelakemn et?. elakswg-g"ukfan'eqi ytbvijfa ebiswg-g"ukmijefi karedim IExµr bm eripl beyacn_exµr bmeriåt mktiexµr minefi kar[yyn enahetibswg-g"ukmij CabÌËnxM EtsWg-g"ukmijeFI karbmerihu-cimij ehtuenhehiyswg-g"ukmijmin EmnCabÌËnxM et. hu-cimijvn[gacar emonekeqµahcaswg-g"ukmij k~ gbm- NgeVkykExµrEdlkMBugVt'em dwkns[culk~ ggnêak'yyn bmericlnanig pl beyacn_yyn e JHgaynwgsMercmhiciœtad*FMeFgrbs'hU-CImij k~ gkm nitb giktwkdi begi tca «shbnï NÎËcin» edayemdwknsyynenhemilexijfa tetagnaktraâs yynmingacrs'enaeliedndid*tuccegìøtp l'plitpl ksikmµcijçwmmat'min Kb' Kan'enaHeT KWmanEtyk sukexµrniglavetetibyy nrs'. tambitelakswg-g"ukfan' KµanbÌËnbegI teqµahswg-g"ukmijtal'et esah KWyYnhU-CImijeFI bmp&n Exµr[yl' clm ehiynski~k~aculetarymbmericl natsfluyyn k~ gekaledayk sukexµrbjçëletak~ gshbnï NÎËcinEtb"ueNˆaHnaGnaKt ena eblyynmanc&ycmnheligananikmvrsgnigc kbti Ga -55-

18 emriksgrycral'ehiy. duec~hkµansjôanamyybjçak'fa emdwknsyynnwgb- JŒb'sÂgappleamB giktwkdiesaheliy. e kaybni cmketot BYkevotmijVnmkbN HKNkmµkars~ËlenAsMLË t GaeK~y_ext Vt'dMbg edaybjçënyyn VMnak'mkTak'TgVnExµr sßr: siuv-ehg, mul-sm ti, lav-ekvmuni, Gacar e bs, bflug-epok, rug-elit ( nyn-ca ). Exµr sßr:tsgenah k*maneqµahfiµfa «Exµrevotmij». BYke kay enhefi skmµpabkab'sm ab'raâs Exµrdak'mIneFI [rethepi gpê H klab's ab'exµr s Ët tg'cae cin tamexßjak'rbs'evotmij. enhcakarcab'epi mrbs'yynk~ g neyavyxiç dexµrlabmuxexµr ( duceklabmuxman' bcl'k~a ) [sm ab'exµr ehiy. yynvntukclnaexµrkumµ ynis niglav khmduckunrbs'ek. yynvn erobcme KagkarN_lÌitlÌn'Nas' k~ gkarbn Hs~ËlExµrevotmijenH. e ka ybikartak'ykvnexµr sßr:myycmnynehiy yynk*cab'gb'rmep~kstigarmµ- N_BYkenH[ slaj'yynevotmij edirtammak ayyn. BYkExµrevotmijrab'ry nak' VneTAsikßa TwsI evotmijk~ gsalaneyavy kughanuyk~ gq~s19-47 (2) siuv-ehgvnetahanuyk~ gq~s1951 x HVneTAsikßaenA sukcin eb"ksgetotpg duccagacar saern ( Lac-saern ) VnecjeTAhaNUyrYc bn etaeb"ksgk~ gq~s1955 bbnïeqµahelot kun busbir ( LacvIr:, LacvrvIr: ) kun sibir ( Lac-tara, Lac-vIrtara ) VncakecalpÊHenAvt Kr suk seg Vt'dMbg ( CitpÊHm aynyn-ca ) etatambi k~ gq~s1960 tamry:exßcar kicçyynenavt'dmbg rycetasmnak'pêhjatienap~mebj nigeligyn ehaheta hanuy. Gacar saernmankmenitenapumicmkarsmerag Cab'DIb ËmsalaV li kugp~mebj ( Diplome de l'ecole Suprême de Pali à Phnom Penh ) (4) kalenak~ g BmanmuxgarCaKNneyaVyrbs'evotmij ena suksmlëtex t Vt'dMbg. EfmBIelIkarenHeTotenaH emdwknsyynhu-cimij behlcaekmintukcit BYkExµrevotmijk*mindwg etibekerobcmkmeragkarn_smrab'ry:eblevgmyyeto t. BYkyYnVnedIrcab'kumarExµr bjç HbJçËlekµgCMTg'Exµr yketahanuygb'rmxyrk alsmrab'bmerineyavyyyn. bg@x H behlenacsvnfa rvag q~s m ayexµretg BmankUnmin[edIrelg x ac bmat' bmg' Gara"b' cab'kunekµg. evotmijvncyl[cab'ekµgexµryketagb'rmedim IsMercEpnkar evotnamubniykmµraâs nig sukexµr efi CashBnÏ NÎËcinnaGnaKt eday ykekµgexµr EdlvaGb'rMTukenaH[dwknS suk Ete kamkar tytbinit rbs'yyn. BYkekµgExµrGs'TSgenaH rhutmkdl'sb f x Hmanv&y30 40q~S ehiy (4) tamescki [karn_rbs'elaktuc-qyg G~kniBnÏesovePA «Vt'dMbgsm&yela kmças'» sb f enavt Kr. -56-

19 efi kark~ grbbehg-smrin x HminTSgsappleal'Em" bgbìënbegi t sukpumikmenitx ÁneLIy elikelgetmanv&ycmtg' k~ gcmenamenahmaneb"n-suvnˆ, Ca-swum, rs'-sm&y EdlyYndwknSykBI suklac ejfisat'eta ( tamsm di[karn_rbs'elakela-qin ). enaedimq~s1979 EdlT&ByYnvayQ anjn betsexµrenah b"ul-btv ndwkcjçënekµgkm JFM@ekormktam kat' BGt'Gahars ab'gs'cae cin ekµg km JtUc@ Edlva bmulmintan' k*cak'esarxmutukk~ gmniêr. dl'kgt&byyn culmk vak* bmulykekµgkm JxÊg'1,000nak'eTAhaNUy (5) edim IGb'rMb ÂJçk TwsI TukeFI Cas~ËlbMerIEpnkaryYnteTAGnaKteTot. yynefi duck~aena suklav cmejhkunkm Jlav. BYkExµrevotmijmaneQµaHsWg-g"ukmijCa emdwkns duec~hyyncag~kbegi texµrniglavkumµ ynis. bkßkumµ ynis TSgbI bets ( yyn-lav-exµr ) tuvrymbjçëlk~aehafa «bkßkumµ ynis NÎËcin Indochinese Communist Party ICP ). bkßkumµ ynis NÎËcinVnbegI t eligenaq~s1930 ena kughugkug. kalenahenamintan'mansmacikcacati ExµrenAeLIyeT. luhe kaymk k~ grvagq~s1940v y etibyynevkvnexµr myycmnyn EtPaKe cincaexµr khmedaybejœatfayynnwg bkl'dikmı Cae ka mmkexµrvij kalnac SgQ~HVrSg. enaq~s yynevotmijvnks TclnatsflUedIm IesrIPaBenA bet sexµr (niglav) edaysarexµrkmbugvt'emdwkns e JHelaksWg-g"ukfaj' tuvvrsgcab' yynk*vn{kasluk dmkkkur pêk~ gclnaexµr sßr: Tak'TajVnBYklav-EkvmunI, miu-pu, m"a-mun, siuv-ehg, mul-sm ti, esa-pwm.l. enak~ gq~s1950 BYkExµreq gniymvnrikduhdaly"agx Sg edaymantmna k'tmngcits~itïcamyybykv"eftlav nigbkßlanevot ( Lien Viet Front of Vietnam ). ena f TI17emsa1950 Exµr sßr: EdlPaKe cincagtitsmacikkumµ y (5) CaBiessBYkkUnkM JEdl Bukm ayvil tlb'mkbibrets ( PaKe cinmkbi bet svrsg k~ gcmenamenahmankµáybegi txm myyedr Edl Bukva ( hiun-siuhfln ) VnnS tlb'mkbi kugv"risk~ gq~s1976 k~ grvagexemsa tamkarevkbejœatrbs'egogsari fa tuvkarbjôv&n ExµrenAbreTsmkCYy ksags ar suketsedlexêcxêseday sâgappleam. VMmYyExe kaymk BYkExµr khmvnykbìënxm enhetasm ab'ecalvt'eta ehiyykkµáyhiun-evahargayubirq~s etadak'k~ gmniêpumimyyciteragc kefi EkvcMkardUg. VMmYy- VMBIrExe kayedlyynvayq anjnkan'kab' sukexµr G~k sieglisaeb t-ebck&r ( Elizabeth Becker ) VneXIjekµgkM JExµrCag700nak'enAhaNUy duc G~k sivnsresrk~ ggtƒbt ( How Vietnamese create a regional communist Empire - The Hanoi Pact ) cuhk~ g The New Republic f TI20 tula 1986 sab'. -57-

20 nis NÎËcin VnebIksmaCTI1enAsMLËtVt'dMbg Cab' BMEdn f edim IbegI trnsirßrybrymexµr sßr: ( United Khmer Issarak Front ). smacelikti 1enHdwknSedaysWg-g"ukmij. tg'enhehiyedlefi [Exµr sßr:eka-tk' VnVk'EbkK~aBIBYklav-EkvmunI rhutmankarvj'k~aenapumi kuccar minemn enapumi bi nigminemnedaysar Vk'600,000 Edl Ben Kiernan Vnsresrk~ gesovepa How Pol Pot came to power enahet. tam ksar bvti b kßkumµ y nis ExµreVHpßayk~ gq~s1973fa kalenahmanbk CnExµrkumµ yni s EtcMnYn40nak'b"ueNˆaH ( KµankarecHdwge CA CH nigmindwgbiekalbmng yynerobepnkarelb sukexµrpg). edayexµrmin BmenAe KW[bkßkumµ ynis NÎËcinrMlayx ÁnenAedImq~S1951 ehiybegi tcabkßkumµ ynis Exµr lav nigevotnamerog@x Án Etbkßkumµ yni s yynenaet tyt tadedl ducedl ksarevotnamvnbjçak'k~ gexviciœka 1951 fa bkßkumµ ynis evotnamenarkßasitiï emilkarxus tuveliskmµ PaBbkßbgbÌËnkmı Caniglav. e kaymk, etahbiy"agnak*eday ebilk &N GnuJÔat[enaH bkßbdivt n_tsgbinwgrybrymk~aefi bkßetmyy KWbkßshB&nÏevo tnam Exµr niglav (The Vietnam-Khmer-Laotian Federation's Party ) (3) b&kßbdivt n_ bcacnexµr ( Khmer's People Revolution Party - KPRP ) VnekIteLIgenAExkJÔaq~S1951 lk ni k:kwcm gecjmkbibkßkumµ ynis evotnam (5). tam bvti rbs'bkßkumµ ynis ExµrenAq~S1952 BYkeKmansmaCikxÊg'mYyJn'nak'Cae sc. ena f TI3 Exmina 1951 rnsirßrybrymcatiexµr evotnam niglav VnCY b bwkßak~a ehiybegi tcabkßsmınïevotnam-exµr-lavelig ryck* bkas eha bcacn betstsgbi[efi sh btibti karvayrmlmgananikm. eyal elikarsmerccit enh EdleKVneVHpßayenA f TI11 Exmina 1951enaH kg T&ByYnevotmijk*VnelssMGagcUlmkk~ g sukexµrniglav edim ICYyc S gbykexµr khmedle kaymkk aycakgt&brmedahcatikmı Ca ( The Khmer National Liberation Army ) nigcyyc SgBYklav khmv"eftlavpgedr (6). enaq~s1958 BYkyYnevotmijVneTAeXasnaeVkBYkExµrkmı Cae kamfa BYkeKeFI kar[sem csihnu ehiyvnbg ajb&nˆknkmµkarbiessedl manrubftsem cenaelienahpg. Exµre kammyycmnynfmvnculrybrymk~ gcl nayynevotmij. (6) ekexasna[exµrenakmı Cae kammkvij. enhcal ic BYjmYyVj'Vnst BIrrbs'yYnevotmij. myykwbykevotmijbmpus[exµr bhevrelig edim I[mankarvwkvrk~ gep~krdωvl-sgapplemyynxagt Ëg. BIrKW (6) escki [karn_rbs'elakswn-el vresniyetaem"kh k sb f rs'enataxum"a rdω va"siunetan. -58-

21 rdωkaryyn BnKrk*nwgcat'viFankarbÂg abkab'sm ab'exµre kam y"agcas' d etot. G~kcMeNjKWevotkug-evotNamxageCIg enahesah e JHExµrEdl bhevrenahk*nwg tuvs ab'vinaspg ehiyg~kedlrt'rycx Án nwgrt'mkculbmeri BYkevotkugvij. enhcal icy"aggaybmputrbs'yynkumµ ynis k~ gkarsm ab' Exµr. kalenah elakswg-g"ukfan'etibnwgvilculmk BICIvPaBlak'x ÁnenA ext L gnij. eblenahelakvndwgfa Exµre kamcaj'exasnaevkbejœatrbs'bykevotkugehiy@ bugnwgbhevrefmetot edaymanemdwknsm~ak' eqµahfac'-eng (7). BYkKijsm at'yynxagt ËgVnrkcab'elakfac'- ENg BmTSgbkßBYkEdlrt'eKclak'x ÁntSgP&yPit. elakswg-g"ukfa n'vn[ekehaelakfac'-engetacybelakena BnKr. elakk*vnniyaysmryledah saycamyyrdωkar BnKr[Vn sylbyletavij. elak VnBn l'bie KaHf~ak' EdlCal icrbs'yynkumµ ynis bugnwgsm ab'exµrenh dl'exµre kam Kb'@K~a[ bug by&t~ Kb'@CMhan (8). (7) b"ulistsgbism&yvrsg Exµrext BH tjmgs ab'ecotamnas'- Kat' BmcUlrYmnw gelakswg-g"ukfaj'. (8) escki [karn_rbs'elaksim-kin enati kugsiugafil rdωva"siunetan. -59-

22 Exµrevotmij KWyYnevotmijEdlCaG~kbegI tbykexµrevotmijenhk~ grvagq~s EtkalenaHmanExµr EtxÊg'Essibnak' EdlCasmaCikk~ gclna NÎËcin kumµ ynis ( Indochinese Communist Party - ICP ). BYkyYnevotmijVncU lmkbegi tmuldωanbienak~ g sukexµr 1- muldωane kk emmt'-cb' mancncatiyyncae cincakmµkrrbs'cmkar ekasfluvrsg. muldωanenhefi skmµpabenak~ gtmbn'ext kech sêwge tg rtn KIrI mnîlkiri kmbg'cam BEvg s ayerog. muldωanenhkan'kab'edaybykyy nevotmijpêal'etm g. 2- muldωanti2enakmbt EdldwknSedayyYnekItenA sukexµreqµahgacar Gn-emon EdlyYn[Ek geqµahfa swg-g"ukmij CaemdwknSrbs'BYkExµr evotmij. muldωanenhefi skmµpabk~ gmnîlext taekv, kmbt, ekahkug, km Bg'sWı. e kaymketotmanelakvis krci-kimgan nigsal t-sr mkbi su kvrsg mkculrymk~ gmuldωanenhedrenaq~s1953 (2). 3- muldωanti3kwenaeb"kxagliceqogxagt Ëgext Vt'dMbg tg'tmbn' smlët kjëg. yynvne CIserIsKNkmµaFikarEdlCaGtitExµr sßr: Ed lmanelaksiuv-ehg(9) CaembJÇakarswkPUmiPaKJyB Tis, mul-sm ti CaemT&B, rug-elit (nyn-ca ) CanayEp~kesdΩkicç, Gacar Lac-saern nig Lac-sar"n CaKN:neyaVy. muldωanenhefi skmµpabk~ gext ejfisat' Vt'dMbg esomrab. sal t-sr b"ul-bt VnvilmkcUlrYmk~ gclnaexµrevotmij Edl manemdwknsyyneqµahswg-g"ukmij k~ gexmkra q~s1953 enamuldωankmbg' tac. k~ gsni~sithßwenvq~s1954 BYkExµrevotmijKµanekAGIeT edaybykenh KµanEdndIrMedaHkan'kab'dUcyYnhU-CImij. V"eftLavmanekAGI edayekma nmuldωanrmedahenaeb"kxagecigcab'nwgtl'ednyyn. cmejh betsexµr man EtrdΩaPiVlsem csihnuetedltmnagekagiexµr edayykexµr sßr:cuh culmandab-qyn, c&nêrgßi, But-qay CabnÊal'min[EbgEck betsexµrca BIr ducca betslavnigyynet. enhcaemeronmyyrbs'bykexµrevotmijedl e kaymk k aymkcaexµr khm. emeronenhehiyedlcmruj[ kumb"ul-bt Gnuvt nuvepnkarvayrmedahyktmbn'cnbtelamb&tïti kugbukrlyy rhutdl' VnsMerceCaKC&yCasƒaBrk~ g f TI17 emsa q~s1975 ( tam{vatem"a-estu g ). (9) si uv-ehgculrymcamyyln'-nl'k~ gq~s1970 efi CavresniyeTaenAbnÊayswkrgsI u supun. -60-

23 e kaysni~sithßwenv yynvnykexµrevotmijrab'jn'nak' [eta Ck ekanenahanuy rg'cs{kaslìelike kayetot. k~ genahmanemdwknsexµr evotmijeqµahswg-g"ukmij ( Gacar Gn-emon ) k*etars'ena kughanuy Edr. kumti2exµrevotmijman sal t-sr, rug-elit (nyn-ca), siuv-ehg, mu l-sm ti ( rs'-jwm taeka ), Gacar Lac-sav"n, Lac-saernCaedImmin etahanuytambykyynevotmijeliy. KW kumti2enh g Edle kaymkk a ycaexµr khm. BYke kayenheckecjcabir kumetaetot 1- kumti1man elaksiuv-ehg, mul-sm ti,gacar Lac-saern, Lac sav"n Vnrs'enArksIuCaCnsamJÔeFI E scmkar kucenapumivt Krx H enarugknwê kg'htx H ( tamdgsêwgseg etaeli ), enapumif akx H k~ gext Vt'dMbg. 2- kumti2man sal t-sr (b"ul-bt), rug-elit (nyn-ca) nigk~aekmy ycmnynetot bn Mbg b'x Ánk~ gti kugp~mebjedim IerobcM KwHbdivt n_. BYkeKCYl pêhenacit@k~a tg'mm emepi gxage kamebt cin. BYkeKbg b'x Án efi skmµpab Bn l'tak'tajbykyuvsisß ki k EdlPaKe cinminsappleal'fakumµ ynis CasIÌ pg. -61-

24 u Exµr khm enak~ g kugp~mebj sal t-sr nigela-ebgkn (10) VnbegI tvit al& y kcnbirenacitemepi ge kamebt cinkw : vit al&ykmı Cabu t nigvit al&y cmerinvicça. ela-ebgkn enabe gon bvti saâs k~ gvit al&ytsgbir, KWCn enhehiyedlbjç HbJçËlsisß ki kkµan Vk'bg' f sala efi Ca «clna yuvcnkumµ ynis kmı Ca - Gkßrkat'ehAfa : yuvkk» (11) elig. BYksma Cikclna «yuvkk» KWCaclnas~Ëlbdivt n_rbs'sal t-sr. e kayed lbykexµr khmmanc&ycmnhrmlmrbbsafarnrdωln'nl' ena f TI17 emsa 1975mk GgapplekarExµr khmvnykbyk yuvkk enhmkefi CaKN: suknana CYnkalEtgtSgCaKNshkrN_pg. (10) CaeQµaHBitrbs'nYn-Ca e JH BukeQµaH ela-liv enapumivt Kr ext Vt'dMbg. (11) smdieqi yq gkn: sukeqgcamyym aynyn-ca enajk'kn alq~s1974. kal enahb" ul-btvnykeyafamcœwmbkßetab&tïcab'mul-sm ti PaKJy&B nigkn:tmbn', KN:shkrN_, KN: suk, KN:XM u, kgq bnigkgeyafa dkhutgavufgs'rycyketa sm ab'ecal elikelgetkn: sukyan EdlCitditnwgm aynyn-ca ekminvncab'cg efi etasgi eliy. kalenahesµrxm ëenaefi Cakmµkrk~ geragcagxm uvt Kr tsgenabirkilëxag elixm uvt Kr. f 18mifuna1978 KN:XM udak'tis[etaculeriedk kat'smbkrfyn tuc@ ykmkefi CaEb"lcak'dIEckcay[BYkkgcl&tnigesnaCnXM uvt Kr. sab'etmanrfe kah M-113 Cag m e KOgnigBYkeyaFaxÊg'5,000nak' culmkk~ ggtit kugvt'dmbgedaykµan[dmnwgcamun cab'cgbykkn:jnicç, KN: suknana ehiyetacab'mul-sm ti enapêhkat'ek rcmkarcb" un CitP~ MtUcP~ MFM. kalenahbykeyafavnedjbykcagxm [vilmkxm vij. ehtukarn_enhvnefi [xm manescki egogq l'nas' edayvacab'sm ab'etk~ava KWm~a k'@yl'fa CaeBorevrarbs'BYkva QamE skes keha e JHBYkJy&B TisenHk*sm ab' bcacnexµrgs'e cinsmebimnas'edr. edaykarbicarnatamehtukarn_ e kaymketib xm dwgfa mkbidn grbs'mul-sm ti eqµahesa-pwmvnk t' bugefi rdω bhark~ grvagex vici œkaq~s1977 Etb" ul-btvadwgx Ánmun esa-pimkn:pumipakbuj Tis k* tuveyafaesµah nwgb" ul-btsm ab'vneta. kun busmul-sm ti myyeqµahmit q~sg (eqµahbdivt n_)vn erobkarcamyykun siesa-pim. mul-sm ti nigesa-pimcaeki nwgk~apg tsgbism&yexµr evotmijmk. eblenahekykbykyuvkkbipumipaknirtitaekv-kmbt mkcmnyskn:epßg@ enajy&b Tis. KN: sukeqg EdleTIbVnmkkan'k ab' sukvt'dmbg CMnYsKN: suk ehon ( tuvcab'sm ab'ecalcamyymul-sm ti ) enah VncUleTAKYrsmyayJj ( m a ynyn-ca ). yayjjvnsyrkn: sukeqgfa kunegiy, y"agnavncakun gvn mkcybjk'b&nïcamyynwgggapplekar?. KN: sukeqgvneqi ytbvijfa GU! m"aegiy xm k* k*cagtitkunecak~ gclnayuvkkrbs'gfl ucaedreti. kalenahxm ëenaeronsalacmerinvicça. m"aegiy BYkKijb" UlIsrbs'sIhnunigGaEq ln'-nl' Kµandwgx l'giesahetm g BYkxM ëefi viecœtkmµ vitïgßna kl kbg clna BYkenHKµandwgGIesaH ehiyebicab'vnbykxm ẍx H yklu yetasuk vaelg[rycx ÁnmkvijGs' -62-

25 k~ gq~s1960 manbykbjôv&n khmx Hvil tlb'mkbi sukvrsg ducca eca-esg, exov-smpn, hflu-yn', epak-qay, Kat-qun, hflu-nwm. q~senahbyk kumµ ynis ExµrVnbegI tbkßm"assis -elninenak~ g kugp~mebj. k~ gq~s1960 manbykbjôv&n khmx Hvil tlb'mkbi sukvrsg ducca eca-esg, exov-smpn, hflu-yn', epak-qay, Kat-qun, hflu-nwm. q~senahbyk kumµ ynis ExµrVnbegI tbkßm"assis -elninenak~ g kugp~mebj. tsgbiq~s enahmk clnayuvkkvnlutlas'cax Sg. BYkenHCaem kmie CotcUlmk TisGgapplekar culetabn Mx YnenAk~ g Kb'skmµPaBnana Edlman beyacn_dl' bkßek duccavtukmµvaysƒantutgaemriksgk~ gq~s1963 (12), Vtukmµsisß k~ gq~s rhutefi Xatelakfac'-Ca nigevcçbniîtekv-ssgkim k~ g brievnvit al&y18mina ( GtitviT al&y BHyuKnÏr ), VtukmµbuKappleliksikßa k~ gq~s edim IbMEbrTisVtukmµ [k aycaq~an'bmeripl beyacn_rb s'bkßkumµ ynis ExµreTAvij. BYkyuvkkecHEtTak'Tgbn tamexßry:ek edim I bmulsmacik[vn kan'ete cinefmetot. eke CotcUleTAk~ gcmenambyknisißt duccakrni CMu-rMePIy (13) k~ gknkmµkarsmakmnisßitenamhavit al&ygkßrsaâs P~MeBjCaedIm. BBYkyuvkkx HeTotEdlVnk ayetaca KUbe gon saâs acar k*vnsa b BYsmenaKmviCÇakumµ ynis k~ gcmenammit Pki KUbzmsikßa saâs acar. k~ gcmenamsaâs acar manelak KUFuc-rin ( saâs acar m s b P ), ela kyi-y"un (14) ( brijôab& tgkßrsaâs Exµr ). e kaymk f TI17mina19 73 e kayedlbykkunecaelakln'-nun VnKb' Kab'EbkbMEbkh ËgVtukmµ KU EdlkMBugEteFI mitig mank~acag400nak' k~ gbrievnmhavit al&ykru ekasl xagt Ëg mans ab' KUBIrnak'nigrbYsCae cinnak'mk BYksaÂs acar KUbe gonmyycmnynetotyl'exijfa ebi TSenAteTAeTot nwg tuvbykln'- Nunsm ab'ecal ehiyefmbielienhetaetot rbbsafarnrdωelakln'- nl'bukrlyygyuti Fm Nas' mintsgekarblk &N EdlcarelIs ËbsaFar NrdΩ enamuxgtitbrmracvsgesah ehiytetamuxkµansgùwmq~hbykrn: sirßrmedahcatieliy etibbykenahk*rt'culexµr khmben ayduccanyn-exon (12) kalenahsem cbjçatahanh Áges økjk'si uvil culetak~ gvit al&ynana nssisß ecjetavaysƒantutgaemriksg manelakxwm-titcag~kdwknsefi tamsmdielakev"-fn nigelaksi um-kin. (13) CM u-rmepiy CaGtitsisßxM k~ gq~s kalcab'mf msikßab& tpakti2k~ gq~s 1972 VneTAbn vicçaenamhavit al&ygkßrsaâs Ep~k bvti vit a-pumivit a macm u-rmepiy m~ak'eqµahmit ehon CaGtItExµr khmenasmlët. sm&yb" ul-btmit ehonefi CaKN: su kp~ MsMeBA ext Vt'dMbg. Âs. (14) elakyi-y" un tuvcabg f elak k-smgul GKappleelxaFikarmhaviT al&ygkßrsa- -63-

26 elakfac'-ca elakekv-sg'kim (G~kniBnÏ «dmenireqıahmktisxaglic NÎËcink~ gq~s2,000»), elakkuleyot (brijôab& tgkßrsaâs Exµr), elakesam-smgflun (brijôab& t bvti vit a) binak'e kayenhecjbivt'dmbgenaedimexmina1975. k~ gcmenambykbecçketsvis kr k*mannin~akar khmedrducca elakka t-qun, elakci-kwmgan (15), elakevcçbniîtefµjdi-pun (16), elakgynegg (vis kr), elakem"n-nifu (vis kgkiapplesni), elakesog-ev"es (vis krnig nayk ksygsurieyadi), elakcnê-buvπ (eca km).l. emdwknsclnayuvkkkw ela-ebgkn (nyn-ca). CnenHrs'enAbg b'x Án k~ g kugp~mebjrhutmkdl'q~s etibecjeta B EtenAEtlbcUl mkm g@etot edim ITak'TgBYkExßry:k~ g kug. enak~ g kugp~mebj e kabiefi Ca KU kcnenavit al&ycmerinvicçanigkmı Cbu t CnenHbn Mx ÁneFI CaG~kciJçwmma n'-ta lk'úsßi ep A s wk bk'pêhenam M Citvt sêwgmanc&y. (15) G~k sici-kwmgan CasaÂs acar msbp k~ gq~s1972. G~k sivnp as'bip~ MeBj mkbe gonenavit al&yent-y"g' Vt'dMbgEdr. behledayxusekalbmngedlb" ug Vf~aBImunmk etibæfaelakci-kwmgan VncgkeFI Gt Xatx Án gk~ grvagq~s1973 enatmbn'gurgn ËgeTA?. (16) elakevcçbni ÎtDI-pun Vnrt'cUl Bk~ gq~s1972 ehiye kaymk tuvvt'x Áneday Gaf kmvmg k~ grvagq~s G~k sidi-pun CasaÂs acar ruk CIvviT a ( Biologie végétale ) rbs'xm kalxm ëenacanisßitep~k r v K F ( SPCN ) enamhavit al&yvit asaâs k~ gq~s eblculcmrmexa-gi udag k~ gq~s1979 f TI21 Exvici œka xm VnCYbG~k sidi-pun ehiyvnsaksyrbt manx H@BIs ami G~k si Kan'Et Vb'fa s amikat' tuvs ab'b" u enâah ehiymin Bmp l'bt manerogneyavyesah (x ac khmsm ab'). -64-

27 bbnïefi CaG~klk'bEgÌmcMNIesom. y"agehack~ gmyyex CnenHEt gmkelgpêhbìën sieqµahpu-bun ( s amijk's&ki VMeQµaHKIm-san xagp l' sm ar:ssg ) enapßargulsbik ehiycak' saehensiu smv"jbìën f pwk. CnenHlak'kEn grs'enay"agcit (17). ebidwgfabgbìënlyctametaemilpêh CnenHk*b ËrTIlMenAP am. bkßkumµ ynis ExµrVnerobEpnkareKy"agliÌtlÌn'Nas' k~ gkardeni m GMNacbIes csihnu. ekbn ak'k~ae CotcUleTAenAekoknwgsIhnu k~ g b B&nÏrdΩaPiVl (exov-smpn, hflu-yn' ) tamexßry:sem cvsgeb"n-nut Edl CaG~knS[eTACYbsIhnu. BYkExµr khmvnerobcmkmnt'ekaledaekducteta enh 1- erobcmbegi tyuvcns~ëlbdivt n_enati kugp~mebj (begi tvit al&y k CncMerInviCÇa nigkmı Cbu t) nigenatirymext x H duccakmbg'cam ( sukkmenithflu yn'), taekv, kmbt (muldωanyynevotmij), Vt'dMbg (ExµrevotmijenAsMLËt) eke CIsykEtsisß ki kmkbg k'bmb"nsµarti (clnayuvkk = yuvcnkumµ y nis kmı Ca). BYkenHehIyEdlCaG~kbg GnaFibety Vcxitb&NˆeFI [claclk~ gti kug edim IbMEbrTisVtukmµ kudkmµnana Ca beyacn_bkßkumµ y nis ExµreTAvij. 2-bN ak'k~aculetak~ grdωapivl edaye bil icculcitxµsgedim IkMcat' (17) tamsmdirbs'g~k sikim-san CabÌËn sibegi tela-ebgkn EdlxM VnCYbk~ gebl EdlkgT&ByYn culmkyk sukexµrenaedimq~s1979enahfa Kat'manesckI ek A khay nigecr betcbn asarbg busenhsb Ebby"ag e JHyks amikat'etasm ab' kaledl Exµr khmculdl'p~mebjp am. sumcmrabfa G~k sipu-bunvncayk tkulxusbiela-eb gknenah e JHGMuPU-eyOg (GMuekµkrbs'esµr) VnsMuBIyayJjmkeFI CakUn Priyarbs' GMuPU-eyOg tuvcabìën sibegi trbs'yayjj. ebleyafaexµr khmedj bcacn[ec jbiti kugenah KYsarKat'enAe kayekbgìs' e JHsMGagfa bg buskat'mkdl'ehiy. bìën sinyn-cam~ak'etoteqµahela-kimni CaPriyaelakekaH-Jj (bìën buselakekah- QYn) k*vnmkcybcmuk~aenapêhg~k sipu-bunedr. nyn-cavne bieyafa[mknsykelak KIm-saneTACYb. edayminsappleal'namyycaelakkim-sanenah eyafak*ns bus@tsg Gs' VMnak'eTA[nYn-Ca EdlenAcMeNamenaHman elakekah-jj, KIm-san, bfl unrit-xs L n (bg f busrbs'esµrenaliv) nigkµáybirnak'etot. nyn-cakat'tuketelakkim-san rycedahelgg~kbynnak'[vil tlb'mkvij. nyn-cak*sm ab'bìën f s&ki VMxagdwkCJÇ Ën sm ar:enheta edim IsMEdgesckI esµah tg'camyyb"ul-bt. G~k sikim-sancsbi minexi jvil tlb'mkvijesah. luh BwkeLIgeXIjEteyaFamkbeN jtsggs'k~a[ecjbi pêh. elakekah-jjmks ab'enaext ejfisat'edaykµanf~sb avl. sb f G~k sipu- BUnrs'enApßarelI CitPUmivt Kr Vt'dMbg. kun busm~ak'cacl&t edaybykvae bikµanebl smrak k*qwrt'mkrkm aydyldac'x l's ab'enanwgksceni rxêm. kunm~ak'etot BYkvaeca Jj (sl'etkun sim~ak') sb f Vnmkrs'enArdΩkalIh &rnij"a shrdωgaemrik. TfaxiÇl ehiycab'yketavayefi TaruNkmµ rycdutsm ab'ecaltsgrs'. G~k siekah- -65-