(Obligation, necessity) (kell, muszáj, kötelező, szükséges) A valószínűség kifejezésére a következő segédigéket használhatjuk:

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1 (Obligation, necessity) (kell, muszáj, kötelező, szükséges) SEGÉDIGÉKKEL ill. hasonló jelentésű szerkezettel A valószínűség kifejezésére a következő segédigéket használhatjuk: A) Belülről fakadó kényszer (muszáj, kell ni) - Olyan sürgető kényszer, amelyet belső indíttatásból érzünk (nem pedig külső ráhatásra). - Ez csak a jelenre vonatkozó belső kényszert fejezhet ki. pl. He must go to the toilet. (WC-re kell mennie.) There s no milk, so I must buy some. (Nincs tej, szóval vennem kell.) Ellentéte (nem kell, nem szükséges): DON T (e/3: doesn t) HAVE TO (= nem kell) pl. He doesn t have to go to the toilet. (Nem kell WC-re mennie.) There is enough milk, so I don t have to buy any. (Van elég tej, szóval nem kell vennem.) (Megj.: ez nem modális segédige, de hasonló jelentést hordozó modális kifejezés) Múltban (kellett): HAD TO pl. He had to go to the toilet. (WC-re kellett mennie.) There wasn t enough milk, so I had to buy some. (Nem volt elég tej, szóval vennem kellett.) Jövőben (majd kell, muszáj lesz): WILL HAVE TO pl. If he drinks so much, he will have to go to the toilet soon. (Ha ilyen sokat iszik, hamarosan WC-re kell majd mennie.) There is little milk, so I will have to to buy some tomorrow. (Kevés tej van, szóval holnap muszáj lesz vennem.) B) Külső kényszer (kell, kötelező ni) - Olyan kényszer, amelyet külső ráhatásra kell végeznünk. - Ennek angol kifejezéséhez modális jelentésű kifejezést használunk (ami nem modális segédige, de hasonló jelentésárnyalatot hordoz): pl. He has to get up early. (Korán kell felkelnie.) I have to write my homework. (Meg kell írnom a házifeladatomat.) - Mivel ez a kifejezés valódi ige, úgy viselkedik, mint más igék: kérdezéskor, tagadáskor segédige kell elé

2 pl. I have to study. I don t have to study. Do you have to study? múlt és jövő idejű alakjait az igéknél tárgyalt módon hozzuk létre pl. I have to study. I had to study. I will have to study. - Statikus ige, ezért folyamatos alakban nem használjuk. Megjegyzés: A must és a have to jelentése nagyon hasonlít. Sokszor nem is használják a must -ot (főleg az amerikaiak), hiszen a szövegkörnyezet úgyis eldönti, hogy belülről fakadó vagy külső kényszerről van szó. pl. I must go to the toilet. I have to go to the toilet. ( Bár a have to inkább külső kényszerre utal, mégis általában tudjuk, hogy ilyesmi belülről fakad hacsak nem pisztollyal kényszerítenek rá, még ha a have to is szerepel a mondatban.) C) Szabály leírásában, udvarias utasítás (kell) - Ha enyhíteni akarunk a szigorú kötelezettség kifejezésén (azaz a have to helyett). pl. Students should arrive to school in time. (A diákoknak időben kell beérniünk az iskolába.) Ellentéte, múlt- és jövőbeli alakja megegyezik a have to -éval: pl. We don t have to arrive to school in time. (Nem kell időben beérnünk az iskolába.) We had to arrive to school in time. (Időben kellett beérnünk az iskolába.) We will have to arrive to school in time. (Időben kell majd beérnünk az iskolába.) D) Szükségesség (kellene, szükséges) - Ez a jelentés rokon a should (= kellene, kéne) segédigével. pl. You need drink if you are thirsty. (Innod kellene, ha szomjas vagy.) Ellentéte (nem kellene, nem szükséges): NEEDN T pl. I needn t drink, as I have eaten enough oranges. (Nem szükséges vizet innom, mivel elég narancsot ettem.) Múltban (kellett volna, szükséges lett volna): NEED HAVE + 3. alak pl. I need have drunk some water. (Innom kellett volna egy kis vizet.) Jövőben (majd kell): WILL HAVE TO pl. He will have to get up early tomorrow. (Holnap korán kell felkelnie.) I will have to write my homework soon. (Hamarosan meg kell írnom a házifeladatomat.) EGYÉB SZAVAKKAL, KIFEJEZÉSEKKEL a) SZÜKSÉGESSSÉGET KIFEJEZŐ IGÉVEL, SZERKEZETTEL NEED TO (=kell, muszáj, szükség van vmire) - A fenti need segédigéhez nagyon hasonlít, de ez nem segédige, hanem IGE, ezért különböző igeidőkbe tehető. - Jelentése a must (= kell, muszáj) segédigével rokon, de kevésbé sürgető belső kényszert fejez ki.

3 pl. I need to hurry. (Sietnem kell.) I needed to hurry. (Sietnem kellett.) I will need to hurry. (Sietnem kell majd.) I don t need to hurry. (Nem kell sietnem.) He needs to go to the dentist. (Muszáj elmennie a fogorvoshoz.) He needed to go to the dentist. (Muszáj volt elmennie a fogorvoshoz.) He will need to go to the dentist. (Muszáj lesz elmennie a fogorvoshoz.) He didn t need to go to the dentist. (Nem kellett elmennie a fogorvoshoz.) BE TO (= kell) - Szigorú parancsot fejez ki. pl. You are to eat all this food. (Meg kell enned ezt az összes ételt.) b) KÖTELESSÉGET, SZÜKSÉGESSSÉGET KIFEJEZŐ TAGMONDATTAL IT IS NECESSARY (for sy.) TO (= szükséges, hogy ) pl. It s necessary for him to go to the dentist. (Szükséges, hogy elmenjen a fogorvoshoz.) IT IS OBLIGATORY (for sy.) TO (= kötelező ni) pl. It s obligatory for me to go to school. (Kötelező iskolába járnom.) BE OBLIGED TO (= kötelezve van, hogy, kötelező ni) pl. I am obliged to go to school. (Kötelezve vagyok, hogy iskolába járjak. / Kötelező iskolába járnom.) IT IS COMPULSORY (for sy.) TO (= kötelező ni) pl. It s compulsory for me to go to school. (Kötelező iskolába járnom.)

4 1) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of have to + a verb ( = affirmative; X= negative). X X 1. your father the clothes? 2. I the school bus, I walk to school. 3. My brother the floor. X X 4. We to school every day. 5. you football after school? 6. Uncle Sam the car at weekends. 7. Tom breakfast every day? 8. your dad to work? X X 9. I early on weekdays. X 10. Mum the furniture every day. 11. you your bed in the morning? 12. We the plants every day, just once a week. 13. Mum the shopping, dad. 14. Sam lunch at school? 15. you a school uniform? 16. you after school? X 17. Sue to bed at 10:30 every day. 18. We paper. 19. Paul meals, his wife. 20. Dr Smith his hands before an operation? 2) Fill in the spaces with the appropriate formof must or have to - being aware of the type of the obligation. 1. She lives far from her office. She...leave very early every morning. 2. Notice in a picture gallery: Cameras, sticks and umbrellas be left at the desk. 3. He sees very badly; he... wear glasses all the time. 4. My boss says that I... stay at work until six o clock. It s not fair! 5. You... read this books. It s excellent. 6. If you have a dog, you... take it out for a walk twice a day.

5 7. Farmers... get up early. 8. We are lost. We ask somebody. 9. Railway notice: Passengers... cross the line by the footbridge. 10. When a tyre is punctured, the driver... change the wheel. 11. Tell her that she... be here by six; I insist on it. 12. The shops here don t deliver; we...carry everything home ourselves. 13. Whenever the dog wants to go out, I... get up and open the door. 14. Father to son: I can t support you any longer. You... earn your own living 15. Mr. Pitt... cook his own meals. His wife is away. 16. I don't have any money. I... go to the bank. 17. It's her birthday tomorrow. I... buy a present for her. 18. The holiday is over. We... go to work tomorrow. 19. I'm exhausted. I... go to bed. 20. You... buy a ticket if you want to see the exhibition. 21. We're going to the cinema tomorrow evening. I... buy the tickets. 22. She... work in the evenings to earn enough money. 23. I'm really dirty. I... have a shower. 24. We don't have much food. I... go shopping. 25. At the end of the academic year we... take exams. 26. You... work harder if you want to pass that exam. 27. Many children in Britain... wear uniform when they go to school. 28. Last night Don suddenly became ill, so we... call the doctor. 29. Ann... wear glasses since she was 8 years old. 30. I m afraid I can t come tomorrow. I... work late. 31. Father to small son: You... do what mummy says. 32. The buses were all full; I... get a taxi. 33. "Now look here, young lady, you... be home before 2.00 AM. Do you understand?" 34. He... take the bus today as his car broke down yesterday. 35. (Sign in a park) Dogs... be kept on lead. 36. You... leave now if you want to catch the In a decent kitchen the staffs... wash their hands frequently. 38. "You... prepare this exercise for tomorrow!" 39. I... go now, I'm late already. 3) Fill in the spaces with must, have to, needn t or don t have to being aware of the appropriate tense. 1. If you come to my school next term, you (not)... wear a uniform. 2. When I didn t have a job I (not)... get up so early every day. 3. She is taking part in the next tennis championship, so she... train every day. 4. My parents are very tolerant. I (not)... ask for permission when I want to do something. 5. If you win the lottery, you (not)... work any longer. 6. This cake is delicious. You... taste it! 7. Don t worry about the cleaning. You (not)... do it right now. 8. I don t want you to get wet in the rain. You... carry your umbrella. 9. If you ride a motorbike, you... wear a helmet. 10. Good! The bus is coming. I (not)... wait any longer. 11. To work in the laboratory, we... wear a white robe.

6 12. You (not)... wake me up. I have my own alarm clock. 13. When you go on holiday next week, you... phone me everyday or I ll be worried. 14. Fortunately, I (not)... buy a new TV set. It started working properly again. 4) Transform the following sentences using modals. 1. It isn t necessary for us to finish the project until next week. 2. It s necessary for Mary to take her dog out three times a day. 3. It s isn t necessary for you to give me an answer right now. 4. It s compulsory for people to pay taxes. 5. It isn t necessary for you to ask for permission every time you want to use the phone. 6. Pick up everything you ve left on the floor. 7. It s necessary for construction workers to wear a helmet. 8. It s necessary for people to get a work permit to live in the USA. 9. It wasn t necessary for their parents to emigrate. 10. It will be necessary for Harry to apologise for his behaviour. 11. It is compulsory to fill in all the application forms to apply for the job. 12. I insist on talking to the manager immediately. 5) Translate the sentences into English. 1. El kellett adnunk a kocsinkat. 2. A nagybátyám megjavította a biciklimet, így nem kell újat vennem. 3. Válaszolnunk kell a levélre. 4. Ott kellett töltenünk az éjszakát. 5. Muszáj legépelnem a levelet? 6. Nem kell válaszolniuk erre a kérdésre. 7. Meg kell kóstolnod ezt a tejet! Kitűnő! 8. Gyorsabban kell futnod, ha első akarsz lenni. 9. Nincs sok időnk, sietnünk kell. 10. Nem kellett sietnünk, mert sok időnk volt.

7 KEY: 1) 1. Does your father have to iron the clothes? 2. I don t have to take the school bus, I walk to school. 3. My brother doesn t have to sweep the floor. 4. We have to go to school every day. 5. Do you you have to play football after school? 6. Uncle Sam has to wash the car at weekends. 7. Does Tom have to have breakfast every day? 8. Doesn t your dad have to drive to work? 9. I have to get up early on weekdays. 10. Mum doesn t have to dust the furniture every day. 11. Do you have to make your bed in the morning? 12. We don t have to water the plants every day, just once a week. 13. Mum doesn t have to do the shopping, dad has to. 14. Does Sam have to have lunch at school? 15. Do you have to wear a school uniform? 16. Do you have to study after school? 17. Sue has to go to bed at 10:30 every day. 18. We have to recycle paper. 19. Paul doesn t have to cook meals, his wife has to. 20. Does Dr Smith have to wash his hands before an operation? 2) 1. has to 2. have to 3. has to 4. have to 5. must 6. have to 7. have to 8. must 9. have to 10. has to 11. has to 12. have to 13. have to 14. have to 15. has to 16. have to 17. must 18. have to 19. must 20. have to 21. will have to 22. has to 23. must 24. have to 25. will have to / had to 26. must 27. have to 28. had to 29. has had to 30. will have to 31. have to 32. had to 33. will have to 34. has to / will have to 35. have to 36. must 37. have to 38. have to 39. must 3) 1. won t have 2. didn t have to 3. must 4. needn t/don t have to 5. won t have to 6. must 7. needn t/don t have to 8. have to 9. have to 10. won t have to 11. have to 12. won t have to 13. must 14. didn t have to 4) 1. We don t have to finish the project until next week. 2. Mary doesn t have to/needn t take her dog out three times a day. 3. You don t have to give me an answer right now. 4. People have to pay taxes. 5. You don t have to/needn t ask for permission every time you want to use the phone. 6. You have to pick up everything you ve left on the floor. 7. Construction workers have to wear a helmet. 8. People have to get a work permit to live in the USA. 9. Their parents didn t need to emigrate /needn t have emigrated. 10. Harry will have to apologise for his behaviour. 11. You have to fill in all the application forms to apply for the job. 12. I must talk to the manager immediately. 5) 1. We had to sell our car. 2. My uncle fixed my bicycle so I didn t have to (/didn t need to) buy a new one. 3. We have to (/must) answer the letter. 4. We had to spend the night there. 5. Must I (/Do I have to) type the letter? 6. They don t have to answer this question. 7. You must taste this milk. It s excellent! 8. You must (/need) run faster if you want to be the first. 9. We don t have much time, we have to (/must) hurry. 10. We didn t have to (/didn t need to) hurry because we had much (/a lot of) time.