TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

Átírás

1 ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA október 20. TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN KÖZÉPSZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA október 20. 8:00 Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 180 perc Pótlapok száma Tisztázati Piszkozati NEMZETI ERŐFORRÁS MINISZTÉRIUM Történelem angol nyelven középszint írásbeli vizsga 0913

2 Important information Give clear answers and make all your work unambiguous even if you need to make corrections in your text. Try to be concise and keep to the point. Do not use more space than is provided. Only write as many answers as required by the task. (If you write more, they will be evaluated in the order in which they appear.) Please write in blue ink. When working on the exam tasks consider the following. Read the instructions carefully. Do exactly what the instructions tell you. Study the sources provided (pictures, diagrams, texts, maps). Use the resources that you are allowed to use for each task: the maps of the Secondary School Historical Atlas [Középiskolai történelmi atlasz] and the bilingual dictionaries. Personal names, geographical data and concepts from these resources will be considered as part of your answer only if they are correctly spelled. Consider your answers carefully before writing them down so that you do not have to correct them later. We advise you to follow these steps when dealing with the shorter or longer essay-type questions: 1. Identify the place and time of the given event or problem. 2. Use the given sources and the map [Történelmi atlasz] to understand the task. 3. Collect the general concepts (for example: development, change, production) and the time-specific concepts (for example: serf, guild, personality cult) that can be used to describe the given event or problem. 4. Include the information contained in the sources, or the conclusions that can be drawn from them, in your answers. 5. Make drafts or outlines before writing your answers if necessary. 6. Identify the events leading up to the given situation, its causes and its results. 7. Describe assumptions about, and explanations of, events. 8. Include your own knowledge of the era (names and dates) as well as your own opinions and personal perspective of it. 9. Make sure that your sentences are clearly structured, and that your ideas are easy to follow. 10. Your whole answer should have a clear structure. Check your grammar and spelling. For your information: The following will be considered when your essays are evaluated: understanding of the task proper and relevant content logical overall structure and accurate language. Good Luck! írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

3 I. SHORT ANSWER TASKS 1 This task is about the principal teachings of Christianity. The names of some Biblical personages have been left out of the following quotations. Write the names into the table and indicate whether the quotation is from the Old or the New Testament. (Score: 0.5 points for each correct item.) a) b) c) a).. still breathing threats and murder against the disciples of the Lord, went to the high priest and asked him for letters to the synagogues at Damascus, so that if he found any belonging to the Way, men or women, he might bring them bound to Jerusalem. Now as he went on his way, he approached Damascus, and suddenly a light from heaven flashed around him. még mindig lihegett a dühtől, és halállal fenyegette az Úr tanítványait. Elment a főpaphoz, s arra kérte, adjon neki ajánlólevelet a damaszkuszi zsinagógához, hogy ha talál ott embereket, férfiakat vagy nőket, akik ezt a tanítást követik, megkötözve Jeruzsálembe hurcolhassa őket. Már Damaszkusz közelében járt, amikor az égből egyszerre nagy fényesség vette körül. b). answered, "I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. If you really knew me, you would know my Father as well. From now on, you do know him and have seen him." Én vagyok az út, az igazság és az élet válaszolta.. - Senki sem juthat el az Atyához, csak általam. Ha engem ismernétek, Atyámat is ismernétek, de mostantól fogva ismeritek és láttátok. c) "You come to me with a sword and with a spear and with a javelin, but I come to you in the name of the LORD of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied. [ ]" And.. put his hand in his bag and took out a stone and slung it and struck the Philistine on his forehead. The stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the ground. Te karddal, lándzsával és dárdával jössz ellenem, de én a seregek Urának, Izráel csapatai Istenének a nevében megyek ellened, akit te kicsúfoltál. [ ] Belenyúlt a tarisznyájába, kivett belőle egy követ, a parittyájával elröpítette, és úgy homlokon találta a filiszteust, hogy a kő belefúródott a homlokába, és arccal a földre zuhant. Name Old Testament or New Testament 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

4 2 This task is about the history of mediaeval towns. The following chart shows the society and principal institutions and officials of mediaeval towns. Write the letters of the appropriate terms into the empty boxes in the chart. There is one extra term in the list. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) justice mayor citizens guild masters people without citizens rights day-labourers, domestic servants a) merchants b) parish priest c) journeymen, apprentices d) city council e) serfs 4 points 3 This task is about the anti-turkish struggle in Hungary in the 15 th century. Use the source and your own knowledge to answer the questions. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) On the next day [...] as soon as it had dawned, our men could see Mohammed s army, ready to lay siege. Initially, the Turks shot stones out of enormous bronze cannons battering our walls unceasingly until most of them collapsed. After being forced to surrender the walls, our men doggedly defended the inner castle. When both sides had already been fighting hard for almost four hours, a sizeable Turkish squad broke through the ruins of the walls [...] and into the city itself. Corvinus [...] hurried to his men urging them on and firing their enthusiasm. [...] Thanks to him our men found new strength to fight on and resisted the Turkish attack with great courage. [...] They fought till late in the evening when with the help of God Immortal a great charge by our men drove the enemy out of the city by the same way that they had entered. As soon as Mohammed saw this, he abandoned the siege and left. (On the Siege of Nándorfehérvár by Petrus Ransanus) A következő napon [ ] amint megvirradt, a mieink máris megpillantották Mohamed ostromra kész seregét. Először is kivételesen nagy ércágyúkból kilőtt kövekkel a törökök a falakat megállás nélkül döngették és rongálták, míg azok végül többnyire összeomlottak. A mieink, bár kényszerűségből felhagytak a fal védelmezésével, makacsul védték a belső területet. Miután mind két részről közel négy órán át keményen harcoltak, egy hatalmas török csapat utat törve a falak romjain keresztül [ ] betört a városba. Corvinus [ ] az övéihez sietett; biztatta, lelkesítette, tüzelte őket [ ] Elérte tehát, hogy a mieink megújult küzdelemben a török támadásnak bátran ellen álltak [ ] Késő estig harcoltak, akkor a halhatatlan írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

5 Isten megadta, hogy a mieink hatalmas támadása az ellenséget a városból kiűzte arrafelé, ahol oda betört. Mohamed, amint észrevette ezt, felhagyva az ostrommal eltávozott. (Petrus Ransanus: Nándorfehérvár ostromáról) a) What is the name by which the Captain-General Corvinus in the text is more commonly known? (include his first name) b) Underline the correct statement in the following list. Mohammed captured the castle. Mohammed had excellent artillery. The castle was situated at the junction of the Drava and Sava rivers. c) When (year) was the siege of the castle?... Glossary: Anatóliai hadtest Duna Janicsárok Keresztes felkelők Magyar dereglyék Magyarok és szerbek Partőrző szpáhik Ruméliai hadtest Száva Szultán Török hajózár Török tüzérség Törökök Anatolian corps Danube Janissaries Insurgent crusaders Hungarian barges Hungarians and Serbs Spahis guarding the river bank Rumelian corps Sava Sultan Turkish blockade Turkish artillery Turks írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

6 d) There are several great acts of courage and legends connected to the defence and liberation of the castle. Underline the two events which did not happen during this siege. A) The commander of the castle breaks out of the castle and dies a heroic death at the head of his remaining soldiers. B) A Franciscan monk, the emissary of the Pope, raises an army of twenty thousand crusaders and attacks the sultan s army on the flank. C) One of the valiant defenders jumps from a bastion pulling the Turk who is trying to plant the horse-tailed flag down with himself. D) The military campaign of the Turks, who already hold the central and southern part of the country, is stalled thanks to the captain, who has organised the brilliant defence of the castle. E) The captain-general breaks through the Turkish blockade, delivering reinforcements to the castle. 5 points 4 This task is about the functioning of the English constitutional monarchy. Study the chart and then decide if the following statements are true or false. (If any part of a statement is false, the whole statement is false.) Put an X into the appropriate boxes in the table. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) Monarch (head of the Church of England) appoints dissolves gives royal assent to laws Prime Parliament Minister and his/her government responsible to House of Lords House of Commons controls army, fleet elects voters (census-based) population courts of law írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

7 Statement true false a) As a culmination of the victory of the counter-reformation the Church of England, with the monarch at its head, was founded. b) The monarch could still influence legislation, as under certain conditions he could dissolve the Parliament and laws did not enter into force without his royal assent. c) The executive power is responsible to the Parliament. d) The two guarantees of the constitutional monarchy are the separation of the branches of power and universal suffrage. 4 points 5 This task is about the work of Maria Theresa. Use the source and your own knowledge to answer the questions. (Score: 1 point for each correct answer.) HABSBURG EMPIRE 30 % HUNGARY MANUFACTURED GOODS 3 % 3 % AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE 30 % 30 % The customs rates of the customs frontiers of the Habsburg Empire and Hungary in the second half of the 18 th century a) What is the name of the decree of Maria Theresa which is illustrated above? írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

8 b) What was the aim of the differentiation in customs dues according to whether Hungarian agricultural produce was transported within the Empire or outside the Empire?. c) What consequences did this system of customs have for Hungarian industry?... d) What is the name of the decree which the queen issued in 1767 and which established the serfs duties to their landlords? 4 points 6 This task is about how Germany rose to the status of a great power. Use the source and your own knowledge to answer the questions. (Score: 0.5 points for each correct item.) Glossary: Nagy-Britannia Franciaország Olasz Királyság Velence Németország Habsburg Birodalom Orosz Birodalom Great Britain France Kingdom of Italy Venice Germany Habsburg Empire Russian Empire írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

9 Lengyel felkelés A Német Szövetség határa 1864-ben Az Észak-német Szövetség Polish uprising The border of the German Confederation in 1864 The North German Confederation Art. 11 The president of the confederation is the king of Prussia, who is invested with the title of German emperor. The emperor is the representative of the empire in international relations, he declares wars and signs peace treaties in the name of the empire, he makes alliances and signs other treaties with foreign powers, he appoints and receives ambassadors. Wars may only be declared in the name of the empire with the consent of the Federal Council unless an attack has been launched against the territory or shores of the federation. (The Constitution of Germany; 1871) 11.tc. A szövetség elnöke Poroszország királya, aki a német császár címét viseli. A császár a birodalom képviselője nemzetközi kapcsolatokban, hadat üzen és békét köt a birodalom nevében, szövetségeket és más szerződéseket köt külhatalmakkal, követeket akkreditál és fogad. A birodalom nevében való hadüzenethez a Szövetségi Tanács beleegyezésére van szükség, hacsak nem történt támadás a szövetség területe vagy partvidéke ellen. (Németország alkotmánya; 1871) a) Which empire with a large German-speaking population was forced to accept, after its defeat, that German unity would be realised without its participation? b) Where and when did the Prussian army defeat the French; an event that led to German unity? Year: Location:. c) List two factors that contributed to the Prussian military victory over the French.... d) Name a territory which was annexed by Germany under the terms of the peace treaty which concluded the Franco-Prussian war of e) What became the new name of Germany in 1871?... f) Is the consent of the Federal Council necessary for a declaration of war if a foreign power attacks the country, according to the German constitution quoted above? 4 points írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

10 7 This task is about the changes in lifestyle at the turn of the 19 th and 20 th centuries in Hungary. Using the source and your own knowledge, underline the correct answer (1, 2 or 3). (Score: 1 point for each correct answer.) He carefully unrolled the horse-blanket that covered the yellow pigskin suitcase, which sharply contrasted with its expensive material and superior workmanship with all the other items around it. One would have expected to see the stickers of luxury spa hotels on it. [...] Here at home the structure of Nyugati pályaudvar, designed by Eiffel, has already been erected. On a summer s night the clock strikes midnight twice in Budapest; sixteen minutes after twelve they set the clocks back to zero hours and central European time takes effect in the whole country. [...] They are just smoking their cigars on a warm summer s evening when the man covered in a coat and goggles of dust turns off Erzsébet körút in his clanking and rattling automobile and pulls up in front of the café where he is a regular patron. The crowd of clapping and cheering gentlemen has bottles of champagne opened in honour of the champagne producer-cum-sportsman. [...] I order one hundred visiting cards made of cream-coloured card. Then I have my measurements taken by Kamarás, Taylor for Gentlemen, in Papnövelde-utca; an overcoat made of pure lamb s wool, two suits of clothing, a jacket, a light coat, tails and a dinner jacket, paying extra for quick delivery. I dine at Pompl s inn and use the remaining time to procure some small but indispensable items: cigars in a cedarwood box, some wing collars and other trifles. (From Macskakő, a novel by Péter Lengyel) Gondosan kicsavart a két lópokrócból egy sárga disznóbőr koffert, mely drága anyagával, finom kidolgozásával harsányan elütött a környezet minden darabjától. Kívánkoztak rá a fényűző fürdőhelyek hotelcímkéi. [ ] Idehaza áll már a Nyugati pályaudvar Eiffel-féle indócsarnoka. Egy nyári éjszakán kétszer van éjfél Budapesten: tizenkettő után tizenhat perccel visszaigazítják az órákat nulla órára: életbe lép országszerte a közép-európai zónaidő. [ ] A kávézó teraszán szívja szivarját a langy nyárestében, amikor a porköpenyes-porszemüveges automobilista lekanyarodik az Erzsébet körútról puffogva-zörögve, s begurul egyenesen a törzskávéháza elé. Az úri közönség tapsol-ünnepel s pezsgőt bontat a pezsgőgyáros sportsman tiszteletére. [ ] Száz darab vizitkártyát rendelek vajszín kartonon. Azután méretet vétetek Kamarásnál, Taylor for Gentlemen, a Papnövelde-utcában, tiszta gyapjú felöltőt, két öltözet ruhát, szakkót, sétakabátot, frakkot, szmokingot rendelek, sürgősségi felárral. A Pompl fogadójában ebédelek, s a fennmaradó időt arra használom, hogy néhány apró, de nélkülözhetetlen kelléket beszerezzek: szivart cédrusdobozban, szárnyasgallért, semmiségeket. ( Lengyel Péter: Macskakő című regényéből) a) At the end of the 19 th century gentlemen s fashions were no longer so much set by France, but by 1. Germany. 2. England. 3. Italy. írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

11 b) Due to the growth of automobile production, this means of transport... in Hungary as well. 1. became widespread among members of the middle class 2. became a cheap mass product 3. became more popular, but only among members of the elite c) The introduction of the same, correct time throughout the country was necessary because of the 1. development and operation of the rail network. 2. nationwide development of the telephone network. 3. development of state education, with lessons beginning at 8 o clock. d) The lay-out of Budapest was defined by a Parisian and Viennese model with 1. boulevards and avenues. 2. numbered streets. 3. bridges and navigable canals. 8 This task is about the development and characteristics of the Soviet Bloc. Match the terms with the sources and the images (A-F). There is one extra term. (Score: 0.5 points for each correct item.) Terms: 4 points a) relocation b) produce delivery c) population [internálás] to the state exchange e) planned economy f) iron curtain g) cold war d) one-party system A) While between 1946 and 1956 prices on the free market almost doubled, delivery prices rose by 150% at the most. Wheat was bought for 60 forints per 100 kilograms, while the cost of production was about 280 forints and it cost 300 forints on the free market. Sooner or later settlement committees visited the houses of those who could not pay, in the company of the local police or sometimes the ÁVO [secret police], turning the house upside down looking everywhere for hidden produce. (Historian Ignác Romsics) Míg 1946 és 1956 között a szabadpiaci árak körülbelül meghétszereződtek, addig a beadási árak legfeljebb 150%-kal nőttek. A búzát például 60 Ft-ért vették át mázsánként, miközben önköltsége körülbelül 280 Ft, szabadpiaci ára pedig 300 Ft volt. S aki nem tudott fizetni, annak portáján a helyi rendőrség, illetve olykor az ÁVO embereinek kíséretében előbb vagy utóbb megjelentek az»elszámoltatási bizottságok«, amelyek az eldugott javak után kutatva padlástól a pincéig mindent felforgattak. (Romsics Ignác történész) B) Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

12 Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and, in some cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow. (Churchill s speech in Fulton; 1946) E vonal mögött vannak Közép- és Kelet-Európa régi államainak összes fővárosai Varsó, Berlin, Prága, Bécs, Budapest, Belgrád, Bukarest és Szófia. Mindezek a híres városok és országuk lakossága a szovjet szférában fekszik és valamilyen formában alá van vetve nemcsak a szovjet befolyásnak, hanem Moszkva egyre nagyobb mértékű ellenőrzésének. (Churchill beszéde Fultonban; 1946) C) The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence, (...) and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. (Churchill s speech in Fulton; 1946) A kommunista pártokat, amelyek ezekben a kelet-európai államokban igen kicsik voltak, hatalomra emelték, ( ) és ezek a pártok most mindenütt arra törekszenek, hogy megszerezzék a totális ellenőrzést. (Churchill beszéde Fultonban; 1946) D)... nuclear weapons are much rather political tools than weapons. (US President Eisenhower) az atomfegyverek igazából nem fegyverek, hanem politikai eszközök. (Eisenhower amerikai elnök) E) F) A Hungarian peasant re-settled from Czechoslovakia to Hungary says goodbye to his Slovakian neighbour; 1947 írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

13 images/sources A B C D E F terms 3 points 9 This task is about Hungarian foreign policy between the two world wars. Use the sources and your own knowledge to answer the questions. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) Art. 103 Compulsory military service must be abolished in Hungary. The army of Hungary can only be organised and expanded on a voluntary basis in future. Art. 104 Total number of the Hungarian military forces may not exceed 35,000 including officers and reservists. (The peace treaty of Trianon) 103. cikk. Az általános hadkötelezettséget Magyarországon meg kell szüntetni. A magyar hadsereget a jövőben csak önkéntes belépés alapján lehet felállítani és kiegészíteni cikk. A magyar hadsereg katonai erőinek összessége nem haladhatja meg a főt, beleértve a tiszteket és a pótkeret csapatait. (A trianoni békeszerződés) The Permanent Council of the Little Entente has established to its satisfaction that the talks held with Hungary made it possible to reach agreements which acknowledge the renunciation of any type of aggression between Hungary and the Little Entente and Hungary s equal rights to armament. (The Bled manifesto of the Little Entente; 1938) A kisantant Állandó Tanácsa megelégedéssel állapította meg, hogy a Magyarországgal folytatott tárgyalások lehetővé tették olyan megállapodások megkötését, amely Magyarország és a kisantant közötti mindennemű erőszakos eszköz alkalmazásáról való lemondást és a három hatalom részéről Magyarország fegyverkezési egyenjogúságának elismerését tartalmazza. (A kisantant bledi nyilatkozata; 1938) a) Which prohibition of the Trianon peace treaty was annulled by the manifesto?.. b) What changes in power relations in Europe prompted the Little Entente to make the above acknowledgement?. c) What revisionist goal did Hungary achieve in the year following the manifesto?.. 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

14 10 This task is about everyday life in the Kádár era. After studying the information, name the types of food defined below. Write the name of one of the types of food given in the first table next to the appropriate definition in the second table. (Score 1 point for each correct answer.) Per capita consumption of some principal foodstuffs food meat (kg) lard (kg) milk, dairy products (kg) eggs fruit, vegetables (kg) flour (kg) potatoes (kg) sugar (kg) definition The most traditional and one of the cheapest of Hungarian foodstuffs. A decrease in its consumption shows that with the increasing consumption of other foods, less is needed of this. Its consumption had reached harmful levels in some places. Due to its relatively high price, the increase in its consumption was a sign of the rising standard of living in the Kádár era. Until the 19 th century it was a luxury as it could not be produced in Europe. In the 20 th century Hungary already produced it in great quantities. Its consumption rose the fastest in the period. It became widespread in Hungary in the 18 th century and it was considered to be the food of the poor. For this reason its consumption decreased as the standard of living increased. food 4 points 11 This task is about the environmental effects of technological advances and economic growth. Read the information below on two persons who both work for the reduction of global environmental problems. Use the biodata to decide whose views are expressed in the quotations. (Write the letters of the quotations into the appropriate boxes in the table.) (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) Al Gore: politician, businessman and Nobel laureate environmental activist. From 1993 he was vice president of the United States for eight years and lost the 2000 presidential elections to George W. Bush. Having left politics, he gives lectures all over the world about global warming and the need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. He is convinced that fast and clearly defined measures are needed to stop warming caused by human activities and to reverse the current processes. írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

15 Bjorn Lomborg: director of the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute, he was elected one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2008 The Guardian listed him among the 50 people who can save our planet. Lomborg claims that complex billion-dollar campaigns to stop global warming have emotional rather than strictly scientific foundations and their impact in the next centuries will be negligible. a) If the Kyoto Protocol was signed by the United States, its total cost would be more than five billion dollars in the next one hundred years. As opposed to this the environmental benefit would be that the temperature would decrease by 0.16 degrees Celsius by the end of the century. This would give the world a twobillion dollar profit. As it turns out, however, the Kyoto Protocol is bad business: each dollar spent brings a profit of thirty-four cents. [...] In the wealthiest part of the world Europe will have the best deal, as it pays 1.5 billion dollars, but recovers almost half of that thanks to beneficial influences. Ha a Kiotói Egyezményt az Egyesült Államok is aláírná, az elkövetkező évszázadban több mint ötbillió dollár lenne annak összköltsége. Ezzel szemben áll a környezeti haszon: a század végére valamivel, mintegy 0,16 C-kal alacsonyabb lesz a hőmérséklet. A világ számára ez csaknem kétbillió dollár hasznot jelent. Összességében azonban az derül ki, hogy a Kiotói Egyezmény rossz üzlet: minden egyes elköltött dollár mintegy harmincnégy cent hasznot hajt. [ ] A világ gazdagabb feléből Európa jár a legjobban, mert 1,5 billió dollárt fizet, de csaknem a felét nyeri vissza a jótékony hatások révén. b) We have much more serious problems than global warming. We must consider everything in its own place. Starvation, poverty and disease are much graver issues. If these are solved, we can help more people, and for less money and more reliably at that, than by spending billions of dollars on this drastic climate issue. Sokkal fontosabb problémáink is vannak, mint a globális felmelegedés. Mindent a helyi értékén kell kezelnünk. Sokkal súlyosabb probléma az éhezés, a szegénység és a betegség. Ha ezeket megoldjuk, több embernek segíthetünk, méghozzá olcsóbban és megbízhatóbb módon, mint ha dollárbilliókat fordítunk a drasztikus éghajlat-problémára. c) We hear that the wretched fate of the polar bears is a warning: we must regulate the emission of greenhouse gases more strictly, which is connected to global warming. Even if we accept the erroneous assumption that we can consider the Hudson Bay population of polar bears in 1987 as our starting point, which means that fifteen bears die every year, what can we do? If we try to help by reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, all we can achieve is to avoid the death of fifteen bears. [...] At the same time forty-nine bears of the same population are shot every year, and we could help this much more easily. Azt halljuk, hogy a jegesmedvék sanyarú sorsa figyelmeztetés:»szigorúbban kell szabályoznunk az üvegházhatású gázok kibocsátását, ami összefügg a globális felmelegedéssel«. Még ha el is fogadjuk azt a téves feltételezést, hogy a Hudsonöbölnél 1987-ben élő jegesmedve-populációt kiindulópontnak tekinthetjük, vagyis évente tizenöt medve pusztul el, mit tehetünk? Ha az üvegházhatású gázok írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

16 kibocsátásának csökkentésével próbálunk segíteni, akkor legfeljebb tizenöt medve halálát kerülhetjük el. [ ] Ugyanekkor ugyanebből a populációból negyvenkilenc medvét lőnek le évente, amin viszont könnyen segíthetnénk. d) In 1997 I too had some part in the success of the Kyoto talks. World leaders drew up an agreement of extraordinary significance in the Japanese city aiming to reduce the emission of pollutants which cause global warming. [...] 132 countries of the developed world ratified the Kyoto Protocol. There are only two developed countries where it has not become law. One of them is the United States, and the other is Australia ben nekem is szerepem volt a kiotói tárgyalások sikerében. A világ vezetői a japán nagyvárosban óriási jelentőségű egyezményt fogalmaztak meg azzal a céllal, hogy csökkentsék a globális felmelegedést okozó szennyezések kibocsátását [ ] A Kiotói Egyezményt a fejlett világ 132 országa ratifikálta. Csak két fejlett ország van, ahol nem vált jogszabállyá. Az egyik az Egyesült Államok, a másik Ausztrália. Al Gore Bjorn Lomborg 4 points 12 This task is about the electoral system of Hungary. Complete the text using the flow chart. Write three of the terms in the flow chart into the appropriate gaps marked by dotted lines in the text of the law. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) Art. 7. (1) A candidate in an individual constituency shall become an MP after the first poll if he/she has obtained more than half the votes validly cast, provided that more than one half of electors in the constituency have cast their votes. (hereinafter: a)... poll) (2) If during the first poll the turnout did not exceed half of electors in the constituency (hereinafter: b)... poll), during the second poll a) all candidates who have done so during the first poll may stand for election; b) the candidate having obtained the greatest number of votes validly cast, provided that the turnout exceeded one-fourth of electors in the constituency, shall become an MP. (3) If during the first poll the turnout exceeded one half of electors in the constituency, but no candidate has obtained more than half the votes validly cast (hereinafter: c)... poll), during the second poll a) the candidates having obtained at least 15% of the votes validly cast during the first poll may stand for election; if there are not three such candidates, the three candidates having obtained the greatest number of votes during the first poll may do so; if any one of the candidates decides to step down during this time, no other candidate may take his/her place; írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

17 b) the candidate having obtained the greatest number of votes validly cast, provided that the turnout exceeded one-fourth of electors in the constituency, shall become an MP. (Electoral law; 1989) 7. (1) Az egyéni választókerületben az első választási fordulóban az a jelölt lesz országgyűlési képviselő, aki megkapta az érvényes szavazatoknak több mint a felét, feltéve, hogy a szavazáson a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint a fele szavazott. (a továbbiakban: a)... választási forduló) (2) Ha az első választási fordulóban nem szavazott a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint a fele (a továbbiakban: b)... választási forduló), a második választási fordulóban a) mindazok a jelöltek indulhatnak, akik az első fordulóban indultak; b) képviselő az a jelölt lesz, aki a legtöbb érvényes szavazatot kapta, feltéve, hogy a szavazáson a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint az egynegyede szavazott. (3) Ha az első választási fordulóban a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint a fele szavazott ugyan, de egy jelölt sem kapta meg az érvényes szavazatoknak több mint a felét, (a továbbiakban: c)... választási forduló) a második választási fordulóban a) azok a jelöltek indulhatnak, akik az első fordulóban az érvényes szavazatoknak legalább tizenöt százalékát megkapták; ha nincs legalább három ilyen jelölt, akkor az első fordulóban a legtöbb szavazatot elért három jelölt; ha a jelöltek közül bármelyikük időközben visszalép, helyébe másik jelölt nem léphet; b) képviselő az a jelölt lesz, aki a legtöbb érvényes szavazatot kapta, feltéve, hogy a szavazáson a választókerület választópolgárainak több mint az egynegyede szavazott. (Választási törvény; 1989) First poll invalid poll valid poll Second poll unsuccessful poll successful poll 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

18 II LONGER, ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS Please read the following information carefully. You must do three of the following tasks. You must make your selection using the following rules: You must do: one task on world history and two tasks on Hungarian history, one of which must be short while the other task must be long. They must also be about different periods of Hungarian history. Study the tasks carefully. Number Periods and subjects Task type World history 13. The culture of knighthood short 14. Liberalism, nationalism short 15. The battle of Mohács short 16. The Tartar invasion of Hungary long Hungarian history 17. The April laws short 18. Hungarian industry under the Dual Monarchy long 19. The ethnic impacts of Trianon short 20. The system of local government long Below you will find a table with all the possible combinations of the tasks that you can choose. Mark one of the columns by circling the corresponding letter. Task type A B C D E F G H I J K L short short long Only tasks which have been selected according to the rules above will be marked. You will find the evaluation criteria after each task. The scores will be entered by the examiners. Only do the three tasks you have selected, and leave the rest of them blank. Before doing the tasks please study the Important information on page 2 of this booklet. You can make drafts while working on the answers. írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

19 13 This task is about the culture of mediaeval knighthood. (short) Use the sources and your own knowledge to present the elements of the culture of knighthood which have become parts of today s European culture and those which are in contrast with it. When you sneeze or need to cough, make sure you turn the other way, and courtesy dictates that not a drop should fall on the table. Wash your hands well after a meal too; do not spit into the dish and do not splash the water about. (Etiquette for prospective knights; 13 th century) Ha tüsszentesz, vagy elfog a köhögés, legyen rá gondod, hogy másfelé fordulj, és úgy udvarias, ha egyetlen csöpp se hull az asztalra. Evés után is szépen moss kezet: ne köpj a tálba, s ne fröcsköld a vizet. (Lovagjelöltek illemtana; XIII. század) The two good knights agreed to pay the ladies a visit and offer them all the help that was in their power. Without delay they presented themselves in front of the Duchess of Normandy and the other ladies, who all rejoiced at their arrival. (The chronicle of Froissart; ca. 1400) A két jó lovag megállapodott, hogy elmegy a hölgyekhez, segít rajtuk erejéhez mérten. Legott Normandia hercegnéje s a többi hölgy elé járultak, ezek igen örvendeztek jöttükön (Froissart krónikája; 1400 körül) A tournament írásbeli vizsga / október 20.

20 Criteria Maximum Achieved points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Description of factors influencing an event 6 Structure, accuracy 2 Total 24 DIVIDED BY 2 Exam points This task is about the most important political ideas of the 19 th century. (short) Use the sources and your own knowledge to present the association between liberalism and nationalism in the first half of the 19 th century. Mention the goals shared by both ideologies. By this we mean the ideology based on the sovereignty of a nation of full members before natural law, unified in a commonwealth. The aim of this ideology is to guarantee an equal share in the political rights of the community as well as the universal civil and human rights vouchsafed by all the people. This will be satisfied when these rights are given equally to all the citizens, that is the principle of equal rights prevails over prerogatives. (The entry on democracy in the Staatslexikon by liberals Rotteck and Welker; 1830) Mi pusztán az államközösségben egyesített, észjogilag teljes jogú tagokból álló nép szuverenitásának eszméjén alapuló irányzatot értjük alatta, amelynek célja mind a közösséget illető politikai jogokból, mind az összesség által szavatolt általános polgári és emberi jogokból való egyenlő részesedés. Ennek eleget tesz, ha a jogot megadják minden polgárnak egyenlő mértékben, tehát amennyiben a kiváltságokkal szemben az azonos jog alapelvét juttatják uralomra. (A Demokrácia című szócikk a Staatslexikonból, a liberális Rotteck és Welker írása; 1830) Rise, Germans! Rise, German people! A nation once respected, courageous and highly regarded! Rise! Let the great and long forgotten fraternity pervade you! Feel írásbeli vizsga / október 20.