Explorational snapshot Non-conventional hydrocarbon in Hungary

Átírás

1 Explorational snapshot Non-conventional hydrocarbon in Hungary Károly Kiss

2 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Source: Courtesy of S. Holditch (Pollastro and others, 2003) By definition, unconventional resources are ones that cannot be produced at economic flow rates or that do not produce economic volumes of oil and gas without assistance from massive stimulation treatments or special recovery processes and technologies. The difference between conventional and unconventional occurrences is either the nature of existence or the geological location. Unconventional oil and gas deposits require different and more complex production methods and additional upgrading to be usable as fuels. In essence, unconventional resources are more capital intensive (for development, production and upgrading) than conventional ones. The prospects for unconventional resources depend on the rate and costs at which these can be converted into quasi-conventional reserves. (Source: 2006 by Research Reports International, Inc.)

3 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Typical Unconventional Accumulations Tight Gas Shale Gas&Oil Coalbed Methane Gas in sandstone reservoirs Generally thick reservoir sequences with lithological variation, high frequency thin bedding Generally over pressured Reservoir parameters are bad typically the primary porosity is below 10%, permeability is below 0,1 md Production without stimulation is possible, but for commercial and economical production hydraulic fracturing requested Gas/Oil in shale rocks, where the massive shale is the source and the reservoir of the hydrocarbon at the same time Abnormal pressure regime Significant heterogenetic structure Couple of percentage primary porosity, ultra low permeability <1,0 μd is typical No flow without hydraulic fracturing No significant inflow just from the induced fractured zone Adsorbed, mainly methane gas connected to coal accumulations, situated mainly close to surface Generally low pressure system The coal mostly fractured, the fractures contains water and gas together The key of production is the dewatering process

4 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Value chain comparison Exploration Field Development Production Conventional case Non conventional case Conventional case Non conventional case Conventional case Non conventional case Relatively small(er) targets Conventional geological risk profile Well defined methods and tools Bookable, conventional reserve Up to several hundred or thousand km2 target Different risk profile Old-new technologies under development In place volumes, questionable bookable reserve Drilling and stimulation program One, relatively short development phase Well defined size One off cost for long period Low level or no risk Continuous development for long time period Lot of wells and stimulation Continuous surface technological development Continuous investment Remaining risks Continuous development High production rate for long period, then relatively quick drop Easy to operate One off abandonment High production rate, then quick drop within short period Management and operation of huge number of wells with different production rates and pressures Continuous abandonment Cumulative production profile Vertical Drilling Horizontal Drilling Fracturing Unconventional plays in the United States Major Basins Marcellus Fayetteville Haynesville Barnett 4

5 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Main features of the unconventional accumulations (Pollastro (Pollastro and and others, 2003)

6 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához

7 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Analysis/study Top map of Preneogene basement

8 Total thickness >5km MMyears Pannonian Basin Neogene Geological environment Pannonian (brackish lacustrine, then fluvial) Target Formations for Unconventional Hydrocarbon Sarmatian (restricted marine) Badenian (marine)

9 Geology - base of the potential Evaluated play types: Shale gas tight gas reservoirs in pannonian deep basin positions Tight Gas in middle Miocene sediments Base conditions High sedimentation rate thick sedimentary system Proved - hydrocarbon system existing fields Presence of tight shale reservoirs Early, low level of production from tight reservoirs without of massive stimulation Proved, but volumetrically questionable source potential Maturation/fluid type - working kitchen with mixed generation Young, not fully consolidated reservoir system (Pollastro and others, 2003) Cross section - East-SouthEast Hungarian subbasins Challenges Special - HPHT environment in the zones of unconventional reservoirs Possible top of accumulation (Source: Horvath)

10 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Strengths of the initial deep basin model Old wells plenty of HC indication in the total formation column No commercial flow during tests! No water inflow Abnormal porosity and pressure regime Non conventional reservoir conditions

11 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Initial uncertainties Geological uncertainties: Lack of reliable data from the deepest part of sub-basins Old dataset Uncertain resource potential Restricted inflow due to the low permeability or lack of natural fracture system Technological challenges: High temperature and high formation pressure Requires special techniques for drilling, completion, stimulation

12 0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05 0,06 0,07 0,08 0,09 0,10 0,11 0,12 0,13 0,14 0,15 0,16 Klh (10-3 µm 2 ) Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Main characteristics of Mid-Miocene play Beru-1 summary: Reservoirs: Thick Middle Miocen sandstone system Reservoir quality (core measurements) tight - low porosity-low permeability Reservoir conditions - HPHT: Pres. of deepest reservoir.: 57,1 MPa Temp. of deepest reservoir.: C Fluid: good quality wet gas system Beru-1 Core N o ,00 10,00 1,00 Initial test results (without any stimulation): Low non/sub commercial production Tight behaviour high formation low prod. Pressure 0,10 Actual state of well Periodical production 0,01 Porosity h (frac.) Hydraulic fracturing treatment required Reservoir Quality (Core measurement result) Avr porosity: 8 % Avr. Perm.: 0,07-0,09 (10-3 m 2 ) Source: Unconventional exploration projects in the Central European environment, AIPN Conference, Vienna, 2012

13 Evaluation phase: Project preparation process Basin Evaluation Study Decreasing of Risks&Uncertainties Checking of key elements Integration of available dataset High SCH 3D basin modelling Potential estimation Low SCH Feasibility Study based on available dataset by Market Leader Service Companies Reservoir characterisation Stimulation technics, Production forecast estimation Source: Unconventional exploration projects in the Central European environment, AIPN Conference, Vienna, 2012

14 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Top map of Preneogene basement Drill&test

15 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Experiences of the Exploration stage Initial models and technology has been tested Presence of Hydrocarbon has been proved in the tested reservoirs Viability of the stimulation technology in HPHT environment has been proved Flow-high initial rate has been proved by well tests Huge in place volumes has been defined All tested blocks converted into mining plot Some domestic and international records: deepest well in Hungary (Makó area) highest temperature onshore frac operation in all Europe (Derecske area) Challanges ahead of any potentially successful non-conventional project: Deep understanding of the static and dynamic behaviour of the reservoirs Limited, or not existing long term production experience No lateral wells, no technological optimization maximizing the production Economic production still not proved Non conventional mining plots Resource Flowback on the Derecske area In place volume MMm 3 Gas Conventional ,96 Nonconventional Source: MBFH ,47

16 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához

17 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Hydraulic fracturing When the reservoir permeability is poor hydraulic fracturing is a way to improve hydrocarbon production. The process of hydraulic fracturing means that a fluid is pumped through the perforations into the formation together with propping material that secures the fracture keeping it open. To fracture the formation the pressure has to reach the rock fracture gradient which requires very high pressure ( bar) and to place the proper amount of proppant needs high volume ( litre/min) at that pressure. The technical result of the fracturing mainly depends on the proppant placement success.

18 Reservoir characterisation from fracturing point of view Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához

19 19 Proppant Coverage lb/ft^2 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Frac Geometry Chiswick Gamma 49/4a-C2 (49/4-1) min TVD m Stress (psi) Fracture Penetration (m)

20 Monitoring of the fracs - Microseismic Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához

21 Shale Proppant Coverage lb/ft^2 Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához Shale Production Forecast Modelling fracture behaviour by using actual fracture dimensions Untitled min TVD m Stress (psi) Fracture Penetration (m) Candidate selection

22 Result of Optimised Fracturing Új kutatási irányok a földi energiaforrások hasznosításához

23 USD/bbl Non technical challenges Public protests against unconventional hydraulic fracturing, land issue. Time-consuming regulation processes, specific regulations/recommendations on EU and local level (2010-) USD/bbl Access to exploration licences ( ) Forrás: MBFH Oil Price drop (2014-) Forrás: oil-price.net

24 Tight Gas fracturing Development Phase

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