TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN

Átírás

1 Név:... osztály:... É RETTSÉGI VIZSGA október 26. TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN KÖZÉPSZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA október 26. 8:00 Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 180 perc Pótlapok száma Tisztázati Piszkozati OKTATÁSI ÉS KULTURÁLIS MINISZTÉRIUM Történelem angol nyelven középszint írásbeli vizsga 0712

2 Important information Give clear answers and make all your work unambiguous even if you need to make corrections in your text. Try to be concise and keep to the point. Do not use more space than is provided. Only write as many answers as required by the task. (If you write more, they will be evaluated in the order in which they appear.) Please write in blue ink. When working on the exam tasks consider the following. Read the instructions carefully. Do exactly what the instructions tell you. Study the sources provided (pictures, diagrams, texts, maps). Please keep in mind that most of the English texts will be only rough translations which render the meaning of the original text, but not their sometimes archaic style. Consider your answers carefully before writing them down so that you do not have to correct them later. We advise you to follow these steps when dealing with the shorter or longer essay-type questions: 1. Identify the place and time of the given event or problem. 2. Use the given sources and the map [Történelmi atlasz] to understand the task. You may use a bilingual dictionary. 3. Collect the general concepts (for example: development, change, production) and the time-specific concepts (for example: serf, guild, personality cult) that can be used to describe the given event or problem. 4. Include the information contained in the sources, or the conclusions that can be drawn from them, in your answers. 5. Make drafts or outlines before writing your answers if necessary. 6. Identify the events leading up to the given situation, its causes and its results. 7. Describe assumptions about, and explanations of, events. 8. Include your own knowledge of the era (names and dates) as well as your own opinions and personal perspective of it. 9. Make sure that your sentences are clearly structured, and that your ideas are easy to follow. 10. Your whole answer should have a clear structure. Check your grammar and spelling. For your information: The following will be considered when your essays are evaluated: understanding of the task, proper and relevant content, logical overall structure and accurate language. Good Luck! írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

3 I SHORT ANSWER TASKS 1. This task is about ancient Greek history. Of the possible answers listed below, write the correct ones on the dotted lines below the glossary. (There is one answer you do not need.) (Score: 0.5 points for each correct item) popular assembly ostracism senate Athens slaves strategoi chosen by drawing lots Athenian society and state at the time of Pericles Glossary: Lakosai population of Metoikoszok és családjuk metoikoi and their families Polgárok családja citizens families Polgárok citizens 20 év felettiek people aged over 20 sorsolás drawing lots választás election 6000 szavazat 6000 votes száműzetés 10 évre exile for 10 years bíróság courts 6000 fő felváltva 6000 people taking turns Ötszázas tanács Council of five hundred Napidíj a részvételért daily allowance for participation Arkhon Archon Areioszpagosz Areopagus Kr.e. 461-tól korlátozva restricted from 461 BC írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

4 a).. b).. c).. d).. e).. f).. 3 points 2. This task is about the history of art in Europe in the 15 th -17 th centuries. The works of art depicted in the following pictures can be grouped according to two major styles. Name these two styles, then write the letters of the pictures in the correct places. To help you, we have given the artists names and the titles of the works in the chronological order of the artists. (0.5 points for each correct item) a) b) c) a) írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

5 d) e) b) c) d) e) f) g) c) h) írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

6 Giovanni Bernini: The Ecstasy of St Theresa Sandro Botticelli: The Birth of Venus Michelangelo Buonarotti: David Albrecht Dürer: Self-Portrait André Le Notre: Versailles, royal palace and park Gian Cristoforo Romano: King Matthias Pieter Pauwel Rubens: The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus Leonardo da Vinci: The Virgin and Child with St Anne Name of style: Letters of works of art: Name of style: Letters of works of art: 5 points 3. This task is about Hungarian history in the 15 th century. Answer the questions using the source and your own knowledge. (0.5 points for each correct item) when the council of lords was summoned to Buda, but they could not yet appear in front of the king, the high-born Bishop Miklós Báthori was also among the lords. [ ] In Italy he became accomplished in Humanist sciences, he increased his erudition with care and diligence, and was deterred neither by fatigue, hardship nor obstacles of any kind from continuing his education [ ] And to avoid idleness or chattering before the royal council meets, he brought a book with himself [ ] Many laughed at this excellent young man reading a book, for among the Hungarians, where gabbling and gossiping are in fashion, it is unusual and new for bishops to be reading books. In the meantime, King Matthias entered, and saw Miklós with the book. Then he said: This is well done! When he was selecting a bishop, even the Apostle said, among other things, that he should be a learned man, as only those can teach who are learned, and knowledge is either vouchsafed from above, or acquired by diligence and hard work. Miklós does well to read and learn, to embellish his soul, and to avoid indolence and laziness. After this King Matthias turned to the lords, whose laughter he noticed: Do not laugh at what you cannot comprehend in your ignorance. Why are you making fun of Bishop Miklós? Have you not heard of the clever Roman who was called Cato [ ]? This highly respected Cato, whose logic was excellent and whose erudition was admirable, always read in front of everybody, before the Roman senate met, as according to him idleness was the origin of vice. (Galeotto Marzio, 1487) írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

7 mikor a főurak tanácsát összehívták Budára, de még nem járulhattak a király elé, az előkelő származású Báthori Miklós püspök is a főurak között volt. [ ] Itáliában kitanulta a humanista tudományokat, gonddal és szorgalommal tovább növelte műveltségét, és nem riadt vissza sem fáradalmaktól, sem viszontagságtól, semmiféle akadálytól, hogy tanulmányait folytassa [ ]. És nehogy a semmittevésnek és a fecsegésnek hódoljon, míg a királyi tanács összeül, egy könyvet hozott magával [ ]. Sokan nevettek, hogy ez a kiváló ifjú könyvet olvas, szokatlan és új dolog ugyanis a magyaroknál, ahol a fecsegés meg a pletykálkodás járja, hogy a püspökök könyvet olvasgassanak. Közben bejött Mátyás király, és meglátta, hogy Miklósnál könyv van. Így szólt ekkor: Jól van ez így! Már az Apostol is, mikor püspököt szemelt ki, azt mondta többek között, hogy tudós ember legyen, hiszen tanítani csak az tud, aki tanult; a tudást pedig vagy felülről sugalmazzák, vagy buzgalommal és fáradsággal nyerjük el. Miklós is helyesen teszi, ha olvas és tanul, lelkét ékesíti, a restséget és a tunyaságot pedig messze elkerüli. Ezután a főurakhoz fordult Mátyás király, akiknek a nevetgélését észrevette: Ne nevessétek ki azt, amit tudatlanságotokban nem vagytok képesek felfogni. Miért csúfoljátok Miklós püspököt? Nem hallottatok arról a nagy eszű rómairól, akit Catónak neveztek [ ]. Ez a kitűnő gondolkodású, csodálatra méltó tudású, nagy tekintélyű Cato mindig olvasott mindenki szeme láttára, míg a római szenátus össze nem ült, mert a semmittevést tartotta a bűnök melegágyának. (Galeotto Marzio; 1487) a) According to the Italian Galeotto, is reading unusual or common at Matthias court? b) What did Matthias think of knowledge and erudition? Underline the relevant sentence in the source above. c) Who did Matthias refer to in defence of erudition and reading? 1). 2). d) Matthias reasoning is typically Humanistic. Explain why the king referred to those two authorities. 1) To.., because.. 2) To..., because... 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

8 4. This task is about the Enlightenment. Next to each letter, write the number of the definition that can be linked to it. (0.5 points for each correct item) a) Social, political and philosophical school of thought. Its aim is to lead humanity from the darkness of ignorance and religious prejudice to the realm of reason and light. It is characterised by rationalism, the notion of the world s comprehensibility and changeability. b) The division of the supreme power of the state in order to bring power under control, thus avoiding its abuse. Its principles can be traced back to the works of Locke and Montesquieu. c) The theory of the origin of state and law, according to which state and law are the result of a contract among people based on conscious agreement. d) The acknowledgement that anybody who is capable of it should be able to succeed in society and in public life, irrespective of religious differences,. e) Central-Eastern European system of government in the 18 th century, in which the characteristics of Absolutism are combined with aspirations towards modernisation. It is characterised by Mercantilist economic policy, the protection of serfs, and an emphasis on religious tolerance, the development of education and health care. f) A series of books published in 35 volumes between 1751 and 1772, which summarised the knowledge of the era. About 150 collaborators participated in this scientific enterprise under the leadership of Diderot. a). 1. division of power b).. 2. Encyclopaedia c).. 3. Enlightened Absolutism d) social contract e) 5. Enlightenment f) 6. religious tolerance 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

9 5. This task is about the history of the question of serfdom in Hungary in the 18th century. On the basis of your own knowledge and the source, decide if the following statements are true or false. Indicate your choice with an X. (0.5 points for each correct item) 5. How many and what kind of plough-fields and meadows are owned by serfs who hold whole plots, how many measures (posonyi mérő) does a hold of land yield, and is it possible to make hay twice a year on the meadows? 6. What kind of socage, of how many days and with how many draught animals, has so far been commanded by the lord, and has the serfs socage included the way there and back? 7. What has the ninth been composed of, and since when, and is the giving of this ninth usual in other estates [demesnes] in the same county? And as for whatever else the serfs have given annually to their lord in place of other taxes, and in particular the taxes and presents either in cash or in kind, what has that consisted of? 8. How many deserted plots are there in each locality, since when, and for what reason have they gone to waste, and who are they owned by? 9. Are the serfs free or bound in perpetuity [in second serfdom]? (Extract from the questionnaire attached to the Socage Regulations, 1767) 5. Hány és micsodás szántóföldeket és réteket egész ház helyes jobbágy bír, egy hold föld hány posonyi mérőre való, és a réteken maga ideiben sarjut kaszálni lehet-é? 6. Egy-egy jobbágy által hány napi és minémő robot, mennyi számú vonyó marhával eddiglen az uraságnak tételődött, és az mentelek az jövetelekkel [oda- és visszaút] az jobbágyoknak számláltatott-é az robotában vagy sem? 7. Az kilenced addighlen és micsoda időtül fogvást mikbül adódott és azon kilencednek ki adása azon vármegyebéli más dominiumokban [uradalom] szokásban vagyon-é? És miket még az jobbágyság más adó feiben [fejében] esztendőnként maga földes uraságának adott, és jelessen az adók és ajándékok az földes úr által kész pénzben, akár naturáliákban [természetben] miből állók? 8. Hány puszta ház helyek vannak minden helségben melly időtül fogvást és mi okbúl pusztultak el, és ki által birattatnak? 9. Az jobbágyok szabadok-é, vagy örökössek? (Részlet az Urbáriumhoz mellékelt kérdőívből; 1767) írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

10 Statement True False a) The questionnaire was compiled during the reign of Joseph II. b) The questionnaire can be linked to a royal decree. c) The section of the questionnaire quoted above also collects information about the agricultural activity of the citizens of free royal towns. d) Question 6 refers to the labour rent owed by the serfs to the landlord. e) The ninth mentioned in question 7 is a church tax. f) f) The expression in perpetuity in question 9 describes the condition of not having the right to move away. g) One question of the questionnaire seeks information about the size and quality of plough-lands and meadows belonging to whole plots. h) As a result of these measures the liberation of serfs was carried out in Hungary in the 18 th century. 4 points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

11 6. This task is about the period of the first industrial revolution. Which table: Table A, Table B, Table C or Table D, proves the given statements? Mark your choices with an X next to each statement. (0.5 points for each correct item) A) B) Year Year The price of 1 pound (0.45 kg) of cotton thread in England shillings shillings C) D) Year English cotton Year imports (in pounds) million pounds million pounds Number of mechanical looms in England English cotton fabric exports (1 yard = 0.914m) million yards million yards Statement A B C D a) At the time of the industrial revolution factory production multiplied. b) Mechanical production reduced the price of products. c) In 37 years the price of cotton thread fell to about a hundredth of its previous level. d) Mechanisation made it possible for cotton exports to rise to fifty times their previous level. e) The number of mechanical looms increased at the greatest rate between 1813 and f) There is a direct proportion between cotton imports and cotton fabric exports. 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

12 7. This task is about the history of Hungary in the Reform Era. The author of the text has made some factual mistakes. Using your own knowledge, identify the faulty elements. Write the mistaken words (statements) and their corrected versions into the table. (0.5 points for each correct item) István Széchenyi and Lajos Kossuth were two outstanding politicians of the Hungarian Reform Era. The Reform Era itself is usually dated from the publication of Széchenyi s work entitled Credit (Hitel) in The Association of Protection (Védegylet) was founded by Széchenyi in The Association was formed in order to enhance the development of the Hungarian army. In the early 1840 s Kossuth published his views in the newspaper Pesti Hírlap. In 1848 they were both ministers in the government led by Ferenc Deák. Order Mistake Correction a) b) c) d) 4 points 8. This task is about the period of World War II. Using your own knowledge and the chart, choose three of the listed statements which link the labour organisation of Nazi Germany to the progress of WWII. (Mark your choice by circling the letters next to the statements.) (1 point for each correct item) Labour force in the German Empire (million people) German labour force foreign Men women total labour force total labour force May, May, May, May, May, May, September, írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

13 a) World War II did not lead to a shortage of labour. b) Compared to the last year of peace, the number of female employees increased several times over. c) The fall in the male labour force can be explained by conscription and the loss of human lives in war. d) The majority of foreign labourers were drawn from the Jews deported to concentration camps. e) The number of foreign labourers increased after the mass deportation of Jews (1942).. 3 points 9. This task is about is the Hungarian Holocaust. Answer the questions using your own knowledge and the source. On the 9th of May Dr László Uray, Captain of Gendarmes, and from the German side Dr Márton Zöldi, Captain in the Gestapo, attended the meeting held at the police station in Munkács, conducted by Lieutenant Colonel of Gendarmes László Ferenczy. The transportation of Jews was discussed, which will start on May 14. [...] 110 trains will carry the Jews to the station of Kassa, where the consignment will be taken over by the German police. The trains will be marked D. A, -Umsiedler, German labourer transport. The trains will carry 3000 people. They will consist of 45 carriages, each holding 70 people with their luggage, and two C carriages, one at the front and one at the rear for the guards. The commander of the loading station will be a German or Hungarian gendarme officer; 5 hours in advance, he will ask the stationmaster for carriages and place for loading, somewhere far from the station. The Jews can only carry a limited amount of luggage, neither mattresses nor beds. The register must be made up in two copies. One copy is to remain with the consignment, one copy must be sent to the police station in Munkács, to the commander of the loading station. If the train leaves at night, the Jews must be loaded in daytime. [ ] The handing over and reception of the consignment will happen in Kassa. It is forbidden to read the register. Task for the mayor: after the transportation the camps must be disinfected by the administrative authority (municipal health officer). During the transportation individual referrals, individual arrangements are to be avoided. Captain Dr Uray: if necessary, 100 can go in one carriage. They can be loaded like herrings, for the Germans need tough people. Whoever cannot take it will fall. Germany does not need fashionable ladies. (Police record, May 9, 1944) Munkácson május 9-én a rendőrkapitányságon Ferenczy László csendőr alezredes vezetése alatt megtartott értekezleten részt vett dr. Uray László csendőr százados, a németek részéről dr. Zöldi Márton, a Gestapo századosa. írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

14 Tárgyalásra került a zsidók elszállítása, mely május 14-én veszi kezdetét. [ ] 110 szerelvény szállítja a zsidókat Kassa állomásra, ahol is német rendőrség veszi át a szállítmányokat. Jelzés a vonatokon D. A. Umsiedler, Német munkásátköltöztetés. A szerelvény 3000 főt szállít. Áll 45 kocsiból 70 fő poggyásszal együtt és 2 C kocsiból elöl és hátul az őrségnek. A berakóállomás parancsnoka német vagy magyar csendőrtiszt; ő 5 órával előbb az állomásfőnöktől kocsikat és helyet kér a berakásra, az állomástól távoli helyen. A zsidók csak csökkentett poggyászt vihetnek magukkal, matracot, ágyat nem. Névjegyzéket 2 példányban kell készíteni. Egy pld. a szállítmánynál marad, 1 pldt.-t Munkácsra a rendőrkapitánysághoz kell beküldeni a berakóállomás parancsnokának. Ha a vonat éjszaka indul, a zsidókat nappal kell beszállítani. [ ] A transzport átadása és átvétele Kassán történik. Névsort olvasni tilos. Polgármesteri teendő: elszállítás után táborhelyeket a közig. hatóság útján fertőtleníttetni kell (tisztiorvos). Szállításnál egyéni beutalások, egyéni akciók kiküszöbölendők. Dr. Uray százados: ha szükség megkívánja, 100 is mehet egy kocsiban. Berakhatók, mint a heringek, mert a németeknek szívós ember kell. Aki nem bírja, elhullik. Divathölgyekre Németországnak nincs szüksége. (Rendőrségi jegyzőkönyv; május 9.) a) What is the probable aim of the measures underlined in the text? (1 point) b) According to the source, which organisations took part in the operation? Mention two. (0.5 points for each correct item) c) Write the name of the correct concept under the definition. (0.5 points for each correct item) 1. The forcibly assigned residence of a disadvantaged section of the population segregated on an ethnic basis. Concept: 2. The transportation of people or groups declared dangerous for reasons of state security into reception camps. Concept: 3 points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

15 10. This task is about the Kádár era. Using your own knowledge, analyse the data in the tables from the given points of view. Consumption of important foodstuffs per head (kg) Foodstuffs Total meat Total fats Milk, dairy products Eggs (units) Vegetables, fruit Flour and rice Potatoes Sugar Consumption of alcoholic beverages per head (litres) Year Wine Beer Hard liquor The number of important durable consumer goods per 100 households Refrigerators Washing machines Vacuum cleaners Motor cars Televisions Tape recorders írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

16 a) Give the first and last years of the Kádár era... (0.5 points for each correct item) b) Using concrete examples, list the two major tendencies in changes in food consumption. (1 point) (1 point) c) How were the everyday lives of women affected by the change in the number of durable consumer goods? (0.5 points).. d) Define the tendency in the changes in alcohol consumption, then mention an important social reason which explains it. Tendency: (0.5 points) Reason:... (1 point) 5 points 11. This task is about the global problems of the world. Answer the questions using the table, the cartoon and your own knowledge. Percentage of world population Western Europe Eastern Europe Soviet Union / ex-soviet Union Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan North America Australia Latin America North Africa Other parts of Africa South Asia South-East Asia China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Total world population írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

17 a) Identify the region whose percentage of the world population increased the most between 1950 and (0.5 points) b) Say which catastrophe the cartoonist compares overpopulation with. (0.5 points). c) Say what the effect of overpopulation outside Europe is on Europe. (1 point).. d) List two problems which overpopulated countries have to face. (0.5 points for each correct item). e) Write down one economic and one social solution to their problems. (1 point for each correct item) 5 points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

18 12. This task is about present-day Hungary. a) Using your own knowledge, choose the political system from the list below which can best be associated with the diagram. Underline your choice. (1 point) Political system: parliamentary monarchy, limited parliamentary system, dictatorship of the proletariat, authoritarian system, parliamentary democracy, presidential governmental system Glossary: Állampolgári alapjogok Köztársasági elnök Legfőbb ügyészség Legfőbb ügyész Legfelsőbb bíróság Legfelsőbb bíróság elnöke Alkotmánybíróság Alkotmánybírák Minisztériumok Miniszterek Miniszterelnök Ász Állami Számvevőszék elnöke Ombudsmanok Választás Határozat Választópolgárok Fundamental rights of citizens President of the Republic Prosecutor s Office Chief Prosecutor (Attorney General) Supreme Court President of the Supreme Court Constitutional Court Justices of the Constitutional Court Ministries Ministers Prime Minister State Audit Office President of the State Audit Office Ombudsmen Election Decree Electors írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

19 b) Justify your choice with three typical features that can be deduced from the diagram. (1 point for each correct item) Typical features: points írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

20 II LONGER, ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS Please read the following information carefully. You must do three of the following tasks. You must make your selection using the following rules: You must do: one task on world history and two tasks on Hungarian history, one of which must be short while the other task must be long. They must also be about different periods of Hungarian history. Study the tasks carefully. Number Periods and subjects Task type World 13. Early colonisation short history 14. Consequences of the first industrial revolution short Hungarian history 15. The foreign and domestic policy of Duke Géza short 16. The financial reforms of Charles Robert long 17. The organisation of the Hungarian Army in The situation of the Hungarian language in the 18 th - 19 th centuries short long 19. Reprisals after the revolution of 1956 short 20. The Bethlen consolidation long Below you will find a table with all the possible combinations of the tasks that you can choose. Mark one of the columns by circling the corresponding letter. Task type A B C D E F G H I J K L short short long Do ONLY the three tasks you have selected, and leave the rest of them blank. Before doing the tasks please study the Important information on page 2 of this booklet. You can make drafts while working on the answers. írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

21 13. This task is about early colonisation. (short) Describe the characteristics of the early phase of colonisation. Using the sources and your own knowledge say how the European explorers saw the yet-unknown people, and how colonisation affected the societies involved. Use the Historical Atlas. Decrease in the Indian population in Mexico. The African slave trade ( ) (in millions of people) [ ] I have satisfied myself that they are such people as would be converted to our Holy Faith rather by good words than by force, I have given some of them presents of red caps and strings of glass beads, which they put around their necks, and I have given them many other items of small value, in which they took great pleasure, and with which we have won their friendship. [ ] I think they are very poor. They walk about stark naked, even the women, [ ] they are very shapely, they have fine bodies and their faces are handsome; they have strong hair, [ ] some paint themselves dark, some red, while others use any colours they can find; they paint their faces, some their whole body, there are some who only paint their eyes, or only their noses. They bear no arms, they do not even know them, for when I showed them swords, they touched the blades, and hurt themselves in their ignorance. They have no possessions made of iron: their spears are sticks without iron fittings, some with fish teeth in their points, some with something else. [..] I am certain they could be good servants and that they are bright, for as far as I can see they pronounce everything I say to them very fast; I guess they would become Christians easily, for it seems they have no religion whatever. (Christopher Columbus account of his first meeting with the natives; 1492) [ ] megbizonyosodtam, hogy oly emberek, kik inkább jó szóval, mintsem erőszakkal térnének Szent hitünkre, néhányuknak vörös sipkákat és üveggyöngy füzéreket ajándékoztam, amit a nyakukba vettek, és sok más csekély értékű holmit adtam nekik, amiben nagy gyönyörűségüket lelték, s amivel megnyertük barátságukat. [ ] én úgy láttam, hogy nagyon szegények. Anyaszült mezítelen járnak, még az asszonyok is, [ ] igen formásak, szép testűek, arcuk tetszetős; hajuk írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

22 erős szálú, [ ] némelyek sötétre festik magukat, néhányan meg vörösre, mások épp olyan színűre, amilyet találnak; megfestik arcukat, néhányan egész testüket: van, aki csak a szemét, van, aki csak az orrát. Fegyvert nem viselnek, nem is ismerik, mert amikor kardokat mutattam nekik, az élét fogták meg, s tudatlanságukban megsebezték magukat. Vas holmijuk nincsen: dárdáik vasalatlan pálcák, némelyik hegyében halfog, másokén valami egyéb. [ ] Bizonyára jó szolgák lehetnek és jó eszűek, mert úgy látom, hogy igen gyorsan kimondanak mindent, amit mondtam nekik; azt hiszem, hogy könnyűszerrel kereszténnyé lennének, mert úgy tetszik, semmiféle vallásuk nincsen. (Kolumbusz beszámolója az őslakosokkal történt első találkozásáról; 1492) Maximum Achieved Criteria points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24 DIVIDED BY 2 Exam points 12 írásbeli vizsga / október 26.

23 14. This task is about the period of the first industrial revolution. (short) Using the sources and your own knowledge, describe the ecological effects of the first industrial revolution on both the natural and the man-made environments. European city in 1440 European city in 1840 It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed, but as matters stood, it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with illsmelling dye, and vast piles of building full of windows where there was a rattling and a trembling all day long, and where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness. (Extract from Hard Times by Charles Dickens, describing an early 19 th century English town) A város csupa vörös téglából épült, vörös is lett volna, a füst és a korom megengedi; de így csak lehetetlenül vörös és fekete volt a város, mint valami vadember bemázolt képe. Igazi gépváros, tele magas kéményekkel, amelyekből végeláthatatlan füstkígyók gomolyogtak fölfelé szakadatlanul. Fekete csatorna szelte keresztül, s egy büdös festéktől pirosló folyó. Az ablakokkal tömött, óriás épületek belseje naphosszat rengett és zakatolt, a gőzgépek dugattyúja egyhangúan mozgott fel és alá, mint egy mélakóros elefánt feje. (Részlet Dickens Nehéz idők című regényéből, egy XIX. század eleji angol városról) írásbeli vizsga / október 26.