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Appendix Adolescents Attitudes Questionnaire in English This is the English language version of the questionnaire used for the present study. The items were pretested and used in Hungarian language; the English version was not validated and only serves information purposes. Please note that as data was collected using personal computers, the questionnaire had a different layout. List of questionnaires The modified versions of certain items/questions of these questionnaires were used in the present questionnaire: Csákó, Mihály (2008): Iskola és társadalom kérd ív 9. és 11. évfolyamosoknak [School and society, questionnaire for students in the 9 th and 11 th grades]. DIPA Egyesület (2009): Iskolai veszélyek kérd ív 7. és 11. évfolyamosoknak [Dangers in the school, questionnaire for students in the 7 th and 11 th grades]. European Social Survey (2008): Questionnaire for Round 4. National Centre for Social Research (2005): Young People s Social Attitudes Survey. Szabó, Ildikó; Örkény, Antal (1996): Tizenévesek állampolgári kultúrája kutatáshoz tartozó kérd ív 8. évfolyamosoknak [Questionnaire for students in the 8 th grade used in the project Civic culture of the teenagers]. Vanbeselaere, Norbert et al. (2009): Young People, Identity & Citizenship questionnaire L. Váradi, Youths Trapped in Prejudice, Politische Psychologie, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-05891-3, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2014

236 Appendix Attitudes and Friendships Questionnaire for 6 12 Graders *** Dear Participant, You surely know that people have different views about questions concerning life in Hungary nowadays. I think that the view of teenagers is very important and interesting, because in a few years you are going to be adults, making decisions about how things should be going in this country. That is why I am asking you to fill out this questionnaire, which would be a great help for my work. The questions are about your friendships and your opinions on different issues. There are 999 other randomly selected students answering exactly the same questionnaire over the course of the next few weeks. I assure you that your answers will be treated according to the data protection regulations and no one will ever know what answers you gave. It is important that you answer the questions honestly and by yourself; otherwise your answers will not help the project. Please remember that this is not a test. I am interested in your own opinion, so there are no right or wrong answers. Should you have any difficulty filling out the questionnaire, please do not hesitate to ask a member of the research team. He or she is happy to help you. If you have questions concerning the whole research project, you can contact me through email. You will find my address at the end of the questionnaire. Thank you very much for your work. This is a great help for me. Luca Váradi Sociologist Berlin Graduate School of Social Sciences Humboldt University of Berlin

Appendix 237 PARTICIPATION IS VOLUNTARY AND ANONYMOUS! 1. Are you a boy or a girl? (Please underline) 2. Your year of birth: 3. In which school year did you begin going to this class? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 4. Which of the following groups do you belong to? You may indicate more than one answer. Hungarian Bulgarian Croatian Armenian Serbian Ukrainian Arab Roma Polish Rumanian Slovak Jewish Asian Greek German Ruszin Slovene Other I don t want to answer. 5. Which one of these statements describes your friendships? 1. All of my closest friends are in my class. 2. Most of my closest friends are in my class. 3. About half of my closest friends are in my class. 4. Most of my closest friends are not in my class. 5. None of my closest friends are in my class. The following questions will be about your friends in your class. 6. Who are your three best friends in your class? Start with your closest friend.

238 Appendix If you like all three friends the same, start with the one you have been friends with the longest. Your best friend: [LIST OF STUDENTS FIRST NAMES IN THE CLASS] 98 Is he or she also answering this questionnaire? Yes No Your second best friend: [LIST OF STUDENTS FIRST NAMES IN THE CLASS] Is he or she also answering this questionnaire? Yes No Your third best friend: [LIST OF STUDENTS FIRST NAMES IN THE CLASS] Is he or she also answering this questionnaire? Yes No 7. Who are you? This is needed in order to map the friendships in your class. The names will not be kept, so it won t be possible to know who gave which answers. [LIST OF STUDENTS FIRST NAMES IN THE CLASS] 8. For how long have you been friends with [CLOSEST FRIEND]? 1. For more than 5 years 2. For about 4 years 3. For about 3 years 4. For about 2 years 5. For about 1 year 6. For about 6 months 7. For less than 6 months 98 Text in square brackets always refers to personally adjusted material in the online survey.

Appendix 239 9. How important are these issues in your friendship with [CLOSEST FRIEND]? In your answer please use a scale, where 1 means that it is not important at all and 5 means that it is very important. 1 Not import ant at all 2 3 4 5 Very import ant Playing computer games together Spending our free time together Talking about important things in life with each other Sharing our views about other people who we don t like Helping each other Having the same view about the important things in life Doing sports together 10. Now think of the time when you became friends with [CLOSEST FRIEND]. How similar were you two concerning your views about the important things in life?

240 Appendix 11. And now? How similar are you two concerning your views about the important things in life? 12. There are lots of different people living in Hungary. Do you have friends from any of these groups? Pick one answer for each row. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese Other foreigners I have I don t have 13. Do you have acquaintances or family friends from any of these groups? Pick one answer for each row. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese Other foreigners I have I don t have

Appendix 241 14. Do you have any friends who have friends from any of these groups? Pick one answer for each row. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese Other foreigners I have I don t have The following questions are about your opinions regarding minorities living in Hungary. 15. How true do you think the following characteristics are for the groups listed below? If you don t know how true a characteristic is, please mark don t know. 99 In your answer please use a scale, where 1 means that it is not true for the group at all and 5 means that it is very true for that group. For don t know, use DK. Please choose an option in each box. Reliable Pushy Diligent Austrians 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK Jews 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK Roma 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK Chinese 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK 1 2 3 4 5 DK 16. Now please look at the answers you gave about the Roma and try to remember where your knowledge about the Roma comes from. (Please also answer this question even if you answered don t know for all three questions about the Roma.) 99 This question is the modified version of an item from the Young People, Identity & Citizenship questionnaire.

242 Appendix You may pick more than one answer. What I know about the Roma comes from Yes No My parents Other family members My teachers My friends From the Internet (e.g., forums, news sites, videos) From the media (TV, radio, newspapers) From my own experiences Other 17. How often did you talk about the Roma in the last one year with your parents? Every day Every week Once a month Rarely Never 18. How similar are your views usually to those of your parents concerning the Roma? If your parents have different opinions from each other than answer for that parent who you talk to more often about this. 19. How often did you learn about or discuss such issues as part of your school lessons in the last year? Every day Every week Once a month Rarely Never

Appendix 243 20. In which class did you learn about or discuss such things? You may pick more than one class. [LIST OF CLASSES] In none of the classes 21. Here are some statements about the whole society. Please indicate the degree of your agreement/disagreement with each of the following. 100 In your answer please use a scale, where 1 means that you fully disagree and 5 means that you fully agree with the statement. I find it all right that certain people are believed to be inferior to others based on their group belonging. In my view, young people need discipline in order to later work for their families. In my view, all people deserve equal treatment. 1 2 3 4 5 I think the most important thing children should learn is obedience. I find it all right that certain groups are believed to be inferior to others. I think that this country does not need any more laws, but rather a strong leader who people can trust. In some schools, students sit next to their desk-mates most of the time. If this is not the case in your class, than imagine that it was. 100 The statements are modified versions of items from the Civic culture of the teenagers, the School and society, and the Dangers in the school questionnaires.

244 Appendix 22. How would you feel having someone from the following groups as your desk-mate? 101 Answers: 1. It would disturb me. 2. It would not disturb me. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. It would disturb me. 2. It would not disturb me. 23. And what about friendship? Could you imagine having a friend from one of the following groups? Answers: 1. I could imagine 2. I could not imagine having a friend from this group. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. I could imagine 2. I could not imagine 24. How would you feel about having classmates from one of these groups? Answers: 1. It would disturb me. 2. It would not disturb me. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. It would disturb me. 2. It would not disturb me. 101 The following questions (23 to 26) are based on the Bogardus Social Distance Scale (Bogardus, 1925) and are modified versions of items in the Civic culture of the teenagers, the School and society, and the Dangers in the school questionnaires.

Appendix 245 25. And how would you feel about having schoolmates from one of these groups? Answers: 1. It would disturb me. 2. It would not disturb me. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. It would disturb me. 2. It would not disturb me. 26. Imagine the following situation: From next January, three Roma students are going to attend your class. Some of your classmates decide to protest against this and collect signatures. How would you react? 102 a) I would agree and sign the petition. b) I would agree but would not sign the petition. c) I would not agree but sign the petition. d) I would neither agree nor sign the petition. 27. What do you think, how prejudiced are you towards minority groups compared to the others in your class? 103 Answers: 1. I m among the most prejudiced students in my class 5. I m among the least prejudiced students in my class 1 I m among the most prejudiced students. 2 3 4 5 I m among the least prejudiced students. I don t understand this question. [JUMP TO QUESTION 29] 102 This question is the modified version of a question in the Dangers in the school questionnaire. 103 Based on the idea of Robert Altemeyer (Altemeyer, 1988), the question is the modified version of a question in the Young People s Social Attitudes Survey questionnaire.

246 Appendix 28. Now think of all the people in Hungary. How prejudiced do you think you are towards minority groups compared to them? Answers: 1. I m among the most prejudiced people in Hungary. 5. I m among the least prejudiced people in Hungary. 1 I m among the most prejudiced people. 2 3 4 5 I m among the least prejudiced people. 29. In the beginning of the questionnaire, you indicated [CLOSEST FRIEND] 104 as your closest friend in your class. Now please think about [CLOSEST FRIEND]. Some of the previous questions are going to be repeated, and you should give the answer you think [CLOSEST FRIEND] would choose. If you are not sure about the answer, you can try to guess. So what would [CLOSEST FRIEND] answer to this question? How would [CLOSEST FRIEND] feel about having someone from the following groups as his/her desk-mate? Answers: 1. It would disturb him/her. 2. It would not disturb him/her. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. It would disturb him/her. 2. It would not disturb him/her. 30. And what about friendship? Could [CLOSEST FRIEND] imagine having friends from one of these groups? Answers: 1. He/she could imagine ; 2. He/she could not imagine having a friend from this group, Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. He/she could imagine 2. He/she could not imagine 104 In cases where the closest friend did not fill out the questionnaire, the second or the third closest friend was referred to in these questions.

Appendix 247 31. And how would [CLOSEST FRIEND] answer this question? How would he/she feel about having classmates from one of these groups? Answers: 1. It would disturb him/her. 2. It would not disturb him/her. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. It would disturb him/her. 2. It would not disturb him/her. 32. And how would [CLOSEST FRIEND] feel about having schoolmates from one of these groups? Answers: 1. It would disturb him/her. 2. It would not disturb him/her. Austrians Jews Roma Ethnic Hungarians (e.g., from Transylvania) Chinese 1. It would disturb him/her. 2. It would not disturb him/her. 33. When you now answered for [CLOSEST FRIEND], how did you know his/her answer? Please mark one answer. We often talk about these issues. We talk about these issues sometimes. We have talked about this once. I heard him/her talking to others about this. We have never talked about this, but I know him/her well enough to guess. Other.

248 Appendix 34. How important are [CLOSEST FRIEND] s views about minority groups in your friendship? Answers from 1 to 5: 1. This is not important at all in our friendship... 5. This is very important in our friendship. 1 Not important at all 2 3 4 5 Very important Thank you very much for your answers. There a still a few questions left. 35. Now imagine the following situation: One of your classmates says very bad things about the Roma publicly. What would the majority of each of the groups below think about this? Answers from 1 to 5: 1. Most of them would fully agree... 5. Most of them would fully disagree. Most of your 1 Fully Agree 2 3 4 5 Fully Disagree Classmates Teachers Schoolmates Family Members Members of the Hungarian society 36. And what about you? 1 Fully Agree 2 3 4 5 Fully Disagree I would 37. Now imagine that someone in your class told him that it is not OK to judge people purely based on their group belonging and that Roma should be treated equally. What would the majority of your classmates think about this? Answers from 1 to 5: 1. Most of them would fully agree... 5. Most of them would fully disagree. Most of your 1 Fully Agree 2 3 4 5 Fully Disagree Classmates Teachers Schoolmates Family members Members of the Hungarian society would

Appendix 249 38. And what about you? I would 1 Fully Agree 2 3 4 5 Fully Disagree Now a few questions about how you feel these days. 39. All in all, how satisfied are you with the following things? 105 For your answer please use a scale, where 1 means that you are not satisfied at all and 5 means that you are fully satisfied. Your performance in school Your life Your future prospects Your relationship with your parents Your relationship with your friends The way things are going in Hungary nowadays 1 I m not satisfied at all. 2 3 4 5 I m fully satisfied. 40. Now you will see a brief description of 11 students of your age. Please, for each of them, indicate how similar you think you are to this student. 106 Answers: 1. We are not similar at all 5. We are very similar. A student who Thinks that it is important that all people in the world are treated equally. Likes to be the boss. Wants to feel safe and avoids dangerous situations. Loves surprises and likes trying out new things. Lives according to traditions. Tries to understand other people even if their views are different from his own. Likes to have fun all the time. Likes to decide on his own how to do things. Likes to help other people. Would like others to see how successful he is. Thinks that rules need to be followed even if no one is there to check. 1. We are not similar at all. 2. 3. 4. 5. We are very similar. 105 This question is the modified version of a question in the Dangers in the school questionnaire. 106 This question is based on the European Social Survey questionnaire for Round 4.

250 Appendix 41. Please indicate how much you agree with these statements. 107 Answers 1 to 5: 1. Fully agree 5 fully disagree If I have good grades in school, I ll be successful in my life. The school s rules only exist on paper, no one actually follows them. My teachers acknowledge when I perform well, and they praise me for this. If something s wrong, I can only count on myself. I know what the goals of my life are. 1. I fully agree. 2. 3. 4. 5. I fully disagree. There are only a few questions left. These are about your everyday life. 42. What was your mean grade at the end of the last semester? Please indicate this with decimals if you can. 108 43. What is the highest level of education you plan to achieve? [LEVELS ACCORDING TO HUNGARIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ARE INSERTED] I don t know. I don t want to answer. 44. [ONLY ASKED FROM SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS] If the general elections were held next Sunday, and you were eligible, which party would you vote for? [LIST OF PARTIES] I would not vote. I don t know. I don t want to answer. 107 This question is the modified version of a question in the Dangers in the school questionnaire. 108 The following questions (41 to 56) were taken from the Civic culture of the teenagers, the School and society, and the Dangers in the school questionnaires.

Appendix 251 45. Do you have any of these things at home? A car that is newer than five years old An LCD TV A dishwasher Broadband Internet connection Yes No DK/DW 46. In the last two years, have you and your family been on a vacation abroad that lasted more than three days (e.g., summer vacation or skiing)? Yes No I can t remember. I don t want to answer. 47. Do you have your own Room TV Desk Computer Yes No DK/DW 48. Where would you place your family s financial situation on this scale, where 1 means among the poorest and 10 means among the wealthiest? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I don t want to answer. 49. Do you live in a boarding house during the school year? Yes No 50. What is your zip-code? If you live in a boarding house, give the zip-code of your parents or foster parents. Think of the place where you spend most of your time.

252 Appendix 51. What is the highest level of education that your mother has completed? (If you live with your foster mother than answer for her.) [LEVELS ACCORDING TO HUNGARIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ARE INSERTED] I don t know. I don t want to answer. 52. What is the highest level of education that your father has completed? (If you live with your foster father than answer for him.) [LEVELS ACCORDING TO HUNGARIAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM ARE INSERTED] I don t know. I don t want to answer. 53. Do your parents (foster-parents if you live with them) have a paid job at the moment? Father or foster-father Does he/she have a paid job? Mother or foster-mother Yes No: pensioner No: unemployed No: on maternity leave / housewife No: other reason DK/DW 54. Do you have siblings? Only indicate half-siblings if you live together with them. 1. I don t have siblings. 2. I have 1 sibling. 3. I have 2 siblings. 4. I have 3 or more siblings. 55. How important is religious faith in your life? 1. Of great importance 2. Of little importance 3. Of no importance 99. I don t want to answer.

Appendix 253 57. How often do you attend church or other religious gatherings? 1. At least weekly 2. At least monthly 3. From time to time during the year 4. Only for the major religious holidays 5. Only for family events 6. I never attend church or other religious gatherings. 99. I don t want to answer. *Thank you very much for your answers!* Here you can make remarks about the questionnaire if you would like to: If you have any questions about the questionnaire or the whole research project you can send me an email at tarsadalomkutatas@gmail.com.