COMBIEN SONT LES KHMER KROM? sg'ecjbi : sikßaexµr Etudes Khmères Revue du Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Civilisation Khmère ( CEDOREK ) eday Jacques NEPOTE ( C.N.R.S. ) etiexµre kam manb"unµan? E bsmryleday egg-esribu t karpßayrbs'sarbt man«ggapplerburi» rkßasiti Ï Kb'y"ag (K s 2004 - B s 2548)
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 01 niek bbtrbs'yyn cmejhmti-stism CJÔ:rbs'CnCatiyYnCaTUeTA b- J apumipak tg'mat'ten emkgapple ( la région des bouches du Mékong ) naeblbcç b n~enh vavnk ayetacaedndirbs'yynsutïsafetaehiy. vabmuman ecatcabj agi FMdMueT ehiykn grycmkk*bmuedlvnecatcabj agi Edr. tam FatuBit myypakfm nednditen emkgapple EdllycUleTAk~ gsmu T ( delta ) enah VnF ak'etak~ gkn ab' dyyngs'etaehiy etahbitamp Ëvc ab' k*ducta mp Ëvkan'kab'k*eday. bub ehtuenhedlbn almkbicmerotcmerkrbs' bca CnQ anjnculmkbni cm g@etamuxcanicç eday te b tlb'fye kay esaheliy - edaykarerobcmpumi suk - erobcmdifi nigedaycmnat'cmeng Ep~krdΩVl EdleKVnerobcat'EcgeLIg y"agehacnas'tsgbiedimst vtßti17mkem" H. karefi yunubniykmµ ntwkdi tg'enh Vncab'epI mefi dmna lk~anigeday sbc ab' enaebledltwkdi tg'ken genahenaminsuvtan'ma n bcablrdωrs'ena ehiyedlx atcakbikicç tyt taep~kneyavy. eti ekgacbicarnaepßgy"agnaetaetotvn ebitwkdi tg'tmbn'enhpakfm sutïcavalpk'l b' ryccaken gedlns[gn raydl'suxpab ( insalubre ) nigcatiekit btus rayc SgK~a CaGmit PaB ( hostile ) etaetot. e kaetbi kulsmınïx H@ duccabykesêøgnig kumepßg@x HeTot rs'enaeday bkbrbr rkcijçwmcivitkmbiukkmb"uk enatamecigvalxıg'rabep~kxagk~ g ek bthexijby km"aelmyycmnyntuc bkbrbrcag~kensat sg'pêhsmebgenatammat'twk ry ce kaymketot manshkmexµrmincae cinb"unµannas'naebket ( sh KmenHKWCaniKmCnEdr Vnmkrs'enA tg'tmbn'diduhfiµlyecjbie Cay ejac nmat'ten ) ehiytsgbilmenaenaminq ayb"unµanbimat'ten bwgbyr EdlCatMbn'mYy bkbetaedaydimancircatie cin smrab'rbrksikmµgaccijçwm CIvitdl' bcablrdωvny"age cin. mankarcik blaybg ËrTwk bb&nïtmnb'x at'ex gedlvncat'ecgeligedayracvgß «eg øg» cuhmkbi kugev". kicçkartsggs'enahehiy Edlp l'kmenit[eqµahdl'edndikussgsiun edaymankarerobcmpßb pßayep~krdωvlenatampumikrnana- pßb pßaynuv Gar Fm k~ gkarsresr nigmenakmvicçasb Ebby"ag [k ayetacardωtmenib ducek edaypçab'smbu ts~amep~kvb Fm EbbbTCayYneTAk~ g bets. cug bjçb' edaykaretgtsg bmulp M bcakr sbetatamshkmsmrab'cab-
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 02 N ak'k~acacmnys ejlkwshkmcin nbucbgßvgß tkul «miug» EdlCn CatiExµre kamvnsµ& Kcit erobcmbg begi tcasac'jati- KYsaredaysuTÏcit ehiyedlkarrlaybucsasn_tsgbirenhehiy EdleKGaccat'TukCaCn Cati Edlmanlk N:Ca «CnCatiPaKticrbs'Cati» EdleKVnTTYlsapplea l'cacncatisasn_b&nï ( ethnics ) minemncacncatievotnam EdlyYn[ eqµahfa «CaCnCatiyYnkMeNItCaExµr nguoi viet goc mien» EdltamBit CnTSgenaHCaExµrBit Vkd. niek bbtrbs'exµr etahbicaminvnbdiesf[vnbit VkdBICMerA nkar Q anjnrbs'yynk*eday k*niek bbtrbs'exµrmanpabpê yk~a slhbiniek bbtrbs'yyn edayepìketaelicmnucsmxan'@ductetaenh 1- karmktsgtilmenaenaelitwkdimat'ten emkgapple ( les bouches du Mékong ) ncncatibretstsgenah manc a-cin-yyn-cam k*sasn_d TeTo t Vn b Bwt etacabfm edayttylsappleal'camuldωan nuvc ab'd*åt m nrac bl g rbs'exµr edayrymtsgkarttylsappleal'bi BHecA kugev"etotpg. eyig KYrbJÇak'EfmeTotfa enaeliepnkarsilfm nigp Ëvc ab' nkicçkarrdωvl KW rbs'yynsutïsaf t bekkvnesaheliy. niyayedaycm ( eday t bjœitbejœøg ) karetgtsgrdωvlyynvn b Bwt eta naeble kayd*yur GEg gmk etahbi tmankaryl' Bm mankarcmtas'gi k~ gep~kkartuttsg sug nigcayfaehtuk*eday. etahbicamintan'mang~knam~ak' cat'tukfa kicçkarefi EbbenHCakar t beyacn_k*eday k*y"agehacnas'tamp Ëvc a b'bit Vkd bj aenamintan'cb'enaeliy. 2- menasejçtna npabmin sbc ab'enh (ce sentiment d'illégitimité ) Vn tuvttylsarpabedaypêal'bigac afryynx Án getm g e JHfaTwkdI tg'enhenaetmandmenirvilvl' tqb'qr ( cycliquement ) mintan'vn bkl'etaracbl g ExµrenAeLIy nuvganaext TSgLayNaEdlyYnVn bv&jçykedaye bikm SgT&B ehiyedlyyn tuvetttylsappleal'fa CaraC T B nracvgßexµr k*gt'et. m" agvijetot etagyynebik[mansitiïesiµk~acm ejh bcablrdωedlsiƒtenaeliedndikussgsiun e JHfaCakarpÊ yetavij rhutmkdl'eblsb f enh Exµre kamenaetsiƒtenak~ gcyrti1k~ gvis&yvb Fm nigvis&yneyavyrbs'rdωkmı CadEdl.
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 03 3- karefi GaNaniKmelITwkdIe CayJmTen ( delta ) nigkarefi GaCIvkmµEbbbTk Ánx~at etahbimankarefi Gen a bevsn_y"agsnïwksnïab' nnikm CnyYnk*eday k*kicçkartsgenahminemnbjçak' bn al[snµt'y"agbit Vkdfa TwkdI tg'enhcarbs' «yyn vietnamisé» enaheliy e JHfaGI Ed lcaekalsmxan'ena tg'karp as'b ËrdIsMrab'eFI ksikmµ ( terroir ) enatienah etibetnwge b bylenaeblfiµ@kn gmkenhehiyesahedlcat'ecgefi elig edaymniêrvrsgessena NÎËcin (Services françaises de l'indochine). vt manrbs'cncatiyyn va Kan'EtCaBlkr CaBl:CIvIsIuQ~ÁlCYlB&TÏ k~ gfan:cacngen a bevsn_- CavNˆ:Bl:CIvI CavNˆ:GFn EdlKµanÚs Kl'GI TSgGs' Kan'EteFI karbmerik~ gkicçkare sp WFMdMu nigcarbrksikmµtam EbbbTmUlFnniymEtb"ueNˆaH. Ga s&yehtuenahehiy etibenaeliedn dikussgsiunmyypakfm Vn tuv ksygepntiexµrrkßatuk ehiyminetb"uenˆah elitwkdienhtsgmulvnrkßatukenadedl nuvtsßniypab etspab man lk N:CaExµrsuTÏsaF. Bwti ehtutsgenahehiy EdlVnp l'calk N: c as'las'bit VkdCarbs'Exµr EdlCakarpÊ y slhbilk N:TwkdIsMra b'efi ksikmµedlcarbs'pgyyn. 4- ehiyedlenatibmput EdleKGaccat'TukVnfaCaTwkdIrbs'Exµry"a gbit Vkd e JHmanvt man ncncatiexµrenacab'canicç CaerogrhUtelITwk dikmı Cae kam Kambujà Krom ou le Cambodge d'aval. ekri _mrtkduntarb s'bykekrab'tmnmnusßmkehiy @matupumikmenitpßb pßaynuvgriyfm d* rugerogrbs'exµretotpg. etahbimanåbs&kapplecae cinedlbg begi telig edayrdωvlyyny"agnak*eday k*ekgac bmanexijmancncatiexµr e kamcae cinlannak' enah ehiycabiessenatamext x&nînana tam PUmiPaKmat'Ten Vsak'x H@(dans certaines provinces du Tranbassac) Cn CatiExµre kamenaetmancmnynpake cin ( la majorité ) Canicçk~ gcmenamcati sasn_d TeTot. viletasmgagelisiƒticakn al-cagb a kit ( le recours à la neutralité statistique ) enak~ g kbx&nî ngtƒbtevkejkenh G~kniBnÏBMumanbMNgelIkyk mkbipakßa faniek bbtnaxusnamyy tuvenahet ejlkw tlmegogetaxa
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 04 gna@eliy Etcg'rk[eXIjnUvPaBsmehtupl BIkarvivt n_e b byl n cmnyn bcacnenhetb"uenˆah. tamfatubit bj aexµre kamenht muv[eyigkan' Etcg'dwgkan'Etx SgeLIg. e JHfarebobEdleKehAfa «bcacnyynmankm enitexµrenah nguoi viet goi mien» KWCaerOg bditsutïsaf edim IbwTVMgnUv karbit GI myyb"uenˆah. etahbishkmexµre kammant mg'lk N:xusK~ax H@ ehiy etahbig~kefi niek bbtx HbMrugx ÁnedIm IbMerIneyaVyyYnk*eday k*exµr e kamena EtCashKms y&tmyy bkan'xçab'xç ÁnnUvPasaedImkMeNItrbs'x Án, btibti y"agtwgrwgnuv b BNIx Án, nuvsasnarbs'pgx Án, sappleal'y"agc as'la s'nuv bvti saâs rbs'x Án edaysrubeta KWxusBICnCatisasn_yYnsuTÏsaF. duec~hcmnuccab'epi mrbs'eyigsiƒtena tg'cg'dwgfa etiedaybit Vkd Exµr e kammantsggs'b"unµan? tamkarbit KµanGI Edlgay sylenahet e JHfacab'tSgBIJk'kN alstvtßti19mkem" H ekbmuedlvnefi karcmeron bcablrdωexµre kamm g NaeT. G~keFI karcmeron bcacnenahetotesat e cincavrcnpg CaviCÇasƒa nd*li l ajpg k~ genahmangpivl ksygsiƒtienh getm g.l. k*b"u- En ebisincaekseg temiledayhµt'ct'eta ekseg texijfa ltïpl EdlecjmkBIkareFI CMerOnrbs'mCŒdΩanTSgenaH tsiusg ak'k~aet ehiy karedlminsiuk~a-min sbk~aenahehiy EdlCakt aefi [mankar BYyVrm CaehtunS[eKxitxM bwge bgrihrkmef avyepßgetot edim IbMeBjp l'cun Bt mantsgenh edaye bi smgagetaeli bpbepßg@etot KWy"agenaHehI yedlekykåtahrn_x H@ manry:ebl bhak' behlk~amke bduct etaenh - ebitamgkapplenaykdωantuetaenagmxutêkal&yrdωmâni TI1 nsafarnrdω evotnam (xagt Ëg) ehiyedlnaykdωanenahmanpar: tytbinit elikicçkat «CnCatievotNamedImkMeNItExµr Les Viêtmamiens d'origine Khmère» Vnsni~dΩanfa Exµre kammancmnyntsggs'661,561nak'k~ gex kum :q~s1974. 1964. - esovepaexµråtêiscmejhexµre kammancmnyn4,475,000nak' enak~ gq~s - elak Miller vijvnv"n'sµanetaelikmenit bcacnexµre kamfa «That would place the current (1975) Khmer population of South Viêtnam
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 05 at 1,638,946 a figure endorsed by myself and unofficially endorsed by a number of Viêtnamese, Hkmer and U.S. authorithies in South ViIetnam who prefer to remain anonymous». - saâs acar mhavit al&y ( CnCatiVrSg ) m~ak'd*l Il ajfa mancm enhvicçatueta nigsappleak'c as'bibj aexµr Vn bmanfa CnCatiPaKticExµr enakmı Cae kammancmnyn behl 800,000nak' enarvagcugq~s1970. enacugbjçb' ehiycabiessgi EdleKGaceCOCak'Vn KWvt manexµr e kamrs'enaelitwkdiduntarbs'ekcanicç CaGci Ân y_rab'stvtßmkehiy rs'enaelitwkdikmı Cae kam ( Kambujà Krom, leur Cambodge d'aval ) Edl ekcat'tukfa CamCŒdΩanvb Fm nasm&yrugerogrbs'kmı Ca. etahbima nåbs&kapple mankarkabsg t'y"agnabirdωvlyyn Kb'sm&yk*eday k*ek enaetmankarv"n'sµan faexµre kammancmnyny"agehacnas' k*e cincag lanedr ehiyenak~ gext x&nînana tg'pumipakten Vsak' ( provinces du Transbassac ) ehiyminetb"uenˆahesat bcablrdωexµre kammancmnyn e cinelisekpg k~ gcmenam bcacntsglayedlrs'enak~ gtmbn'enh. kmnt'g~kbke b enak~ gq~s1962 bfanafibtieg øg-van'fiv ( sb f rs'enati kugl g d) ) naeblsemıafsmitiïk~ gext E BkÚsßI ( kwgefi ) VneJlfa bca CnevotNammanedImkMeNItCaExµr mancmnyntsggs' 4,500,000nak'. enaevotnamtsgbieblenahrhutmkdl'sb f G takmenin ( Taux d'accroissement ) bcacncuheligbi2 5% eta 3%. edayyket twm2% nig yktamsmdi bfanafibtiyynxagt ËgenHmkKit e kaybivnkn'kurelx sb Kb'eTA xm yl'fa Exµre kamnaeblbcç b n~enhmancmnyny"agehacna s' 8,709,602nak'Edr. enhebiyk twmg takmeninet2% (2PaKry) pg. ebikit3% (3PaKry) vijenah Exµre kammantsggs'minticbi10lannak' esiêresiµnwg bcablrdω enakmı Ca manelispg. cmenkxag bpbgaemriksgedlkyr[ecocak'vnvij VneJlxu sk~abitmb&r1etatmb&rmyyetot si GMBI bcablrdωexµrena betsevotnam xagt Ëgman «estimated to number between 350,000 and 400,000» ryc bjçak'fa «the Theravada minority, numbering about 2 millions, is made up largely of ethnic Cabodians» TMB&r169.
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 06 - ebiniyayedaysmeyak ykcakn aleta, cmnyn bcablrdωexµrena kmı Cae kam ( Exµre kam ) tuvvnekefi karv"n'sµan E b byletatamg~kni BnÏ G~k sav Cav nigetatam bpbepßg@ mancmnynekinbimyyetabyndg - enah. ehtuenh, cmejhg~k sav CavEdlx H ksar twm tuvcak'es gykca karvn enacmejhmuxkar bmulpm ekaledlp l'[pê yk~aebbenhbisƒanpa B bcacnexµre kam etienaecatcabj aeq ahk~atamry:s abv"katetaetot rhuttl'et f NamYy mankarerobcmefi Geg tmyy e kamkar tytbinit Ca Gn rcati etaelicmnyn bcablrdω ( Exµre kam ) edayefi eligcak Ánx~at nig Edl tlmegogetaxagnaenaheta (??). ejlkw tg'enhehiy Edl eyignwgykmkceckevkejkk~ak~ g kbx&nî ngtƒbtenh CabIsNΩandUc teta 1- eyigerobcmepi mrihrk[exijtibit Vkd BIbJ afaetibj a ncncati PaKticExµre kam VnecaTeLIgCabJ a nigekineligcalmdab'dl'g~kkmn t' bmul sêg'cmnynehtuept ( le statisticien ) k~ gry:eblrvagjk'kn a lcugstvtßti19terogmk. 2- rycehiy eyigcab'epi mefi karsikßacabn bnêab' etaelikalsm&y rdωvymyy EdleyageTAtam TwsI Gaccat'TukfaCa «GB a kwt» ducca rdωvlk~ gsm&y «NÎËcinVrSgEss Celle de l'indochine française» enahcaedim EdlenAe kamsm¥ah gehiy EdlvasnashKmExµr e kammanp&b Vnrs'enAedaysuxsni PaB ehiynigenajk'kn aledim stvtßti20. 3- enacugbjçb' eyignwgefi karvinicœ&ysƒankarn_kmnitsi GMBIsƒanPaB EdlenAk~ geblsb f k*ducedleyigetibetnwgvnkusbjçak'rycmk ehiygicwg bpbtsglaymankarex gk~akan'etx SgeLIg@ karelikykmkecatcabj aexµre kam ry:ebl nkarrlayvt'rub najk'kn aledimstvtßti19 BYkbsçwm betsvndwgæfa ena tg' tmbn'mat'ten emkgapple etahbisiƒtenae kamgfiracanac kyynk*eday k*man
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 07 bcablrdωexµrmyycmnynfmvnrs'enatienah. enaebldmnalk~aenahedr BlrdΩExµre kamtsgenah pìakqb'ena tg'enah ehiynsk~asresoxitcul rubft BHsgÙ, dunci, Gacar nigbutïbris&tcmnuhecigvt «cnêrgßi» TI kug BnKr ( betskmı Cae kam)fttukcagnusßavriy_ena xagmux BHvihar! etaxagk~ g betsbni cm g@ kan'etecosecjq aybikare b byletarkbi- PBTMenIb EdlVnnScUlmkkan' NÎËcin tamry:kmbg'eprbs'x Án e JH edayehtufacncatiexµr minemnsiƒtenak~ gcmbukcncatiedlculcit rs'ena tameq~rsmu T, CaG~kCMnYjCYjE b k*caksikredlx atbikargnuvt n_ n kar btibti CYjekg KykcMeNjenaHeLIy. k~ gkal:ets:cmuvij Bwti ka rn_ebbenh BYkeK tuvbg ajbikarcaj'e bobekbir bkarejlkwk~ gep~kpumi saâs neyavy ( Géo-politique) nigk~ gep~ksgapplemsaâs vb Fm ( Socioculturel ). sƒanpabneyavysm&yfiµ efi [elceligexijkan'etc as' x SgeLIg@. enacmejhmuxkar bkyt becgcagn rcati EdlmankareCOn elonlutlas' nbecçketstmenibedlkmbugqanetamuxenah betstsg Lay ngasiucugbuj Kµankare CIserIs Na e kabikarksagx Án[eTACa b
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 08 etstmenibducek gedr tuvxitxmrwtcmngk~ gep~krdωvl erobcmk Ánc a b'bg begi tcaf~ak'dwkns[man kpab edaykarb gybb gymk~a. Cak'Es g kicçkartsglayenah VnesckI fa BHecAGFiraCTSgGs'enA kugeh Vn ENnSnigB gik TiÏBlrbs'x Ánk~ gep~krdωvletaeliednkussgsiuntsg mulbni cm g@ [kan'etman kpab ehiykan'etykcit Tukdak'tSgBIGI @ bni cbn ÁceLIgeTA ehiyedltamp Ëv nplvivkvij j Sg[Exµre kamka n'etbivknwgttylykbni cm g@. enacmejhkarsakl grbs'es cgfira CyYnEdlcg'eFI yynubniykmµ karrymbjçëlb g'di ( surieyadi ), kardak' bjçëlk~ g kbx&nî Exµre kamvnnsk~akmerikeligtva"tamtar k* tuvrt'epo sx ÁnecjBITIenaH etaenatid TeTot. rymescki mk kicçkarenahva twmetca karefi Gt XatcMeJHpl beyacn_rbs'shkmexµre kametb"uenˆah. cmejhnin~akarcg'vns y&tpabniym nrdωapivltuetanaeb"kxagt Ëg ena cmejhbj asasnakatulik.l. BHecAGFiraCyYnminGaceyaKyl'Vn eliy duec~hbj aexµre kam t tuvvnekedah saycaerogrhutmk karmkdl'eday cdn karmktsgtirbs' betsvrsgenatmbn' BnKr ( 1859 ) Cabn mketo tkar bkl'ganaext BIEb"kxagekIt nedndikussgsiun BmTSgc ab'ebik sitiï[navavrsggacebikbreligtamten emkgapple rhutetadl' betskmı Ca ( 1862 ) VnecaTCabJ adl'gac afrvrsgcmejherogexµr. ehtuenahehiy VnCaTIcugsMerc k*vnykkmı Cadak'CaGaNaB avl n betsvrsgeta ( 1863 ). PaBclaclvwkvr CYl cbl'edlekitmaneligcmejhkarbn rac BI BHGgappleDYg ( 1860 ), karks Tdl'clnarMedaHyYncMeJHvt man n b etsvrsgenatienah VnCMruj[ betsvrsgdeni myknkrkussgsiun TSgmUl(1867). cmejhexµrtuetanigcabiesscmejhexµre kam karerobcm[ mansni PaBeLIgvij BIsMNak' betsvrsgca cdn cuge kaybmput. du ec~hetiexµre kammancmnyntsggs'b"unµaneta?. tampabxage ka, Exµre kam mancmnynd*smrm d*smxan'nas'edrk~ gbn a bcacn Kb'Catisasn_rs' enaeliedndikussgsiun KW behlca15% ( db' VMPaKry ncmnyn bcacn srub ) ehiycakarbitnas'etaetot enaeliedndikussgsiun EdlminsUv smbur bcablrdω EdlsrubCatisasn_eTAman bman twmet1lankn H
etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 09 b"uenˆah. enaesiêr Kb'ext TSgLay edayelkcabiessenatamganaext kat'tamten Vsak' ( niyayetatamn&ytulmtulay ) man bcablrdω Exµrrs'enAedayPaKe cindac'xat. ekvnv"n' bmanfa many"agehac Nas'200 000nak'Edr. etahbicmnynenhhak'biduccabmev"g[e cinx Heda yg~kks T ( edaysutïcit edayg~keretatamx l' ) dl'karsmgagehtu plrbs'ek nuvcmejhkartamtarsitiïhysmadrbs'sasn_yynenah k*cmnyn b"uenˆhenaetsmehtupldedl. EtkarenHvaminsUvCasMxan'Nas'Na ebket e JHfaebIsinCaeKefI karseg tbinit etaelikarvivt n_ nkmeninrbs' bcacnexµre kamvijenah ekexijfasƒanpab nkmenitrbs'exµre kam tuvsiƒtenak~ gpabgasn~kyr[ BYyVrm edaymanga takmeninesiêretena KSgmineTAmuxesaH (avec un taux de croissance voisin de la stagnation ). etiekgacejly"agnavnetaetot ebisincaenakmı Cae kam ( Kambujà Krom ) swgetttylnuvkarbmp icbmp ajexêcxiêedaysâgappleamcabn bnêab' nig edaykarkmerikrmebik bhevr bdivt n_tsgbicagkn HstvtßmkehIyenaH ehi yshkmexµre kam k*mingacrabbjçëlpgedr nuvcngen a bevsn_edl hurculmkcanicçcakal edim Ij Sg[cMnYn bcablrdωrbs'x Ánkan'EtmancM nyne cineligy"agx&êrxêarenahk*etedr. kmenineligvijd*lmvk n bcacatimyy k*b"uen eketagetkitpgedrfa neyavyrbs' betsvrsgenaednkussgsiun Vnp as'b Ërlk N:karrs'enArbs'Exµre kamy"agqab'eb kgsçar. m" agedim ICYyyiteyagdl'Exµre kam eketagbjœb'elg[cncatiyyn hurculductwkcn'mktetaetot tuvttylnuvcncatiepßg@etotedlrs'ena elitwkdiednkussgsiun ducenhrdωvlgananikmvrsg etagmankunsm ti yl'[vnc as'las' nig tuvvinicœ&y[exijcamunnuvneyavymyy xuseb kminducneyavy EdlrdΩVlVrSgVnGnuvt enaeliedndi betskmenitrbs'x ÁnenaHeLIy (administration métropolitaine). karefi «yy nubniykmµ la viêtnamisation de la Cochinchine» elitwkdinkrkussgsiund* manbg b'es~øtxuc tuvetrihrk[exijehtupl Ps tagc as'las' rycb- JÇËneTA[tulakarBinit Bicç&y. rhutmkdl'rvagq~s1890 enaebledlrdω VlVrSgenA NÎËcincab'epI mrymbjçël[mulk~a k*exµre kamenaetmintan
' etiexµre kammanb" unµan? 10 Vkdk~ gcit fa sƒanpabenahenamintan'siƒtesƒr minetogtat'enaeliy. ski PaBd*sMxan' tuvvnp l'[edaykarefi kmenin bcacnedlcat'ecg eligeday kumrdωvlx Án gpêal'. CakarBit VkdCak'c as'nas'cmejhexµre kam etahkicçkarenah b Bwt etaena betskmı Ca k*ena betsla vk*eday k*exµre kamenaetekcevhecosecjq aybiep~krdωvl. etahbibyk eketglak'x ÁnBYnGatµaedayrkßaPaBCaExµry"aghµt'ct' etahbibykekvnek cefhrt'etabynenatis at'kmvmgbivketarkexij etahbismgagelilk N: epßg@x H EdleKminGacykmkCECkEvkEjknaeBlenH TIenHk*eday k* Bwti ehtuvnbg ajy"agcak'c as'faexµre kammin EdlVnbg ajx Áneday rikray enacmejhteg IsiƒtiEdlcat'EcgeLIgCap ËvkarenaHeLIy. kg Hk~ g erogenhmanrhutdl'eta50% enah. karenhcakarsmxan'nas' k*b"uen mi nemncabt manetmyykt' EdlCakarrSgsÊHKSgmineTAmuxBIeKaledAEdl p l'enahk*etedr. e kabikar Kbn M nigvcb gaycabn bnêab' cmnynelxd- EdlGnuJÔat[eKeFI karbicarnattyledaygac afrrdωvlvn. ejlm" a gepßgetot KWCakar Vkd bcanas' EdlG takmenin n bcablrdωexµr e kam tuvcuhkmrwty"agtabbmput. karekineligvij ncmnyn bcablrdωman spabywty"avx SgNas' ehiyeketag tuvkareblevlae cinq~setaetot smrab'exµre kamk~ gkarpßhdme enh ( karcuhexßaycmnynblrdω ) edim IeQag etadl'karekineligmkvij. karttylsappleal'bi bkarrbs' betsvrsg 1- karttylsappleal'ep~ksiƒti ( La reconnaissance statistique ) rvagdmnac'q~s1880 KW VkdCamankarb"unb"g Vf~akan'kab'eTAGnaKt nuvedndi NÎËcinTSgmUlbJçËlrYmK~arbs' betsvrsgenahehiy duced- lvrsgvnetgtsgbn ajrdωvlmyyd*enncegìøttamebbbsçwm b- ets ehiyedaymankarp&yx acttsgbiciduncitaerogmk - P&yx acbykyy nefi karkabsg t'cihcan'efi [Catisasn_rbs'x Ánrlb'rlayenaHehIy eti bvncaexµre kamnsk~acakecjmkbg ajx Ándl'rdΩGaC afr. BYkeK tuvbg M [TTYlsappleal'CabnÊan'dl'GaC afrcag~kkan'gmnac. enaeblefi karcmeron bcacncafiµm g@ eketgkt'smappleal'exijfa man bcablrdωexµre kamkan' Ete cinelig@. enaebl behlca10q~smunbjçb'stvtßcas' ekbinit