COBPEMEHHOE HCKYCCTBO 14.11H AHTHHCKYCCTBO? (OB 3CTETHITECK011 KOHUEIII1HH H. MYPATOBA)

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1 EUROPA ORIENTALIS 22 (2003): 2 COBPEMEHHOE HCKYCCTBO 14.11H AHTHHCKYCCTBO? (OB 3CTETHITECK011 KOHUEIII1HH H. MYPATOBA),llanuarza Pui4«it B BacTosageB CTaTbe BbICKa3b1BalOTCSI HeKOTOpbIe coo6pa)keiina, xacaio- InkleC51 MaJ10143rIeHHOH CT0p0HbI TB0pneCK0F0 Bacneglla IlaBna IlaBnoBwia MypaToBa TODI, FRe OH 11pe1ICTUT KaK Teopemx coupememoro BeayceTBa. MbI onbpaemea Ba ero pa6otig Banana 20-x rogob nog 3HarIHMLIMH HaaBa- HPISIMH: "HpeRBI4RCIIHR", "AHTHHCKyCCTBO", "HCKyCCTBO H Bapog", "KmiemaTorpacp".I MypaToB FOB0pHT B HHX o6 BcKyeeTBe ellipoiletick0f0 XygO)KCCT- BCHHOF0 abahrapga KaK O nponagemm o6lbero KpBaBea aanamoil xyghtypia, o ripwamax, npvibegumx K HeMy, O BO3M0)K111,1X nytax ero npeogonemla. 31Iamelme 3THX ctateil COCTOHT IIpe)K4ke BCCFO B TOM, IITO 011H 110Ka3bIBalOT 3B0- niogvuo mfrepecob H HCCJIeROBaTeJIbCKOPO metoga abtopa OT nepbmx xygo- )KeCTBeHHO-KpHTHneCKHX ctateil, nepea KOMHJIeKC BcTopmco-Kywrypimix H Xy110>KeCTBeHHLIX acce (3HaMCHHTbIe "O6pa3bl HTaIIHH") RO eboero polta cne- KynHTHBHOIi3CTeTHKH. 110J10>KeHH51, BbICKa3aHHble abtopom, He ROCTI4FaIOT TOPO ypobh51 pa3pa- 60TaHHOCTH 14 c(topmy.mpobamoet11, KOTOpb B bI FOB0pHTb O Teoppm KaK TaK0B011. K Tomy ace OgeB111k110, -rito OHH B CHJILHOPI etenebb ollpege- JISITOTC51 CTpCMJICHHCM K "3HOXalIbHOCTH", xapakteplibim Anse pycekoil H ebpo- HCIICKOH Mb1CJIH TOPO Bpemeim, TO ectb K cobpememoetb, nohhmaemoù KaK HCTOpPIIIIIOCTb. 14 TeM Be McHee genia' pag mmcneil o npapoge cobpemelmoro Beicyccma H camofi eyn(aoctb HOHSIT1134 "corspemeimmil" HMC1OT, Ha Baffi B31'115111, CaMOCTOSITeJILHOC maneime B KOHTeKCTe 6onee umpokom, nem TOJIb- KO "o6pa3 MypaToBa". I Ranee: II, AH, 11H, K. CTaT61,1 661RH ony6m4kobaubi COOTBeTCTBeHHO B: "WHHOB- HHK. C6OpHHK JurrepaTypb1 H pickyccma" J I (no)i pe;takluleo (1). Orenyma), M. 1922; "Co8pemelluble 3arfficKo" (flapluk) J 1 219, e ; N9. 22, c ; N2 26, c

2 102,aariliana Plit<«It HpH ahajih3e B3U1SIROB MypaTosa Ha cospemehnoe HCKyCCTBO H nonalme 011pCJICJIHTb ero MCCTO B 3CTeTIIIIeCK011 MbICJII4 XX BeKa cylnecusehho BaTb, tito OHII moryt 6bITb BKJIIOneHbI B Haripaaneme, xotopoe paccmatph- BaeT )1CHBOHFICI, KaK 3anepinamigyio cfm3y pa3bhti451 3anagnoro HcxyccTaa. 2 Ho 3TOil xohgennhh xygo)kectaenhaiii aaanrapg oxa3anmetcsi cnoco6om, C HOMOII4bK) xotoporo Esporla IIpHXOT(HT K OKOlinaTenbH011"rH6enH HcxyccTaa", TonHee, K nepexogy HcKyccTaa OT KynaTypHoil H gyx0bh011 chynxnhh, KoTopyro OHO Bb1110JIIISIJI0 B npolunom, K HeKoeà HHO1 chynxnhh, a acero BepOSITHCC cornacho MypaToay K HHKaK011. "FH6enb HcxyccTaa" npho6petaet TaKHM o6pa3om 3HanenHe He npeapankenm HcKyccTaa B (1)14J10- cochmo, no chopmyne Ferenti, a ero HOJIII0F0 pa3no)kehha. B 3TOM cmalcne co- BpeMeHHOCTb ne pa3genaet cyga6m gpyrilx 3410X, BO apemn KOTOpbIX Ha- KOHCH T0Ù HJIH HH0f1 CHCTeMbI CTHIISI; ee TparCRIAST 3axmonaeTcz B KpymenHvi ecex chctem 14 43CCX CTHJIC11, B pa3py1hehhh acero mlipa HcKyccTaa. HMCCTCH B allgy xohen TOPO gllanexthnecxoro npouecca, Ha OCHOBC KOTOpOPO Ka>Kgoe apemn H xa)kgaz umahninanun nomaiot ckopmbi, co3gammie HX npeg- CLIeCTBeHMIKaMH; 11pCACTaBJISICTC51, TITO KOHCDJIFIKT coapemehhofi HI4B aHHH COCTOHT B a6carnoth3aux antarolunma mex(y peanahoctato H campi/q nphh- HHnom chopmal B Hcxyccme. 3 Pena vmet O TeMaX, KoTopaie umpoko ge6ampoaanhcb B eaponeilcxori xynatype H AO, 14 HOCJIC ynomsfflytaix ctatetí MypaToaa. B gahhom cnynae cnegyet OTMeTHTb, CITO MypaTOB Bb1CKa3aJI TaKIIC Hgell OJE(FIHM 143 nepapax, 14 nognepxhyta tietkoctb, C KOTOpOft abtop onepinmet 3ReCb ahthrymammo CyLIVIOCTb xifictoro Hcxyccma, HcxyccTaa KaK TaKOBOPO. 3TI4 Hgell 6ygyT miroroxpamo BOCI1p0H3BORHTLCR 13 cospemenhoil xynatype B pambix gensix H na pa3jihnhbix TeOpeTHtIeCKHX ypommx. flph 3TOM 6bIJI0 6b1 yripoinehhem OHC- IIHBaTb 3TH pa6otbi TOJILKO KaK "ronoc 143 xopa" 13 Tpeaore 3a cyga6y 3anag- HOil HI4BHJIH3a1441H. Mypamay, HcToppncy HTanasmcxoro HcxyccTaa 14 Hccnego- BaTento pyccxoil H BH3aHTHACKOfi )CHBOITHCH, goidk110, KaK Ka>KCTCH, 6bITb OT- BeReHo ROCTOAHOe MCCTO B HCTOpHH esponefickoro Hcxyccmosegemal XX CTO- J1eTVISI, TITO MbI 14 noctapaemen HOKa3aTb, cpabhhaast nexotopme ero noctynatbi C Hgesimm, TIOSIBHBLIIHMHCSI B HcxyccmosegnecKoil JillTepaType HOWICe. 2 KaK H3BeCTHO, cymectbyerr FUMAR Ha coupemetwoe HCKyCC'I'BO KaK Ha OT3 CH6Hy1-0 cha3y Kpwittca, COOTHCCCHHyKI C 60.Hee O6WHpHbIM Krunticom 3ariamoro o6uteurba. Cp. npente Bcero IlIneHrnepa, Kompomy c.nenyerr OpTera-H-FacceT, XCH3Hilra, TOHH- 614 H Ap. 3 VIReSI KOWINBIKTa menty cobpemehhon *H3Hb10 H chopmon (nptmem pemt,!mei' He TO.TIbK0 O xyito*errbehhon ckopme) 6b1na BbIcKa3aHa B r0hblcpem npoiero r. 3timmenem B KH.: "Der Konflikt der modernen Kultur", Miinchen 1921.

3 06 acmenumeckoti Kortient(uu 17. Mypamomi 103 Paccmannnaembie CTaTbH, nepen3rahhbie nocne nepsofi ny6.7nuannn b Fle)aBH0, 4 11paKTIIIIeCKH OCTan 14Cb He113BeCTI1bIMII. Hannem C HX KpaT- KOrO >KeH CT0p1151 ncxycctna noce ahtwihofi 3HOXH genntc31 Ha wil OCHOBHbIX nepnora. Ilepnbin npe-eeponeficicoe FICKyCCTBO, OT Ma HO BO3p0>KTIC- IIHC BK.11 10,1HTC.TIbII0. 14TafIVISI XIV-XVI BB., romneckan (1)pailung, cpeaherse- KOBaS1 repmaiihh, TaK )1(C KaK B143a1ITH51 H,1IIpCBH>151 PyCb, eine ne MOI'yT CIIHTaTbC51 EBp : 3TO npe-ebpojia, n neptbi ee 6ygyLnero pa31311th51.th4lhl cmytho yrarbinalotez B npon3neaehnzx MnxenbaHANce.no, J1eoHapRo, THFITOperro, Hasulagno. BTopon nepnor enponetickoro ncxycetha AnnTcyr, no mhe- Ino abtopa, OT KapanaTpxo AO Ce3anHa, T. e. e XVII mica, KorRa. BI1CpBbIC nponannetem enponegekoe camoco3hahne, AO KOHIIa XIX BCKa, KorAa 0110 npnxo)rkht K 3aKaTy, onennwio, oxohnatenhnomy. B 3TOM BpCMCHHOM nponete cpopmnpyetcm H 3peeT TO, TITO Hnepnble B KynurypHon IICT0p1114 TIenoBeTIecTBa MO>KeT 6bITb C HOSIHb1M ochonahnem HanaHo "aponetickon Kym,Typoir, T. e. my3bnca, cpznococinut, HayKa, rocyrapcmehhoetb, TeaTp, H Hpo3a B TOM BilRe H B TCX 4)OpMaX, KaKFIC 0Hn nbipa6otann nnyrim 3TOPO HnollambHoro 06LnecTna 3a yica3ahhoe npemg. 3a 3THM nepnorom cneayet, Hainmag C K01111a XIX BeKa, TpeTnil gnoxa HOCT-EBp011b1, npogonacalowazez Ro cero npemerm. 2. flepnbie ABa nephoga KnaRyT B OCHOBy cnoen xyawkecthehhon KoHnenunn OTHOLIICHne,ie zoeek -npupoòa, B TO npemz KaK 110C.Tleg1111fi xapaxteph3yeten onnnahnem 3TOPO othomennz. REA "esponefickoro" nepnop THI114 11HbI jina x(ahpa: HaTiopmopT H nei13a)k; B >K11B01111CH XVII-XIX nenoneneckag chnrypa nepectaet 6bITb KOM11031ILIH01111bIM H KoHnerrryasimbim nehtpom H yctynaet MeCTO Tomy, TITO MypaTon Ha3bmaeT "xopambhmm nynctnosahmem Hpnpogbi". BHHMaIIHe K Be'IHOMy mnpy, ITOTHBOHOCTaB.11CHHOe npegmectnyioinemy antponomopdmmy, 3TOPO HCTOpIPICCKOID ne- KoHTyp ripermeta, ero pejibccioctb BO3IIHKalOT 113 VICII0J1b30BaHH51 CBCTa, KOTOpb1i1, HannHaa C KapamnpKo H ganee, "octabanest ne TOJIbKO LTIaB- IIMM, HO, B CyLHHOCTH, eahhctbehhbim cpopmaambim coaep)kahnem >KHBOHHCH" (AH, c. 253). XHBOHHCb "enponenckoro nepnora" RepAcanach Ha C.TI H11 Ayinn nemonexa c Aywon npnpogbi. "EsponencKnil ge.110bek Jno6nn npnpory, ee BPIRHMOCTb (ne113a)k) H ee BeIneCTBCHHOCTb (HaTiopmopT) KaK cnoe KOCM11-4 IIOCIleRHHe TpH CTaTbH nepeimabbi B KH.: MyparoB II. II. I104Hble mbicsni. acce, ogepkn, CTaTbH Coc.r. IO. 11. COROBbeB, MocKBa 2000.

4 104 fianuana Punnu necxoe H. OH octanancsi B 3TOM ripsimbim IlaCJICAHHKOM H HOTOMKOM awrvin- Horo H npe-enporiencxoro tienonexa" (AH, c. 274). 3. Tpemil nepnoil xapaxtepinyetcst HCtIC3H0BeIlHeM cpopmbi, turo cninaho po)kvielinem a6ctpaxmoro vicxyccnia H oco6ehno C notepen 311arIHMOCTH cne- Ta B )KHBOHHCH. flepnbin yviap "CBeTOBOil TOHaJIbHOCTII enponeficicon >KHBO- MICH" 6hin HaHeCeH nmripecchovimmom C ero HOIITH Hay'IHbIM ahal11430m CBCTO- BbIX 3C1XPCKTOB, ITHBORSIIIIHX K 11C,Ie3HOBeHHIO KOHTypOB npegmeta: "B KJI0Ha M011e H HHCapp0 6e3 octanca pactnopvinach Tpa- Rvninovinavi >KHBOIIVICHaSI c!)opma" (AH, c. 254). Hour:Anca BbllIpSIMHTb 3TOT HyTb, npeviripanntaii Ce3aHHom, npvinena II03>Ke K Ky6H3My, TO CCTb K HOHC- KaM B >KVIBOHHCH He peanbh0fi, a norlinecxori diopmbi. B Ky6H3MC MypaTOB BIIHVIT ynarox enponen'exon xyw»keurbelmoctli: "B na6oparropm4 Kapanaiv>Ko 6buia OTKpbITa BCJIHKOJICHHaSI Aopora enponencicomy Hcicycurny >KHBOTIHCH. B ma6opatopvin Ilvixacco VI npyrnx 3Ta Ropora 6bina OKOIL1IaTenbII0 3aKpbITa" (AH, c. 262). VICTOpHA H306pa3HTelIbilbIX HCKyCCTB riepnoro paiivianinethr XX BeKa rioxanihaet 3TO oftnee ctpennenne K npeogonehllio Tparivninn "enponeficxon TOHanbH0fi >KHBOIIIICH". B 3TOM HanpanneHnn 6bIJI0 MHOI'O 3KenepvimeHToB: o6paniehne K 3KJIeKTIVIICCKOMy apxammy (pa3hble MOMCHTbI "ripe-enporiencxoro" vicxyccma, IIpHMHTHBH3M), BbIXOH K HHbIM xy.libtypam (BocTotIHI,IM, acppnicancicon vi T. H.). HO campo 60:IbILIy10 OIlaCHOCTb, HO mhe- H1110 Mypa'rOBa, ripeactanninot C060I1 HOIHATKH, OCHOBaHHbIe Ha HKO6bI HOBOM mvipooniyinehnn 3HOXII (cpyrypinm BO ncex pa3hobhhhocthx, AllHaMVI3M, a6ctpaxma1 H 6ecripeiimeTHa5i )CHBOIIVICb), HOIMITKH, KOTOpbIC riphnogvit K OCHOBHOPI anopuiv COBpCMCHHal >KHBOHHCH OTKa3y OT H306pa)KeHnn npegmeta H OT HCHOJIMOBaIIHS1 cneta. florrepsi rapmomvii B othoiiiehiihx nerionexa C matepnen H co CBeTOM XOpOLHO nvigha B Konna)Ke HapaiioxcanbHon H Bblp0)KACHHOH cdopme HaTIopMopTa, nocpeactsom KOT0p0F0 conpemehhbie xy- )VOACIHKH matephannyiot H "6yxnaninvippoT" 'melo voco)meiia BeigHoro mnpa B ACHBOIIHCb. HTaK, HO ~Ivo MypaTona, "AGIBOHHCb BCA nenvixom octanach no /7zy crnopony, B Espone. edytypitcmi H 6eCIIpegMeTHIIKH minicb no cto cmopony, B noct-espone" (AH, c. 263). 4. B Hamy 3Hoxy HacTyrivui KOHeLI men CHCTeMbI imipa)kehnsi, xotoppo IIpHHHTO Ha3bIBaTb HCKyCCTBOM: "EyAem HOHHMaTb HOH CJIOBOM ucicyccmoo vice Te Hcxyccnia, xotophie comanbi Eriponon XVII-XIX BeKOB HJIH yhacsierio- BaHbl evo OT npegarectsymmx KysIbTypimix IIIIKJI0B npe-enporiencxoro H TO ectb )KHBOHHCb TOHa, apxvitextypa nponopnvin, mynixa rapmohnh, Apama cnonechoro TeaTpa, nhpnica cnixa vi riposa pomaha" (K, c. 287). 3T0 Hp0H30IIIJI0 B cnny 3ameHm macchnecicoro 3MOIIVIOHaTIbH0F0 COgep>KaHHH HcKyccTsa (OTHOILICHIle ne.nobeic-manunia). PaIVII0HaJIH3M Harmoro MHp0B033pCHFISI Herionpannmum O6pa3OM payyumet mvicpvinecxivil /minus, Ha

5 06 acmemurtecicoù Konientou Mypamoaa 105 KOTOpOM 11p01113eTaeT HCKyCCTBO: "COBpeMeHHOCTb Ham Bctony nn.rmet 011y- CT0111e1IHOCTb, Bb1)10KeHHOCTb, pa3o6natiehhoctb. B Hat IICT mecta R.T1N mwda, HO FRC FICT mecta RASI Tam IICT mecta H JITISI Hocyccma [...] EBponeticicml tien0bek [...] HocTHran tiepea nimpony EmmecTBemioe Hatiano mhpa" (AH, c. 274). B Komie "esponeficicofi anoxn tienonek, nonaraz, TITO, Limo- Heg, 110KOpHJI npupony, ripmllen K Tomy, tuo 6pocHn eii BbI30B, pa36ynhn ee "mexamlneckyro chny", oicaaanca He B COCT05111HH Hanpamm, ee B HyAcHoe pycno. Haytmoe mhponommaime pa36hno mhpa)k HpHponbi H pa3o6natmno ee MeXaHll 3M. HO KTO MWKeT B KoHge K011110B nopytmmcsi, 'ITO Ha mecte Henaytmoro ~Da He coanano OHO HaytmbM mwr 3ToT MM(4) tmcna, H 3MepeHMN, CKOpOCT1,1 H CHIIb1 mo>ket CTaTb OCII0B011 ahthhckycctsa" (AH, c. 275). flepen tienobenectsom oncpbmaetcz I ICH 3BeCTIIOCTb: HOBan cl)a3a, 13 KOTOpOii HCKyC- CTBO 13 11CpBbIe mo)ket Hctie3Hym Boo6me, ytpatim HcxonHylo nyxomylo C11y11K11HIO H CBCASICb, KaK 3T0 y>ke H Hp 14CX0)1HT, K onhomy H3 MI 10111X CI10- C060B otnbixa H pannetielma. CnenyeT OTMeTHTb, 'ITO, KaK HeonHoicpamo yrsepx(naet MypaToB, nenb npothbonoctabnemm HcKyccula H a1-1thhckyccma He yetahobnehme Hepapnm menzny 3THMH nbymx cpehomehamh, 110 MX THHononmecKoe OHHCaHHC: petti, HneT O nbyx paanhtmbix, 6011Ce TOPO, KOH- TpaCTHbIX chctemax BbIpa>KC111131, KoTopme otcbmalot K COBCpLIICHHO pa3hbim HcTopmecKilm H KynbTypHbim chtyammm. 5. HocT-Espona 3T0 "noxyc ahthhckyccma": B IIeii HilnycTpHanimbim o6- mecmom yhwito>kehbl camil npupoahble ye.110bhs1 AMI Xy110)KeCTBCHHOPO moptiectsa. KpH3HC C0111,1aJILHbIX yetahonnehml (conemeimbm ropo), HC,le- 3HOBeHHe HaTpHapxanbiloro ctposi) coanaet npennocbunm nna rh6enu HCKyC- CTBa HOR ynapamm HHIMX, tiy>knbix M HpencTassulloumx nonhylo emy Ilpo- THBOHOJIO)KHOCTb NBneHMl3. HCTIIHHOe 1,ICKyCCTBO ocymectannetca TOM bk0 B 11p0H3BegeHITH "HaponHoro" xyron(hma, KOTOpIA Hall ReTCH B TO )Ke BpCM51 "Haponubim" tienobekom, TO ectb Haxonwrcsi B VICKOHHOil 14 OIITOIIOPIPICCK0i4 rapmomm C Heilaawem, HoliHmaembim KaK ectectsumbhi H opramneckm1 (1)0H 13 KynbTypHom H nyx0bhom CMbIC.T1e: "`Hapombife ne.110bek sumehhe opra- HymecKoe, KaK 6b1 snosme HapannenbHoe chope H cj)ayhe HeKoeti onpenenew 110i/ 30HbI: 3TO dmrypa B Heùaa>Ke, HO thrypa, Ile06X0M4MaH 13 nahhom nana- >ce, 6e3 KoTopoil neilaa K nepectaet 6byrb BepHbim H HOSIMAIM nell3a)kem" (HH, c. 189). HHnycTpHanbHoe 06111eCTBO B CyLIIHOCTI,1 H3F01151eT 113 EBp0I1bI "HaponHoro genobeica", KOTOpbIfi 51B1151eTC51 CyCrbeKTOM 11 ocrbeictom Hocyccma (HH, c. 192). 14 pa3 TOJIbKO "IlapOJErabIg IICJI0BeK" moxcet o6ecnetultb ycno- BMI nna BbI>KMBaIIIHN HcKyccTsa, TO Hane)mbi Ha 3T0 B HocT-eBponeficKyro anoxy so3naralotcs4 Ha Te o6nacth 111,113HTIH3OBallHOPO mhpa, KoTopme B McHb CTeHellH 3apa>KeHbi "minyctphanhamom" 3T0 POCCHA, qactipiho HTaJI 145I H JlaTHHcKaz AMepHKa. Heo6pammomy npogeccy "nerymamnalpm" )1(1,13IIH 11

6 106,qattuana Ptitmie nckyccma MO)KeT 6bITb HpOTHBOHOCTaBJICHO elihhctbehii0e cpegcmo: peactetn3a11;nsi 1KH3H11 B CMbICIIe, HpOTHBOHOJI0>KHOM ananrapgn3my, TO ectb He eaiihctbo Hp0H3BeReHHSI pickyccma H migycnim, a mennenne CB5I3H xygo>k- "aca e 06inecmom, ocyntectansiemoe 6naroAapsi 14min-ottenni cipepbi xyao- >KecTnermoro H3 ed-sem:a inigycnnanmoro H aktyann3a1[nn apxanneckoro, peatecfzekinozo xapaktepa xygo>keerneillioro Tpy)a. 6. KHHO ectb nan6onee nonnoe nbipa>kenne ahthhckycctba, HOCKOJIbKy OHO TextinKa, nayka, "alimnpnpoanocm" B LIHCTOM BliRe. H CerOAHSI MbI "ne MO- )KCM y>ke comnenamcm B TOM, CITO Hayite CBOACTBeHHO 3noe naiiano, tuo nay- Ka SIBIIHeTCSI B 601IbIlleil epe HCTOIIHHKOM comanbnoro 3JIa, nem connanbnoro go6pa" (HH, e. 208). TaK, KaK OHO pa3i311ballocb CHX HOp, KHHO nemctpannaetcsi HOR Bige cpewiero amepmanna, THHHtIHOI O "nenapognoro numneka". ByArin maccobbim mckyccmom, KHHO o6nagaet pa3naraionteti CHJI0P1 HO OTHOILIeHHIO K cnoemy notpe6ntenio, 3acTannsisi ero ace menee OCO3HaBaTb paminny men(y UCKyCCI II annzuucicyccrneani. HTaK, II0ABORH vuorn I43.TIO)KCIIHIO OCHOBIlbIX IHIeù MypaTOBa O corspemennom nckyccme, MO)KHO CKa3aTb, CITO, HO MHeHHIO antopa, HOWITIle (pop- Mbl MO}KeT cylnecmonam TOJIbK0 B CBH3H C MHp0B033pel1HCM, OCHOBaIIIIMM na OTHOUIeHM4 qeaoeek-npupoòa, npncylnem 3anagnoil KynbType. OKomiaTenb- Hbig OTXOJLI OT Konnennim nckycctria KaK oto6pa>kennsi peanbnocm H OT TCX TCXHH,IeCKHX npnemon, na KOTOpbIX OHO TpaAHHHOHHO gep)khtc31 (r.tiabhbim o6pa3om, OT CBCTOBbIX 3CDCPCKTOB B ACHBOHHCH), SIBJISIeTC51 Tpe130>KHb1M 311a- KOM 6eClipeHeRelITHbIX B HCTOpHH KysibTypm H3MeHeHHA, pa3pb1nom C 3anattnoti KynbTypHoiI TpaAnnneil. Mnorottacnennbie pemmincnemtnn, coctannsuonine 06~1 dion MypaTOB- CKHX HO3HIjiiii, netpyglio y3hatb. B CTaTbH BHJIeTeHbI TeMbI H pa3mbiumennsi, THHH,IHbIe AnSt KynbTypbi 1103AHer0 pycckoro CHMBOJIH3Ma B innpokom CMbICJIe. BbIRe.TIHeTCSI xapaktepriasi Ansi Konna XIX BeKa Tema ahthh03htfibh3ma, neratfibmax nein lnigycnnanbiioro o6inectna H macconoil KylibTypm. KnaccniiecKoe oripegenenne XIX CTOJICTIIH (TOrIHee, BTOpOti ero HOJI0BHHbI) KaK ">Kene3noro neka" CTaJI0 nonni 06I1 HM MeCTOM B Kynbnpnoil MHCPOJIOFHH Italiana XX neka (CM. XOTH 6bI man), "Bo3me3Ansi" EnoKa H.Tin ero >Ke cm- MIO "Hp0HIISI"). IlpocTynaroT OTrOJIOCKH H HBaHOBCKOH KOHLICIHHH uckyccma KaK mildiotnomecma H napoga-mnclsomopna, H 110CJIepeBORIOIIHOHHbIX ctateti BlIOKa. OCO6eHH0 3nalinmbimn OKa3aJIHCb Ansi MypaTona MbICJIH BeJI0F0, pa3-6p0cahhble B pa3hbix ero npoaaseaefmax Fr. ("PeBOJIKHHISI H Kynb- Typa", "KpH3HC ACH3HH", "Ogna H3 06HTeReil napcma Tener, FRC TepMHH "Ky6143m" CTaHOBHTCH CHHOHHMOM ytpatbi cmbicna H rapm0hvivi enponeikkoil KynbTypm). Ho, 6e3ycnomo, Hall6o.ab1nee cxoactao mypatoackast KoHnenulla o6happiumaet c nenhim paiaom pa6ot Bepmesa ("Cmbicil TsopnecTBa", "Ko-

7 06 3CMCM11-leCKO1 Kormentviii 17. Mypamo6a 107 He n Esponbi", "Konen Peneccanca", "Kpn3nc ncxycctba", "CMbICJI VICTOpHH"), B KOTOphIX abtop pannbaet Temy "xpintica B xy.abtype" H 'colma nekoero COL1,11311LHO-HCTOpHIIeCK0F0 11,11KJIa, pa3pytualowerocsi HOR VIeVICTBIleM HOBbIX H Bpa)Kge6mAx emy ABJIeHHii. HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, MypaToB nntepnpetnpyet l'amano peb0j1101ahh 13 06J1aCTH H306pa3HTeJILHOF0 ncxyccma B cbete xatactpocpb3ma H pyccicoro umenrnepnanctba Toro BpCMCIIH. 5 13Knag MypaToBa ognaxo He orpanniumaetcm npligo)kennem 6epgneB- CK0r0 1101ISIT1451"xpn3nca xysibtyphi" K cobpemennomy HcxyccTBy, HO xacaetca camoro Bonpoca O 11a3HaneHHH Xy110)KeCTBeHHOPI KpHTHKH. MypaTOBa B paccmatpnbaembix pa6otax nem, IICKyCCTBOBege1111A y)me IIC npocto mynerine 0171eJ1bHIAX SIBIICHHPI ncxycctba (xygo>kectbennbix Tenennil, urngeil). B vickycctbe npocnexamaetch IIe pa3bvitiic TeX eCKHX npnemob HCTOpHSI a6ctpaximbix chopm, a 3B0, gyxa nenobenecxoro, Bogee TOPO, HCKyCCTBO eTCH "cambim nytki4m H CaMbIM nybctbiitcjii,hiam IICHX11- IIeCKHM annapatom negobenectba" (il, c. 97), B KOTOpOM MO)KHO ycmotpetb IlpH3HaKH cammx r.71y6oki1x gyxommix gm4)kenn6 3110XH. Hepe i namn, B onpegenennom cmbicge 3apo)Kgenne pyccxoro Bapnawra pa3bnbaioinenc% Torga e13p011dickom HCKyCCTBOBegeHHH Tengennnn, B xotopon OCHOBH0e MeCTO 3aII14- MaIOT CI3V131,1Ba e Xya0VKeCTBel1H0e TB0pIleCTBO Ka>1( XH C MHp0B033peHHeM, eii npncynnum, H C C013peMeHlIbIMH (1/ CPCKIIMI4 Te- He111151MH. HMeHHO CTpeMlIeI1HeM BbII1TH 3a npegenbi Xya0)KeCTBeHHOÙ Kpn- THICH 11 HCTOpHOrpaCIN4H 11CKyCCTBa B CT0p0Hy victopun gyx0bhopo pa3- B14T1451 tiej10beriectba 11 OTi1aCTI4 3CTeTHKH OTJIHiIaJIHCb B 11aHafle 3TOPO semi HeKOTOpbIe HCKyCCTBOBeaileCKVIe HaIlpaBlIeH1111, 13 pycjie KOTOpbIX HaX01151TC11 pa6otbi MypaToBa. 6 5 TaK, KcTaTH, nrrepripempyet nephyro 113 npownwohammix ctateii, "IlpeRBB- RCHHA", KapCaBIIH B pegehaun Ha KHUry " BHMK. C6OpHHK nutepatypb1 e VIC- Kycurna", BbILLICJILLIal 13 C6. "CO np06flembl JIyX0BHOrl Kynurypb1 N pc.tinf4103hoii chunocochwt", non pen. H. 4). Sepnmen, Bepnwi 1923, c B umeurnephahculle MypaToBa Kapcaum BHAPIT rnahhybo orpawiriehhoctb ero KOHBCHIBUI. 6 Mbl HMeeM B Hun)/ npenke acero TaK Haabwaemyro "BeHcKyto wkony". CaMO onpegenehhe "13CIACKOil LLIKOlIbl" o6snaho CBOHM 11051BIICHIleM 101IllyCy CPOH CCCpy, KO- TOpbai HaxonHn 06LBVIC 3.TICMCHT6I y HeKoTopmx HemegKnx N abctphilckux PICTOpHKOB HcKycc.03a; B PDC i1ncne A.TION3 MaKC 1,Hop(aK, cam 10.nuyc (tem Illnoccep. 061,e1B4HAII 3THXr4CHbIX npe)kne Hcero o6whil ;k1131 Hcex otkaa o'r ripenerawiehnsi NCTOppm HcKycc.rHa KaK cymmbi mohorpalwrieckmx ornicawi. flpegrippihnmajimcb HO- FIbITKI4 OCMbICIIHTb OCHOBHbIC HaripaHneHHz, TeHneuww, acnektbi, xapaktermayfouwe R.IBITeJlbHble HcTopHriecKHe nephonbi, OTACJIbHbIe XygO>KeCTBeHHble ABIICHNSI e twymeh- HHe Kpli3HCbI KBAHI4 XygO>KCCTBCHHOF0 THowlecTRa. FlpH 'FaKOM FIOFIHMaHUM aanau HcKyccTHoHenewm (Kor;Ia PICKyCCT130 SIBRACTCA HHC'l'pyMeHTOM RJ151 oripehenewn

8 108 CTaBH BO rnariy yrna ripo6nemy, Ha nei:mi:ah B3F.TISIA, TexHimecxylo tipo- 6nemy CBeTa, abtop HepellocHT ee (KaK 3TO genaet flahorpcxri c nepcnex- THBOB) B Mitnococtrcxoe HamepeHHe (othomem/e TIC.I1OBCKa C ripe)1membim MI4- pom). 3T0 omphmaet emy ruhpoxile BO3MOACHOCTI4 JE(JDI HOBOA HHTepripeTanHH BCell HCTOpHH Hcxyccma KaK oirhoil 143 COCTaB V14X, KoTopbie itopmnpyrot MyX0BH0e COCTOSIMIC o61i1ectha B KaAzghtù gahhblì4' Ilep140)1. KaK gh5,1 HaII0CD- CKH OT gpehhourvi go HaIHHX gheil cmehhnoci. gha THria ripenctarinehmi O mhpe, KOTOpbIC B H3O6pa3HTeJIBHOM HCKyCCTBC 06yCJIOBFIJ114 paaribie pemehmst nep- CBCKTHBLI (aht b1H 061,CKTI4BH3M H cohpemeimmi Cy6beKTI1B143M), TaK MypaToria (KOTOpIA FICX0FIHT 143 HHbIX 11pCMIOCIATIOK H 11p14130FHIT CBOH pa3mmuineimil K MeHee 110CJICROBaTenblIbIM 14 TOIIHbIM 3aKJ110 11e11H51M) lictopilz HcxyccTsa COBpCMCHHOPO riepiloga ACJIHTCH Ha gbc 'mem, H OCHOBHOC pa3- J11111HC menry griymn c1)a3amm ee pa3m4t p0X0AHT nepea pa3hbie cnocoat H3o6paxcem4H oxpywaromero mhpa C Homourmo cheta (TO CCTb OCBeIHCH1451). RASI 060HX TOMKOil pa3pymemzisi JTOti CHCTeMbI SIBJ15110TCH "Les demoiselles d'avignon" Hm(acco, KOTOpbIe OTKpb1BalOT 11)/Tb K HOBOMy 110HHMaHHIO ripoctpaitctha. Ho, ec.im HO flahorpcxll Ky6I43M 0623aH CBOHM BO3HHKHOBel1HeM pannonanmia KOHIVCIIHHH ripoctpahmia, po)kgehhoh ogliohpemehho C Teo- KnaccHcimKattvut lictopmueckoro upememt H npoctpahcrrea Hntt IWBH.F1H3aL(uOHHbIX 11,11KBOB) )1(Hop>KaK ripprojurr K o'ronteermehtuo HcrropHH aocrrpaktholl chopmbi, B03- IwKweii H3 "911CTOil BWHIMOCTH", c Hcrropueti KynurypLi (Kunstgesehichte als Geistesgeschichte Hanarme ero camoro 11313eCTHOro TpyRa, ony6nnkohahhoro B 1927 r.). TewteHntno yxoma B 3crre'rttxy o6hapy>khhatol"ratoke HeKo'l'opble pa6o'rbl 3punHa Ha- HOGPCKH o nepcnewrime (Die Perspektive als "symbolische Form", 1927) H ero pa6o- T61 no likohoj101'1111 KaK me'rofte nenocrhoit t-rrepriperantut xyro)kecutehhoro npon- HeReHtg. Haute ripoutehtte MypaTorta Ha cfohe pantrrtug euponacxoro HCKyCCTBO- BegeHHA 6 nepboll nonomme XX c'ronermsi CBH3aHO C I101IFF1'KOl1 pekohcrrpyktum tictoprim Mb111111CHHA B nnahe KynbTypHo-HcTopmuecKoro napannenh3ma n He 6onee Toro. Awierrurrenuw, He npercraunzercm BO3M0>KH61M yerrahontyrb K Tomy >Ke 3T0 11 HC CTOIlb cyutectnehho Ansi [tendi Hawero paccyn(ehtut, B KaK0i1 c'renetut MypaTou 6but 3HaKOM C pa6otamh ubnueynomhhyrbtx HCKyCCI'BOBeROB. KOHer1H0, Mypa'roB (tt 3T0 umpoko 3aCHW1CTeJlbCTBOBaHO B "O6pa3aX lirrantr) MH0r0 B35111 H3 ahrnttfickoll TpaRtuttut Hocnpnwrnsi pomatmt3ma C ee ntrrepecom K RyX0BHOCT11 11 HcTopHuHoerm xy- R0)1(eCTBeHHOF0 Flp0H3BCACHHH, coue'ratouthmcz C HacTowrenbithim ctpemnetutem npo- HHKHy'l'b 6 ero "Jtytuy"; OH 6b111 X0p HaKOM C pa6otamtt HTallb2HCK011 WHBOwicri amepmahckoro tickycc'rhouejta BepHxama BepncoHa, Korropme nepeuen H ony- 6ntwonan chamana B cnoem >KypHane "Cocht3", a notom o'rrenbhott KHuroti B 1923 r. (Bepncon B. (1).11013eHTWACKHe )1(14BOHHCIAbl Bo3pontetn4m. flepehor H ripegmcnottne 11. Mypwroua. MocKua. FIWI. C. 14. Caxapoua. 1923). H3HecTeH 6b1J1 emy H apxputho- ROKyMeHTa.116Hbill metor Ajtonbcpo BeFrrypH. K womy, no cyrit )Iena, CBORSITCSI RaHHble O WHISIFIHFI Ha Mypwrotta euponackoro HCKyCCTBOBCReH1151.

9 06,gememwlecKoù Kom(enwl 17. Myparnow 109 pxer OTHOCHTe.abIlOCTH, TO RJ15,1 MypaToria OH o3tranaet npegnectne npenpautermsi nexycema B CBOIO ahthte3y. B xonetntom Furore BLIBORM MypaToBa OKa3LIBalOTCSI panie HeCCHMHCTIFIIILIMH H rny6oxo HOCTaJIbIlltIeCKHMH HO OTHOILICHHIO K ytpanelmomy mucho-penurno3nomy 06111,etime; MypaToB He npn3riaet 3a XyA0)KeCTBeHilbIMI4 riponi:inermi:1mm auairrawra rmicaxofi KynbTyp- HOFi CO3Hgaltligefl etuatmu. B 3TOM cmbiene OH OTIHICTH npegnocxrunaet nanpannerme coupemermoil 3CTellIKH (rrecomnermo, mamme, HO 01' 3TOFO ire mei-ree Ba>xtroe), KOTOpOe Boo6nte OTKa3bIBaeTC51 riptnnatu 3a IICKyCeTBOM ariattrapga etatye xygo>kectnermoctn. 13 CBSI311 C 3THM npenctabnnetor nenecoo6pa3m,rm COHOCTaBHTb 'igen MypaToria C 1103H1H451MH ognoro 143 Kpyrureilmnx euporreficknx HCKyCCTBOBeROB XX nexa Farrea 3egnumatipa, 7 'Ib51 TpaxTorixa HpO6JIeM conpemetmoro nexycctua BO MHOI'OM 6JIH3Ka mypatoucxofi. B Knurax "Verlust der Mine" (1948), "Die Revolution der modernen Kunst" (1955), "Kunst und Wahrheit" (1968), "Der Tod des Lichtes" (1964) 8 3eRsibmanp paccmanntsaur conpememoe HCKyCCTI30 KaK nposiunerme ynagxa H pacnaga enponeficxoil xynt,typur. 3egnumailp nonaraet, trro B marre metogomornm ne- KyCCTBO noo6ute H 143o6pa3nTenurroe B oco6ermourn mo)kno paccroatprmatu KaK CHMHTOM IICHXYPIeCKOLD COCTOSIHH53 nenonenecma B xa>kgyro gai-lupo xy; C.TIeACTBHeM 3TOI'O SIBJISICTCSI nenpnwrne HM TpaKTOBKH npo6nem conpe- MeHHOr0 ncxycema B qhcto HCKyCCTBOBeJVIeCKOM rimane. Ero He.lb "Kprrrnxa gyxa, HOIHATKa HOCTaBHTb gnarn03 gnoxe [...1, ncxogst 113 manina nponmegemisi nexycctria" (VM, 11). 9 FlOCJIeRHIA giuri panntum HCTOpHH uckycctua, ee axtyanunoe COCTOSIHIle xapaktepn3yeteg cornacno 3egnbmailpy nepexogom OT OTACJII.H0F0 npon3be- Relll451 vickycctna K HCTOpHH BO fica' ee HOJIHOTe. B 3TOM CMbICJIe nctopmst ncxyccerna MO}KeT CAe.TIaTbCSI "Begymefi cpegll COBpeMeHlIbIX rymanutaptintx 7 YneHrec,lleop)kaka H lll.noccepa, FaHc 3exribmgip npenoraean B BeHe, MIOHXeHe H 3ant,n6ypre. ripe; metom ero w'i'yahii 6bulH no npehmyw,ectey 6apokKo, pokoko, 3rioxa FOTWIeCKHX co6opoe BeerRa B KOH'I'CKC'I'C 3noXn. Orporo clpopmasiblibiti ahantri nprieogrrr K Tomy, qt0 B ero TpaxTome Hp0H3BCACHHe Hckycurea CTaHOBHTCA "CHMFITO- MOM anoxe, pacunweet CBOC co; ep>katenbhoe ripoctpahureo; Takiim O6pa3OM, mckyc- CTBOBelteHlie BK.IllOrIaeTCSI B Kpyr gyx0bhbix Hayk. B 3TOM 3eglibmarip ornipaerce Ha Kynb'rypHoe Hacnemme "BCHCKOI1 LLIK01161", nocsieghhm, 3aeepulatolgum riperctaerrrenem KoTopoll OH ARBACTCA. Kpyr mbicnnteneti, Ha KOTOphIX OH ccbuiaerce, ROBOBbH0 o6umpeh H BKJ1K)MaCT riperctaerrresieil pa3f11.1x clm.nocockktix Haripaenewill, crr (1)0H BaRepa jto Hkinwe, ot IllneHreepa n 10Hra Teanoroe, oco6ehho katonlineckux. 8 llanee: VM, RK, KW, TL. 9 UHT. no H3R.: Verlag Ullstein, FrankfurtlM Berlin 1991.

10 110 atti-ma ia Puta6t HayK, HpHo6peTan ga)ke H npoponeckyro ctiymcwito" (KW, 26-31). 10 Ana cbehomeha xa)kyten 3exibmaiziepy eambimu 3HaimmbuqH H nplulmn, H Ha III«OH cocperatotmaet minmahhe: conpemehhoe "pa3pymehhe MHcf)a", nocnphhwroe HM KaK pa3pymehhe Hcxyccma, PI "HCI1e3HOBC1111C eneta" pa3HTe.T11,1 ILIX HCicycCTB. B RK paccmonehbi OCHOBI11,1e xapaxtephetnxn ("neprillimbie cpehome- Hbl", B TephumonorHH 3eAsibmatipa) HaH6onee "npow4hymix" xyao)kectheh- HLIX O 11b1TOB. B etpenaehhh K " CHH10", K 11C3aBHCHMOCT14 Hcxyeurna (rh- 6e.ill, )G4B01114CI1040, cxy.nbrityphoro H RexopaTHHHoro B "oinunehhoir apxh- TexType; ackct113m HeclutrypaTHHHoil )KHBOHHCH 14 pa3hlie TH111,1 a6etpaxhho- HH3Ma) H COOTBOTCTBCHHO B nowamehhh Hayr1HO-TeXHWICCKHM H reometphne- CKHM Hneanam, B abtomath3me cloppeanneton, B 11pHMHTHBH3MC 3KCIINCCHO- FIFICTOB BO Beem 3TOM 3exribmallp BHAVIT CO3HaTelIbH0C cuemnehme cospemehhoro HcKyceTna K pa3py1nehmo MHpa. 3TOT Hponece ripohcxoght 1,13-3a ywatbi 60)KecTneHHoro MHCj)a, 110AWFICHHOF0 TaKHMH cypporatamll 60)KCCT- BCHHOPO, KaK 3CTCTH3M, CHHCHTH3M, TexHHHH3m H HppamoHasiH3m: 1 "061guii ahanh3 3Toil rpyrinbi HpH3Haxon 11pHBORHT K RHarHo3y: gesiobck notepstn CB011 L1CHTp. VICKyCCTBO Tax>Ke yrannetcsi OT HeHTpa" (VM, ). ConpemeHHan xyno)keetnehhaa 3noxa TpamyeTcsi KaK otphhahlie CyLLIHOCTH Hcxyccma, KaK "afithhckycctbo", CORTHICHO onpenememno abtopa, KOTOpblil HOCB51111aCT pa36opy 3TOPO HOMITHS1 Henyio num K "Kunst und Wahrheit". YeTpanemie KOM110311HHH, BKJIIO'IeHHe rpy6opi materm H cnyttati- IIbIX anemewron B xygo)keemehhoe npoh3nerehhe, 06ecHeminaHHe cpopmbi, HaKOHCH, OTKa3 OT mactepctua HC11011HCHH51 TaloKe xapaierephm ARSI ahthlicicycetba.' 2 0)(HaKo eamwm HHTepecHmm, Ha BaLn B3r.11SHI, acnextom, B KOTOpom CXORSITCH MypaTos H 3exibmaPip, SIKTISIeTC51 TpaxTonica Hpo6nembi caerna KaK ostugemopeimit cuyieryphi unoxu, c owtai CT0p0Hbl, H cytuitoctu 11p0143- BeRCH1151 HcxyccTna, C Apyroit HpoH3neHeHHe HCKyCCTBa, KaK 14 apxwrelerypa, Tpal:(11411,10III10 CrIllTaK)- 1HaSICH Kymbhumameil mhorkix xnacewiecxux HCKyCCTB, npernonaraet Heo6xo- M UHT. no H3II.: Maander Kunstverlag, Mittenwald Flepito;maattim xygo*ectnemmix anox y 3eRsibmaiipa crr.amilaercil crr mypaton- CKOrt: MOMCH'I' paapbuia c enponacxoti Tpa}tHitHeii riamihaeirsi B Komie XVIII nexa. 12 3eant,mallp ae.naer pairminie menty HC-HCKyCCTROM, B }componi THopilecKH11 CBOIIHTCSI K cy6.betermioil camoottelixe XygO*HVIKa, KBH.11HchmunyKagero co6cmeh- Hoe npowneiteime }cm 3CTeTWICCKOC (a6cwaxi(homi3m, cynpeniatnam, ready-made), H awrmicxycciliom, OCHOBaHHUM Ha nbipa*eiibix aeurpyierimhbix itameheinnx TpaRimioHHoti micrembi HCKyCCTB 0}a}1ail3m, cioppeamiam).

11 06 acmemauecuoù h-0~mila' Ti. Mypamouu 111 JAHMOCTb }KFIBOil CW1311 CO CBCTOM. 13 3Ta KaTeroppm ncne3aet H3 cospemen- H0r0 ahthhckycctba, TITO SIBBSIeTCSI HHM nonmemnennem TOPO, TITO HC- KyCCTBO KaK CTb Bbipa)Kennst 6bino TaKHM TOIlbK0 B "nocobpemetwom" mnpe. Bonee TOPO, cmeptb cbeta CTaHOBIATCH Ba)KHbIM 3.TICMCIITOM monepm43ma, CBIlgeTeJlbCTBOM ero otica3a OT conemalinz; npon3benenne ncxycctba, 110TC1151B CBOJO nepbonananbnyio cynwoctb 6b1Tb caxpanbnbim nencisom octaetch npocto TexnnnecKon manntectannen. Rnsi 3ennbmafipa, KaK H ARSI MypaToBa, pa3pb111 C Tpannnnonnon CHCTC- M011 HCKyCCTB B cchepe )1(11B011HCH npenctabnen nmnpeccnonmmom, 13 KoTopom ncne3aet n3o6pa>kenne npviponbi KaK TaKOBOe H nonrotabnvirmetcz ero 3aMe- Ha aktom", pa3mbilinleilllem ncicycctba O camom ce6e. MypaTon npo3opanso BHAHT 130 nmnpeccnoninme (0006C11110 B >K11B011HCH H ckynbntype) lunario 3CTeTIFICCKO CMHKH 06 OTHOILICIIIISIX meacny,icrobckom H npnponon: nopbab C 06binnum HI1H C naynnbim Bfinennem npenmeta, nonmein3 ero Bhnennem HilTyHTHB11b1M H Cy6leKTH1311b1M, nmnpeccnonn3m oticpbin Ty BenecsIxaemyio genb npotnbopennil, KoTopaz xapaxtepn3yet pa3bwrne cobpemennoro lackyccma BH.TIOTb cloppeann3ma, n a6ctpaknnonn3ma, H T ennbmanp, ynntbmaklinzil, B OTI111'1HC 01' MypaToBa, 3BOJIIoL yno co- Bpemennoro ',mq/cm:3a B HOJIHOM ero 06mme, n0 cyrn ;lena yrbep>knaet TO >Ke camoe. 06a CXORSITCH B onenxe )1CHBOIIHCH Ce3a1na 14 sumnoineficsi '0M nenoro xygoacectbeinioro nepnona, ocnobannoro IIa nonnmannn KaK rpaimnbi, 3a KoTopoil nannnaetcn Bn3yanbnaz ctopona xygo>mectbennoro npon3benennsi (npenctabnennast chopmon, CBCTOM 11 HBCTOM). 06a n 9TO camoe Baxmoe OTKa3b1BalOTC51 ripm3natb VIMMalICIITHOCTb ncicycctba H sno6oe 13 3T0 nepuo, cornacito 3ennbma0py, nnsi ucex anox: "B rotwieckom co6ope HO H He TOJIbK0 B HCM CBCT, KOHCI HO, He cnyualuoctb, HO 13 kakom-to cmucne cama cytu- HOCTb npouauenentisi ticxycerua", yruepntaer autop 13 ORHOil H3 C130 11X nocnettunx pa6oi "Das Licht in seinen kunstlerischen Manifestationen" (1979), B KoTopoil cpopmynripyer runoteay CTaHOW1CH1131 tictopun ricxycctna sub specie /UCiS H nactanuaer, B 9aCTHOCTH, Ha HCO6X0RHMOCTH [TOM 3BCCT31 tictopitueckull ahan H :3 COOTHOWCHHA Me- TaCIDH3HKI1 H 3CTCTHK31 cuera. Cnenbi FlOrIbITKH ripocnenwrb IICTOpH30 "cuera 13 ucxycctue" nnm ucex 3F1OX MO)KHO Figuri B nepuoil mactit TL, B KoTopoil autop nplixontrr K runoteae O Tom, rito 13 uctoprut cui:a moryr 3aKAF09aTbC31 "cheuomeubi eine 6onee ita*ubie, 9CM 13 tictoptut npoctpauctua, KO'ropal, itatittnam C PHFBA H nanee, ciana chylinameutanbuorl npo6nemo6 uctoptin ncxycctua". 14 nn iv,ypatou 110CBAT1111 cippauttyackomy xyno*unxy nue pa6otbi: "Flonb Ceaauri", "Becbl" Nsi 12, c H Fle6onbutyro mouorpachnto "Ceaauti". Bepnti. Fp>Ke- Outi

12 112 /tal-nona Piumu xygo)kectserioe ssipa)kenne, otsepraroutee npekpacrioe B ero 6o)KecTsen- HOil HJIH ripspogrion HIIOCTaCH. HCKyCCTBO, KOTOpOe ctpyierypripyetca H >KH- BeT propria principia, SIBJISIeTCSI 060HX astopos COBNMCHII011 "r14-6e.ribro rickycctsa". B OfipeRCJICHHOM CMbICJIC MypaToBa MO)KHO cnritats npeginectsenrinkom 3egnsmanpa, H OCHOBaHHCM atomy CJIy>KIIT nento 6onsinee, nem npocto Te- MbI H HACH, 06IgHe RASI CITOHCIICKOA KynsTypsi paccmannsaemoro riepiloga. HaTIO ytoiihhtb, tito, X0131 3TO TeOpeTH'ICCKH H 6bIJI0 BO3MOACHO (MypaTOB ymep B 1950 r., npowvie 6onee Tpr)ntaTi4 JICT B 3anagnon Espone), cnegyet HCKJIMIHTb ripaiernneckyro BepOSITHOCTb KaK0r0-.3H60 nenocpegctsennoro KOHTaKTa menly nirmn. 15 Ho pa3ymho ripegnono)kwrs, tifo 6bulo caoero posa casi yiouree 3BCHO, KoTopoe MO}KeT 06"bACHHTb HaJIWIFIC TOLIeK conpnkocn0- BeHH51 B Konnenninix pycckoro FicKyccTsosega H BelICK0r0 nctopnica HCKyCCTB. Ha 3essisma6pa, xopoino 3naKomoro C pycckoh pennrno3noti MbICJILIO Hanana BeKa, 16 oka3ann, HO ero CO6CTBeHHOMy npumanino, CHJILHOC 13.1H5IIIHC H o6uretine c Bnagnmnpom Befigne, H ero Krivira "Les abeilles d'aristée" (1936), 17 nocssaneimas Kpinncy cospemernioro iickycctsa H nanticannaz, naso nymats, He 6e3 B03ACACTBH31 pa6ot MypaToBa, HJIH, HO Kparinen mepe, 13M- IIICALUa51 H3 Kpyra Tex )Ke C CPCKHX 15 KaK H3BeCTHO, Mypwroe nepectan C KOHHa 20-x FOROB 3aHHMa'rbc1 HCKyCCTBOM, floceihthb CC651 chanana ny6nhuncrrnke, a B KOHI HcTopnn BOCHHOII urpatermi, yenekaewen ero enne B mononocth. 06 3TOil pe3ko6 cmehe HHTCpCCOB HneonortmcKofi opmewrannit ecnommhae'r AneKcaHnp Baxpax: "Ho B Atm npekpacnbr6 RCHb (y* He 3HaK), KaKaa myxa ero ykyczna) Myparroey erano TCCHO OCTaBaTbC51Hc.ropuKom HcKyccTea [...]. Ho MHC ace Ace Ka*erce, wro ero nonpaeehme Bbl3BaHO outymehhem KaKHX-TO nopemhbix rynoe, B KOTOpbIX OH ynaentlean HacrrynneHme Hoeoil, epante6hoe emy 3noxin. OH enpyr HOH51.5, rito KpacO'ra mnp He crucci', a Beikb HMeHHO 31'011 HRCCil 6bIJIH nporurrahm ace ero ripe*hne rimatine" (Baxpax A. Ho namsrra, no 3aHHCAM. IlwrepaTypHble noptperbi. flaphac La Presse Libre. 1980, c ). 16 3ennbmatip ccbinaerrca npe)kge acero Ha Bamecnaea HeaHoaa ("Kprni", "Lettre à Charles Du Bos" H npyrkle c'ra'rbh), Bnagnmepa Conoebeea ("Tatifia hporpecca") N HmKonaa Bepneeea ("Cmblen un'olmi", "0 Ha3Hanefui nenoeeka"). 17 PyccKoe H3RaHHC Bb1W510 ronom no3)ke B HapH)Ke c 3arnaeriem "YMHpaHHe ac- Kycc'rea". B nocnenime ronbi KHHra 6bu1a FrmaHa nea*nbi B Poemi: Behne B. B. "YmmpaHne FicKycc.rea. Pa3MbILLIJICHHA o cynb6e nwrepatyphoro H XygO*CCTBCHHOr0 TeopnecTea". Con.. H HOCHCCH. M. A. 40p0H, ICHKOBa. KOMMCHT. 14. A. RopointeHKoea H B. M. Jlypbe. CH ; &l'ansie B. "YMHpaHHe FicKycc'rea". Coc'r. H nocnecn. B. M. Tonmaneea, M

13 06 acmemivieckozi keitt(entwit 17. Mypaino6a 113 Km4ra Befinne OXBaTLIBaeT 3HWIHTCJIbH0 6onee ninpoxml roph3oht, nem CTaT1,14 MypaTOBa, 1 8 II ynimmaet matephan, 'cacai-0~1es' pa3jmniluix HC- KyCCTB, HO B nepbyk) onepeitu antepatypui. TCM He MCIICC oneumnio HaJanme 06ifinx noctynaton: mmlionorwmoctu nexycctua, 011aCHOCTb narici-1nm OT HcxyccTua KaK mitme3hca peanhhocth, HeraTminoe BI1H e HayKH 14 TeXH14KH Ha ecjiepy xynurypm, C13513b xymo>i<hinca C HapOROM KaK OCHOBHOC yenonhe Xy1:10>KeCTBeHHOPO TnopnecTua. OTMCTHM, 'ITO II KoHenHoe pa3pentenne Tipo- 6.nm' xprimea coupemeimoro HcxyceTna B11):114TCSI H MypaToBbIM, n &figlie He TOIILKO B HeFaT1413HOM CBCTC, 113/CTb 14 B gyxe nncton pectaupahmt. COBpeMeHHOC 14CKyCCTBO, HO Buipa)Ketimo 060HX, He 60J1bH0f4, KOTOpOr0 HyncHo a ymhpaiontml, xotopuin HaneeTen Ha nynechoe BoupageHme K ACII3H11. MypaTou OCTa13.11SICT ena6y1-0 HaneAcity, CITO pa3biltne 3anaitHon tumpinvnahhh He 6yneT HpepBaHo: "Hplic.nyumnasieu, pa3jimmet IIaHIe yxo 6naropoilHb1n 3ByK atitihiickoti cfmami, nepkommin XOp, OpraH Eaxa H Bar- Heponexylo My361KalIbIlyK) Tparennio. YmnpaioT ne nionn, HO 60F14 H repon etapoll EBponbl. Ee HCKyCCTBO 13 CBOHX, Ha IMITI 14X rna3ax corsepmaioninxen yetpemnehnsix K npomnomy, repottnecxnm ychjihem iipensurctuyel"romy pa3pumy CB S1311 BpCMCH, TOMy TamicTrieHHomy H CTpaCTHOMy "the time is out of joint", O xotopom nociernmaet FamneT" (II, 107). TITO KacaeTcA Bektne, TO OH, HpH6erHyn K BCpPIIIIIICBCKOMy mndiy o rinenax ApHeTen (B lietbeptorl KHIlfe "Fe0p114K"), KOTOpLIC ymepnic, Ho cmoryt (»Kim 13 pe3ynutate HCKyIIHTeJILI 101'0 )KepTB011pHHOHICHH51, ytnepsk,itaet, 'ITO netcycctua 1,1 IIpOIITH Tiepe3 AcepTnemiyio cmeptu H pa3,303ketille,,ito6b1 no3poitcrben B Hexoimom pciiiifh03110m akte, KOTOphIM OHI4 61,1JIH 110p0)KACHbI n3hinianbno. "llexyectuo ne 6onbHon, onclitaionmil upana, a mei:uni:ah, runoundi BocKpe- Ce11b51. OHO BOCCTaIICT 113 rpo6a B conchraiomem CBCTC pennrho31ioro npo- 3peimn, HJIH, OTCJIy}KIIB I10 HCM cx0p6hyro namixnity, HaM upinietcsi ero npax ripenam 3eMJIe", TaKHMH cnonamh 3aKJIIO'IaeT Bektne "Ymnpaime 14C- KyccTBa". 18 ra LienRne 61,111 JIWIHO 3HaKOM C MypaTOBbIM H Haueptma 3112J1 ero pa6o'rbi (xo'ra Ha -re, O KOTOpbIX HgeT pe tl b B Hacrozuteil CTaTbe, y BeNJtJle ripstmbix CC61110K HeT). OH npopenewittpohan KHHFH Mypamea "Les icones russes", Paris 1927 ("CoupemeHHble 3aHHCKH" 1928, KH. XXXIV, rtte Ha C. 551 Hc -rpegaercsi noka3a'rejlbhoe cyntentie o HanpameHHH pa6ot MypaToBa: "3-ro nepbbii OftbiT HCTO.FIKOKIHPIA 3T0F0 tickycc-rua [pycckoit HKOHOLHICHI C TO AKH 3petinsi ero Ming H ero 3eTeTrIKH") H "La peinture byzantine", Paris, Ed. G. Cres et C., 1928 ("Bo3po)Kttelitte" 1929, 7, c. 3). Ha cxottcuto ocrethrieckttx B3FASIflOB MypwroBa H Beitttne yka3bwae -r H 14. A. )11,0p0H4eHKOB B HOCJICCAOBHH (e. 224) K utrrupottahhomy nane wittahmto "YrsittpaHtm HcKyccma" 1996-ro rotta.

14 114 fiantiana 14gesí Behne 14 3egnbmafipa o cmepm acxyccma B conpemennylo anoxy SIBJ151eTC51 OTKpbITO pennrnoanoti, B TO 'Tema KaK B31.11 SIA MypaTOBa B 3TOM OTHOHICHHH Mexee OTtIeT.TIHB. X)910}KeCTBeHHOe go3p0)kgenne esponelicxoil xy.rn,typm, cornacno 1wpm:dm gnym, gaetcsi B KOHTeKCTe pen141403h0f0 B03- p0>kaeh1451 xpnemancisa, cygb6m KOTOpOI'O TaK TeCHO nepennenlich C cygb- 6amn 3anagnoPi ninmunnannn. 19 HTaK, MO)KHO CKa3aTb, LITO scex Tpex astopos (MypaTona, Behne, 3egnbmai3pa) o61egymnet He npocto conpnilacmocm K actemtiecicomy KOHcepBaTH3My, goctatolmo Lunpoxo pacnpoctpanennomy B esponeticxoil MbICJIM nepnbix georrnmendi XX Bela, a onpegeneimasi rpynna y xaacgoro ca- MOCTOSITenbH0 pa3sepnymix, HO B pgge aellektob o6nappicualownx 143BeCT- Hylo IIpeeMCTBeHHOCTb. ECJII1 npegnonowenne O HalI 14,4F1H 3T0fi "ngekloil" CB51314 npananbno, TO M0)1(110 cica3am, =no MypaTOBy npvniagnexcwr He onenermasa )1O CHX nop 3acnyra B HCTOpHH esponeùcxoro ncxyccmonegenm. YCTaHOBHTb IIepBeHCTBO MypaTona B 3TOM nanpassiemin conpemennoh actemnecicog MbICJIH (110MHMO o6painennz K mano H3BeCTH011 cmpone ero TBOptIeCTBa) 6Tago Ansi nac Ba)KHO B KOHTeKCTe C13513eil pyccicoil 3mmrpaHTcKoil H 3anagnoft xyln,typm.bhhmatenbhb111 ahaji113 mo'ket OTKpbITb B 65:IyILIeM HOBbIe H neowngaimbie goxa3atenhcma I4X B3aHMOBJIHSIHHil. 19 MypaTon cam He 6bIn ganci( OT TOM, 9'ro6b1, nycm H B HCCKOJIbK0 pacnnbinwroll chopme, peamrmo3moe nnnemme mmpa, wro BlIJIHO 113 ero pa6ot H eine 6onee 113 nmcbma Ppmcknoay 113 Pmma B 1912 r.: "Tbi runneum, manpmmep, 06 ykrolie K xpm- CTlialiCTBy [...]. A cefigac mory cxa3am mepmo, yknom BO mme ecm. Xpm- CTIlaHCTBO nomwroe, pa3ymeetcm, OflWl'b *e, fax ecrecmemnam CHOCO6HOCTb qenonerieckoil num, cyakecmonanuram 14, mo*er 6blTb, naxce ponpumnamcm B aht4p9hom. TpyR110 3'1'0 061,53CHHTb nonpo6mee. MHe xamcercm, ecm maxam-'1'o ectecmemmam penmrmm, 6e3 KoTopoti npocto namce 14 *Iffb HeB03M0*HO. 14 B XpFICTII3FICTBe CC 09CHb mmoro" (L1FAI114, ch. 2171, on. 2, en. xp. 70).