Pannon University Philological Doctoral School. Preventive and Corrective Exercises Utilizable in the Nursery and the Lower Primary Physical Education

Átírás

1 Pannon University Philological Doctoral School Preventive and Corrective Exercises Utilizable in the Nursery and the Lower Primary Physical Education Ph.D. Thesis Director of studies: dr. Iván Falus university professor Author: Sándorne Bencze Veszprém 2009

2 Sedentary Lifestyle makes it necessary to raise the following issue: Whether it is possible to find a method, procedure in terms of physical education for kindergarten and primary school children, which would extend the scope of motion exercises in case of these children advisedly, thus it would call forth for a positive change in the approach of the child, the parent and the whole society? The research among other things tried to find any answer for this question, too. 1. Aims of research The aims of research, those create a framework for the study. - The aim of our research was elaboration of such preventive-corrective exercises, those are suitable to provide a professional basis for the special functions of protective-educational basic activity. - Disclosure, comparative analysis of the physical and locomotive state of 3-10 year old children, as well as their overall state of health, with the results of own examinations and achievements of recent studies. - Alongside the examination of locomotive performance of the examined children, the research raises two questions, first is whether the suggested preventive-corrective exercises meet our preliminary hypothesises, or rather under which professional, methodological requirements, this special exercises could be incorporated into the routine of nursery and lower primary physical education. 2. The studied samples 235 nursery children (four, five and six years old) and 242 lower primary children (seven, eight and nine years old) were examined at the beginning and the end of the academic year 2000/2001. The examinations included the orthopaedic examinations, the examinations of locomotive performance of children (by motor tests) as well as the elaboration of programme of preventive and corrective exercises. Both age groups were characterized by the basic parameters of the population. Their statistical and anthropometrical parameters were roughly speaking identical with the national average (Eiben Barabás - Pásztó, 1991). The nursery and the lower primary groups were divided into two groups each, (i.e. an experimental and a control group). The orthopaedic screening examinations, the height and body mass examinations - reflecting the physical development of children - as well as the motor tests were carried out twice a school year, at the beginning and at the end of the school year. The data collected at the beginning of the school year served as basic parameters of the actual physical conditions of children. Based on these studies a new preventive and corrective training programme has been elaborated. In the experimental groups (nursery and primary groups) the programme of preventive and corrective exercises was applied five times a week as the part of the every day physical education.

3 3. The hypotheses of the research a) It was assumed that the disorders of locomotive organs would be significantly decreased if the suggested complete programme of physical exercise was carried out regularly by the nursery and the lower primary children. b) It was assumed that the complete physical exercise programme would correct existing postural defects. 4. The subject of research The research studies whether the preventive, corrective exercises prevent and correct disorders of locomotive organs. 5. Methods of research 1. Survey of technical literature 2. Survey method 3. Statistical method (qualitative and quantitative analyses) 6. Research results Our first hypothesis seemed to be proven, since postural defects in the experimental groups improved significantly by the end of the experiment among nursery children, while in the group of primary school children the postural defects also decreased, however on a much lower level. What was the reason of lower decrease of posture defects in primary school children compared to the nursery results? We think the explanation is that the posture defects reach a much more serious level by the primary school age. This means that the earlier we start prevention (i.e. the preventive and corrective exercises), the easier (in the nursery age), the later we start prevention (in the primary age) the harder it gets to get rid of postural defects. It was also found that in many cases the deformations have accumulated in the lower primary age, thus their correction was much more difficult. In connection with our second hypothesis we must note that the complete programme of physical exercise would correct the already existing postural defects, however the level of correction is much higher in the nursery age children. The deficiencies have decreased in the primary school children group as well, but the improvement was very slight (by the end of the experiment the number of deformations decreased from 178 to 168 deformations).

4 Finally I could ask the question, what surplus could be brought by our examinations to our already existing knowledge? We have known it already that due to sedentary lifestyle, disorders of locomotive organs are found on a large scale in the nursery and primary school groups, as well. - Our examinations brought the surplus that we received information concerning the individual development of children (both physical and locomotive). If we take the individual development of children into account, we can focus expediently on their development, which is crucial when it comes to designing motion activities. - We could extend our knowledge by advising several methods for the benefit of enhancing accomplishment of prevention and correction, such as: enlightenment on results, monitoring of children, training, consulting. - Specific preventive and correction exercise programmes enriched our knowledge. We tried to develop this special exercise programme age-group specific wise, in terms of correction. It is true that this exercise programme will not solve this problem finally, but if their practice can be realized in the everyday routine they can contribute to decreasing disorders of locomotive organs on a large scale among nursery and primary school children. - Our examinations could create a surplus in terms of change of approach of the pedagogues. We suggest solving prevention not on a base of its separation from traditional physical education through special occasions, but in the form of excess exercising. The correction should be implemented taking into account the individual abilities of children.

5 7. Conclusion Based on the analyses carried out, our conclusions are the following: 1. Screening examinations justify, that several locomotive disorders can occur among our children. (e.g.: page section). These above emphasize the importance of prevention, univocally. 2. In case of the anthropometric examinations both in the nursery and the primary school group, in case of both sexes, both main body dimensions - with one exception in both groups - were exceeding the domestic anthropometric values. (Eiben Barnabás Pantó 1991). This examination can be traced back to the lower number of elements of our sample. 3. Based on their performance reached in the motor tests both nursery and primary school children showed a quite diverse image. In the experimental groups some deformations had no effect on the test results of the children. (e.g.: loose attitude), while some deformations acted as limiting factors (e.g.: flat-foot, calf-knee, fatness). This can be taken into account by expedient designing of activities. 4. We could reach an improvement by introducing the preventive, corrective exercise program I the experimental groups. 5. It is essential to introduce everyday physical exercising. Teaching of physical education should be emphasized more in general education of pedagogues. 6. The scope of physical education training should be extended by the preventive, corrective exercise program. 7. Early detection of disorders of the locomotive organs is a current topic of nowadays. According to our standpoint the problem cannot be solved by simply incorporating the special exercise program into the scope of nursery and primary school physical education, it is also necessary to pay attention to changing the attitude of pedagogues (in terms of early detection). The more possibilities provided, the better: enlightenment, training, counselling. Attention should be paid on improvement of disorders of locomotive organs, this in case of children can be solved by providing possibilities for exercising. 8. The subject of development of health should be educated in all classes; we can bear influence on young students among an institutional framework.

6 8. Summary In the academic year 2000/2001 examinations were carried out in kindergartens and primary schools of different towns and villages of Hungary. The studies included the orthopaedic, anthropometric and loadability examinations of health state of 235 kindergarten children and 242 lower primary ones, as well as the studies of their locomotion. The studies included the elaboration of the programme of preventive and corrective exercises as well. The aim of our research was to introduce the elaborated preventive and corrective physical training to the present and future teachers of physical training. The aim of our research was elaboration of such preventive-corrective exercises, those are suitable to provide a professional basis for the special functions of protective-educational basic activity. The nursery and the lower primary groups were divided into two groups each, i.e. an experimental and a control group. The orthopaedic examinations, the height and body mass examinations as well as the motor tests were carried out twice a school year at the beginning and at the end of the school year. The first examinations were carried out in September 2000, the second in the end of May The data collection was accomplished together pedagogues with special qualifications, PE teachers. The data collected at the beginning of the school year served as parameters of the actual physical conditions of children. The results were compared to the published Hungarian data of examinations (which were also showing actual situation). Based on these studies a new preventive and corrective training programme has been elaborated. The members of the so-called experimental group accomplished these exercises five times a week all the year round. The orthopaedic examinations, the motor tests and the examinations of physical development were repeated the end of the year. Then the results collected from the experimental and control groups were analysed. We marked the groups, among 4-10 year old children, in which the development of motion has accelerated, these were the age groups of 4-5-year-olds and the groups of 7-8-year-olds. Concerning the data of motor tests, the basic statistic numbers (average, standard deviation, variation coefficient) were calculated first.

7 The other calculations were carried out by using two calculation methods. The onesample t-probe was applied for detecting the changes in the surveys, as a self-control process. The two-sample t-probe was applied for identification of differences between the groups. The correction coefficient was applied for the correlations between the body dimensions and motor parameters and for the motor parameters exclusively.

8 Publication in the domain of the dissertation Book, passage: 1. Bencze, Sné - Szászné, Sz. J - Bacsó, L. (1995): Új lehetőségek a gyógytestnevelésben. (Mozgáskultúra fejlesztés - differenciált torna) Szerzői kiadás. Szarvaspress, Szarvas p. 2. Bencze, Sné Gaál, Sné (2000): Prevenció és korrekció a 3-10 éves korú gyermekek testnevelésében. Szerkesztői munka. Tessedik Sámuel Főiskola Körös Főiskolai Kara. Szarvaspress, Szarvas. 89 p. 3. Bencze, Sné - Szászné, Sz. J - Bacsó, L. (2000): Új lehetőségek a gyógytestnevelésben. (bővített kiadás). Szarvaspress, Szarvas p. 4. Gaál, Sné - Bencze, Sné (2004): A testnevelés mozgásanyagának feldolgozása a 3-10 éves korosztály számára. Szerzői kiadás. TSF PFK, Szarvas p. ESSAYS PUBLISHED ABROAD Attendance of an international scientific conference (with a lecture): 1. Bencze, Ch. (1994): L'enfant, l'harmonie de sa motricité In: Motricité et harmonie chez le jeune enfant. Sous la direction de Hermet, G-Jardiné, M. Université de Bordeaux II. Bardeaux p. /francia nyelven/ 2. Bencze, Ch. (1996): Le jeune enfant, son corps, le mouvement et la danse. Sous la direction de Hermet, G - Jardiné, M. Edition Erés 11 rue des Alouettes, Ramsville Saint - Agne p. /francia nyelven/ 3. Bencze, Ch. (1996): Le mode de vie des enfants. In: L'enfant et le temps les temps de l'enfant. Sous la direction de Juppé, A. Université de Bordeaux II. Victor Segalen, Bordeaux. 22 p. /francia nyelven/ 4. Bencze, Sné (2004): Exercices préventifs et correctifs que l'on peut appliquer en éducation physique et sportive a' l'école maternelle et primaire. Réflexions et analyses pédagogiques 7. L' I. U. F. M. de Poiton - Charentes 22, vue de la Franchée, Poitiers p. /francia nyelven tanulmány/ 5. Bencze, Sné (2004): Verwendbares praventives und korrektives bewegungsmittel in der kindergartneriche und schulische leibesererzeihung. In: Közös értékeink. Szerk. Gabóda, B. - Lipcsei, I. Poli Print, Ungvár p. /német nyelven tanulmány/ 6. Bencze, Ch. (2007): Preventive and Corrective Exercixes: Elarabation of a Hungarian Nursey PE Programme Educational Pesearch and Rewiews Academic Journals Ltd At Abibn odetoro Branch, Victoria Island Lagos, Nigéria. 17 p. /angol nyelven tanulmány/ Lectures given at national scientific and professional conferences: 1. Bencze, Ch. (1998): Organisation scolaire. EPS 1 No 90. Revue éducation physique et sport, 11, avenue du Tremblay Paris 28 p. /francia nyelven-cikk/ 2. Bencze, Ch. - Gaál, Sné (1998): L'éducation physique a'la moternelle. EPS 1 No 90. Revue éducation physique et sport, 11, avenue du Tremblay Paris p. /francia nyelvencikk/ 3. Bencze, Sné (2002): Verwendbares praventives und korrektives bewegungsmittel in der kindergartenriche und schulische leibesererzeihung. In: Magyar Sportudományi Szemle 2002/3-4, 33 p. Nemzetközi Sportszociológiai Társaság I. konferencia előadása - Bécs 4. Bencze, Sné (2004): Novy smer vo vyucovani telesnej vychovy In: História, súcasnost a perspektívy Unitel'ského uzdelávania. Univerzita Mateja Bela Pedagógická Fakulta V, Banskej Bystrici p. /szlovák nyelven-konferencia előadás/ 5. Bencze, Sné (2007): Egészségfejlesztés-egészségnevelés-életminőség. In: Tessedik Sámuel Tudományos Közlemények. Szerk. Izsáki Z Tom. 7. No. 1.1 kötet. Tessedik Sámuel Főiskola, Szarvas p. I. Nemzetközi Környezettudományi és Vízgazdálkodási Konferencia.

9 ESSAYS PUBLISHED IN HUNGARY Magyarországon megjelent tanulmányok: 1. Bencze, Sné (1998): A mozgásszervi elváltozások korai felismerésének jelentősége az óvodás korban. In: Óvodások, kisiskolások szomatikus nevelése. Szerk. Győri- P. MTA Veszprémi Akadémiai Bizottság, Veszprém p. 2. Bencze, Sné (2003): Az óvodai és iskolai testnevelésben alkalmazható prevenciós, korrekciós mozgásanyag. In: Diskurzus. Szerk. Virágné, H. E. Szarvaspress, Szarvas p. 3. Bencze, Sné (2007): Az életminőség és az egészségi állapot dimenzionalitása. Külföldi és hazai prevenciós törekvések. In: Diskurzus. Szerk. Virágné, H. E. Szarvaspress, Szarvas p. Hazai tudományos és szakmai konferenciákon tartott előadások: 1. Bencze, Sné (1996): Az óvodai mozgásfejlesztő vezetőképzés tartalma és formája a Brunszvik Teréz Óvóképző Főiskolán. In: Tantárgypedagógiai kutatások. Szerk. Eötvös József Tanítóképző Főiskola, Baja p. 2. Bencze, Sné (2000): Az óvodai testnevelés prevenciós és korrekciós nevelési lehetőségei In: Prevenció és korrekció a 3-10 éves korú gyermekek testnevelésében. Szerk. Gaál, Sné - Bencze, Sné. Szarvaspress, Szarvas p. 3. Bencze, Sné (2001): Játékok szerepe a gyógytestnevelésben. Nemzeközi Testnevelő Tanári Konferencia, Budapest. Semmelweis Egyetem. 1-3 p. 4. Bencze, Sné (2003): Az óvodai és iskolai testnevelésben alkalmazható prevenciós, korrekciós mozgásanyag. In: Diskurzus. Szerk. Virágné, H. E. Szarvaspress, Szarvas p. 5. Bencze, Sné (2003): Az óvodai és iskolai testnevelésben alkalmazható prevenciós, korrekciós mozgásanyag. 33. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia, Budapest. Semmelweis Egyetem. 6. Bencze, Sné (2004): Az óvodai gyógytestnevelés tartalmi és formai vonatkozásai. Kárpátaljai Magyar Tanárképző Főiskola. Pedagógus Konferencia, Beregszász. 4 p. 7. Bencze, Sné (2004): Játékok szerepe a gyógytestnevelésben. III. Kölcsey Ferenc Pedagógus Akadémia. Beregszász. 8. Bencze, Sné (2005): Az óvodai és iskolai testnevelésben alkalmazható prevenciós, korrekciós mozgásanyag. 35. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia, Budapest. Semmelweis Egyetem. 9. Bencze, Sné (2005): Az óvodai és iskolai testnevelésben alkalmazható prevenciós, korrekciós mozgásanyag. VII. Tantárgypedagógiai Kutatások. Eötvös József Főiskola, Baja p. 10.Bencze, Sné (2007): A normál testtömegű és túlsúlyos óvodások és kisiskolások leggyakoribb testtartási elváltozásai. 37. Mozgásbiológiai Konferencia, Szarvas, TSF PFK.