MR képalkotás alapjai - bevezető PTE Radiológiai Klinika Pécsi Diagnosztikai Központ 2017
Előadók Prof. Bogner Péter Nagy Szilvia PhD hallgató, radiográfus MSc Orsi Gergely PhD, kutató, biológus Perlaki Gábor PhD, kutató, fizikus Tóth Arnold PhD hallgató, radiológus szakorvosjelölt
Tematika 90 perc/alkalom 1. Bevezetés, történeti áttekintés, MR típusok, Spin, mágneses rezonancia, gerjesztés, precesszió, jeldetektálás, T1, T2, T2* relaxáció, MR alapjelenség, Spin-echo Bogner/Perlaki 2. MR képalkotás: Szeletkiválasztás, frekvencia- és fáziskódolás, képkontraszt (T1, T2, PD, FLAIR), alapszekvenciák (spin echo, gradiens echo), mérési- és képparaméterek, K-tér, K-tér feltöltés Perlaki/Tóth 3. Gyakorlat 1. MR készülék, részei, tekercsek, betegelőkészítés, fektetés, mágneses tér, MR-biztonság alapjai. Nagy/Orsi/Perlaki - PDK 4. Képminőség, jel-zaj viszony, képkontraszt, kontrasztanyagok, műtermékek Bogner 5. Diffúziós képalkotás Trace és ADC kép, T2 shine through, diffúziós tenzor, DTI, fiber tracking. MR angiográfia Nagy/Bogner 6. Gyakorlat 2. MR képalkotás a gyakorlatban: egymás mérése, kontraszttípusok. Tóth Radiológiai Klinika MR labor 7. A perfúziós képalkotás fizikai alapjai. Perfúziós paraméterek bemutatása (CBV, CBF, MTT, TTP). A perfúziós MRI fajtái: DSC, DCE, ASL Nagy/Tóth 8. Funkcionális MRI A BOLD jelenség, fiziológiai háttér, paradigmatípusok, adatkiértékelés, klinikai és kísérleti alkalmazás Orsi/Perlaki 9. Gyakorlat 3. MR kontraszt és klinikum: eset bemutatások. Bogner - Radiológiai Klinika demonstrációs terem 10. Az MR spektroszkópia alapjai. Single-voxel és multi-voxel spektroszkópia. Agyi metabolitok jelentősége. Klinikai alkalmazás. Orsi/Perlaki 11. MR biztonság. A B0, B1 statikus mágneses tér fizikai és biológiai hatásai, Gradiens terek fizikai és biológiai hatásai. Klinikai protokollok. Tóth/Bogner 12. Gyakorlat 4. Kisállat MR bemutatása. Nagy/Orsi/Perlaki Szentágothai Kutató Központ
1882 - Nikola Tesla discovered the Rotating Magnetic Field in Budapest, Hungary. This was a fundamental discovery in physics.
1937 - Columbia University Professor Isidor I. Rabi working in the Pupin Physic Laboratory in New York City, observed the quantum phenomenon dubbed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). He recognized that the atomic nuclei show their presence by absorbing or emitting radio waves when exposed to a sufficiently strong magnetic field.
1946 - Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell discover magnetic resonance phenomenon.
1971 - Raymond Damadian, a physician and experimenter working at Brooklyn's Downstate Medical Center discovered that hydrogen signal in cancerous tissue is different from that of healthy tissue because tumors contain more water. More water means more hydrogen atoms. When the NMR machine was switched off, the bath of radio waves from cancerous tissue will linger longer then those from the healthy tissue.
. Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Damadian R. Science. 1971 Mar 19;171(3976):1151-3. Abstract Spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance measurements may be used as a method for discriminating between malignant tumors and normal tissue. Measurements of spin-lattice (T(1)) and spin-spin (T(2)) magnetic relaxation times were made in six normal tissues in the rat (muscle, kidney, stomach, intestine, brain, and liver) and in two malignant solid tumors, Walker sarcoma and Novikoff hepatoma. Relaxation times for the two malignant tumors were distinctly outside the range of values for the normal tissues studied, an indication that the malignant tissues were characterized by an increase in the motional freedom of tissue water molecules. The possibility of using magnetic relaxation methods for rapid discrimination between benign and malignant surgical specimens has also been considered. Spinlattice relaxation times for two benign fibroadenomas were distinct from those for both malignant tissues and were the same as those of muscle.
1972 - Raymond Damadian applies for a patent, which describes the concept of NMR being used for above purpose. He illustrates major parts of MRI machine in his patent application.
1973- Paul Lauterbur, a chemist and an NMR pioneer at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, produced the first NMR image. It was of a test tube.
1975 - Richard Ernst proposes using phase and frequency encoding and Fourier transform for acquisition of MR images. Nobel prize in chemistry in 1991
1977/1978 - Raymond Damadian went on to build the first MRI scanner by hand, assisted by his two post-doctoral students, Michael Goldsmith and Larry Minkoff at New York s Downstate Medical Center and achieved the first MRI scan of a healthy human body in 1977 and a human body with cancer in 1978. Peter Mansfield improves mathematics behind MRI and develops echo-planar technique, which allows images to be produces in seconds and later becomes the basis for fast MR imaging.
L to R: Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff and Michael Goldsmith with "Indomitable" and its iced liquid helium and liquid nitrogen ports: the world's first supercooled, superconducting MR scanner and the world's first MRI machine..
The interpolated image of the Minkoff scan and the first ever MRI scan of a live human being (4:45 AM July 3, 1977)
1983 - Ljunggren and Tweig introduce k-space. 1986 - Le Bihan publishes an article in Radiology, which describes diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). 1987 - Real time MR imaging of the heart is developed. 1991 - Filler and colleagues describe imaging of axonal transport of supermagnetic metal oxide particles, a technique, which later becomes important in imaging of neural tracts. 1993 - Functional MR imaging of the brain is introduced. 1994 - The first intraoperative MR unit developed by GE and Harvard is installed in the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.
The Nobel Prize in Medicine 2003 Sir Peter Mansfield Paul C. Lauterbur
Hyperpolarized MRI 3 He, 129 Xe, 13 C Similar to PET Different tracer can be synthetised 13 C Molecular concentration and chemical environment