[ម លន ធ គណបក ន យបយ ន ង អ ព ព ករល យរបស គណបក ន យបយ ន ស ខង ក ត] Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia : COMFREL

គណ ក ម ធ ករ ដ មប ករ ប ឆន ត យ សរ ន ងយ ត ត ធម នកមព ជ ខ ម រហ វល Committee for Free and Fair Elections in Cambodia : COMFREL ករណ ស ក រប ទសជប ន រប ទសក រ ខងតបង ន ង ក ត ន [ម លន ធ គណបក ន យបយ ន ង អ ព ព ករល យរបស គណបក ន យបយ ន ស ខង ក ត] អតថបទ រ វ រជវ / របស រម ល

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétva:n; 1> esckþiepþim bbaðafvika nigplb:hbal;rbs;vaelibbaðaneya)ay kmbugbegáinkarcab;garmμn_ya:gxøamgenatvibgasiu k¾ducca RbeTsepSgeTotelIBiPBelak. etahbiya:gnak¾eday minemnrkb;rbetsgasiutamggs;)aneqøiytbelon nig ebjeljetanwg)atuputenh duccakrnirbetsgaemriklatin GWur:ubxagekIt niggwr:ubknþal nigrbetsrbcafibetyüepsgetotenahet. ebitamkarsþg;mtielic,ab;sþibimulnifiknbksneya)ay etaelirbetsrbman 110 ena TUTaMgBiPBelak edayvitüasßangnþrcati IDEA enaqñam 2002 )an[dwgfa cmnynedlkyr[bicarnaénrbetsgasiu minmanc,ab;rkb;rkgelimulnifirbs;knbksneya)ayenahet. etahbicaenarbetsrbcafibetyüfm²ducca RbeTs \NÐa nigbg;køaeds k¾karrkb;rkgmulnifiepþatelibukálpabénebkçcn ehiyminepþateliknbksneya)ayedlcaty GgÁsMxan;énkarBicarNaenAkñúgRbB½n KNbkSneya)ayEbbRbCaFibetyüenaHeT. karrsavrcav)anefvikarkt; smkal;fa KWmanEtRbeTsRsIl½gÁkarEtmYyb:ueNÑaH enagasiuxagt,úg EdlmanmUlniFisaFarN³sMrab;KNbkS neya)ay cmenkenagasiugekñy_vij c,ab;tamgenahetibetmankarpþücepþim[manenarbets\nðúensiu RbeTsma:eLsIu nigrbetséfetb:uenñah. RbeTsepSgeTotenAkñúg]bTVIbenH rymtamgrbetshvilibinpgenah mintan;manmulnifi safarn³ b c,ab;smrab;rkb;rkgelilmhurénfvikaetaeliknbksneya)ayenahet. manrbetsmyycmnyntucb:uenñah enagasiuedlmanbtbiesafn_elic,ab;mulnifiknbksneya)ay nigkarrkb;rkgedim,ikat;bnßynuvplb:hbal;éngmebi BukrlYyenAkñúgbBaðaneya)ay. enastvtsti20 RbeTskUer:xagt,Úg nigrbetsétva:n; etibrycbinwmgananikmniymcb:un bnþab;bisrgáam elakelikti 2 erkaymkpakercinnuvgvi)anbnsl;bigananikm RbeTsTaMgenaHdwknaMedayrbbpþac;kareyaFa. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday RbeTsTaMgBIenH)ancab;epþImRBmKñaeTACaRbCaFibetyünUbnIykmμenAqñaM 1987 ehiy )anefvi[rbcafibetümankareconelontamgbieblenahmk. benßmetaelibbaða nigsßanpabpumisarsþrbhak;rbehlkña EdlRbeTsTaMgbIeFVIRbCaFibetyünUbnUbnIykmμelIefrevlaRsedogKñaenaH ktþabiepsgetotefvikarsnμt;elitmrg;énkarefvirbcafibetyünubniykmμenhducca KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 1

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl ktþacm,gkw RbeTsTaMgBIr kuer: nigétva:n;rtuv)ancb:undak;nwmgananikmtamgbiqñam1895 dl; qñam 1945. cab;bieblenahmk RbeTsCb:un)anpþÜcepþImRbCaFibetyüEdlCakartMrg;TisTUeTAelIdMeNIrkarneya)ay EdlGac elcecjcarubrag)an. erkaymketotrbb½n e)aheqñatéktþnamelitmnagenatammnðlénspa enaetmanena RbeTsTaMgBIrenH EdlenHkarenHKaMRTBIRbeTsCb:un ehiycmruj[gnuvtþrbs;dl;qñam1996. ktþati2 KWedaysardMeNIrkarénesdækic TMenIbkmμ nigrbcafibetyünubniykmμerkay² Edl)anekIteLIg elirbetstamgbienh. efvi[bykekefvikarcat;ecg erobcm nigkambarneya)ayebbrbébnienashkmn_cnbt Edl vb,fm neya)aytamebbrbébnienh)anefvi[b:hbal;dl;tmélrbcafibetyü ehiy)anbegáitnuvpabgacbt;ebn)an edim,iefvicamyykñanwgeblevla EdlBYkeKQaneTAdl;dMNak;énclnasgÁm Edle)aHbg;ecalnUvPUmizancas;²eTA CaTIRkug]sSah_kmμ nigrkumtmenib. ktþati3 kþisgçwmrbs;rbcablrdæelitynatisgám nigtmnagcab;eqñat EdlTaMgGs;enHvamanPaBpÞúyKña RsLHBItMbn;xøHénBiPBelakenH. TaMgGs;enH)andak;ecjnUvkarRbQmBiess²CaeRcInelIkarpþl;mUlniFidl; KNbkSneya)ay ehiynwgkarrkb;rkg;elimulnifitamgenah. CamUldæantMNagGñkCab;eqñatTaMgRtUv)ansnμt;fa )an P ab;nuvtmnak;tmngkatbvkic eqøiytbetanwgrbcablrdæedle)aheqñat[bykek. katbvkic rbs;rbcablrdæ KWhak;dUcCa RsalCag KWRKan;EteTAe)aHeqñatb:ueNÑaH b:uenþcmebahtmnagcab;eqñatvijrtuv eksgçwmfa nwgcyyedahrsayral;bbaða rbs;rbcablrdæenaebledlbbaðaenahenakñúggmnacrbs;bykek elikrnicaercinrymtamgkargnþrakmn_elismnmuebb btlixitbtdæan nigc,ab; EdlGaceFVI[Gnþraydl;karrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæ. smrab;cyydl;gñkkamrtneya)ay skmμpabmyycmnynrymtamgkar]btßmöpar³biess² duc]btßmökarqøgtenø karerobgabah_bibah_ nigmrn³caedim. krnixagelienh)anbegáinkarcmnayya:gercincmebahpabcatmnagmñak;². RkummYyényuvCnekμg² smacik KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrIenARbeTsCb:un EdleFVIkarKNnaenAqñaM1987 fa BYkeKKYrRtUvpþl;CaGMeNay GVImüa:g EdlmantMélBI 20 000 ey:n Cb:un eta 70 000 ey:n Cb:un smrab;cyydl;kmμvifigabah_bibah_dl;gñkkamrtrbs; ek. 2> Cb:un ³ munsrgáamelakelikti1 Cb:un KWCaRbeTsEdlbegáItRbCaFibetyüyUrCageKenAGasIu. karbegáitspadmbugrbs;cb:unenaqñam 1891 ehiyknbksneya)ayk¾rtuv)anbegáitbnþab;mkedr. etahbicartuv)ancmnyyedaygñkneya)ay nigrkumeyafa KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 2

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl EdlRCulniymkñúgTsvtS 1930 k¾edayk¾rbcafibetyürtuv)anbegáiteligpøambnþab;bi srgáamelakelikti2 erkambba aénrdæ)al Allied. bnþab;mkrtuvbegáit[etacarbetsmyy. etahbisßit enakñúgry³eblxøi Et)anbegáIt [mancivityurgegvgénrbbrbcafibetyüenativbgasiumunrbets\nðabirqñam. duecñh etibtbiesafn_tamgenhgaccaemeronpþl;dl;rbbrbcafibetyüfμi²erkayenhya:gna? fvikacabbaðasmxan;myyenakñúgrbbrbcafibetyücb:un. vartuv)anek[eqμahfa fvika nigneya)ay nig sbaøanéngmebibukrlyy EdleFVI[xUcRbB½n spamunsrgáamelakrbs;cb:un ehiypþl;»kas[rbbeyafaefvikar RKb;RKgRbeTs. kal³ets³enhrtuv)anykcmenjedayknbksgñkrculniym nigrkumedlsiñt nwgkgeyafa. enhcaehtucm,g nam[mankarefvixadnaykrdæmrnþi GIunuék su y:usiu Inukai Tsuyoshi qñam1932. kgeyafa EtgEteqøot»kasEbbenH edim,ibnüarskmμpabneya)ay. erkaysrgáamelak elikti2 )anbba b;karkan;kab; GMNac CaBiessshrdæGaemrik Edlcg;Fanafa RbCaFibetyüRtUv)aneKelIktMekIg EdlGac[dMeNIrkarnUvesrI- PaBRbCaFibetyü. duecñhrcugmyy KWkarelIkTwkcitþCapøÚvkarBI\sSr³CnCan;x<s; edim,ikarrbkytrbecgknbks neya)ay ehiyttyl)anecakc½ykñúgkare)aheqñatdmbug qñam1946. RCugmYyeTotkarRKb;RKgkgkmøaMgRKb;dNþb; edayshrdægaemrik EdlminmanTmøab;kñúgkarpþl;R)ak;bMrugrbs;rdæ[dl;KNbkSneya)ay duecñhehiyetibmin mankarkitkurhμt;ct;dl;cb:unenahet. duecñhehiykarcmnayelikarbegáitknbksneya)ayenaetx<s;ehiycaesckþirtuvkarcam)ac; EdleBlenaH mansmamrtx<s;cageblerkay²mketot edaysarbbaðaesdækic rgkarb:hbal;edaysarsrgáam EdlmanEtfvika bnþicbnþückñúgkarcmnayeligvi². duecñhtmruv[emdwknamknbksneya)aynimyy²esvgrkgñkcmnyjfm² EdlGacrk cmnul ercindl;knbksneya)ayrbs;ek. enakñúgbriyakasebbcmnyjedlekiteligenaeblenah KWkarRKb;dNþb; RtUv)anrkeXIjcMeNamRkumpSarggwt nigrkumedlmanbmngekcevsbirtytbinitüpøúvkar nigttyl)angacjabnñbirdæa Pi)alelImuxCMnYjrbs;BYkeK. cmnuledl)anmkbiskmμpabesdækic TaMgenH )ancrmuj[pþúhelignuvsrgáamrtcak; ehiycabiessenasrgáamkuer:)ancab;epþimelig. Gñkneya)ayPaKeRcInBwgEp keliefaekmuldæan kmμsit ikrdifm²nig shrkincaedim edim,ipþl;snøwkeqñatdl;bykek. Cakartbsñgmkvij RkumefAEkmUldæan)aneRbIR)as;GMNacGñk neya)aytamgenahedim,irsubykcmnulercinetot smrab;gacivkmμrbs;bykek Yanaga 1956:111-112. elisbi enhetot Allies cg;fanafa kmumuynisþrtuv TTYlC½yCMnH Edlmann½yfa karrsavrcavvipaktic énkarttylxusrtuv rbs;knbksneya)aynimyy² ehiyedaysaretminmangviepsgetotenahbykekqreqμahedayesri. minyurb:unμan KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 3

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl kñúgtsvtsqñam1950 bbaðafvika)anedirtyya:gsmxan;eligvijenakñúgneya)aycati ducedlva)anekitelinuvpabcmrug cmras;enakñúgtsvtsqñam 1930. eday)ansmercbiyut nakarexasnae)aheqñat Edltak;EtgBIcMnYnkMNt;EdlebkçCn mñak;²gaccmnaykñúgyut karexasnarbs;bykek. bbaðaenhrtuv)anekefvibc úb,nñpabcaercinelikedr edim,ibicarna etanwgkarrmelapc,ab;. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday manknbkscaercinedlminmanlkçnþik³c,ab;c,as;las;enakñúgcenøaheblénkar e)aheqñatnimyy²eliy EdleFVI[rdæminmanlT PaBkñúgectnaNamYy edim,irkb;rkgskmμpab nigkarcmnayrbs; KNbkSneya)ayenaHeT. Gñkneya)ay niggñkpþl;mulnifikyrbegáitsmakm edim,isuvtßipab Edltamry³smaKmenHeKGaceFVIkarepÞr fvika)an b:uenþskmμpabtamgenahefvi[gacjafrrdæmankarlm)akxøamgkñúgkarrkb;rkgbbaðaenh. KNbkSneya)ayCaeRcIn)aneFVIr)aykarN_pøÚvkar BIkarTTYl)anCMnYyrbs;BYkeK Etmin)anrYmbBa ÚlTaMgfvikaEdlepÞrCalkçN³buKÁl CaRkumenaHénGñkneya)ayeT. ebkçcnénknbksneya)aycaercin)an begáitnuvtmnak;tmngsmgat;camyygñkman sþúksþmötamry³gnþrkarirbs;bykek. bbaðaenhrtuv)anekrkexijet kñúgkrniedlgñkneya)ayenah)andwgfa vifan c,ab;rtuv)anefvirbqamgnwgbykeketbu:enñah. manplvi)akbirekitecjbibbaðaxagelienhti 1 kartmrg;tisénkic BiPakSaneya)ay. etahbicaminmanpab lmegog edayebjcitþetaelitssnneya)aymyy b GVIepSk¾eday k¾trmuvkarfvikapþl;»kasdl;knbksneya)ay EdlKaMRTCMnYjsMrab;éf erkay. karpþl;karkmlamgcitþetanwgkarektrmuvknbks)anekitelig rvagqñam1955 nigcug erkayrhutdl;qñam1993 Edl)anbegáItnUvKNbkSsgÁmniymCb:un. edaysarsmtßpabkñúgkaresvgrkmulnifiknbksrbcafibetyüesri RtUv)anbegáIteLIgCaKNbkSd¾FMmYy ehiykñúgqñam 1974 RtUv)anraykarN_fa KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI nigrkumekekinelig 4PaK5 énfvikarbs;xøün rhutdl; 51>6 Ban;lan ey:n EdlesμInwg 170 landuløargaemrik éncmnulrbs;ek EdlraykarN_edaysñak;kar knþalknbksrbs;bykeketarksygmhaépþénrbetsenh. rhutdl;qñam 1993 smakm nieyackeqμahfa Keindaren )anskmμya:gxøamgekogkrfvikakñúgnamknbksrbcafibetyüesri. enhminemnmann½yfa RbPB fvika smrab;etknbksrbcafibetyüesrib:uenñahet b:uenþtambitvaercincagenhetaetot. yuryarnas;mkehiy minmankarkmnt;pøúvkarnamyybikarrymvipaktan EdlKYrRtUvpþl;eTAKNbkSneya- )ayenahet ehiyknbksrbcafibetyüesrixusebøkbiknbksd¾étkñúgkareckrmelkbikarrbkas cmnuledl)an KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 4

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl mkbikarpþl;[edaysμ½rkcitþcacagkarkatbvkic énsmacikpabedlrtuvpþl;. kñúgqñam 1991 58 PaKryéncMNUl rbs;xøün)anmkbikarpþl;mulnifibirkumh unékcn ehiy 28 PaKry etot)anmkbismacikpabrbs;xøün ehiykμan KNbkSneya)ayNamYyEdleFVIdUceLIy Tan 1993:115. plvi)akti 2 Tak;Tgnwgrcnasm<½n énknbksrbcafibetyüesri. enaebledlbbaðafvikakøayca bbaða KnøwHKNbkSminRKan;EtTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarEsVgrkfvikasMrab;tMNagenAkñúgKNbkS. tmnagmñak;²kyrrkfvikabenßm etatamgviedlrk)anedaykarxitxmrbwgerbgrbs;bykek. Gñkneya)ay)anTTYleCaKC½yCagGñkd¾éT ehiy)an Tak;Taj GñkKaMRT)aneRcIn nigeckrmelkcamyykarttyl)ancmnuld¾elislb;. Caplvi)ak RkumEdl)ancUlrYm CamYyKNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI cab;tamgbiebledlbegáitmkenahefvi[mankarrbkytrbecgcamyygñkdwknamedl manfvikakamrtcamuldæan. PaBc,as;RkELtmYyénGtßiPaBbkSBYk )anefvi[man\t iblya:gxøamgdl;karbegáitekalneya)ay nigkar EbgEcktYnaTIkñúgrdæaPi)alrbs;KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI. minemncmelkenahet RkumEdlmantMNageRcInTMngCa )ankan;kab;tynaticaercinenakn³rdæmrnþi. ehiyenatibmputrkumedlmansmelgpakercin )ansmercfa nrnaedlnwg køaycarbfanénknbksenh ehiyk¾caebkçcnnaykrdæmrnþipgedr. minmangñkdwknaménrkumnamyyedl)ane)ahbg;nuvbksbykrbs;xøünsmrab;p;lrbeyacn_knbksenaheliy. PaBxusEbøkrvagbkSBYkepSg²enAkñúgKNbkSenH KW GaRs½yeTAelIbuKÁlPaB nigsmtßpabkñúgkarrkfvika CaCagkareKarBtameKalneya)ayrbs;KNbkS. ya:gna k¾eday Tanaka Kakuei )anttylecakc½y ya:gxøamgkñúgkarrkfvikasmrab;bksbykrbs;xøün edaysaretek)anttyl plrbeyacn_bi]ssah_kmμxagsmng; ehiyrdæapi)alknbksrbcafibetyüesrienaeblenah )aneliktwkcitþya:g xøamgkñúgkarsßabna nigksagehdæarcnasm<½n. duecñhekalneya)ayrbs;rdæapi)alkyretmanninñakargars½yetaeli trmuvkarfvikarbs;bukálgñkneya)ay nigbksbykrbs;ek. PaBx Hx aykñúgkarrkb;rkgfvikaknbksneya)ay)anefvi[sßanpabkanetf n;f r ehiyb:hbal;dl;rbb½n én mnðle)aheqñat EdlmansmaCikeRcIn multi-member constituency system. mnðle)aheqñateqñatpakercin manebkçcntmnagrarsþcaercinedlefvikarrbkytrbecg enaebledlgñke)aheqñatmñak;²gace)aheqñat)anetmyy smelgenah ehtuenhehiy EdleFVI[mankarRbkYtRbECgsUm,IkñúgKNbkSEtCamYyKña. mefüa)aysmxan;énkar ttl;kña Kwfvika duecñhehiyetibsmacikmñak;²énknbksneya)ay emilexijfa ekcam)ac;rtuvttyl)ankarkamrt KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 5

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl fvikabimuldæanedr ehiyek)anbegáitrkumkamrtneya)aymuldæanrbs;bykek EdlskmμPaBTaMgenHGac[eKrk RbPBfvika)aneRcIn eblxøh)anmkbirbpbedlkyr[sgs½yetotpg. kardak;[gnuvtþc,ab;sþimulnifiknbksneya)ay cmnynfvikabitr)akdedl)anelikeligmankarlm)akkñúgkarefvinitssn_. etahya:gnak¾edayrdæmanc,ab;sþibi r)aykarn_elimulnifiknbksneya)ay CaBiesssmaCiknImYy²énKNbkSneya)ay EdlmanPaBminCak;lak; enakñúgr)aykarn_. enaedimtsvtsqñam1950 RtUv)aneKeFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNfa ebkçcnmñak;² cam)ac;rtuvcmnayrvagbi 5 eta 6 dg ercincaggviedl)angnubaøtedayc,ab; (Ike 1957:200). manrkumcaercin RbsinebIeK)aneFVIkarkt; smkal;gtþsbaøan RtUvtMrUv[eFVIr)aykarN_BIcMNUlrbs;xøÜn b:uenþeblxøhekercisykefviedayefvikarebgfvikaedl TTYl)anCalkçN³buKÁlenAkñúgRkumb bksbykrbs;ek. BYkeKnwgeRCIserIseFVIesckþIraykarN_ etatamcmnyntic b ercintamedlsafarn³rmbwgfa mankarerbrbyletaelimuxgarcak;lak; EdleKcg;epþatkarcab;GarmμN_ b pþl;tmél Tab. CMnYy]btßmÖdl;sßab½nneya)ayKW Gackat;Bn )an ehiycmebahsacivkmμxñatfmedlpþl;cmnyyercinenah ekcab; GarmμN_cg;eFVIEbbenH. etahbiya:gnak¾eday cmebahsßab½ntuctacminsuvmanpabc,as;las; kñúgbinitübic½yenahet ehiykrnixøhrkumh unedl]btßmöfvikatamgenahrmbwgfa karbkrsayvifannanarbs;rdænwgrbtibtþiya:grbesir pþl; RbeyaCn_dl;BYkeK RbsinebIBYkeKrkSakarsMgat;kñúgkarpþl;fvika]btßmÖCaCagkarpSBVpSayCasaFrN³ ehiyebi mankarpsbvpsaycasafarn³nwgefvi[b:hbal;dl;bykefaektamgenahcaminxan. ducedl)anelikeligxaglirdæminmanlt PaBkñúgkarTamTar[GnuvtþeTAtamc,ab;enaHeT edayehturkb;kña sut Et)andwgfa mingacefvieta)an. minmanknbksneya)aynamyykñúgkarefvi[manrbsit PaBkñúgkareFVIneya- )aynubniykmμenakñúgyut nakarexasnanimyy²enahet.snþssn_myyénplvi)akedlgacnwgekitmanenataragti1. enaqñam 1953 enaebledlsrgáamrtcak;)anbrgik\t BlenaH KNbkSesrI nigrbcafibetü)anefvir)aykarn_ cmnulrbs;xøünedlman 20elIk efobnwgknbkskmumuynisþ EdlCa KNbkSmYyEdlelIktMekIgxøÜnfa esμahrtg;. pþúyetavij enatssvtsqñam 1990 enaebledlbykkmumμúnisþ cuhexsay enaeblenahehiyedlknbksenhcaknbks Edl)aneFVIkarRbkasBIcMNUld¾eRcInsn wksn ab;rbs;xøünkwfa manercincagknbksrbcafibetyüesri EdlKaMRT RkumBaNiC krrhutdl; 20PaKry enataragti 2. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 6

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl etahbicaya:gnak¾eday KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI)anRbkas[dwgBIcMnYnsrubéncMNUlrbs;xøÜn rymtamg saxaknbksfñak;muldæan nigcmnynfvika Edlsl;taMgBIqñaMmun²RbmaN140 Ban;laney:n EdlesμInwg 371 duløar GaemrikkñúgqñaM 2000. ehiymangñksegátkarn_caercinmanmnþilsgs½yfa cmnulbitr)akdrbs;knbksenhman RbmaNCag 5dgénr)aykarN_Edl)anbgðaj Hrebenar 2000:61). taragti1 r)aykarn_cmnulknbksneya)aycbun qñam1953 KitCalaney:n KNbkS cmnul esri rymtamgrbcafibetyü 22926 RbU:eRksIuv Progressive 1087 sgámniym sþamniym 2927 sgámniym eqvgniym 2550 RbCaksikr-Blkr Famer-labor 107 RKInRb Ås Green Breeze 505 kmumμúynisþ 1105 srubcmnuledl)anraykarn_ 40991 Source: Ike, Nobutake. Japan Politics. New York: 1957:201. vacakarbitedlfnfanbksneya)ayd¾ercinebbenh eblbnþal[ekiteroggarsuvedlkyr[kt;smkal; rhutdl;tsvtsqñam1990. eroggarsuvrbs; Tanaka Lockheed enatsvts1970. bbaðatamgenh)annam[man karrbqamgcasafan³ nigmankarrwtbnþwgelipøúvc,ab;. b:uenþya:gehacnas;enaeblenah KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI bgðajbicmnajkñúgkic karsafarn³ EdleFVI[RkuménKNbkStUctacKμanPaBrIkcMerIn. elak miki taekv Miki Takeo køaycanaykrdæmrnþirkan;etcarubpabxagerkaénkarpøas;bþúrpñt;kmnit. ehiy elak miki )anefvimankar GnuvtþnUvniytkmμénmUlniFienAeBlyuT nakarexasnae)aheqñat. etahcaya:genhk¾eday minyurb:unμankat;rtuv)an Tmøak;BItMENgedayRkumemdwknaMEdlminsb,aycitþrbs;RkumPaKeRcIn Edlxkxanmin)ankarBarkarkat;eTasGtIt KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 7

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl naykrdæmrnþi tanaka. vifantamglay minmanpablmegogetaknbksnamyyet. CakarBitry³eBl 2-3 qñam erkaysrgáamrdæ)alrbs;elak Alied )anbüayampáab;citþknbkssgámniym edaysarekkitfa vamanskþanubl smxan;carbgkarbarfmμnubaøsnþipabfμi EdlhamR)amCb:unmin[mankgkmøaMgpÞal;xøÜn EdleFVI[KNbkSsgÁmniym dac;q aybiknbkskmumμúunisþ. taragti2 r)aykarn_cmnulknbksneya)aycb:unenafñak;catierciserisedayqñam tyelxkitcalaney:n 1976 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 KNbkSkMumμúynIsþ 15>918 19>582 21>679 32>058 31>100 32>800 KNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI 7>806 18>655 18>966 30>844 23>500 27>100 KNbkS kuemtu 7>130 8>388 9>807 13>490 13>400 15>900 KNbkSsgÁmniymCb:un 3>874 5>110 6>649 6>794 14>600 4>400 RbCaFibetyüsgÁmniym 1>350 2>463 1>830 2>412 - - KNbkS njúrhvn;efor - - - - 17>500 - KNbkS njúsakicaki - - - - 1>500 - KNbkSRbCaFibetyüCb:un - - - - - 11>000 KNbkSesrI - - - - - 3>800 Note: - = not available or not applicable (party did not exist at the date in question) Source: Japanese Ministry of Home Affairs. 3> étv:an; nigkuer:xagt,úg³ rhutdl;karcab;epþimrbbrbcafibetyübitr)akd BIqñaM 1987 RbeTsTaMgBIr)anGnuvtþrbbpþac;karniym elikelgkrnikuer:kñúgry³eblxøiénrdæapi)al cag miy:un qñam 1960-1961. edaysaretrbbpþac;karniym enahehiy EdlmankarGMBavnav[manBiPBesrI duecñhrdætamgbirmanectnabegáitrbbrbcafibetyü edim,ibit)amg KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 8

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl skmμpabrbs;xøün. ek)anbegáit[mankare)aheqñatenafñak;rdæ)almyycmnyn b:uenþ)anrwtbnþwgeli»kassmrab;knbksepsg² edim,ibegáitkarrbkytrbecgc,as;las; KWkrNIRbeTsTaMgBIrenHmankarelIkeLIgBIkarKMramkMEhgBIBYk kmumμúynisþniym. 3>1 étv:an; smrab;étva:n;mankarhamr)amknbksepsgetoterkabiknbks KYmijtaMg KMT EdlzitenAeRkamc,ab; RbkasPaBGasnñCaeRcIn. CagenHeTAeTotminmankare)aHeqñat EdlRtUv)anGnuBaØatcMeBaHc,ab;yYn spatmnag rarsþ (Legislative Yuan) smrab;gasn³caercin BIeRBaHGñkkan;kab;tYnaTITaMgenaHRtUv)aneRCIserIstMNag[RbCa- CncinTaMgmUlkñúgqñaM 1947. b:uenþkare)aheqñatrtuv)angnubaøat[mansmrab;gasn³tmnagenaétva:n; ducedltmnag spaextþsmrab;ekahétva:n; nigsmrab;titamgfñak;catipgedr. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday RkumRbqaMgnwgKNbkS KYmijtaMg RtUvEtmanCMhrÉkraCü ekmingacbegáitknbksneya)ay. CamYynwgectnakñúgkarbegáItKNbkSRbCaFibetyücinkñúgqñaM 1960 RtUv)anbMpøajedaykarcab;xøÜnsßabnikrbs;KNbkSenHeQμaH li cin BIbTsgS½yfa )ancul édnwgpñak;rbs;bykkmumμúynisþ. rvagqñam 1951 nigqñam 1985 ebkçcnrbs;knbks KYmijtaMg )anqñhgasn³rvagbi 80 eta 100 PaKry elitynatirdæapi)almuldæan. enakñúgkare)aheqñatspafñak;muldæanknbks KYmijtaMg QñH Gasn³ BI 75 eta 92 PaKryénGasn³enAkñúgRkumRbwkSaénTIRkugétbui BIqñaM 1969 dl;qñam 1985 Lasater 1990:10. cmebahétva:n; KuNRbeyaCn_énkarKaMBarpøÚvc,ab;)anpþl;»kasdl;RkumenHkñúgkarTTYl)ankarKaMRTfvikaBI efaek nignaytun. CagenHeTAeTotRkumenH)anBRgwgya:gxøaMkøanUvGMNac nig\t iblepñkhirbaøvtßúrbs;xøün. TaMgenH KWCaEpñkénmenaKmviC aenakenøgmyycmnynkñúgsgámebbfμirvagbyksgámniym nigmulfnniym. edaymankarlm)ak kñúgkarrkfvikasmrab;skmμpabrbs;xøüntamry³vipaktanedaysμ½rk citþbismacikrbs;kñúgsßanpabedlrbetscin sßitkñúgsßanpablm)ak edaysarsrgáamsiuvilenatmbn;diekak eblenahrbtibtþikarcmnyjenatmbn;edlxøünrkb;rkg ehiyedl)aneliktwkcitþ[manshrkasrkb;rkgedayrdæ. enaeblenahehiyedlefvi[manpabminc,as;las; rvagshrkasékcn nigshrkasrdæ. CaBiess enaebledlsrgáamelakelikti2)anbba b; RkumGñkCatiniym hak;biduccaenakñúgsm<½n CamYy carpet-baggers EdlCa GñkcMNUlfμI Edl)anrMedaHecjBIkarRtYtRtarbs;CnCati Cb:un ehiy)anrkb;rkgskmμpabcmnyjbigtitshkarirbs;bykek. etahcaduecñhk¾edayrkumenherkaymkk¾)an)at; KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 9

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl bg;gñkkamrtrbs;xøünedaykamrtbykkmumμúynisþ. bnþab;mkenaebledlrkumgñkcatiniym)at;bg;diekak ehiyrtuv)an bgçm[fyetaétva:n; enaeblenahehiy EdlBYkeKemIleXIjfa BYkeKRtUvcab;epþImCafμImþgeTot edaykare)ahbg;esþir EtTaMgRsugnUvPaBCam as;rbs;byek. BYkeKemIleXIjnUvkarRbQmmuxnwgRbCaBlrdæmUldæanpgEdrCMuvijbBaðaénkar smøab;rgáalenaéf nigerkayéf 28kumÖ³ qñam1947 EdlmanGñktva:CaeRcInBan;nak;RtUv)ansmøab;. BYkeK)anBuHBar bbaðaénkarxvhfvika edaykarbegáitrbtibtþikarcmnujpþal;rbs;ekcamyynwgrdæ. knøgmketahbicaknbks KMT minedl)anefvikarpsbvpsaycasafarn³bba IKNenyüénCMnUjrbs;BYk ekedr BYkeK)anfáMúefáIghak;dUcCaétva:n;fáMúefáIgGBa wgedr. enaedimtsvtsqñam1990 manbakücrcam Garamfa RbtibtþikarCMnUjenaHmanTwkR)ak;srubRbmaN 1>5 Ban;lanshrdæGaemrik CamYynwgcMNUlenAqñaM 1995 RbmaN 450 lan duløashrdægaemrik Far Eastern Economic Review 11 Aug 1994:62-65; and Chiang Chingsi et al. 1992:38-39. ekenamintan;dwgfa etityelxtamgenhmanpabrtwmrtuvkmritnaenahet? KNbkS KMT xøünég Føab;)anraykarN_fa enaedimtsvts1990 KNbkSenHmanbukÁlikrbs;xøÜnrhUtdl;5000nak;. mankarsnμt;fa smacikmñak;énknbksenhculrymrbcamexrbman 3000 duløa étva:n; ehiyedlcmnynsrubrbman 1>5 Ban;lan duløaétva:n; kñúgmyyéx² EdlesμInwg 58 landuløagaemrik nig 700 landuløagaemrikrbcamqñam. enaebledlrbcafibetyünubniykmμcab;epþibiqñam 1987 mk KNbkS KMT mankarraerkkñúgkarlhbg; RTBüsm,tþiGgÁkarcat;taMgrbs;xøÜn EdlplRbeyaCn_neya)ay)anmkBIRTBüsm,tþiTaMgenaH. duecñhetahbicakrni enacb:un c,ab;exasna)anrbag edayepþatkarefviniy½tkmμeliskmμpabedlgacgnuvtþ enaeblyut nakarexasna e)aheqñat ehiyminmanniyaygviesahbihirbaøvtßúknbkscmebaheblevlaerkabienah. bbaðaenhcak;esþg)andak;ebkç- PaB mkbiknbksepsg²sßitkñúgsßanpab]bskáya:gxøamg riéebkçcnknbks KMT hak;ducsßitenakñúgmuxtmeng rycersc ehiy)anbnþerbir)as;tynatirbs;bykekcasmaciknitibbaøtþi yun edim,irksarbvtþirubrbs;bykekenamunebl e)aheqñat. ya:gnak¾edaysßab½nénknbks EdlRbkYtRbECgk¾)aneFVIkarelIkeLIgpgEdrBItémøénkareFVIkar nig rksmelg[ebkçcnrbs;xøün. ehiyrtuv)an elikeligetotfa kalcab;epþimdmbugneya)ayhak;duccamanpabs at s MCagsUm,IKNbkSxøHedaysarEt PaBRbegIykenþIyrbs;RbCaBlrdæeBlenaH minducrbcafibetyünubniykmμna eblfμi²enh. r)aykarn_)an[dwgfa enaqñam1989 ebkçcnmñak;énsmacik nitibbaøtþi yun )ancmnayrhutdl; 1>2 dl; 3>2 lan kñúgeblexasnanimyy² EdlcMnYnenHeRcInCagebkçCnmñak;²énsPaxunERks shrdægaemrik Shiau Chyuan-Jeng 1996:221. enabak;knþaltsvts1990 ru:b Ínsun efvikar)a:n;rbmanfa yut nakarexasnanimyy² KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 10

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl GaccMNayBI 2 eta 4 landuløashrdægaemrik enaebledlebkçcnedlttyl)anecakc½yenakñúgkarrbkytspa xunerkscmnayet 60mWun eta 1lan duløargaemrikb:uenñah. RbB½n énmnðle)aheqñatedlmansmacikercin multi-member constituency system. manplb:h- Bal;RsedogKñaeTAnwgPaBBak;B½n épþkñúgénknbks KMT duckrnienacb:unedr. etahcaya:gnak¾edayrbb½n enh )anbgçmebkçcnmñak;[begáitsmmulpabén Koenkai edim,iesvgrkfvikacalkçn³muldæan. niyaymüa:getotkw sñak;karknþalrbs;knbksneya)ayrkb;rkgsmamartfménfvikaenaelikarcmnaysmrab;ebkçcnrbs;xøün. ya:g Nak¾eday ebkçcnmñak;²edlmkbiknbkscamyykñaenaetrbkytrbecgcamyykñaenatammnðlenahedr. eday ectnarbs;sñak;karknþalknbks edim,icyydl;ebkçcnnaedlminsuvmanrbcarbiypab edim,ibegáinnuv»kasqñh rbs;knbksedlcaehtubnþal[mankargak;gn;citþcmenamgñkedlmanrbcarbiypabcag Edl)armÖfakarGnþraKmn_enHGaceFVI[BYkeK)at;bg;Gasn³. mantyelxgtibrma EdlkMNt;cMnYnEdlebkçCnmñak;²GaccMNayelIyuT nakarexasnae)aheqñatenafñak; epsgénrdæapi)al b:uenþkargnuvtþmankarlm)akya:gxøamg. ]TahrN_ krnienacb:unvamankarlm)akkñúgkareck[dac; rvagkarcmnayedayebkçcnxøünég EdlRtUv)andak;kRmit nigelikarcmnayedaygñkkamrtrbs;bykekedlminrtuv )anekdak;krmitenahet. KNkmμkare)aHeqñatrdæaPi)al mintrmuv[efvir)aykarn_bikarcmnaykñúgeblyut nakar exasnaedlrtuverobcmedayebkçcnxøünég b:uenþminefvikarpsbvpsayenahet. mankrnicaercin Edlminmankardak; krmitbicmnynedlknbksenatisñak;karknþalgaccmnayedlbbaðaenhcak;esþg)angnuerkahya:gxøamgdl; KMT. étva:n;enaetmankarkmnt;ya:gxøamgbikarkamrtcasafarn³énskmμpabknbksneya)ay. karkmnt;ema:g KW RtUv)aneKeFVIeday\tKitéføcMeBaHkarpSBVpSaysMrab;yuT nakarexasnae)aheqñat b:uenþminmanfvikardæsmrab;kar cmnayepsgetotenakñúgeblenhet. enaebledlbykek)ancab;eqñat ebkçcngacefvikartamtar)ancmnyn 2 duløarétva:n; cmebahkmeninsnøwknimyy² EdlkrNIenHRKan;EtCakarCYyrYmcMENktUcmYykñúgkarcMNayTaMgRsugEtb:ueNÑaH ehiykrnixøhkarpþl;rtuv)anekefvipþal;etaelitmnagenah CaCageTAelIKNbkS. RbFanKNbkSRbqaMg)anpþÜcepþIm KNbkS DPP edaytrmuv[ebkçcnqñheqñattamggs;[rbkl;epñkénkarcmnayenhetaknbksvij b:uenþkartrmuv enhcanic kalminrtuv)anxøamemilenahet. müa:gvijetot KNbkS DPP )anepþatpgedrelishkmn_cmnyjéncncati étva:n; smrab;esvgrkfvikaedlgacefvieta)an. plvi)ak KWfa karbipaksaneya)ay min)anefvi[erbhqaetaelikar KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 11

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl KaMRT nigrbqamgetanwgkarefvicmnyj. ya:gnak¾edayknbks DPP manbtbiesafn_bbaðabi)akkñúgrkfvika Ca dedl². bbaðakupaki nigrkumnana enaetminmanpabcam)ac;enaeliycmebahneya)ayétva:n; minduckrniena Cb:unenaH et. mrtkénlt ima:kelnin manmuldæanénrtwsþiya:gsmxan;énknbks; KMT Edl)anraraMg tmnagrarsþrbs;xøün BIkarbegáItPaKIRbkYtRbECgenAfñak;Cati. mankupakienakñúgknbksneya)ay b:uenþpakercincarkumenamuldæan Edl KYrkt;sMKal;enaH KWfñak;dwknaMén; KMT )anefvikarcamyytamgbitsvts 1960 ehiy Edl)ankarBarkarbMEbkGtþsBaØaNénKNbkSenH. kñúgkrnixøhmankarqøúhbba amgbikarbmebkrvaggñkenatmbn;diekak nigcncatiedimétva:n;bi xagerka. fμi²enhrkumepsg²enakñúgknbks KMT )anbegáitekalkarn_muldæanduccaekalneya)aycmebahgñk enatmbn;diekak. etahcaya:gnak¾edaybykekminman PaBsMxan;sMrab;GgÁkardUcRkumenAkñúgKNbkSRbCaFibetyü esrienahet ehiyminr)akdfa tynatifvikakñúgkarkmnt;muxtmengcagñkdwknamenafñak;cati. etahbicaya:gnak¾edayedaysarkarelcelignuvbbaðaneya)ay nigfvikanaeblfμi²enh )anbnþal[man karrbqamgcasafarn³. tmnagrarsþmñak;²énknbks KMT )anefvikarknnafa ekkyretman»kasnwgcab;eqñat RbsinebIBYkeKRbqaMgbBaðaGMeBIBukrlYy ebietahbicagmebibukrlyyenahvabak;b½n KNbkSrbs;BYkeKenATIsñak;kar knþalk¾edaycuh. enhmann½yfa CakarBitBYkeK)anbdiesFnwgkarpþl;nUvkarKaMRTfvikaBIsñak;karkNþal. minyur b:unμanbykekmyycmnyn)anbmebkxøünecj edim,ibegáitknbksfμipþal;xøün EdleKGHGagBIeKaledAyUrGEgVgénkarbRgYb brgymeligvijénrkumdiekakcacagknbks KMT erkamkarrkb;rkgrbs;rbfanafibti li etgh uy. CalT pl manekinelignuvkarkamrtskmμpabrbqamgnwggmebibukrlyyenaétva:n; nigmankaresñielignuvkarkam RTrdækan;EtFMeLIgénKNbkSneya)aymYycMnYn edim,ibrgwgrbb½n KNbkSTaMgmUl nigfananuvknenyüpabcmebah hirbaøvtßúknbksneya)ay. minmangviedlkyr[pjak;ep IleT EdlebkçCnénKNbkSRbqaMgeBjcitþcMeBaHbBaðaenH b:uenþmindwgfaknbks KMT yl;rbm b ya:gnaenahetrtuvrg;camemiltetaetot. 3>2 kuer:xagt,úg kuer:xagt,úgmankarpøas;bþúrercin cmebahrbvtþineya)ayrbs;xøünercincagétva:n;erkaybisrgáamelakelikti2 )anbba b;enaqñam 1953. duckrnienacb:un bnþab;bisrgáam)anbba b;pøammankarekinelignuvcmnynknbksedlbegáit fμi EdlCakarsmmaRteTAnwgcMnYnRbCaBlrdæénRbeTsenaHEdr. enaqñam1948 kare)aheqñatspamyyedlmankn- KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 12

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl bkscmnyn 48 culrym. RbeTsenHFøab;manrdæRbhareyaFa b:uenþpakercinmanectnakñúgkarrtysrtaypøúvrbcafibetyü. karekineligya:gqab;rh½sénknbksneya)ay minrtuv)ansvakmn_carbfanafibtidmbugenahet duccaelak Rhee Syngman k¾duccaelakrbfanafibti Park Chung Hee enakñúgtsvts1960. GVIEdlKYrkt;sMKal;BIRbCaFibetyünUbnIykmμenAkUer:KWfa etahbirdæapi)alrkb;rkgedayeyafa b:uenþcanic kalekmanecnaedim,ikambarnuvpabrsbc,ab;rbs;bykek edaygnubaøat[mankarkmnt;e)aheqñatcmebahspacati. kñúg TsvtS 1960 RbFanaFibtI Park )anbegáitknbkssafarn³rdærbcafibetyü EdlerobcMeLIgya:gRby½tñ RbEygedayelak Kim Jong Pil EdlCaGñkdwknaMén KCIA (Korean intelligence service). enacugtsvts 1970 KNbkSenH)anGHGagfa xøünmansmacikrab;lannak; duc LDP enacb:un nig KMT enaétva:n;edr mrnþirbs; KNbkSneya)ay)ansVHEsVg edim,ibba úhbba ÚlkarKaMRTBIsMNak;\sSCnmUldæansMrab;kare)aHeqñat Kihl Young Whan 1980:85-117. etahya:genhk¾eday minyurb:unμanbikarefvixatelakrbfanafibti Park KNbkSenHRtUv)an bmbitecalkñúgqñam 1979. kñúgtsvts 1980 ectnarsedogkñaenhedr)anefviedayrbfanafibti Chun Doo Hwan énknbks yutþifm RbCaFibetyü DJP. etahbicamanpablmegogrbs;mrnþiya:gnak¾eday k¾ekemilexijmangasn³myy cmnynrtuv)aneke)aheqñat[tamry³tmnagsmmart. bbaðaenh)anfanacmebahrkumrbqamgnwgrbbenah)ancab;eqñat ehiyembksrbqamgducca Kim Dae Jung nig Kim Young Sam )anttylecakc½y KYr[PJak;ep IlkñúgkarRbEm RbmUlGñkKaMRTrbs;xøÜn. duecñhehiyrbbenhesvgrkkarkamrtbigñkcmnyj CaBiess KWfvika edim,iqñhkare)aheqñat nig karkamrtbirbcablrdætamedlgacefvi)an. KMrUénTMnak;TMngemdwknaM KNbkS niggñkkamrt b Gñkpþl;fvikaKaMRT)an GPivDÆCabnþbnÞab; CaBiesseKemIleXIjfa mantmnak;tmngya:gcitsñitrvagrdæ nigrkumh unsacivkmμfm² chaebol. CarYm chaebol )anttylkitþiys nigecakc½ycaercinedlpþl;sit iburimabirdæ. EttamBitvapÞúynwgc,ab; ]TahrN_ shkmn_banic kmμ EdlcUlrYmya:gskmμkñúgskmμPaBKNbkSneya)ayEdlfñÚr chaebol sgçwmfanwg culrymya:grsylcamyyknbkskan;gmnac. etahya:gnak¾eday bbaðaenhgaccaexlsmrab;karbarbisafarn³min RtwmEtRKb;RKgelIKabsgát;raRsþeT EtcMeBaHrUbPaBénmuxCMnYjx<s;²énesdækic kuer:etotpg. rhutdl;qñam 1993 KWCakarRsbc,ab;cMeBaHkarkan;kab;KNenyüFnaKarelIeQμaH EdleKRbDitEdlenH rymcmenkknbksnimyy² EdlGaclak;)aMgBIeRkamsøakeQμaHEdlKμann½y b lak;karbittamgrsug. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 13

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl CagenHeTAeTot c,ab;mulnifineya)aydmbugenaqñam 1965 Edl)anENnaMBIeKalkarN_énmUlniFirbs;rdæ myycmnynsmrab;knbksney)ay. etahya:gnak¾edaykñúgeblcamyykñac,ab;enahmanekaledakñúgkarfanafa fvika )anføak;etaeligñkkamrt. bbaðatamgenhgaccakarrymcmenktmélkarcmnayeliyut nakarexasnae)aheqñatkan;xøamg køaelig. ducenaedimqñam 1967 RtUv)aneK)a:n;RbmaNfa enakñúgkare)aheqñatspacatiebkçcnknbks DRP mñak; cmnaycamfümrbman 30 lanrubiyb½nñkuer: EdlesμInwg 10 mwunduløargaemrik. kñúgeblenahknbksrbqamgfm CageKKW KNbkS NDP EdlGacRbkYtRbECgnwgbBaðaFnFan EdlcMNayRbmaN 20 lanrubiyb½nñkuer: EdlesμI nwg 6 mwun duløargaemriksmrab;ebkçcnmñak; Han 1972:134. karcmnayelikare)aheqñatmankarekineligya:gxøamg enaebledlknbksdrp )anefvir)aykarn_cmnay pøúvkarrbs;xøünfa qñam 1967 cmnayrbman 259 000 énrubiyb½nñkuer: ehiyqñam 1963 ekindl; 614 000 én rubiyb½nñkuer: enaqñam 1967 nig 2>5 lan énrubiyb½nñkuer: enaqñam 1971 b:uenþtyelxenh xusnwgkarcmnaycak; Esþgya:gxøaMg. mankargtßafib,aymyyenaqñam 1977 Edlfa karcmnayeliyut nakarexasnarbs;kuer:ercincag karcmnayrbs;rbetsgg;ekøsrhutdl; 25 dg ebietahbicapltuncati srub GDP énrbetsenhesμinwg 1PaK7 énrbetsgg;ekøsk¾eday Pae 1986:188-189. ebitamgtitnaykén KCIA enaqñam 1971 KNbkS DRP Edlkan;GMNac)ancMNayrhUtdl; 60 Ban;lan énrubiyb½nñkuer: EdlsmmUleTAnwgeRcInCag 10 PaKry én fvikardæapi)altamgmulénqñamenah. duecñhenaebledletgtamgrbfanafibtifμi GtIt]tþmesnIy Roh Tae Wu )ansmercenaqñam1987 [efvikar GPivDÆRbCaFibetyü Kat;riHrkvIFIedIm,IrkSamRnþIén DJP kñúggmnac. enatibmput)anttylecakc½y edayrymbba ÚlKña CamYynwgKNbkSRbqaMgd¾FMbMputCageK EdldwknaMedayelak Kim yugsam ehiy)an begáitcaknbksrbcafibetyüesri. ectnakñuúgkarbegáitknbksneya)ayfμienhkw edim,i[)anyurtamedlgacefvieta)anducknbksrbca- FibetyüesrIenACb:unGBa wgedr. TMnak;TMngCitsñiT rvaggñkcmnyjfm² niggñkdwknamneya)aymanplrbeyacn_kñúgkarkmriténkarbegáitrkum epsg² EdlrIkraldalkñúgKNbkS KDP CaBiesskñúgcenøaHeBlEdlminmankare)aHeqñatenAmUldæan rhutdl;qñam 1995. duecñhehiyetibminmankardak;kmnabkñúgkarrkmulnifiedim,irbqamgnwgkare)aheqñatenamuldæanenahet. vakw CakarBRgwgninñakarrbs;GñkdwknaM edim,irtytrtaknbksrbs;bykekkñúgkaresvgrkfvikakñúgkrniepsg²etot. KNbkSCaeRcIn EdlbNþajshRKin patron-clien network RKb;dNþb;elIkardwknaMrbs;buKÁlmñak;² ducedlek KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 14

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl exijenarbetsepsgetot CaCagbBaðad¾sμúKsμajmYy EdleKeXIjenARbeTsCb:unénKNbkSRbCaFibetyüesrI Yun Seongyi 1994:539-565. müa:gvijetot kare)aheqñattmnagrarsþkw RtUv)ancg úlcriklkçn³kñúgkrni CaeRcInedaykarRbkYtRbECgenAmUldæan EdlKYrkt;sMKal;CaCagrvagKNbkS ehiyenaettmruv[manpþl;fvikad¾ ercinetotpg. karcg úlbgðajkarrbkascmnynfvikacapøúvkarrbs;knbksneya)ayenataragti 3 EdltYelxTaMgenaH bgðajbivisalpabénknbksneya)ay EdlRKb;RKgGMNacmancMNUleRcInCagbkSRbECgrbs;xøÜnq aynas;. enaqñam 1994 KNbkS DLP Edlkan;GMNaceFVIr)aykarN_cMNUlrbs;xøÜnEdlesμInwg 256 landuløarshrdæ GaemrikeRcInCagKNbkSRbCaFibetyü EdlCaKURbECgekokCageKrhUtdl; 12dg. etahcaya:genhk¾eday tyelxenacb:un nigétva:n;kwrkan;et)anbgðajetepñkmyyénbbaðab:uenñah. Young ho Kim )anbriharfa kñúgkmlúg eblénelakrbfanafibti Roh Tae Woo RbmUlfvikaCasMgat;BIviPaKTanneya)ayRbmaN 640 lanshrdæ GaemrikBIBaNiC krcaesdæicag 30nak; ehiykñúgenahfvikarbman 274 landuløarshrdægaemrik )ancmnaykñúg yut nakarexasnarbs;knbksrbs;kat;. CagenHeTAeToteKeXIjmanfvikaRbmaN 2>5 landuløagaemrik RtUv )anpþl;etaknbksrbqamgrbs;kat; EdldwknaMedayelak Kim Dae Jung Kim Young-ho 1996. taragti2 r)aykarn_cmnulknbksneya)aykuer: qñam1988-1990 tyelxénrubib½nñkuer: KitCalan KNbkS 1988 1989 1990 yutþifm RbCaFietyü 32>370 23>606 - RbCaFibetyübRgYbbRgYm 14>240 5>737 - safarn³rdærbcafibetyüfμi 12>583 6>209 - snþipab nigrbcafibetü 15>481 6>243 8>775 RbCaFibetyüesrI - - 39>895 RbCaFibetyü - - 2>199 Note: 1988 was a National Assembly election year, hence the much higher expenses. KRW 700 = c. USD1. - = not available or not applicable (party did not exist at the date in question). KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 15

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl Source: Park Chan Wook. Financing Political Parties in South Korea, 1988-91. In Comparative political Finance Among the Democracies, edited by Herbert E. Alexander and Rei Shiratori. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994:178. 4> esckþiesñiektmrg;enacb:un e)aheqñatcati qñam1996 nigkmentmrg;enakuer:xagt,úg nig ena étva:n; kñúgrbb½n TaMgbI bbaðafvika nigneya)ayrtuv)anekemilexijfa )ankøaycabbaðaf n;f renakñúg TsvtS 1990. ectnarbs;cb:un nigkuer:xagt,úg)ancab;epþimkitkuretaelikarektmruv RsbeBlCamYyKñaEdr ehiyfμi²enh bbaðaénkarektmruv)anraldaldl;étva:n;pgedr. 4>1 kmentmrg;enacb:un enacb:unbbaðafméneroggarsuvbifvikaenatsvtsti 1990 TIbMputeFVI[KNbkS LDP BüayamedaHRsay bbaðaenah ebietahbicadl;tibmputefvi[bykek)at;bg;gmnacenaqñam 1993 k¾eday b:uenþcacmeriskñúgkarektmrg;kñúgrdæa- Pi)alcMruH EdldwknaMedayKNbkSCMTas;begáItfμI Shinshinto EdlepþImviFankarTaMgenaH. bbaðasmxan;enaqñam 1999 KWkareFVIviesaFnkmμc,ab;RKb;RKgmUlniFiKNbkSneya)ayqñaM 1948. CamUldæanénviFankarenH KW smgagelitynati rbs;rdækñúgefviniy½tkmμeliskmμpabknbksneya)ay. CaEpñkKWmann½yfa karbegáitynþkarrkb;rkgelikarculrym vipaktanrbs;bukálénknbksneya)ay. Rkumh unnanakwminrtuv)angnubaøat[pþl;fvikadl;ebkçcnmñak;²enahet b:uenþgnubaøtdl;knbksneya)ay nigggákarneya)ayedlrtuv)anekttylsáal;. \LÚvenHcMeBaHkarpþl;fvikaeRcIn Cag 50 000 ey:ncb:un 500duløaGaemrik RtUvEtmanr)aykarN_ EdlBImunenHGnuBaØat)anrhUtdl; 1000 000 ey:ncb:un. enhmann½yfa KWCabEnßmcMeBaHeTasb,BaØtiþBIkarrMelaPelIviFanepSg². BImunebkçCnEdlTTYl)an ecakc½ygacnwgrtuvemaxpab RbsinebIGñkeXasnab GñkRKb;RKgkareXasnaRtUv)aneKrkeXIjfamankarBak;B½n. \LÚvenHebIrkeXIjfa GñkeXasnaNamñak;rMelaPc,ab; enahlt pleqñatedlcnenahttyl)annwgrtuvemaxpab. btbbaøtiþcaercinedlmankñúgniy½tkmμfμienh KWmaneKaledABRgwgKNbkSneya)ayelIkarcMNayrbs;Rkum nigbukálénknbksneya)ay edayrmbwgfa niy½tkmμfμienhcyyrtrtg;dl;kic BiPakSaelIeKalneya)aytMrg;Tis nig karvivtþn_énknbksneya)ay edim,i[etacasßab½nmyyedlminmanlkçn³cabukál. vakyretqanetadl;mulnifi smrab;knbksneya)ay EdlGaccat;Ecgedayfñak;dwknaMrbs;KNbkSenaH EdlGaceFVI[BYkeKGacGnuvtþGMNac CaGñkdwknaMBitR)akdelIGñkKaMRTrbs;BYkeK. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 16

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl mtiedlpþúybikarerobcmtamgenhkwfa GnþraKmn_rbs;rdæminEmnedaysarminmanfvikaRKb;RKan;sMrab;KNbkS neya)aycat;ecgkare)aheqñatenahet b:uenþkarbitedaysaretpabexsaykñúgkarcat;ecgrbs;knbksneya)ay etavijet. rdægacrtwmetmanlt PaBeFVI[manreboberobryelIskmμPaBrbs;KNbkSneya)ayCaCagkarpþl; fvikadl;knbksenah ehiytamtar[manknenyüpabbitr)akdelikarcat;ecgfvikaenah. ducenhenaebledl karrbyy)armöxagedimbiesckþirtuvkargacknbkszitezr)anedim,irtrtg;rbcafibetyü. \LÚvGVI)anpøas;bþÚrEdleFVI [rdærtuvgnþrakmn_ edim,icyyknbksneya)aykñúgkarektmrg;[edirtynatimanrbeyacn_cagenh nigmanrbisit PaB EdlCaEpñkmYyénRbB½n RbCaFibetyü. etahcaya:genhk¾eday c,ab;rkb;rkgmulnifiknbksneya)ayrtuv)anekeksmryledim,ikarbarrbtibtþikar pþl;mulnifidl;ebkçcnmñak; nig koenkai rbs;bykektamgbiqñam 2000 mkemøh pþúyetavijbykekgacrtwmetpþl;mul nifidl;saxamuldæanrbs;knbksneya)aytamgenahetb:uenñah. EteKemIleXIjfa Gñkkab;kab;muxgarénKNbkS TaMgenaHenAEtmanGFibtIPaBelIsaxamUldæanénKNbkSTaMgenaHdEdl EdleFVI[kardwknaMenAsñak;karkNþalén KNbkSenAEtmanGnuPaB. CagenHeTAeTot karelcføayrtuvtmøay[dwgenaqñam 2002 edayemdwknamrbs;knbkskmumμúynisþcb:un Shii Kazho Edlbriharfa kmlúgebl 14 Ex énqñam 1991-1992 rdæapi)alrbs;naykrdæmrnþi Miyazava Kiichi )anebgeck 143>87 laney:ncb:un 1landuløaGaemrik kñúgqnþanusit ifvikasmrab;knbksrkb;rkggmnac nig tmnagrbs;knbksrbqamgk¾duccakarcmnaybukálepsg² enalmenadæanpøúvkarrbs;kat;. krnienheblxøhrtuv)anek erbir)as;cas<ankñúgkargnum½tc,ab;epsgrbs;rdæapi)altamry³ Diet (www. Jpantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle. pl5?nn20020414a2.htm). PaBsMgat;énqnÞanusiT ifvika RtUv)aneKemIleXIjCaTidæPaBd¾eTogTat;cMeBaHvis½ykarTUt nigneya)aykñúg Rsukrbs;Cb:unrab;TsvtSmkehIy. fñak;dwknamknbksepsgetot)antva:fa rdæapi)al Miyazawa etedlkyretrtuv epþatkarbicarnaercincagknbks JPY EdlcMNayx Hx aygs; 144 landuløagaemrikenah. bbaðaenh)ancmruj[ karcab;garmμn_kan;etxøamgbibbaðagmebibukrlyykñúgvis½yneya)aycb:un ehiykarcab;garmμn_enahrtuv)anbrgwg benßmetot edaykarlaelgcaetogtat;rbs;smacik Diet énknbksenhkñúg TsvtS 1990 rhutdl;bc úb,nñcmuvij karbriharcaercinelikercinsarbigmebiskmμpabbukrlyy. etahbicagtitrdæmrnþitisþikarkn³rdæmrnþiduccagtitgkáelxafikarénknbks LDP niggtitgñkts UkñúgkardwknaMrbs;KNbkSenHdUcCa Kato Koichi RtUv)anbgçM[laElg KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 17

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl Edr. GñkEkTMrg;KWelak naykrdæmrnþi Hosokawa Morihiro RtUv)anbgçM[laElgenAqñaM 1994 CMuvijerOgGaRsUv pþal;xøünbibbaðahirbaøvtßú. tyelx nammuxkwenakñúgknbkssgámrbcafibetyü KWelak Tsujimoto Kiyomi Edl)an rihkn;ya:gxøamgkøacmebah GMeBIBukrlYyelIvis½yneya)ay ehiyedlrtuv)anbgçm[laelgenaqñam 2002 edaysar CMnitrbs;Kat;)aneRbIR)as;mUniFiKNbkSneya)ayxus. mnusscmnitcaercinrbs;gñkneya)aycajwkjy RtUv)anrk exijfa manpabbak;b½n nwgbbaðagarsuvenh EdleKsnμt;fa GMeBIBukrlYy)ansayPayya:gxøaMgkøakñúgmCÄdæan neya)ay. edim,irbqamgetanwgkarekineligéngmebigarkk;bisafarn³ enaqñam 2002 smacikspa 4 nak; )ansμ½rkcitþ kñúgkarbgðajkarcmnayelibbaðaneya)ayrbs;bykek. BYkeKmñak;²)anbgðajkarcMNayRbmaN 40 lan ey:n 37 mwun duløargaemrik RbcaMqñaM. etahya:gnak¾edaytegvienhrtuv)aneksvakmn_ edaycat;tukfa CaCMha ndmbug én eqñahetarkkarebiktulaycagenhetot ehiyrtuv)ankt;smkal;edrfa smacikepsgetoténknbks LDP, Suzuki Muneo EdlfμI²enHRtUv)anbgçM[laElg )anttylsáal;fa )ancyyrkmulnifi RbmaN 500 lan ey:n 4>6 lan duløa smrab;xøünkat; nigshkarirbs;kat; Iwai Tomoaki 2002 ehiykaest Asahi Shimbun )anelikeligfa CaFmμtasmaCik LDP )anerbir)as;rbman 88 lan ey:n 817000duløarshrdæGaemrik kñúg 1qñaM. duecñh ectna[mankarebiktulayenahkw edim,ibegáinclnarihkn;birbcablrdæ. PaBcg;dwgcg;eXIjmYyBIEpøpáaénviFanfμITaMgenH BitCa)anbegáIt[manGesßrPaBkñúgcMeNamKNbkSnana ducenataragti 2. tamgbimankarpþl;r)ak;[vijcmebahknbksedl)anttylgasn³ya:gtic 5 enahmk nigmulnifi RtUv)ancat;EcgtamqñaMCamUldæan enaeblcab;epþimqñamfμiénsarebibn enartimasti 1 EdleKeXIjmandEdl²nUvvivaT nigkarebk)ak;enakñúgknbksneya)ay ducedlrkumedlminebjcitþenahsmercfa KYrpøas;bþÚrkarpþl;R)ak;[vijenA qñamerkay². enhminrkan;etcaehtupledlefvielcecjnuvknbksfμi²b:uenñahet ehiysmrab;efrevlad¾xøimyyén dmenirkarknbksxøhenah EtvaKWCaktþaEdlnaM[mankarbMEbkKNbkSneya)ay. etahbicaya:gnak¾eday smit iplmyyedl)anekiteligbikarpþücepþiméncmnyyrdæapi)aletaeliknbks neya)ayenatsvts 1990 KWva)aneFVI[bBa b;ral;tmrg;énkarcmnayercineliskmμpabneya)aybitsvtsmun² etahcaebleblenah KWTsvtSénPaBs b;es oménesdækic Cb:un EdlGacCaktþarYmpSMpgk¾eday. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 18

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl 4>2 kmentmrg;enakuer: enarbetskuer:kñúgqñam 1993 krnicak;esþgbitmnak;tmngd¾citsñitrvaggñkcmnyjfm² nigknbkskan;gmnacefvi [manpabrcbukrcbl;. RbFannaykénsaCIvkmμ Hyundai KWelak Chung Ju Yung )ansmerccitþqreqμahca ebkçcnrbfanafibti eday)anbegáitknbksrbs;xøüneqμahfa KNbkS United National Party. smrab;dmenirkar QreQμaH Kat;BwgEp kesþirettamgrsugelirbpbbisacivkmμpþal;rbs;kat; EtTIbMputKat;min)anTTYleCaKC½yelIkar e)aheqñatenahet ehiyedlttylecakc½ykwelak RbFanaFibtI Kim Young Sam EdleRkaymk)anerobcM[man karefvisvnkmμelimefüa)ayrbmulbn elisacivkmμsmxan;² EdlCnelμIs)anRbRBwtþ. duecñhelak Chung RtUv)an kat;etas[cab;kuk ehiyrtuv)anbn ÚrbnßyenAeBlEdlelakyl;RBmlaElgBIRbFansaCIvkmμenH EdleFVI[Kat; )anbba b;civitneya)aytamgbieblenahmk. ectnakñúgkartijsnøwkeqñatefvi[mankarrbyy)armöminrtwmetgñkneya)ayb:uenñahet Etk¾mankarRBYy)armÖ CasaFarN³eTotpg. bbaðaenhehiyedlefvi[elakrbfanafibti Kim efvikarbrgáabeligmebibukrlyykñúgmuxgar safarn³ ehiy)anefvikarkmritbimulnifiyut nakarexasnae)aheqñatrbs;ebkçcnepsg²kñúgtmengneya)ayrbs; BYk. Kat;)anbegáInkarpþl;fvikadl;KNbkSneya)ay ehiypþücepþim[mantnðkmμcmebahebkçcnedl)anrmelap c,ab;. ehiyedlkyrpjak;ep IlbMputenaHKat;)anGnuBaØat[mankarecaTRbkan; nigdak;bn nakarcmebahgtitrbfanafibti 2 rub KWelak Chun Doo Hwan nig Roh Tae Woo. elakrbfanafibti Kim )anbegáinnuvkardak;kmnabefvi edim,iefvi[karrbkytrbecgneya)aymanpabrlun edaykat;)aneqøiytbcamyynwgkarbegáit[manc,ab;caercinedim,i RKb;RKgGMeBIBukrlYy rymmanc,ab;sþibikare)aheqñaterciserismrnþisafarn³ nigkarkarbarkarrbrbwtþixuselinitivifi e)aheqñat 1994, revised 2000. c,ab;sþibimulnifineya)ayrtuv)anefviviesafnkmμenaqñam 2000 edim,ikarbartb; Tl;nwgmUlniFineya)ayEdlminRsbc,ab; ehiyedim,ibegáitcamuldæanc,ab; nigtmøapabelimulnifineya)ay. b:uenþ vifankarn_nanaminrtuv)ansmrbsmrylenahet edayepþatbüayamelikarbegáitrkmsilfm cmebahmrnþisafarn³ nig RkmsIlFm RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBukrlYykñúgcMeNammhaCn. kñúgkmlúgeblenahbbaðaeroggarsuvenaetekitmanelig ehiysum,ietkunrbusrbs;elakrbfanafibtipþal;k¾kmbugcab;bak;b½n EdrenAqñaM 1997. mankaryl;exijcatuetafa RbCaFibetyü)anbegáInnUvRckénGMeBIBukrlYy edaysaretgñkenafñak;erkam mrnþifñak;erkam nigtmnagrbs;bykek \LÚvenHGacraraMgkarRBmeRBog nigtmnak;tmngedlbimunectnarbs;rbfanbksgactmluhtmlaybbaðaenh)an. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 19

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl bbaðaxøhvakwcapaberkverkafcasafarn³ edaysarpabsμúksμajéngmebibukrlyyenarbetskuer: EdlQan etadl;karpþl;snøwkeqñat[rkumrbqamgepsgetotduccaelak Kim Dae Chung Edl)anCab;CaRbFanaFibtI enaqñam 1997. Kat;KWCaRbFanaFibtITI 1 ehiyedlrtuv)ancab;eqñatedayminmanbak;b½n FMdMuCamYyRkumh unsacivkmμfm² ehiyxøünkat;pþal;manqnþ³kñúgkarefvikmentmrg;. enaqñam 1999 Kat;)anRbkasBIkmμviFICatiRbyuT RbqaMgnwgGMeBIBuk rlyy. bbaðaenh)anrwtbnþwgral;vifanepsg²cmebahkarpþl;mulnifi nigvipaktan eday)ankmnt;lkçxnðkmnt;bicmnyn EdlbuKÁlÉkCn nigrkumh unsacivkmμgacpþl;dl;ggákarneya)ay nigsaxamuldæanrbs;xøün. ÉktþCnbc úb,nñenh Gacpþl;mUlniFiGtibrmaRtwm 100lanrUbiybNÑkUer: 8300duløarshrdæGaemrik dl;ggákarneya)ayenasñak; karknþalsmrab;ry³ebl1qñam b 20 lanrubiyb½nñkuer: 16500duløarshrdæGaemrik etaknbksneya)ay nig tmnagmñak;²enamuldæan. Rkumh unepsg²gacpþl;rhutdl; 200 lanrubiyb½nñkuer: 166 000 duløarshrdæ Gaemrik etaknbksneya)aysñak;karknþal nig50 lanrubiyb½nñkuer: 41500 duløarshrdægaemrik eta KNbkSneya)ay b tmnagenamuldæan. smakmgñkkamrtgacpþl;gtibrmartwm 30000 lanrubiyb½nñkuer: 2>5 lan duløarshrdægaemrik enakñúgqñamfmμtasmrab;knbkssñak;knþal nig3000 lan 250000 duløarshrdæ Gaemrik smrab;tmnagmuldæan b:uenþcmnynenhgacetvreligcmebahqñamedlmankare)aheqñat. c,ab;mulnifi)anbegáitpgedrbikarpþl;r)ak;rbcamqñamdl;knbksneya)ay edayefvikarknnabigrtasmelg eqñat EdlTTYl)anBIRbCaBlrdæRbmaN 800 rubiyb½nñkuer: 0>60 smrab;snøwkeqñatmyysnøwkkñúg ry³eble)ah eqñattmnagrarsþcugerkaybmput. enhrkan;etcacmnyn 1PaK3 éngvi)angnubaøatduckrnienacb:unb:uenñah b:uenþvamin EmnCargVan;sMrab;KNbkSneya)ayedIm,IedaHRsaynUvbBaðaRbegIykenþIyrbs;Gñke)aHeqñatenaHeT. karcmnayeliskmμpabneya)ayenakuer:enaetmantmh MFMeFg. enaqñam 1998 EdlminEmnCaqñaMe)aHeqñat KNbkS MDP rbs;elak Kim Dae Jung )anefvir)aykarn_cmnylrbs;xøünrbman 71>3 Ban; lan rubiyb½nñ kuer: 55 lan duløarshrdægaemrik KNbkS GNP RbmaN 55>7 Ban; lanrubiyb½nñkuer: 44 lan duløarshrdæ Gaemrik KNbkS UDP RbmaN 29>3 Ban; lanrubiyb½nñkuer: 23 lan duløarshrdægaemrik. etahya:gna k¾eday minmanblrdækuer:namñak;ecoelir)aykarn_ ehiyelikeligfa tyelxxusbikarcmnaybitr)akdq aynas; ehiyebietah CamankarRbwgERbgrbs;rdæ)alfμIkñúgedaymankarrwitbnþwgelIGMeBIBukrlYyk¾eday k¾tibmputva)anbba b; etaedaygama:sduckñanwgrbfanafibtimun² edaykarcab;xøünkunrbuselakrbfanafibti Kim BIbTecaTfa )anefvi[ man\t ibleligacivkmμenah. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 20

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl 4>3 kmentmrg;enaétva:n; enaétva:n;knbks KMT )an)at;bg;tmengrbfanafibtitamry³kare)aheqñatqñam2000 CamYynwgelc elignuvkarecatrbkan;bi Black gold duccagmebibukrlyycaedim.l. krnienhminrkan;etcamulehtuedlefvi[ brac½ykñúgkare)aheqñatb:uenñahet b:uenþva)anb:hbal;dl;karrbkytrbecgrvagebkçcnén KMT nigebkçcnedldwknam kñúgknbks DPP elak Chen Shui-pian. etahya:genhk¾edayerkaymkknbks DPP )anbüayambrgwgc,ab; RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy. karbit KWKNbkS KMT KWenAEtmansMelgPaKeRcInenAkñúgsPayYn EdleFVI[karBRgwg c,ab;mankarlm)ak. etahcaya:genhk¾eday enacugqñam 2002 spa)angnum½tc,ab;fμimyyedlefviniy½tkmμelikar cmnayrbs;knbksneya)ayenakmlúgeble)aheqñat. CakareqøIytb KNbkSnanaKYrRtUv)anpþl;rgVan;edaypþl;R)ak;edayrdæ edaycat;ecetatamsmelgeqñat EdlTTYl. kñúgkare)aheqñatspayyn Ca]TahrN_ ebkçcnénbukálékracükñúgmnðlenhedl)anttyl b ekin 1 PaK 3 énsmelgeqñatkñúgmnðlenhnwgttyl)an 30duløarétva:n; 0>90 duløargaemrik smrab;smelgeqñatmyy smelg. riéebkçcnpakercinenamnðlepsgetot luhrtaetttyl)anya:gehacnas;bak;knþalénsnøwkeqñatcam- )ac;gb,rmaetibttyl)ankarpþl;fvikaducebkçcnxageli. krnixagelienhbitemnfa )ancab;epþim b:uenþducedlcb:un)aneronsurtvatmngcakarbrgwgnuvtynatiénebkçcn mñak;²ral;karcmnayrbs;knbksneya)ay EdleFVI[TUlaycMeBaHlT PaBRbRBwtþGMeBIBukrlYyénbuKÁlmñak;². etahcaya:genhk¾eday spayynk¾)anrihrkpgedrbilt PaBénkarbegáItc,ab;edIm,IeFVIniy½tkmμeTAelImUlniFiénKNbkSneya)aykñúgcenøaHénkare)aHeqñatnImYy²ehIyEdl)ane)aHbg;ecalnUvectnaEdlnaM[manPaBsμúRKsμajeRcIn cmebahbbaðaenh. 5> snñidæan GtßbTenH)anbgðajBIPaBvisamBaØmYyénKMrUenARbeTsGas ankñúgkarpþl;mulnifidl;knbksneya)ay. va CakarBitEdlfa bribtsgámneya)ayrbetsnimyy² énrdætamgenh)andak;elirtg;rtaycak;lak;eliskmμpabrbs; KNbkSneya)ay nigtmnagedlmincak;lak;kñúgepñkepsgkñúgbipbelak. vacakarbitedlfa kñúgrbetstamgbixag eli fvikakwsmxan;smrab;ttyl)anecakc½yelikare)aheqñat ehiyvakan;etbitetaetotedlfa plrbeyacn_xagcmnyj )anefvikarrtytrtaelikargar nigrkumepsg²etotkñúgkarkmnt;ekalneya)aysafarn³. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 21

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl mancriklkçn³myyénneya)ayrbcafibetyüenagasiugaekñy_ Edl)ankMNt;PaBepSgBIenaHCa]TahrN_ KWPaKxaglicénRbeTsGWr:ub. Gñkneya)ayeTaHbICabuKÁl nigcarkum KWmanesrIPaBkñúgkareFVI[manRbeyaCn_ cmebahfvikatamkarerciserisrbs;ek. etahcaya:genhk¾eday GñkdwknaMneya)aybc úb,nñenhkw RtUv)aneKe)aHeqñat [CaCagkarEtgtaMg ehiybykekenaetttylyknuvlkçn³xøhénmrtkénkariyafibetyü ehiyeblxøhmrnþirtuvefvi kareqøiytb edayefvicakartamtartictyccagrbetsmyycmnynenabs wmrbets CMuvijkarTTYlxusRtUvelIfvikaCamYy nwgrkumh uncaercin. minmankarsgs½yetedlfa karttylecakc½yelirbb½n TaMgenHKW karekogkrmulnifikñúgqakneya)ay. KμannrNamñak;kñúgcMeNamBYkeKFøab;)anTTYlrgnUvPaBkMesaydUcEdleK)ansegáteXIjenA rdæmyycmnynenatvib GaRhVikenaHeT. RbsinebIman kñúgrbetsgasa ntamgbikw mankarcayx Hx ayelikarcmnayrbs;xøün b:uenþkñúgk¾man karsnñidæanbiedredlrtuv)anefvi. karrbyy)armödmbugénbc ½yelIkarsikSaelIeKalneya)ayénGgÁkaresdækic GnþrCati nigrdæapi)alénrbets GPivDÆn_cMeBaHRbeTsEdlkMBugeFVIkarGPivDÆn_. tamgbitsvtsqñam 1980 CaBiesstaMgBIsRgÁamRtCak;)anbBa b; va CakarBitEdlbs wmrbets)aneliktwkcitþ[mangpi)alkic l EdlenHrYmbBa ÚlTaMgesrIPaBxagesdækic nigneya- )ayrbcafibetyü. ktþacg úlbgðajtamgbirénkargpivdæn_enh RtUv)ansnμt;eTARBmCamYyKña nigcmrujkñaetavijeta mk. bbaðaenhetahya:gnak¾eday)anbgðajfa KμanrdæNamYyénrdæTaMgenH)aneFVIneya)ayRbCaFibetyUnIykmμ nigesripabesdækic RBmCamYyKñaenaHeT. rdætamgenahenadmnak;kalénkargpivdæn_enarkamyyedlsuxsnþipab)an mkdl;bnþab;bisrgáamelakelikti 2 nigsrgáamsiuvil. KNbkSneya)ay)ancat;EcgfvikaenAkñúgGgÁkarcat;taMg rbs;bykek. BYkeKeFVIdUcenHedayP ab;camyynwgmrnþirdæapi)aledldwknamkargpivdæn_esdækic CatiCamYynwgBaNiC kr FM² Edl)aneqøot»TMnak;TMngl CamYymRnþIrdæaPi)aledIm,IbegáItcMNUlepSgeTot b ekgrbv½ba tamry³»kaskñúgkar rksiupsarggwt. GVIEdlCabBaðaénRbCaFibetyüenARbeTsTaMgbIenH KWkarxVHxatnUvFnFansMrab;neya)ayBiPB elakedlminemnmanmyykñúgcmenambykek. etahcaya:genhk¾eday kñúgkargnuvtþcak;esþgelikare)aheqñatetahcaenarbetsétva:n;k¾edayekminexij manknbksrbqamgefvikarrbkytrbecgcamyyknbkskan;gmnacrhutdl;qñam 1978 EdlCaEpñkmUldæankñúgkar RTRTg;vb,Fm neya)ayrbcafibetyü ehiy)angpivdæn_bnþicmþg²enaebledl»kashuc[. edayelkknbks KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 22

mulnifiknbksneya)ay niggmebibukrlyyrbs;knbksneya)ayenagasiuxagekit krnisiksaenarbetscb:un kuer:xagt,úg nigétv:an; GtßbTRsavRCav ¼ ERbsRmYl RbqaMgCaeRcIn bc úb,nñenh)anttylecakc½yelikare)aheqñattamgenarbetskuer:xagt,úg nigenaétva:n; edaykμanpl b:hbal;gvidl;fmμanurubpabénrbetstamgenheliy. karrbyy)armöti 2 mtisafarn³énrbetstamgbienh)anefvidmenirviletavilmkputbikargfüars½yedlføab; )angnuvtþbigtitkal cab;tamgbibykekrtuv)anbgðajkñúgkarqanetarkkarekineligénrtbüsm,tþiedlminmanesckþi raykarn_. CnCatiCb:unCaeRcIn)ane)aHbg;karykcitþTukdak;elIbBaðaenHbnÞab;BIkarcab;xøÜnmñak;kñúgcMeNammnusS EdleKKitfa Ca«BukFm énknbks LDP elak Shin Kanemaru kñúgqñam 1993 enaebledlekrkexijfa man b½nñbmnulkñúgfnakarhutdl; 6 Ban; lan ey:n Cb:un 460 landuløarshrdægaemrik dmumas nigr)ak;rtuv)anrk exijenapþhrbs;kat; Wood 1994:43). ebkçcnxøhénknbks KMT )anefvikarknnafa bc úb,nñbyksßitkñúg»kas EdlGacRtUv)anCab;eqñat RbsinebIBYkeKebIkTUlayfa BYkeKnwgminziteRkam Ca]bkrN_énKNbkSsñak;kar knþal nigbdiesfnwgttylykfvikabirbpbnamyy. mefüa)ayebbenh ehiyedlnwggac[bykekecosputbikar culetabak;b½n kñúggmebibukrlyy. duecñhehiy»kasrbs;ebkçcnedlmanfnfantictyc ehiy)anecakc½yelikare)aheqñat)anekineligbnþic mþg². ducedlelak Fukui nig Fukai )anbgðajkrnienarbetscb:unenakñúgtsvts 1990 fvikakwca ktþasmxan; kñúgkarttyl)anecakc½yrbs;ebkçcn. b:uenþrbsit PaBén Koenkai hak;duccamansar³smxan;cag ehiyfvikamin EmnCaktþamYyEdlkMNt;kareCaKC½yenaHeT. karttyl)anecakc½yrbs;elakrbfanafibti Chen Shui-pian ena étva:n; nigkim Dae Jung enakuer:xagt,úg. karecakc½yrbs;bykek )annametarkkarbegáitnuvvifansþibimulnifismrab; kare)aheqñat nigkarpsayecjnuvcmnulrbs;knbksneya)ayedlenhkwca sbaøavic manmyy. karsnñidæanti3 etahcaya:gnak¾eday karrbyy)armöbikaredlgacefvi)ancmebahtynatirbs;rdækñúgkarpþl;mul nifidl;knbksneya)ay. RbeTsTaMgbIenHGnuBaØat[mankarpþl;mUlniFidl;KNbkSneya)aydUcKña b:uenþbbaða minemnedaysarknbksneya)ayxvhxatfnfanenahet b:uenþedaysaretvarkan;etcakargnubaøat[rdæmangmnac FMeLIgEdlGacRtYtBinitümUlniFiKNbkSneya)ay edim,ifananuvtmøapab nigpabrsbc,ab;. edaybbaðatamgenhefvi [RbeTsTaMgbIxagelIbc úb,nñenhkmbugrbqmmuxnwgbbaðacaercinduckña EdlshrdæGaemrik nigrbetsmyycmnynena GWur:ubkMBugnwg)anedaHRsayfμI²enH. CabBaðapgEdrKW TMnak;TMngrvagrdæ nigkarpþl;mulnifidl;knbksneya)ay kmbugetbnþ. KNkmμaFikaredIm,Ikare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutþifm enakm<úca xumerhvl TMB½r 23