Összefoglalás. L fénysűrűség. cd/m 2 fényáram lm. I fényerősség d /d cd. P A P pontot körülvevő területelem, da Megvilágítás

Átírás

1 Összefoglalás di L fénysűrűség da cd/m 2 fényáram lm d I fényerősség d/dcd P A P pontot körülvevő területelem, da Megvilágítás E d da

2 Hazai és nemzetközi színbizottságok 1. CIE (Commission Internationale de l Éclairage,1913) 2. AIC (Association Internationale de la Couleur, 1967) Albizottságok: Színek Színes környezet A színek rendszerezése A színek oktatása Látási illuziók és effektusok Színlátási hibák 3. OSA (Optical Society of America) 4. ISCC (Inter Society Color Council), USA

3 Hazai és nemzetközi színbizottságok 5. ICC (International Color Consortium)

4 Each device sees color differently Image display Photographic printer How can we convert colors from one device to another? Ink jet printer Digital camera Scanner Printing press FujiFilm 2002

5 Device dependent solution Image display Photographic printer Colour transform jungle Ink jet printer Digital camera Scanner Printing press M x N transforms required FujiFilm 2002

6 Device-independent solution Image display Photographic printer TAG Color transform for device to standard color space and from standard color space to device Ink jet printer TAG TAG Standard colour space TAG TAG TAG Digital camera Scanner Printing press M + N transforms required FujiFilm 2002

7 TOWARDS A NEW CENTURY OF LIGHT CIE Commission Internationale de l Éclairage

8 IT IS ABOUT:::::: LIGHT & VISION & COLOUR SCIENCE & STANDARDS KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER & QUALITY ASSURANCE

9 THE COMMISSION 1400 Experts (Scientists, Standardization Officers, Lighting Designers in more than 50 Countries 41 National Committees in all Continents 15 Industry Members 7 Divisions 129 Scientific Project Groups (Technical Committees)

10 THE BRAND Recognized worldwide as being the best authority on the subject High Quality Independent & Unbiased Setting Standards in Science & Applications

11 OBJECTIVES to provide an international forum to develop basic standards and procedures to provide guidance in the development of international, national and regional standards to provide publications to maintain liaisons and technical interaction with other international organizations working in similar subject areas

12 MILESTONES IN HISTORY 1900: World Exhibition in Paris- Commission de la Photométrie 1913: Commission International de l Eclairage 1986: Central Bureau established in Vienna 2013: 100th anniversary Paris 2017: Jeju, South Korea

13 STAKEHOLDERS Lighting Designers Metrology Institutions Industry Standards Organizations Academia CIE International Organizations

14 PROCESS MODEL Knowledge Generation Knowledge Publishing Knowledge Transfer Quality Assurance

15 DIVISIONS 1. Vision and Colour 2. Measurement of Light and Radiation 3. Interior Environment and Lighting Design 4. Lighting and Signalling for Transport 5. Exterior Lighting and Other Applications 6. Photobiology and Photochemistry 8. Image Technology

16 TECHNICAL COMMITTEES Scientific Heart of the Organisation Semi-permanent Units Clear Terms of Reference, Workplan and Schedule Aims at Publication of a Standard, Technical Report or Guide

17 LIAISONS Bureau International de Poids et Mesures (BIPM) European Standardization Committee (CEN) International Standards Organization (ISO) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Lighting Urban Cities International (LUCI) Professional Lighting Designers Association (PLDA)

18 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION

19 COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE DE L ECLAIRAGE (CIE) the world s leading organization for the preparation and publication of International Standards in Light/Lighting/Vision/Colour Non-governmental organization Central Secretariat in Vienna 41 members, 7 Divisions, and app. 130 Technical Committees.

20 ROLE IN STANDARDIZATION ISO delegated standardization in lighting and colour to CIE IEC develops PRODUCT STANDARDS (IEC TC34) CIE develops FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLICATION STANDARDS

21

22 germicidal radiation optical radiation capable of inactivating or killing pathogenic micro-organisms Equivalent term: "microbiocidal radiation" blue light hazard potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury resulting from optical radiation exposure at wavelengths primarily between 400 nm and 500 nm NOTE 1 This damage mechanism dominates over the thermal damage mechanism for exposure durations exceeding 10 s. NOTE 2 The action spectrum extends into the UV-A for persons without a normal UV-A absorbing lens. Abbreviation: "BLH" luminance threshold lowest luminance of a stimulus which enables it to be perceived Unit: cd m -2 NOTE The value depends on field size, surround, state of adaptation, methodology, and other viewing conditions.

23 CIE 212:2014 Guidance towards Best Practice in Psychophysical Procedures Used when Measuring Relative Spatial Brightness

24 TC1-89 Enhancement of Images for Colour Defective Observers

25 TC2-63 Spectral mismatch with photometers Photometer head 1.0 <Example> -26 % V( ) s( ) +17 % Wavelength (nm) This case would cause -45 % error! To avoid this, Use standard LEDs of the same color (many std LEDs are needed). or Apply mismatch correction factors (not easy).

26 TC1-95: Whiteness formula

27 CIE TC1-01 Colour mixing Additive subtractive colour mixing

28 Colorimetry Additive colour mixture

29 Grassmann s laws To specify a colour match three independent variables are necessary and sufficient For additive mixture of colour stimuli, only their tristimulus values are relevant, not their spectral composition In additive mixtures of colour stimuli, if one or more components are gradually changed, the resulting tristimulus values also change gradually

30 Colour equation Positive additivity C RR GG BB

31 CIE colorimetry The colour equation Condition 1: 2 bipartite visual field, central fixation and dark surround. Matching (reference, primary) stimuli: Red (R): 700 nm, Green (G): 546,1 nm and Blue (B): 435,8 nm C R( R) + G( G) + B( B)

32 Colour matching experiment

33 The colour equation But i.e.: C(520 nm ) R( R) G( G) + B( B) C R( R) + G( G) + B( B) C R( R) + G( G) + B( B)

34 Practical realization of negative matching stimulus

35 Tristimulus values and colour matching functions rel. sens. r ( ), g ( ) and b ( ) r2 g2 b wavelength, nm λr =700,0 λg =546,1 λb =435,8

36 X,Y,Z colour space CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer 1.the tristimulus values of the colour stimulus of the equienergetic spectrum should again be equal; 2.all the photometric information (luminance, if the stimulus is measured in radiance units) should be in a single value, i.e. one of the colour matching functions should be equal with the V()-function; 3.the tristimulus values of all real colours should be positive and the volume of the tetrahedron should be as small as possible.

37 RGB - XYZ matrix transformation X 2, , ,13016 R Y 1, , ,06010 G Z 0, , ,59427 B The inverse transformation: 0, , , , , , , , ,17860

38 The colour matching functions

39 The tristimulus values The X, Y, Z tristimulus values of a colour stimulus (S()): 780 nm X k S( ) x( ) d, Y k S( ) y( ) d, 380 nm 780 nm Z k S( ) z( ) d 380 nm 780 nm 380 nm with k = 683 lm/w for photometric quantities.

40 Chromaticity co-ordinates x X X Y Z, y X Y Y Z, z X Z Y Z where, as x + y + z = 1

41 Chromaticity diagram

42 Chromaticity diagram E: equi-energy chromaticity R, G, B: chromaticity of real primaries

43 Mixing and visualising colours in the chromaticity diagram achromatic (N for neutral) "white point dominant (complementary) wavelength ( D ), correlate of hue excitation purity, correlate of saturation

44 Excitation purity For chromaticity point C 0,9 0, pe=(yc - yn)/(ydw - yn) or pe=(xc - xn)/(xdw - xn) 0,7 0,6 0,5 CW y 0,4 0,3 0,2 DW C N C' ,1 480 P ,2 0,4 0,6 0,8

45 Description of a colour stimulus Tristimulus values, X, Y, Z. Chromaticity and luminance: Y (or L), x, y. Further descriptors: Luminance: L, dominant (or complementary) wavelength: D excitation purity: p e

46 CIE 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observer Macula lutea or yellow spot 10 field of vision X 10 Z 10 k k 780nm 380nm S( ) x 780nm 380nm 10 S( ) z and X x X Y Z ( )d, 10 ( )d Y 10 k 780nm 380nm k = Y10 Y, y 10, 10 X Y Z S( ) y z 10 X 10 ( )d, Z Y

47 CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Colorimetric Observers

48 The CIE x,y diagram with ellipses representing small colour differences MacAdam ellipses

49 The CIE system of colorimetry CIE 1976 uniform chromaticity diagram colour temperature, Tc & correlated Tc, TCC Colorimetry of surface colours CIE standard illuminants and sources CIE colour spaces CIELUV space CIELAB space CIE 1994 colour difference CIE DE2000 colour difference Brightness - luminance ratio

50 u,v chromaticity diagram 0,6 0, huv ,4 Sn v' 0,3 0,2 C 0, ,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0, u'

51 Uniform colour scales u' = 4X / (X+15Y+3Z) = 4x / (-2x+12y+3) v' = 9Y / (X+15Y+3Z) = 9y / (-2x+12y+3) u = u', v = (2/3)v' CIE 1976 u,v hue angle: h uv = arctg[(v' - v' n ) / (u' - u' n )] = v* / u* The CIE 1976 u,v saturation: s uv = 13[(u' - u' n ) 2 + (v' - v' n ) 2 ] 1/2

52 u,v chromaticity diagram

53 CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) colour space, CIELAB colour space L* 116(Y/Y n ) 1/3-16 a* 500 ( X/X n ) 1/3 - (Y/Y n ) 1/3 b* 200 (Y/Y n ) 1/3 - (Z/Z n ) 1/3 for X/X n > 0, Y/Y n > 0, Z/Z n > 0,008856

54 CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) colour space, CIELAB colour space

55

56 CIE 1976 a,b colour difference and CIELAB components Colour difference: E ab (L*) 2 + (a*) 2 (b*) 2 1/2 CIE1976 a,b chroma: C ab * (a* 2 + b* 2 ) 1/2 CIE 1976 a,b hue-angle: h a arctan (b*/a*) CIE 1976 a,b hue-difference: H ab * (E ab *) 2 - (L*) 2 - (C ab*)2 1/2

57 Perceived colour differences E ab * experimental values 0...0,5 not perceivable 0,5...1,5 slightly perceivable 1,5...3,0 perceivable 3,0...6,0 well perceivable 6,0...12,0 large

58 Színhőmérséklet

59 Hőmérsékleti sugárzás o o o A kellően nagy hőmérsékletű test az energia egy részét fény formájában is sugározza. A kisugárzott fényenergia a test hőmérsékletének növelésével növekszik. Azonos hőmérsékletű testek közül az sugároz legjobban, amelyik a sugárzást legjobban elnyeli.

60 Kirchoff-törvény Abszorpcióképesség: α(λ,t) [dimenzió nélkül] Emisszióképesség: e(λ,t) W 2 m sr Kirchoff (1860):

61 Abszolút fekete test Abszolút fekete testnél: α(λ,t)=1 Megvalósítása: gondosan hőszigetelt, fekete belső felületű platina cső, indukciós fűtéssel

62

63 Abszolút fekete test

64 Hőmérsékleti sugárzás

65 Planck-törvény 1 2 ), ( 5 2 T k h c e c h T E c: a fény sebessége vákuumban ~ m/s h: a Planck állandó 6, Js k: a Boltzmann állandó 1, J/K

66 Wien-féle eltolódási törvény

67 Stefan-Boltzman-törvény Abszolút fekete test által kisugárzott energia: E T 4 E E( ) d : Stefan-Boltzman áll.

68 Hőmérsékleti sugárzó fényforrások e( ) ( ) T 4 ε(λ):emissziós tényező szürke sugárzó, ha ε(λ)=constans szelektív sugárzó, ha ε(λ) constans

69 Színhőmérséklet

70 Színkoordináták

71 Színkoordináták Z Y X Z z ; ; Z Y X Y y Z Y X X x ) ( ) ( d x X ) ( ) ( d y Y ) ( ) ( d z Z

72 CIE színrendszer 1931 xy

73 Korrelált színhőmérséklet - CCT

74 Színhőmérséklet Meleg < 3500K Semleges 3500K 5500K Hideg > 5500K

75 Színhőmérséklet 1500 K 2680 K 3000 K 3200 K 3400 K 5000 K Gyertya 40 W-os izzó 200 W-os izzó Naplemente 1 órával naplemente előtt Xenon lámpa K Vaku K Déli napfény K Kék ég