Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: The Hungarian Perspective

Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: The Hungarian Perspective

László Haszpra Editor Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: The Hungarian Perspective

Editor László Haszpra Hungarian Meteorological Service H-1675 Budapest P.O. Box 39 Hungary haszpra.l@met.hu ISBN 978-90-481-9949-5 e-isbn 978-90-481-9950-1 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-9950-1 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937996 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Contents 1 Introduction... László Haszpra 1 Part I Atmospheric Trends and Fluctuations 2 History and Sites of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gas Monitoring in Hungary... László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, and István Szilágyi 3 Trends and Temporal Variations of Major Greenhouse Gases at a Rural Site in Central Europe... László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, István Szilágyi, Ed Dlugokencky, and Pieter Tans 4 Regional Climate Change and Fluctuations as Reflected in the Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration... László Haszpra and Zoltán Barcza 9 29 49 Part II Measurements and Estimations of Biosphere Atmosphere Exchange of Greenhouse Gases 5 Methodologies... Csilla Farkas, Giorgio Alberti, János Balogh, Zoltán Barcza, Márta Birkás, Szilárd Czóbel, Kenneth J. Davis, Ernő Führer, Györgyi Gelybó, Balázs Grosz, Natascha Kljun, Sándor Koós, Attila Machon, Hrvoje Marjanović, Zoltán Nagy, Alessandro Peressotti, Krisztina Pintér, Eszter Tóth, and László Horváth 65 6 Grasslands... Zoltán Nagy, Zoltán Barcza, László Horváth, János Balogh, Andrea Hagyó, Noémi Káposztás, Balázs Grosz, Attila Machon, and Krisztina Pintér 91 v

vi Contents 7 Forests... 121 Hrvoje Marjanović, Giorgio Alberti, János Balogh, Szilárd Czóbel, László Horváth, Anikó Jagodics, Zoltán Nagy, Maša Zorana Ostrogović, Alessandro Peressotti, and Ernő Führer 8 Arable Lands... 157 Eszter Tóth, Zoltán Barcza, Márta Birkás, Györgyi Gelybó, József Zsembeli, László Bottlik, Kenneth J. Davis, László Haszpra, Anikó Kern, Natascha Kljun, Sándor Koós, Györgyi Kovács, Attila Stingli, and Csilla Farkas Part III Modeling of Biosphere Atmosphere Exchange of Greenhouse Gases 9 Models and Their Adaptation... 201 Zoltán Somogyi, Dóra Hidy, Györgyi Gelybó, Zoltán Barcza, Galina Churkina, László Haszpra, László Horváth, Attila Machon, and Balázs Grosz 10 Grasslands... 229 Dóra Hidy, Attila Machon, László Haszpra, Zoltán Nagy, Krisztina Pintér, Galina Churkina, Balázs Grosz, László Horváth, and Zoltán Barcza 11 Forests... 253 Zoltán Somogyi 12 Arable Lands... 263 Balázs Grosz, Györgyi Gelybó, Galina Churkina, László Haszpra, Dóra Hidy, László Horváth, Anikó Kern, Natascha Kljun, Attila Machon, László Pásztor, and Zoltán Barcza 13 Model-Based Biospheric Greenhouse Gas Balance of Hungary... 295 Zoltán Barcza, Alberte Bondeau, Galina Churkina, Philippe Ciais, Szilárd Czóbel, Györgyi Gelybó, Balázs Grosz, László Haszpra, Dóra Hidy, László Horváth, Attila Machon, László Pásztor, Zoltán Somogyi, and Kristof Van Oost Part IV Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals in Hungary Based on IPCC Methodology 14 Methodological Introduction and Overall Trends in Anthropogenic Emissions in Hungary... 333 Gábor Kis-Kovács, Katalin Lovas, Edit Nagy, and Klára Tarczay

Contents vii 15 Terrestrial Biosphere... 345 Zoltán Somogyi, György Borka, Katalin Lovas, and József Zsembeli 16 Energy Production, Industrial Processes, and Waste Management... 367 Klára Tarczay, Edit Nagy, and Gábor Kis-Kovács Index... 387

Contributors Giorgio Alberti Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, I-33100 Udine via delle Scienze 208, Italy János Balogh Plant Ecology Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary and Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary Zoltán Barcza Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary Márta Birkás Institute of Crop Production, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary Alberte Bondeau Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, PIK, D-14412 Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, P.O. Box 601203, Germany György Borka Research Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, H-2053 Herceghalom, Gesztenyes utca 1., Hungary László Bottlik Institute of Crop Production, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary ix

x Contributors Galina Churkina Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, D-15374 Müncheberg, Eberswalder Strasse 84, Germany Philippe Ciais Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France Szilárd Czóbel Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary Kenneth J. Davis Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Ed Dlugokencky National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA Csilla Farkas Bioforsk, Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Frederik A. Dahlsvei 20, Ås 1432, Norway Ernő Führer Department of Ecology and Silviculture, Hungarian Forest Research Institute, H-9400 Sopron, Paprét 17., Hungary Györgyi Gelybó Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary Balázs Grosz Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary Andrea Hagyó Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. út 15., Hungary László Haszpra Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1675 Budapest, P.O. Box 39, Hungary Dóra Hidy Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1675 Budapest, P.O. Box 39, Hungary

Contributors xi László Horváth Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1675 Budapest, P.O. Box 39, Hungary Anikó Jagodics Department of Ecology and Silviculture, Hungarian Forest Research Institute, H-9400, Sopron, Paprét 17., Hungary Noémi Káposztás Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary Anikó Kern Adaptation to Climate Change Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary and Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. sétány. 1/A, Hungary Gábor Kis-Kovács Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 38, Hungary Natascha Kljun Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK Sándor Koós Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. út. 15., Hungary Györgyi Kovács Karcag Research Intsitute, Research Institutes and Study Farm, Centre for Agricultural and Applied Economic Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-5300 Karcag, Kisújszállási út 166., Hungary Katalin Lovas Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 38, Hungary Attila Machon Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1675 Budapest, P.O. Box 39, Hungary and Center for Environmental Science, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary and Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary

xii Contributors Hrvoje Marjanovic Croatian Forest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, HR-10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia Edit Nagy Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 38, Hungary Zoltán Nagy Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary and Plant Ecology Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary Maša Zorana Ostrogovic Croatian Forest Research Institute, HR-10450 Jastrebarsko, Cvjetno naselje 41, Croatia László Pásztor Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. út 15., Hungary Alessandro Peressotti Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, I-33100, Udine via delle Scienze 208, Italy Krisztina Pintér Plant Ecology Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary and Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary Zoltán Somogyi Hungarian Forest Research Institute, H-1142 Budapest, Stefánia út 14., Hungary Attila Stingli Institute of Crop Production, Szent István University, H-2103 Gödöllő, Páter K. u. 1., Hungary István Szilágyi Chemical Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59 67., Hungary

Contributors xiii Pieter Tans National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA Klára Tarczay Hungarian Meteorological Service, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 38, Hungary Eszter Tóth Research Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1022 Budapest, Herman O. út 15., Hungary Kristof Van Oost Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research (TECLIM), Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain, 3, Place Louis Pasteur, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium József Zsembeli Karcag Research Intsitute, Research Institutes and Study Farm, Centre for Agricultural and Applied Economic Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-5300 Karcag, Kisújszállási út 166., Hungary