SZAKMAI ÖNÉLETRAJZ (dr. Kaptay György, április)

SZAKMAI ÖNÉLETRAJZ (dr. Kaptay György, 2008. április) Személyi adatok Név: Dr. Kaptay György Szül. hely, idő: Tatabánya, 1960, március 2. Lakcím: 3525 Miskolc, Forrásvölgy út 24/A. tel/fax : +36 46 362916 Rádió telefon: 30 415 0002 Tanulmányok: 1966-1974: Almásfüzitő-felsői Általános iskola 1974-1978: Komáromi Jókai Mór Gimnázium, orosz tagozat 1978-1984: Leningrádi Műszaki Egyetem, Fizikai Kohászati Kar 1984 - okleveles kohómérnök 1984-1987 ösztöndíjas aspiráns, MTA, képzés helye, mint fent Tudományos fokozatok: 1988 márc.: műszaki tudomány kandidátusa (Leningrádi Műszaki Egyetem) értekezés címe: "Kémiai reakciók vizsgálata klóraluminát olvadékokban" 1988 nov.: műszaki egyetemi doktor (Nehézipari Műszaki Egyetem) a kandidátusi fokozat alapján megítélve 1997 jan.: PhD (Miskolci Egyetem) - a kandidátusi fokozat alapján megítélve 1999. jan: Dr habil - Miskolci Egyetem Műszaki-természettudományos Habilitációs Bizottsága 2003-2005. MTA doktora Határfelületi erők, energiák és jelenségek fizikai kémiai modellezése a metallurgia és fémes anyagmérnökség területén Nyelvismeret: - orosz (felsőfok, 1984) - angol (középfok 1987, felsőfok 1992) Beosztások, munkakörök: 1984 márc.- okt.: tudományos gyakornok (Fémipari KutatóintézetALUTERV-FKI -, Budapest) 1984 október - 1987 november: ösztöndíjas aspiráns (MTA TMB) 1987 november - 1988: tanszéki mérnök (Nehézipari Műszaki Egyetem) 1988 tudományos munkatárs (Nehézipari Műszaki Egyetem) 1988-1994: egyetemi adjunktus (Miskolci Egyetem) 1992 1997: üzleti magánvállalkozásként nemzetközi fémkereskedő 1994 - től: egyetemi docens (Miskolci Egyetem) 1996 július 1-től (2008. június 30-ig meghosszabbítva): tanszékvezető a Fizikai Kémiai Tanszéken, ami a Tanszék összevonása miatt 2004. június 30-án megszűnt (Miskolci Egyetem) 1996 július 1-től 1998 november 1-ig: intézetigazgató a Kémiai Intézetben (Miskolci Egyetem, lemodott dékáni kineveése miatt) 1998 november 1-től 2006 június 30-ig: a Kohómérnöki Kar (majd 2000-től az Anyag- és 1

Kohómérnöki Kar, végül 2004-től a Műszaki Anyagtudományi Kar dékánja (Miskolci Egyetem), 1999 július 1-től: egyetemi tanár (Miskolci Egyetem), 2006. augusztus 1-től negyedállású, 2006 július - 2007. november: intézetalapító igazgató a Bay Zoltán Alkalmazott Kutatási Közalapítvány Nanotechnológiai Kutatóintézetében (BAY-NANO), 2006. júliustól ugyanott a Nanokompozit Osztály vezetője. 2007. decembertől ugyanott tudományos igazgatóhelyettes. 2007 július 1-től: tanszékvezető a Miskolci Egyetem, Anyagtudományi Intézet, Kihelyezett Intézeti Nanotechnológiai Tanszéken. Fő kutatási területek (többek között az 1992-ben alapított LIMOS Kutató és Fejlesztő csoport vezetőjeként LIMOS = R&D group on Liquid Metals and Molten Salts/Slags, illetve a BAYNANO osztályvezetőjeként) Nanotechnológia karbon nanocsövek és nanoporok elektrokémiai szintézise, Al-mátrixú nanokompozit, emulzió és hab karbon nanoszemcsékkel és nanocsövekkel erősítve, illetve stabilizálva. Határfelületi energiák, erők és jelenségek vizsgálata fémolvadék fázist tartalmazó rendszerekben (labor: 1400 o C-ig működő vízszintes csőkemence, nagyvákuum 10-8 bar, CCD fényképezőgép, VX2000E digitális video kamera) Kémiai termodinamika magashőmérsékletű (fém-, és/vagy sóolvadékot tartalmazó) rendszerekben. Fémolvadék ötvözet modellek, fázisdiagramok, nano-fázisdiagramok, felületi fázisátalakulás. Magashőmérsékletű elektrokémiai szintézis sóolvadékokból (labor: 1200 o C-ig működő kemence, vákuumrendszer, szuperötvözet tégely, VOLTALAB potenciosztát, áramforrás), Transzportfolyamatok (viszkozitás, diffúzió) modellezése fémolvadék rendszerekben Aluminium elektrolízis, acélmetallurgia, fémöntészet, fémmátrixú kompozatanyaggyártás, fémhabgyártás, fémemulziógyártás fizikai kémiai alapjai Publikációs tevékenység: 240 nyomtatásban megjelent szakcikk (könyvben, folyóiratban, konferencia kiadványban), 260 konferencia-előadás, 160 egyéb előadás, 270 kézirat, 210 bírálat (főleg folyóiratcikkekre), 550 hivatkozás, amelyből 100-ban egy-egy társszerzőm átlapolódik, azaz 440 független hivatkozás, 52 Web of Science-en feltüntetett cikk, 210 Web of Science-en feltüntetett független hivatkozás, h-index = 10 (Web of Science által számítva: 7). Kumulatív impakt faktor: 42.656, Parciális kumulatív impakt faktor: 26.408 (61.9 %) 2

Fontosabb tanulmányutak: - 1990-1992 (3*2 hét): Ukrán Tudományos Akadémia Általános és Szervetlen Kémiai Kutatóintézete, Kijev (Egyetemközi szerződés, OTKA - elektrokémiai szintézis témakör) - 1991 (3 hónap): The University of Alabama, USA (HUNGALU pályázat + személyes kutatási meghívás - határfelületi jelenségek az öntészetben és a kompozitanyag gyártásban témakör) - 1996 (2 hét): Catania-i Egyetem és Kutatóközpont (SUPERLAB), Olaszország (TEMPUS project - felületi analitika témakör) - 1997 (2 hét) Franciaország- Marselle, Grenoble (TEMPUS project, surface engineering) - 2002 (1 hónap): Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan, visiting professzor, (kutatási együttműködés, penetrációs modell fejlesztése) - 2003 (1,5 hónap): Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan, visiting professzor, (kutatási együttműködés, penetrációs modell fejlesztése) - 2007 (1 hónap): Swinburne Unversity of technology, Melbourne, Australia, visiting professor Szakmai elismerések, díjak: Felsőoktatási érdemérem, 1984 Fiatal Kutatói különdíj, ALUTERV FKI, 1985 Alapítványi díj a Magyar Műszaki Haladásért, 1989, 1990 Alapítványi díj a Magyar Tudományért, 1992 Tudományos Díj - az MTA MAB által megítélve, 1998 GTE szakmai díj, 1998 M.S.Yaghmaee Pro-Scientia aranyérmes hallgató konzulensi elismerése, 1999 (MTA, OM) A Miskolci anayagmérnök képzésért rektori elismerés (2003) A Magyar Köztársaság érdemérem lovagkeresztje (2006) Decan Emeritus (2006) FELSŐOKTATÁSI TEVÉKENYSÉG Bizottsági tagságok a Miskolci Egyetemen 1991-1996 Kari TDK Bizottság, 1996-2006 Egyetemi Tanács, 1996-tól Kari Tanács, 1997-től Kari Doktori Tanács (Kerpely Antal Anyagtudomány és Anyagtechnológiák Doktori Iskola) 2007-től Műszaki és természettudományi Habilitációs Bizotsság A Magyar Akkreditációs Bizottság Anyagtudományok és technológiák, gépészeti tudományok bizottságának tagja (2002 2004 majd 2004-2006 között) Magyar nyelven (a Miskolci Egyetemen) 1989 1991: 3. és 4. éves szilikátipari, ill vegyigépész szakos gépész hallgatóknak "Fizikai Kémia" szám. gyak. + labor (2) 1989 1995: 1. éves gépész hallgatóknak "Általános Kémia" szám. gyak + labor (2) 3

1989 1995: 2. éves Mérés- és automatizálás szakos gépész hallgatóknak "Fizikai kémiai mérések" előadás + labor (2 +1) (Dr. Raisz Ivánnal) 1991 1993: Kohómérnöki Kar doktoranduszainak "Fizikai Kémia I-II" előadás (2) 1992 1995: 3. éves Szerkezeti anyag szakirányú kohászhallgatóknak "Fizikai Kémia II) előadás + labor (2 + 1) (Dr. Báder Imrével) 1993-1996: Informatika szakos I. éves gépész hallgatóknak "Általános kémia" előadás (2) 1993 -: Kohómérnök doktoranduszoknak 3 alternatív tantárgy (2k): - Fémolvadékok fizikai kémiája - Határfelületi jelenségek fémolvadékot tartalmazó rendszerekben - Szervetlen és fémes anyagok fizikai tulajdonságainak becslése 1994 1999: 2. éves Anyagmérnök szakos hallgatóknak "Fizikai Kémia" előadás + labor (3 +2) 1995 2006. 3. éves Öntő, vaskohász és fémkohász szakirányú kohász-hallgatóknak "Fizikai Kémia II" előadás + labor (2 + 2) (Dr. Báder Imrével) 1997 - Felületek fizikai kémiája - alternatív tárgy kohó- és anyagmérnök hallgatóknak 1999 2007 Anyag- és kohómérnököknek két féléves fizikai kémia ea. és szám. gyakorlat (3+2 és 2+2) 2000 2001. Kohómérnököknek kiegészítő kihelyezett egyetemi képzésben Fizikai kémia I. és Fizikai kémia II. (24 + 24 óra) 2007. Az Akadémia szakirány előkészítő tárgya 2008. A Nanotechnogia alapjai. 2008- Szakirányvezető a Miskolci Egyetem anyagmérnöki BSc és MSc képzésein belül indítandó nanotechnológiai szakirányokon. Angol nyelven (a Miskolci Egyetemen) 1988 1989: Előkészítős külföldi hallgatók "Kémia" számolási gyakorlat (2) 1989 1995: 1. éves gépészeknek "Kémia" előadás + labor (2+2) (Dr. Bedő Zsuzsával, ill. 1991-ig Dr. Török Tamással) 1989 1995: 3. éves bányászoknak "Fizikai Kémia" előadás+labor (2+2) (Dr. Bedő Zsuzsával, Dr. Lakatos Istvánnal, illetve 1991-ig Dr. Török Tamással) 1990 1991: 1. éves gépészeknek "Műszaki angol" nyelvórák (2) 2002 : Physical Chemistry I-II for foreign students Orosz nyelven (a Leningrádi Műszaki Egyetemen) 1984-1987: összesen 7 kohászhallgató mellett láttam el diplomatervezési konzulensi feladatokat a képzés 10. és 11. féléveiben 1985-1987: 4. éves kohász hallgatóknak "Könnyűfémkohászat" c. tárgy lab. gyakorlatok (4) TAGSÁGOK SZAKMAI/TUDOMÁNYOS SZERVEZETEKBEN a. Magyarországon - Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, Műszaki Tudományok Osztálya (6. osztály), Metallurgiai Bizottság ezen belül a Kémiai Metallurgiai albizottság elnöke (1999-2005), - Magyar Akkreditációs Bizottság (MAB) anyagmérnöki, gépészmérnöki, stb. szakbizottságának tagja (2002-2006) 4

- Országos Magyar Bányászati és Kohászati Egyesület (OMBKE)a Vaskohászati Szakosztály Metallurgiai Szakcsoportja - Eötvös Lóránd Fizikai Társulat Termodinamikai Szakcsoportja - Miskolci Akadémiai Bizottság Vegyészeti Szakbizottság (MAB VSZb) az 1996- ban alakult Fizikai Kémiai Munkabizottság elnöke - MAB Kohászati Szakbizottság Anyagtudományi Munkabizottságának tagja - Gépipari Tudományos Egyesület (GTE) - Magyar Korróziós Szövetség (HUNKOR) - MTA Műszaki Anyagtudományi Munkabizottság - MTA Elektrokémiai Munkabizottság (meghívott tag) b. Nemzetközi szervezetekben - American Society of Materials (ASM) (membership No 153862) - The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (membership No 387470) - International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) - The Electrochemical Society - European Federation of Corrosion - IUPAC Commission on Chemical Thermodynamics - Associated Phase Diagram Committee of Poland, Chech, Hungary, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia. - FEMS Excecutive Officer (2006 2009). President of the Prize Award Committee (2008-2009) Folyóirat szerkesztőbizottsági tagságok Ions and Plasmas (Elsevier) 1998-2000, World of Materials (e-journal) 2000 óta, Journal of Mining and Metallurgy 2002 óta, Zhurnal Funkcionalnich Materialov 2006 óta. 5

Dr. George Kaptay List of publications and independent 1 citations (February 2008) h-index = 10 (based on all independent citations) Cumulatíve impact factor: 42.656, Partial cumulatíve impact factor: 26.408 (61.9 %) 110 journal papers, 5 book chapters, 112 proceedings papers = 227 papers, 444 independent citations (1.9 citation/paper) Content: Journal papers (see pp. 2-39), Book chapters (see pp.40-41), Edited books or special journal issues (see p.42), Papers on non-scientific subjects (see pp.43-44), Proceedings papers (see pp.44-66), Selected manuscripts (66-67). No Year of 1st joint paper The scientometric statistics of researchers supervised by me (based only on papers, written with me) Name Joint Citations h papers, C N h / C dh/dt 1 1988 George Kaptay 227 444 10 0.48 0.50 2 1991 Sergey Devyatkin 22 55 5 0.67 0.35 3 1995 Emil Buzinkay 6 2 1 0.71 0.08 4 1995 László Bolyán 15 30 3 0.55 0.23 5 1997 Maziar S. Yaghmaee 20 7 1 0.38 0.09 6 1997 Gyula Jánosfy 8 2 1 0.71 0.09 7 1998 Enikő Báder 13 17 1 0.24 0.10 8 1998 Péter Barkóczy 1 0 0 0 0 9 1999 Zsuzsa H. Göndör 11 0 0 0 0 10 1999 Barbara Tury 5 3 1 0.58 0.11 11 1999 Mária Z. Benkő 16 4 1 0.50 0.11 12 1999 Roland Gemela 2 1 1 1 0.11 13 1999 Katalin K. Kelemen 12 6 1 0.41 0.11 14 1999 Jaroslav Sytchev 29 27 3 0.58 0.33 15 2000 László Zoltai 6 1 1 1 0.13 16 2000 Renáta Román 5 0 0 0 0 17 2000 Ákos Borsik 8 3 1 0.58 0.13 18 2000 Gábor Csicsovszki 3 0 0 0 0 19 2001 Erzsébet Cserta 1 1 1 1 0.14 20 2001 Melinda Árk 1 1 1 1 0.14 21 2002 Olga Verezub 6 1 1 1 0.17 22 2002 Péter Baumli 6 1 1 1 0.17 23 2002 Csaba Varga 2 0 0 0 0 24 2003 János Farkas 1 3 1 0.58 0.2 25 2003 Natasha Borisenko 5 4 1 0.5 0.2 26 2003 Zsolt Demeter 1 0 0 0 0 27 2003 Tamás Bárczy 5 1 1 1 0.25 28 2004 István Budai 4 3 1 0.58 0.25 29 2004 Taishi Matsushita 2 2 1 0.71 0.25 30 2007 Tamás Gábor 1 0 0 0 0 1 Independent citations: none of the authors overlap in the citing and cited papers. Citations, published in any journal, proceedings, book chapters or Thesis count, except those Thesis, for which I am a supervisor. 6

J. Journal papers J110. G.Kaptay: A new theoretical equation for temperature dependent self-diffusion coefficient of pure liquid metals Int J. Mater Res. (formerly Z. Metallkunde), 2008, vol.99, pp.14-17. J109. G.Kaptay: The threshold pressure of infiltration into fibrous preforms normal to the fiber s axes Composites Science and Technology, 2008, vol.68, pp.228-237. J108. K.Wasai, G.Kaptay, K.Mukai, N.Shinozaki: Modified classical homogeneous nucleation theroy and a new minimum in free energy change 2. Behavior of free energy change with a minimum calculated for various systems - Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2007, vol.255, pp.55-61. J.107. Gábor T., Kármánné H.F., J.Sytchev, Kaptay Gy., Kálmán E.: Sóolvadékok elektrolízise során kialakult szén nanocsövek kinyerése és minősítése BKL Kohászat, 2007, vol.140., No.2, pp. 43-50. J106. K.Wasai, G.Kaptay, K.Mukai, N.Shinozaki: Modified classical homogeneous nucleation theroy and a new minimum in free energy change 1. A new minimum and Kelvin equation Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2007, vol.254, pp.67-74. J105. G.Kaptay: On the wettability, encapsulation and surface phase transition in monotectic liquid metallic systems Materials Science Forum, 2007, vol.537-538, pp.527-532 J105-c1. Svéda Mária: Monotektikus felületi rétegek létrehozása lézersugaras felületkezeléssel c. PhD értekezéséhez (tudományos vezető: dr. Roósz András) 2007. A nagyobb sűrűségű Pb olvadéknak az ötvözett zóna felszínén való elhelyezkedése a határfelületi jelenségekkel magyarázható [J105] p.87. J104. I.Budai, M.Z.Benkő, G.Kaptay: Comparison of different theoretical models to experimental data on viscosity of binary liquid alloys Materials Science Forum, 2007, vols.537-538, pp.489-496. J103. Baumli P., Sytchev J., Kaptay Gy.: SiC és Al 2 O 3 kerámia szemcsék felületkezelése só olvadékban, kompozitok fejlesztése céljából BKL Kohászat, 2006., 139. évf., 3.szám, 47-50. J103-c1. Orbulov I., Kientzl I., Németh Á.: Fémhabok és kompozitok előállítása infiltrálásos eljárással BKL Kohászat, 2007, vol.140, No.5, pp.41-46. Nagyon fontos, hogy a fémmátrixú kompozitanyagok esetében is csak akkor kapunk megfelelő műszaki tulajdonságokat, ha megfelelő a kapcsolat az erősítőanyag és a mátrixanyag határfelületén [J103] p.41. J102. G.Kaptay: On the equation of the maximum capillary pressure induced by solid particles to stabilize emulsions and foams and on the emulsion stability diagram - Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2006, vol.282-283, pp.387-401. J102-c1. Gonzenbach UT, Studart AR, Tervoort E, Gauckler LJ: Tailoring the microstructure of particle-stabilized wet foams - LANGMUIR 23 (3): 1025-1032 JAN 30 2007 - These results suggest that the preparation of wet foams that are stable against bubble coarsening and drainage requires particle sizes not larger than a few micrometers in diameter. Theoretical calculations based ont he adsoroption energy of particles at gas liquid interface and the maximum capillary pressure developed at the interface showed that particles larger than about 3 microns are not able to stabilize foams for long period of time [J102]. These results are in the same order of magnitude as our experimental findings p.1029. 7

J102-c2. C.Körner: Integral Foam Molding of Light Metals Physical and Technological Principles Habilitation Thesis, Erlangen, 2007 (Ref. No.132) Kaptay was the first who realized that stabilization for these kind of particles is based on the development of 3D network structures which transfer forces from one interface to the other [J102]. p.108. J102-c3. Torres LG, Iturbe R, Snowden MJ, Chowdhry BZ, Leharne SA: Preparation of o/w emulsions stabilized by solid particles and their characterization by oscillatory rheology - COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS 302 (1-3): 439-448 JUL 20 2007 The magnitude of the free energy required to remove a particle from the interface between two immiscible fluids does not provide an insight into the stability of the emulsions [J102]. It is reported that the water fil between two drops of the discontinuous oil phase resists rupture if the contact angle of the stabilising particle is in the range of 15 90 degrees [J102] p.440. J102-c4. Studart AR, Gonzenbach UT, Akartuna I, Tervoort E, Gauckler LJ: Materials from foams and emulsions stabilized by colloidal particles - JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 17 (31): 3283-3289 2007 stabilization is achieved for intermediate contact angles ranging from 20 to 86 deg for oil-in-water emulsions and foams, and from 94 to 160 deg for water-in-oil emulsions and mists [J102] p.3285, Besides the high energy of adsorption of particles at the interface, the remarkable resistance of particle-stabilized foams and emulsions against coalescence has also been attributed to the development of capillary forces that impede thinning down the liquid film between bubbles/droplets, as well as to the formation of an attractive network of particles throghout the continouos liquid phase [J102] p.3286. J102-c5. SE Friberg, AA Bawab, AA Abdoh: Surface active inverse micelles Colloid Polym Sci, 2007, vol.285, pp.1625-1630 (Ref. No.17) Finally Professor Kaptay [J102] has published a complete treatment on the influence of solid particles on the capillary pressure in their stabilization of emulsions and foams p.1628. J102-c6. Orbulov I., Kientzl I., Németh Á.: Fémhabok és kompozitok előállítása infiltrálásos eljárással BKL Kohászat, 2007, vol.140, No.5, pp.41-46. A másik csoportba sorolhatjuk azokat az anyagokat, amelyek létrehozásánál vagy csak a tömegcsökkentés, vagy valamilyen más különleges követelmény dominál. Ezek a porózus szerkezeti anyagok [J102] p.41. J102-c7. L.Torres, R.Iturbe, MJ Snowden, B. Chowdhry, S.Lehrane: Can Pickering emulsion formation aid the removal of creosote DNAPL from porous media? Cemosphere, 2008, vol.71, pp.123-132 There are, however, problems with the model that undepints the development of Eq.(1) (of Binks). For example the model does not explain experimental observation that particle stabilised emulsions are maximally stabilised when the particles display a contact angle less than 90 o [J102]. The role of the particles in film stabilisation can be incorporated into a model which then predicts that the film between two drops of the discontinuous oil phase resists rupture if the contact angle of the stabilising particlesis in the range between 15 and 90 deg [J102] p.125. J101. G.Kaptay: On the temperature gradient induced interfacial gradient force, acting on precipitated liquid droplets in monotectic liquid alloys Materials Science Forum, 2006, vol.508, pp.269-274 J101-c1. He J, Zhao J, Wang X, Zhang Q, Li H, Chen G: Investigation of rapid directional solidification of Al-based immiscible alloys - ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA 43 (6): 561-566 JUN 2007 2 equations + Chinese text p.562. J100. J.Sychev, N.V.Borisenko, G.Kaptay, Kh.B.Kushkhov: Intercalation of sodium and lithium into graphite as a first stage in an electrochemical method for producing carbon nanotubes Russian Journal of Electrochemistry, 2005, vol.41, pp.956-963. J99. G.Kaptay: A method to calculate equilibrium surface phase transition lines in monotectic systems CALPHAD, 2005, vol.29, pp.56-67 (+ Erratum, same volume, p.262) J98. Kaptay Gy.: Vitacikk Réger M., Verő B., Csepeli Zs. és Szélig Á.: Folyamatosan öntött bugák makrodúsulása címmel megjelent cikkéhez BKL Kohászat, 2005., 138. évf., 3. szám, 13-16 o. 8

J98-c1. Réger Mihály és Verő Balázs válasza Kaptay György vitacikkére BKL Kohászat, 2005., 138. évf., 5. szám, 14-18. o. Először is szeretenénk a köszönetünket kifejezni Kaptay Györgynek, aki vette a fáradtságot, és részletesen elemezte a szóban forgó cikket Külön köszönjük azokat a javaslatokat, melyeket a szerző a makrodúsulási modell javítása érdekében megfogalmazott [J98] stb.. több oldal kereszthivatkozás hol elfogadva, hol nem a javaslataimat p.14. J97. G.Kaptay, T.Bárczy: On the asymmetrical dependence of the threshold pressure of infiltration on the wettability of the porous solid by the infiltrating liquid J.Mater.Sci, 2005, vol.40, pp.2531-2535. J97-c1. DA Weirauch: Technologically significant capillary phenomena in gigh-temperature materials processing. Examples drawn from aluminum industry Current Opp Solid State and Mater Sci, 2005, vol.9, pp.230-240 Progress made in understanding the effect of pore geometry in pressure infiltration processing [J97] should be transferable to a better interpretation of the effect of metallostatic pressure on refractory infiltration and corrosion p.237. J96. G.Kaptay: Classification and general derivation of interfacial forces, acting on phases, situated in the bulk, or at the interface of other phases J.Mater.Sci, 2005, vol.40, pp.2125-2131 J96-c1. SE Friberg, AA Bawab, AA Abdoh: Surface active inverse micelles Colloid Polym Sci, 2007, vol.285, pp.1625-1630 For liquids at interfaces, Professor Kaptay [J96] has recently given a thorough treatment p.1628. J96-c2. F.D.Fisher, T.Waitz, D.Vollath, N.K.Simha: Ont he role of surface energy and surface stress in phase-tramsforming nanoparticles Progress in Mater Sci., 2008, vol.53, pp.481-527 Kaptay [J96] classifies (2γ/R) in his recent overview as the curvature induced interfacial force, and mentions several further types of interfacial forces p.490. J95. G.Kaptay: A unified equation for the viscosity of liquid metals Z.Metallkd., 2005, vol.96, pp.24-31 J95-c1. N.Babcsán, J.Banhart: Metal Foams towards high-temperature colloid chemistry Chapter 11 in: Colloidal particles at Liquid Interfaces, ed. By B.P.Binks, T.S.Horozov, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.445-499 Kaptay [J95] recently derived a unified equation for the dynamic viscosity of pure liquid metals. 1 equation is give. p.463-464 J95-c2. Lu HM, Li G, Zhu YF, Jiang Q: Temperature dependence of self-diffusion coefficient in several liquid metals - JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 352 (26-27): 2797-2800 AUG 1 2006 Recently, Kaptay [J95] also deduced similar relationship between viscosity and surface tension at melting point while with 24 % higher slope p.3798. J95-c3. Lu H.M., Wang T.H., Jiang Q.: Surface tension and self-diffusion coefficient of liquid Si and Ge J Crystal Growth, 2006, vol.293, pp.294-298 - Recently, Kaptay [J95] also deduced similar relationship between viscosity and surface tension at melting point while with 24 % higher slope p.296. J94. G.Kaptay: Modelling Interfacial Energies in Metallic Systems Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.1-10. J94-c1. B.Sarler: Solution of a two-dimensional bubble shape in potential flow by the method of fundamental solutions Eng. Anal. with Bound. Elem., 2006, vol.30, pp.227-235 Important complex-behaved parameters of such systems are the interface energies and forces [J94] p.227 J94-c2. Gao L., Zhao J., He J.: Microstructure of rapidly solidified Cu-Co alloy Special Casting / Nonferrous Alloys, 2006, vol.26, No.10, pp.626-628 (Ref. No.17) Kaptay [J94] Chinese text Eq.(3).. from my paper. P.628. J93. O.Verezub, G.Kaptay, T.Matsushita, K.Mukai: Penetration dynamics of solid particles into liquids. High-speed experimental results and modeling - Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.429-434. J93-c1. E.Bitay: Ceramic particle dispersion analysis in laser surface alloying Materials Science Forum, 2006, vol.508, pp.295-300 Other factors, such as wettability of the particle by the 9

liquid, drag force and gravity/buoyancy force was taken into account by some other authors [J93] p.298. J92. M.S.Yaghmaee, G.Kaptay: Stability of SiC in Al-rich corner of liquid Al-Si-Mg system - Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.415-420. J91. I.Budai, M.Z.Benkő, G.Kaptay: Analysis of literature models on viscosity of binary liquid metallic alloys on the example of the Cu-Ag system - Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.309-314. J91-c1. D.Zivkovic: Estimation of the viscosity for Ag-In and In-Sb liquid alloys using different models Z.Metallkunde, 2006, vol.97, pp.89-93 some models can be in conflict with experimental points, as was already shown [J91] p.90, Eq.(6) works particularly well for system in which the pure components have similar properties (i.e. the Ag-Cu system [J91]) p.91. J91-c2. Brillo J, Brooks R, Egry I, Quested P: Viscosity measurement of liquid ternary Cu-Ni-Fe alloys by an oscillating cup viscometer and comparison with models - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 98 (6): 457-462 JUN 2007 An overview of selected models that will be discussed in the present work is given in [J91]. p.457. J90. T.Bárczy, G.Kaptay: Modelling the infiltration of liquid metals into porous ceramics - Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.297-302. J89. J.Sytchev, N.Borisenko, G.Kaptay: Intercalation of lithium into graphite as the first step to produce carbon nanotubes in an electrochemical way Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.147-152 J89-c1. Adamokova M.N.: Elektrovidelenie metallicheskogo volframa, molibdena i ich karbidovi z nizkotemperaturnich galogenidno-oksidnich rasplavov Diss. na kand. him. nauk, Ekaterinburg, 2005, 142 pp. V 2000 g. nachala publikovat rezultati issledovanii po polucheniiu nanotrubok elektroliticheskim metodom tretia gruppa Kaptay G i Sychev J.Iv Vengrii [J89] vosproizveli rezultati rabot Fray-a, takzhe pokazali, shto elektroosozhdenie litiia, natriia, kaliia, magniia, kalciia iz sootvetstvuiushich rasplavlennich hloridov privodit k polucheniu uglerodnich nanotrubok. Produkti elektroliza bili issledovani metodom atomno-silovoi mikroskopii.. G.Kaptay i J.Sichev s sotrudnikami (Vengriia) zanimaiutsia issledovaniem mechanizma obrazovaniia uglerodnich nanotrubok pri osazhedenii shelochnich metallov (litiia i natriia) i shelochnozemelnich metallov (magniia i kalciia) iz rasplavlennich solei na grafitovii katod [J89] p.25. J88. P.Baumli, J.Sytchev, Zs.H.Göndör, G.Kaptay: Interaction between a titaniumcontaining molten salt and an alumina plate - Materials Science Forum, 2005, vols. 473-474, pp.39-44. J87. G.Kaptay: A new equation for the temperature dependence of the excess Gibbs energy of solution phases CALPHAD, 2004, vol.28, pp.115-124. (in Top 25 articles within the journal No.13. in 2nd quarter of 2005, No.12 in the 4th quarter of 2005 and No.12 in the 1st quarter of 2006) J87-c1: Schmid-Fetzer R, Janz A, Grobner J, Ohno M: Aspects of quality assurance in a thermodynamic Mg alloy database - ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 7 (12): 1142-1149 DEC 2005 - There is no simple solution to generally avoid the artifact of the inverted gap within the freamework of the most popular linear temperature dependency of liquid interaction parameters. Kaptay [J87] has clearly pointed out that the linearity results in an unrealistic exaggeration of excess mixing quantities at high temperature. However, the suggested solution of exponential temperature dependence [J87] may result in an artificial restabilization of the liquid phase at low temperature as detailed recently for the example of Mg- Si alloys p.1144. J87-c2. Arroyave R, Liu ZK: Thermodynamic modelling of the Zn-Zr system - CALPHAD- COMPUTER COUPLING OF PHASE DIAGRAMS AND THERMOCHEMISTRY 30 (1): 10

1-13 MAR 2006 The interaction parameters of the liquid phase are modelled with an axponential temperature dependence, as recommended by Kaptay [J87]. Int he latter case, the description of the hcp and bcc phases are modified accordingly p.1,.. For the long time, it has been recognized that the (linear) expression may be problematic To alleviate this problem, Kaptay [J87] has proposed a different tempőerature dependence for the interaction parameters: (Eq.8). This feature essentially eliminates inverted miscibility gaps p.3,.. Model 3. The liquid and solid solution are modeled with interaction parameters that decay exponentially with temperature p.4,..the three models yialed essentially the same phase diagram Model 2 is the best Model 3 is not satisfactory and perhaps a more complicated temperature dependence needs to be employed p.12. J87-c3. Malakhov DV, Balakumar T: Re-optimization of the Mg-Sb system under topological constraints - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 97 (5): 517-525 MAY 2006 - If a better model is difficult to find, then various empirical or heurestic approaches can be tried. An interesting and very elegant semi-empirical method for getting rid of an inverted miscibility gap was recently proposed by Kaptay [J87]. The method, however, is not capable of handling the situations when a phase becomes stable in a region within which it should not exist. Besides, a utilization of Kaptay s fomalism in practice is hampered by the necessity to rewrite source codes upon which Gibbs energy minimizers and procedures for optimization are based. p. 518. J87-c4. R.Schmid-Fetzer, D.Amdersson, P.Y.Chevalier, L.Eleno, O.Fabrichnaya, U.R.Kattner, B.Sundman, C.Wang, A.Watson, L.Zabdyr, M.Zinkevich: Assessment techniques, database design and software facilities for thermodynamics and diffusion Calphad, 2007, vol.31, pp.38-52. generally, the enthalpy and the excess entropy of mixing should have the same sign [J87]. The a/b ratio should be in the order of 3000 K for most systems [J87]. Another possibility is to try to avoid the artificial miscibility gap completely, by bringing the liquid excess parameters to zero at high temperatures. Kaptay [J87] suggested an exponential function of the form..eq.(5).. (my equation is given) The reasoning proposed by Kaptay is convincing since Eq.(5) satisfies all the necessary boundary conditions at high (and low) temperatures that are demanded. It is also true that over a limited temperature range, where actual experimental data may be provided, the exponential function does not visibly deviate from a straight line, as shown by Kaptay in a graph for the range 0.3 < T/tau < 0.4. However, no Calphad type analysis was performed in that paper [J87]. p.43. The basic idea of Eq.(5) is good and clearly superior to the popular linear equation and, in fact, solves the problem associated with high temperatures, but unfortunately may induce a new problem at low temperature p.44. J87-c5. Malakhov DV, Balakumar T: Thermodynamic optimization under topological constraints: principles and examples Calphad, 2007, vol.31, pp.402-403 (ref. No.4). Although the importance of this problem was understood a while ago, the first method specially tailored to struggle against inverted miscibility gaps was proposed only two years ago [J87]. Recently, a remarkably elegant Kaptay s approach was tried for optimizing the Zn-Zr system p.403. J87-c6. M.Idbenali, C.Servant, N.Selhaoui, L.Bouirden: A thermodynamic modelling of the Ba-Pb system Calphad, vol.31, 2007, pp.479-489. In order to avoid during the phase diagram calculation the occurence o fan unwanted miscibility gap in the liquid phase up to 6000 K [J87], additional constraints were imposed, such as the Gibbs energy of the liquid phase with positive curvature d 2 G/dx 2 > 0, ont he whole Pb composition range and every 500 K from 1000 to 6000 K p.481. J87-c7. Malakhov DV, Balakumar T: Post-optimization elimination of inverted miscibility gaps - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 98 (9): 786-796 SEP 2007 A very interesting and potentially useful refinement proposed by Kaptay [J87] has already been tried for optimizing the Zn-Zr system p.786. J87-c8. V.Grolier, R.Schmid-Fetzer: Experimental study of Au-Pt-Sn phase equilibria and thermodynamic assessment of the Au-Pt and Au-Pt-Sn systems J. Electronic Mater, 2008, vol.37, pp.264-278 Kaptay did recently propose for Calphad optimization purposes the constraint simplification: tau0 > 0 [J87] p.272. J87-c9. M.Idbenali, C,Servant, N.Selhaoui, L.Bouirden: A thermodynamic reassessment of the Ca-Pb system Calphad, 2008, vol.32, pp.64-73 In order to avoid the formation of an unwanted inverted miscibility gap of the liquid phase during the calculation of the Ca-Pb phase diagram, constraints must be imposed during the optimization procedure [J87] p.66. Finally, we verified that no miscibility gap was calculated with our thermodynamic optimized parameters as commended in [J87] p.71. 11

J87-c10. C.Guo, Z.Du, C.Li: A thermodynamic description of the Mg-Pr-Y system Calphad, 2008, vol.32, pp.177-187 Kaptay [J87] and Arroyave and Liu [J87-c2] pointed out that this expression of the Redlich-Kister equation may become problematic, especially in cases where the thermodynamic description is intended to be valid over a wide temperature range. Usually, the excess enthalpies and entropies of mixing have the same sign. Thus, there is always a temperature at which the L parameter changes sign. When this change is from negative to positive, and if this effect is more dominant than the term due to ideal mixing, then spurious miscibility gaps tend to appear. pp.185-186. J86. G.Kaptay, T.Matsushita, K.Mukai, T.Ohuchi: On Different Modifications of the Capillary Model of Penetration of Inert Liquid Metals into Porous Refractories and their Connection to the Pore Size Distribution of the Refractories Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2004, vol.35b, pp.471-486 J86-c1. Bonadia P, Braulio MAL, Gallo JB, Pandolfelli VC: Refractory selection for long-distance molten-aluminum delivery - AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN 85 (8): AUG 2006 Kaptay et al [A67] propose a model to describe inert liquid metal penetration into porous refractories ( total 33 lines + 4 equations + 1 figure describes the paper) p. 9303 J85. G.Kaptay: Discussion of Thermodynamics of Liquid Al-Na Alloys Determined by Using CaF 2 Solid Electrolyte published by S.G.Hansen, J.K.Tuset and G.M.Haarberg in Met.Mat.Trans.B, 2002, vol. 33B, 577-587 - Metall. Mater. Trans., 2004, vol.35b, pp.393-398 J85-c1. S.G.Hansen, K.Tang: Thermodynamics of the Al-Na binary alloy SINTEF report No.STF80MK A05211, 27 th Feb, 2006 Kaptay [J85] claimed that the negative deviation from Henry s law found by Hansen et al. was due to the reaction between Al vapour and NaF in the galvanic cell p.3. This clearly indicates that the previous results are not reliable.. p.5. J85-c2. S.G.Hansen: The solubility of sodium in liquid aluminium SINTEF Memo of 27 Febr, 2006 - Kaptay [J85] claimed that the negative deviation from Henry s law found by Hansen et al. was due to the reaction between Al vapour and NaF in the galvanic cell p.3. None of the results obtained conform the solubilities previously obtained by Hansen p.26. J85-c3. X.Yang, A.Jha, S.Ali, R.C.Cochrane: Mass-transport processes at the steel-enamel interface Metall Mater Trans B, 2006, vol.37b, pp.89-98 the Marangoni convection, induced by an interfacial surface tension gradient [J85] may promote mass transport across the interface and thereby engances the rate of reactions p.89 J85-c4. Zhang SJ, HAN QY, Liu ZK: Thermodynamic modeling of the Al-Mg-Na system J. Alloys and Compounds, 2006, vol.419, pp.91-97 The controversal work of Hansen et al. was criticized by Kaptay [J85]. According to thermodynamic calculation of of Kaptay there may be reactions between Al(g) and NaF(s). However, Hansen et al. stood by their results.. Their (Hansen s) results are not used in this work due to errors as discussed above p.92. J85-c5. Zi-Kui Liu, S.Zhang, Q.Han, V.Sikka: The effect of impurities on the processing of aluminum alloys Penn State, final report, September 2006. The controversial work of Hansen et al was criticized by Motzfeldt [] and by Kaptay [J85]. Kaptay considered the reactions between Al(g) and NaF(s) to exist in Hansen-s EMF experiments based on his thermodynamic calculations. But Hansen et al stood by their results p.17. J84. G.Kaptay: Interfacial criteria for stabilization of liquid foams by solid particles Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2003 vol.230, pp.67-80. 12

J84-c1. N.Babcsán, D.Leitlmeier, H.P.Degischer: Foamibility of Particle Reinforced Aluminum Melt Mat.-wiss. u. Werkstofftech., 2003, vol.34, pp.1-8 Kaptay pointed out that wetting angle has to be in a certain range and particles stabilize the gas/liquid bubble interface. In the framework of a model, assuming single layer of particles between in the cell wall it was shown that the foam is stabilized only in the interval of the contact angles 10 90 degrees. However, when a presence of a double, or a double+ layer of particles is assumed to be in the cell wall, this interval increases to 10-129 degrees, or 10 170 degrees, accordingly [J84] J84-c2. N.Babcsán: Ceramic Particle Stabilized Aluminum Foams PhD Dissertation, Miskolc, 2003 In the middle 90 s thanks for H.P.Degischer, J.Banhart and G.Kaptay science found a partnership with this challenging material {metallic foam} and some basic question like stability of metal foams {has been} clarified p.12, when a presence of a double, or a double+ layer of particles is assumed to be in the cell wall, this interval increases to 10-129 degrees, or 10-170 degrees, accordingly. Calculating the probability function of foam stability optimum values was found for contact angle = 75, 87 and 89 degrees in a single, double and double+ layers, respectively. No stabilizing effect can be seen below 30 % surface coverage of bubbles by particles [J84] p.34., Kaptay [J84] predicted that the foamibility of particle stabilized liquids strongly depends on the surface concentration of particles. This is the case {for this work} for foams blown by Nitrogen gas, where the foam surface coverage was found to be a segregated 40 % value (Fig.80 and Fig.81) p.81. J84-c3. N.Babcsán, J.Banhart, D.Leitlmeier: Metal foams - manufacture and physics of foaming - in: Proc. of Int. Conf. Advanced Metallic Materials, ed. by J.Jerz, P.Sebo, M.Zemankova, IMMM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 2003, pp. 7-15 Kaptay pointed out that the wetting angle has to be in a certain range and particles stabilize the gas/liquid-bubble interface [J84] p.9., It is common believe that the composition of the particles determines the stabilizing effect through the contact angle with the melt [J84], p.12. J84-c4. T.Wübben: Zur Stabilität flüssiger Metallschaume Universität Bremen, Germany, 2003, 128 pp. - In diesem Zusammenhang wird das schon erwähnte Stabilisierungsmodell von G.Kaptay ausführlich erläutert und kritisch diskutiert p.2, In diesem Kontext hat Kaptay [J84] ein mechanistisches Modell entwickelt, das sowohl den Einfluss der Partikelkonzentration als auch des Kontaktwinkels auf die Stabilität von Metallshaumen beschreibt. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich in grosen Teilen mit der Untersuchung der Gültigkeit dieses Modells. Es soll daher folgenden im Detail erläutert werden p.30. Mit Ausnahme von Kaptay in [J84] geben jedoch alle Autoren nur phänomenologische Erklärungen. Die in erstmals angedeutete Hypothese wurde unter Berücksichtigung der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gewonnenen experimentellen Ergebnisse weiterentwickelt, so das es quantitative Aussagen über die Wirksamkeit von Partikeln in Metallschaumen möglich mach [J84] p.31. Der optimale Kontaktwinkel ist gemas [J84] der, bei dem der Ausdruck...(3.17)... sein Maximum erreicht. p.34, Ein weitaus entscheidenderer Kritikpunkt speziell an den quantitativen Berechnungen in [J84] ist jedoch die Annahme, das eine über die gesamte Porenoberflauche gemittelte belegungsdichte f zur berechnungvon p imm,max herangezogen werden kann, selbst dann, wenn f deutlich kleiner als 1 ist p.38. J84-c5. N.Babcsán, D.Leitlmeier, H.P.Degischer, H.J.Flankl: Particle stabilised liquid aluminium foams and the role of the oxide skin - in: Cellular Metals: Manufacture, Properties, Application, ed. by J.Banhart, N.A.Fleck, A.Mortensen, MIT Verlag, 2003, pp.101-106: The particles can be characterized by their wetting [J84].., p.101, in Table 2: Differences and similarities in stabilization mechanism of liquid foam. Metallic foam: surface active agent (60-90 o contact angle) [J84] p.105. RJ84-c6. R.G.Alargova, D.S.Warhadpande, V.N.Paunov, O.D.Velev: Foam superstabilization by polymer microrods Langmuir, 2004, vol.20, pp.10371-10374. (Ref. No.8). Data and theoretical conclusions in the literature point out that hydrophobic spherical particles may initiate foam destruction by rupturing the foam films via a bridging-dewetting mechanism [J84]. p. 10371. J84-c7. N.Babcsán, D.Leitlmeier, H.P.Degischer, J.Banhart: The role of oxidation in blowing particlestabilized aluminium foams Advanced Engineering Materials, 2004, vol.6, pp.421-428 The various factors influencing metallic foam stability... the effect of particles... wetting behavior [J84] p. 421, Suitable particles (60-90 o contact angle [J84]). are necessary for obtaining a stable liquid aluminium foam p.427. J84-c8. V.Gergely, T.W.Clyne: Drainage in standing liquid metal foams: modelling and experimental observations - Acta materiala, 2004, vol.52, pp.3047-3058: Interfacial criteria for 13

stabilization of metallic foams by solid particles have recently been derived by Kaptay [J84] p.3053 J84-c9. B.S.Murray, R.Ettelaie: Foam stabilty: proteins and nanoparticles Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 2004, vol.9, pp.314-320 Other criteria for stability of particlestabilized bubbles were recently derived by Kaptay [J84]. The theoretical arguments presented in this work indicate the existence of a maximum size (about 3 μm for bubbles in water) above which particles are not effective in prevention of coalescence. p.317. J84-c10. N.Babcsán, J.Banhart, D.Leitlmeier: Metal foam manufacture and physics of foam Materials World, e-journal, 2005, vol.6, No.1 Kaptay pointed out that the wetting angle has to be in a certain range and particles stabilize the gas/liquid-bubble interface [J84] p.7, J84-c11. C.Körner, M.Arnold, R.F.Singer: Metal foam stabilization by oxide network particles Mater. Sci. Eng., 2005, vol.a396, pp.28-40.: Further progress to explain foam stability was made by Kaptay [J84]. He uses a model of a 3D network of solid, spherical particles to explain force transfer between two interfaces and in this way stability p.28.;. J84-c12. N.Babcsán, D.Leitlmeier, J.Banhart: metal foams high temperature colloids. Part I. Ex situ analysis of metal foams Colloids and Surfaces A, 2005, vol.261, pp.123-130 Kaptay pointed out that the wetting angle has to be in a certain range and particles stabilize the gas/liquid-bubble interface [J84] p.125. J84-c13. P.M.Kruglyakov, A.V.Nushtayeva: Investigation of the influence of capillary pressure on stability of a thin layer emulsion stabilized by solid particles Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2005, vol.263, pp.330-335 Calculation of interfacial pressure separating two bubbles (drops) by particles was given by Kaptay [J84] also, but this pressure is not equal to the capillary pressure and therefore the stability criteria of Kaptay displays an inconsistency p.330. J84-c14. S-H.Park, Y-S.Um, C-H. Kum, B-Y. Hur: Thermophysical properties of Al and Mg alloys for metal foam fabrication - Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2005, vol.263, pp.280-283 - Of-course, in the actual foaming process, the appearance of the rheological characteristics are very much influenced from the existing of particles [J84] p.280 J84-c15. Th.Wübben, S.Odenbach: Stabilization of liquid metallic foams by solid particles Colloids Surfaces A., 2005, vol.266, pp.207-213: The stabilization model for liquid foams by solid particles is described in details in [J84]. We thus only give a short outline of the basics of this model p.207, 1 page of description twice mentioning Kaptay model p.208. It should be pointed out that the model of Kaptay does not take into account drainage and flow effects. We therefore carried out experiments under reduced gravity conditions p.209., According to the discussion above, we thus have to measure the surface of the pores rather than the size of the pores to have a quantitative test of the validity of the model proposed by Kaptay p.210., To investigate the validity of the model proposed by Kaptay [J84] we carried out experiments with two different lead powders p.210., According to the model of Kaptay, the total pore surface of a foam depend on the amount of particles present for film stabilization p.211, 5. Comparison with the stabilization model by Kaptay. To compare the obtained results with the model proposed by Kaptay we come back to the assumption that the solid particles originate from the broken oxide skins of the powder grains p.212, The obtained results strongly support the validity of the model proposed by Kaptay [J84] p.213. J84-c16. A.Irretier, J.Banhart: Lead and lead alloy foams Acta Mater., 2005, vol.53, pp.4903-4917 A certain oxide content is necessary to ensure foam stability It is well known that metal foams are stabilized by solid particles floating in the melt Wübben could recently show [J84-c4] that the ratio between the total internal pore surface of a lead foam is proportional to the volume content of the entrained oxide and concluded that the oxides float on the foam films during foaming and create stabilization by a still disputed mechanism [J84] p. 4914 J84-c17. N.Babcsán, F.Garcia-Moreno, D.Leitlmeier, J.Banhart: Liquid-metal foams feasible in-situ experiments under low gravity Materials Science Forum, 2006, vol.508, pp.275-280: Phenomena related with aqueous foam stability are detailedly discussed in the literature in large monographs, but only few publications relate to metal foams [J84] p.275 J84-c18. Kostakis T, Ettelaie R, Murray BS: Effect of high salt concentrations on the stabilization of bubbles by silica particles - LANGMUIR 22 (3): 1273-1280 JAN 31 2006 In addition, theoretical work from Kaptay [J84] postulated that solid particles can stabilize bubbles only when the bubbles are not larger than 3 and 30 μm p.1274 J84-19. Asavavisithchai S, Kennedy AR: The effect of Mg addition on the stability of Al-Al 2 O 3 foams made by a powder metallurgy route - SCRIPTA MATERIALIA 54 (7): 1331-1334 APR 2006 14

it is generally considered that particles which show good wetting with the liquid will improve the stabiulity of the foam [J84] p.1331. J84-20. Park SH, Song KH, Um YS, Hur BY: Rheological characterization of Mg-Al alloys with ceramic particles for metal foam Mater Sci Forum, 2006, vol.510-511, pp.742-745. no text given J84-c21. Gonzenbach UT, Studart AR, Tervoort E, Gauckler LJ: Ultrastable particle-stabilized foams - ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 45 (21): 3526-3530 2006 -.. model investigations in the absence of surfactants performed [J84] p.3526. J84-c22. Friberg SE: Weight fractions in three-phase emulsions with an L-alpha phase - COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS 282: 369-376 JUL 20 2006 Emulsions with solid particles as the third phase have been investigated for a long time and have, after a long period of only intermittent contributions, recently been the object of intense fundamental research [J84] p.369. J84-c23. N.Babcsán, J.Banhart: Metal Foams towards high-temperature colloid chemistry Chapter 11 in: Colloidal particles at Liquid Interfaces, ed. By B.P.Binks, T.S.Horozov, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.445-499 Using a static model of a 3-D network of solid spherical particles he (Kaptay) attempted to explain the force transfer between two interfaces of a foam and in this way the stability via a disjoining pressure [J84]. Various configurations of particles were considered in these models, of which three are shown in Fig.11.7. ((Fig.11.7 copied with permission of Elsevier)). The basic idea is that a partially wetted particle is pinned to a surface since it has its lowest energy when immersed into the liquid at a given depth...+ 10 lines description pp.461-462....it ias not evident from the images how mechanical forces can be transmitted from one side of a film to the other via particle networks as postulated, e.g. by Kaptay [J84], which would be required to create a disjoining force. There are two explanations for these difficulties. Firstly, the 2-D character of metallographic analysis could obscure the structure of the posztulated 3-D betworks. Secondly, it is not guaranteed that the arrangement of oarticles in solid foams is identical to that in liquid foams p.489. It is timely to give an interpretation in terms of models such as the LP2+C model by Kaptay (see Fig.11.7.c). Accordingly, the particles are pinned to each of the interfaces of a film by means of interfacial forces. This would explain micrographs such as Fig.11.a. However, it is not clear how the attractive interactions between the two interfaces are balanced. Kaptay postulates that mechanical forces are responsible for this counter pressure, the disjoining pressure, which in his model are transferred through locally densely packed layers of particles. Experimental evidence, however, does not support the existence of such bridges between the two surface layers. p.492... Körner et al. assume that these metaparticles astabilise the cell walls by forming an LP1 layer in Kaptay-s notation. The idea sounds convincing, but is based on very few and mostly indirect observations p.493. J84-c24. Shrestha LK, Acharya DP, Sharma SC, Aramaki K, Asaoka H, Ihara K, Tsunehiro T, Kunieda H: Aqueous foam stabilized by dispersed surfactant solid and lamellar liquid crystalline phase - JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 301 (1): 274-281 SEP 1 2006 Many reports on foam and emulsion stabilized by the small solid particles are available [J84]. p.275, The main factor responsible for the foam stability is the presence of colloidally dispersed particles int he continuous medium, which slow down the liquid drainage rate due to increased surface viscosity of the continuous phase [J84]. Kaptay [J84] demonstrated enhanced stability in water based foam by silica particles smaller than 3 microns. p.280. J84-c25. Shrestha LK, Aramaki K, Kato H, Takase Y, Kunieda H: Foaming properties of monoglycerol fatty acid esters in nonpolar oil systems - LANGMUIR 22 (20): 8337-8345 SEP 26 2006 -.. the stability of foams is influenced by particle size, concentration, hydrphobicity and nature of the surfactant used [J84]. p.8338, Kaptay [J84] demonstrated the enhanced stability in a water based foam by silica particles < 3 micron in size p.8344. J84-c26. Haibel A, Rack A, Banhart J: Why are metal foams stable? - APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (15): Art. No. 154102 OCT 9 2006 An idea which has recently become popular in metal foam literature assumes that opposing partciloe-covered L/G interfaces are mechanically connected by particle bridges across films (Fig.1.d [J84]) p.1, Our analysis shows that particles do not interact accross liquid metal films, e.g., there is no analog to the disjoining pressure known to stabilize aqueous foams as claimed by several researchers [J84]. p.3. J84-c27. J. Banhart: Metal foams: production and stability Adv. Eng Mater., 2006, vol.8, pp.781-794 Kaptay analysed a number of possible particle arrangements in a film and evaluated their capability to stabilise films [J84]. Some are shown in Fig.8.. + ((17 describing lines + Fig.8)) - pp.785-786. 15