CMBUkTI9³ kargarsrésedk

CMBUkT9³ kargarsrésedk RENFORCEMENT WORKS 1> lkçn³lmnam]ssahkmμ nig EbgEckRbePTEdksMNg; THE CHARACTERSTC OF NDUSTRY AND STEEL CLASSFCATON kargarsrésedk KWmYykñúgb ExSbBa Ún (ASSEMBLY LNE) ExScgVak; lmnam]ssahkmμ sagsg;ebtugsrésedkcak;enakenøg. CaFmμtakargarsrésEdk edrerkaykargarbum< b:uenþenagars½yetanigrbepterkogbgáúmsmng; nig vifsarsþbec kets EdlExSbBa Ún srésedkedrmun/ b dak;bba ÚlCamYyBum<. ExSbBa ÚnsrésEdk rymmanbnþadmnak;kal³ yksrésedkbxøamg/ trmg;/ BRgwgRtCak;/ vas;/ kat;/ Bt;/ t/ dak;culbum<. bnþalmnam TaMgenH GaceRbR)as;ynþkmμ 50 ebsagsg;erkogenakenøg/ kñúgkarcab;páúmtmelggac erbynþkmμrhutdl; 90 brimankargar. ExSbBa ÚnlMnaM]sSahkmμkargarsrésEdk RtUv)anbgðajtamry³Dya:RkamrUbPaB (>!. plitplrbs;kargarsrésedkrymman r)aedk/ smnaj;edk/ erkagbøg;/ erkaglmh >>>. rubpab (>@. EdkeRbkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMsMNg;ebtugsrésEdk rymmanercnrbept ebemlrubpabkarvicx b; dwkcba Ún manedkmur/ Fmμta φ 10mm Edkr)a manrbevgb 6 12 m / Ggát;p wt φ 10mm. etatamrubragmuxkat;manedkmul nig EdksNæan L, U,,... kñúgedkmul eyagetanigggát;p wt ekeckcarbeptrsal/ φ 14mm / RbePTF n; 14 p 40mm p φ / RbePTF n;xøamg 40mm φ / 1

RbePTenHCYbtictYckñúgsMNg;suvil nig ]ssahkmμ. ekena EbgEckCa Edkrelag/ EdkfñaMg. Fmμtarelag b fñamg bgðajbkmritfn;rbs;edk. eyagetatampabfn;/ srésedkena)aneckcarkumtamkmritfn;knna Rkum A man R a = 2100 kg/cm²; Rkum A man R a = 2700 kg/cm²; Rkum A man R a = 3600 kg/cm²; nig RkumkMritFn;x<s;eRbeFVCasrésRBRss C 1, C 2, C 3. 2

EdkmUr XøaMg smpar³ Edkr)a trmg; BRgwg trmg; psarp ab; vas;/ kat; BRgwg Bt; efvtmbk; vas;/ kat; psar/ cg Bt;/ efvrag psarerkag XøaMgsrésEdkplitpl rubpab (>! Dya:RkamlMnaM]sSahkmμplitkmμsrésEdk 3

rubpab (>@ srésedk a,b) smnaj;edk/ c,d) erkagbøg;/ e) Edkr)a/ g,h,i) erkaglmh eyagetatamtynatefvkarrbs;r)animyy² enaebgeckca EdkrgkMlaMg/ EdktMeLg/ EdkbRmug/ srésedk Fmμta b srésedk RBRss. 2> RBgwgsrésEdk (CONSOLDATE THE RENFORCEMENT) BRgwg KWeFVeGayEdkeknPaBFn;rgkMlaMg. BRgwgmaneRcnviFsaRsþ b:uenþenaemeronenh eygrkan;et pþl;nuvvifsarsþbrgwgrtcak;. 4

BRgwgRtCak;KWeFVeGayeknkMritFn;rgkMlaMgrbs;srésEdk EdlmineRbR)as;kMedA. vifbrgwgrtcak; GaRs½yeTAniglkçN³rbs;Edk³ egayr)aedkrgkmlamg elsednkmnt; PaBtwg Tensile Strenght eygttyl)anr)aedkfμ manednkmnt;pabywt Elastic Limit eknelg/ CalT plsrésedkmanpabfn; b kmritfn; elsbmun rubpab (>#. rubpab (># Dya:RkameFVkarrbs;r)aEdk- vfbrgwgrtcak;! RkhiVkeBlminTan;BRgwg/ @ - ebl)anbrgwg. elrubpab (># eygexjr)aedkerkayebl BRgwgmantarageFVkargar @ man σ c' nig R ' FMCag σ c nig R rbs;vamuneblbrgwg. BRgwgRtCak;srésEdk GacGnuvtþn_ )anercnvif. kúñgplitkmμcak;esþg eyg]ssah_ erbvifsarsþtajrtcak;/ bba úhrtcat;/ TajbRgYm>>>> BYkvagayRsYlGnuvtþ nig )anlt pll. BRgwgeFVeGayPaBFn;rbs;Edk eknelg Gac B!>& -!>* dg/ b:uenþkñúgcak;esþg ekrkan;etbegánpabfn; elg #0 eblenah kmrityt Stretch KW #-* / 5

efvegayeknkmritetagebtugrbhak;rbehlbdg. BRgwg EtgGnuvtþsMrab;EdkRkum A, A nig A myycmnyn. 1> BRgwgsrésEdkedayTajRtCak; (Consolidate The Reinforcement With Cold Pulling ) enahkw vifsarsþbrgwg edaybegátbmerbmrylr)aedkedaytaj/ r)aedkrgnuvpabywt RbmaN #-* / kmritrgkmlamgeknelg @0 - #0. enhkwcavifsarsþbrgwg gayrsylbmput/ Dya:RkameFVkargarrbs;va RtUv)anbgðajelrUbPaB (>$/ Gnuvtþ CamYysrésEdkmanGgát;p wttuccag 22 mm. rubpab (>$ Dya:RkamTajRtCat; ³! r)aedkrtuvbrgwg/ @ - Pulling Flatform/ # - Fixed Flatform/ $ - Rbdab;Taj Winch/ % - TMgn; Counterpoise. 2> BRgwgsrésEdkedaybBa úhrtcak; (Consolidate The Reinforcement With Cold Bang) r)aedkrtuv)anbrgwg edayvifsarsþ begátbmerbmryl edaybba úhrtcat;. r)aedkrtuv bba úhminesμrcug (rregular) B Br b bynmux. lt plrbs;karbba úhrtcak; bgðayedayntissn_bmerbmryl (Deformation Factor) edaybba úh ( δ ) KNna tamrubmnþ (>! ³ φ d δ =.100% (>! kñúgenah ³ φ φ - Ggát;p itr)aedkmuneblbba úh/ 6

d - Ggát;p itr)aedkerkayeblbba úh/ rubpab (>%. rubpab (>% r)aedkbba úhrtcak; a muxkat;ttwgr)aedk/ b bba úhmux $/ c bba úhmux @. bba úhrtcak; minrtwmetefvegayeknb:uenñahet ehyefmtamg efvegaykmritetag rvagsrésedk nig ebtug eknelgetotpg. CaFmμtaeKbBa úhcamyy δ = 10 % + 14% enahr)aedk nwgywt $ - & / PaBFn;ekneLg @% nig kmritetagcamyyebtugeknelg!>& - @>$ dg. bba úhrtcat;smrsbnas; CamYymUldæanplitkmμ EdlmaneragCagCMnajBRgwg. maneblxøh eblgñkplitedk)anbba úhrtcak;pøam erkayeblplitpøam. bba úh 7

RtCak;gay)ak; ducenhgnuvtþn_)anetedkrkum A. vifsarsþrbs;ma:sunbba úhrtcak; RtUv)anbgðajelrUbPaB (>^. rubpab (>^ vifsarsþma:sunbba úhrtcak; a - RkahiVklT pltambba úhrtcak; / b - ma:sunbbaú Hmux @/ c - ma:sunbba úhmux $/ 1) d = 6 ~ 10 mm, 2) d = 12 ~ 16 mm, 3) d = 18 ~ 20. 3> BRgwgEdkedayTajbRgYmRtCat; (Polishing Consolidate) 8

r)aedkrtuv)anbrgwgedaybmerbmryl eblrtuv)antajrtcak;tamrun tuccaggát;p it r)aedk. rubpab (>&. munebltajbrgym r)aedkmanggát;p itkw φ / erkayeblecjbrun brgymggát;p itkw d. nitssn_bmerbmryl bgðajedaypaberbrbyl muxkat;r)aedk RtUv)anKNna tamrubmnþ (>@ ³ F0 F Δ F =.100% (>@ F 0 ( Δ F ) kñúgenah ³ F 0, F épþmuxkat;r)aedk mun nig erkaytajbrgym. CaFmμtaeKTajbRgYmCamYynig Δ F B!0 - @0 KWsrésEdkyWtRbmaN @0. vifsarsþtajbrgym erbetcmebahrkumedk C 1 / C 2 CamYyGgát;p it 10mm. rubpab ³ (>& vfsarsþtajbrgymr)aedk. 9

3> Ekécñeday trmg;/ vas;/ kat;/ Bt; srésedk (Strech, Measoure, Cut, Hook and Bend Process) srésedkttylmkb karekécñ køaycasrésedkrbs;bnþaerkogbgámú ebtugsrésedk EtgRtUvqøgkat;bNþaeragEkécñ ³ trmg;/ vas;/ kat; nig Bt; etatamkarknna. kartrmg; EtgRtUvGnuvtþmun erbahvaman\ti Bl dl;bnþakarekécñbnþbnþab;etot. Edk)antRmg; enahkúñg erkogbgáúmefvkargaretbl. trmg;mun enahkargar vas;/ kat;/ Bt; etbc,as;las; / BiessCamYyEdkkg. EdkfñaMg ebeftam)anl (Good Maintain) kñúgkardwkcba Ún nig dak;xøamg enahesþettamggs; min)ac;trmg;. trmg;gacgnuvtþedayblkmμ b:uenþrkan;et smmulrtg;. cmebahsrésedkkg ( φ 10mm ) l bmputerbduy/ eblmantlansagsg; TUlay. kñúgeragcag b kñúgeragcrk ekerbma:sunbt;. vifsarsþbt; KWeGayr)asrés Edk rt;tamrbb½n ekalak; (Pulley)/ EdkRtUv)antRmg;CabeNþr² BekageTARtg;. eblr)asrésedk)anrtg; eygkat;edk tamxñatknna. muneblkat;r)asrésedk RtUvvas; nig KUssBaØacMNaM. eblvas;rtuvrby½tñ dkecjkmritekag ebr)asrésedk)an Bt;. kat;gacgnuvtþ edayéd/ eb φ 8mm kat;edaykérnþ/ ebfmcagerbdgáab;kat; ( φ 18mm) / eblggát;fmcag BiessEdkRkum RBRss enahrtuverbkampsaredm,kat;. kñúgbnþaeragcaggackat;edkedayepøkat;. kat;ma:sungnuvtþenaeragcrk edayma:sun RbePTGaceRb)aneRcnya:g b EtmYyya:g. elrubpab (>* KUsDya:RkambMerbMra:s;ma:sun trmg;/ vas;/ kat; edaysv½yrbvtþicmebah Edkkg. eblrt;tamma:sun srésedk/ erchnwgrbkgs; mincam)ac;smgateberbpøam/ vas; 10

rubpab (>* vifsarsþma:sunékécñedkkg sv½yrbvtþi. smßpab P rbs;ma:sun KNnatamrUbmnþ ³ P 60. π. D. n. q[ kg / h kat; = ] (># kñúgenah ³ D Ggát;pi tkurekalak;/ Taj n cmnyncmuvilrbs;ekalak;kñúgmyynat/ q TMgn; 1 Em:Rt RbEvgEdkEkécñ/ kg. erkaydmnak;kalkat; KWdl;dMNak;kalBt;srésEdk. Bt; edm,r)asrésedkman rubrag RtUvnigrUbragrbs;vakñúgeRKOgbgÁúMsMNg;. srésedkkñúgerkogbgáúmsmng; ebtug srésedk EtgCYbRbTHbNþasNæan³ Bt;f<k;!*0 0 / Bt;bUkeKa $% 0 / Bt;Ekg (0 0. Bt;f<k; )anetcmebahsrésedkmulrelag. Bt;srésEdkk¾GaceRbeday Blkmμ b edayma:sun. cg;bt;)an r)asrésedkrtuvman qwñgtb; (Holding Bolt) edm,r)asrésedk enaes óm/ qñwgefr (Fixed Bolt) efvcmnucdmu (Spleen) edm,bt;r)asrésedk nig qñwgcl½t (Mobile Bolt) edm,tajsrésedkcmuvijqñwgefr. elrubpab (>( KWCaDya:RkamBt;Edk nig tynatsrésedk. eblbt;edayblkmμ Bt; 11

ekgaccmnyqñwgcl½tedaybmbg;edk edm,bgvilsrésedkcmuvijqñwgefr. rubpab (>( ³ a) Bt;Ekg/ b) Bt;bUkeKa/! srésedkbt;/ @ - qñwgtb;/ #- qñwgefr/, TtaMgrbs;qñwgcl½t qñwgbt;. eblbt;smnaj;edk enahrtuvmanty nig bnþhbt; rubpab (>!0. rubpab (>!0> Bt;sMNaj;Edk ³!-tYma:sun/ @-bnþhbt;/ #-smnaj;edk/ dujéhrtulik 4> tmnsrésedk WELDED OR LAPPED RENFORCEMENT srésedkkñúgerkogbgámúebtugsrésedk GacttamBrviF ³ tmncg (Binding or Ties) cmngesm wetting bond nig tpsar (Welding) cmngs Üt Dry bond. tmnsrésedkrtuvfanakarbba ÚnkMlaMgBr)aenH bnþetar)asrésedkpa b;etot/ kmritrg klamgrbs;erkogbgáúmrtg;kenøgtmnsrésedk RtUvsmmUlCamYynigkEnøgEdl minmansrésedkt. 1> tmncg (Bind) 12

r)aedkbrp ab;edaydak;elkña/ erbsrésedktn; 1 mm cgenabcmnuc/ erkaymk cak;ebtugrkbcit køaycaedk. tmnrtuv)aneftam nig rksa minrtuv)anrgrmj½r/ varkan;rgkmlamgenaebledlebtugsmerc)ankmritrwgmamgtamknna. eblp ab;srés Edk RtUvykcitþTukdak; RbEvgtMN kmnat;srésedkcan;kña RtUvFanakMritRbEvg Gb,brma. Cak;EsþgKW ³ a) RbEvgkMNat;KgKña rbs;edkrgkmlamg kñúgbnþaerkag nig smnaj;srésedk minrtuv)antuccag 250 mm cmebahedkrgnuvkmlamgtaj nig minrtuv)an tuccag 200 mm cmebahsrésedkrgbnþúksgát;. b) eblp ab;srésedk enatmbn;rgbnþúktaj RtUvBt;f<k; cmebahedkrelag/ srésedkfñammincam)ac;bt;f<k;. RbEvgtMNRtUv)ankMNt;tamtarag (>!. tarag (>! RbEvgtMNcgsrésEdk RbEvgtMN RbePTsrésEdk tmbn;rgbnþúktaj tmbn;rgbnþúksgát; FñwmCBa amg erkogbgáúmepsg mantmbk; minmantmbk; srésedkmulrelag 40d 30d 20d 30d srésedkekþafñamg 40d 30d - 20d srésedktajrtcak; 45d 35d 20d 30d 13

c) vifsarsþtp ab;gnuvtþn_etcmebah srésedkmanggát;p ittuccag 16 mm. d) elmuxkat;ttwgnimyy²/ cmnyncmngminels @% cmebahsrésedkrelag nig %0 cmebahsrésedkfñamg. tmncggaygnuvtþ b:uenþrtuvrg;cam ry³eblsmerckmritrwgmam rbs;ebtug ducenherbr)as;tic BiesscMeBaHeRKOgbgÁúMQr/ erbercncmebaherkogbgáúmepþk ducfñwm/ kmralx½nð/ RKwH >>>. 2> tmnpsar (Welder) srésedktedayvifsarsþpsar manlt PaBrgkMlaMgPøam edayehtuenhrtuv)an erbr)as;tulmtulay/ BiessCamYysrésEdkFM². cmebahsrésedkmanggát;p itfm Cag 16 mm/ tmnpsarrtuvetgnuvtþ. GaRs½yeTAniglMnaM]sSahkmμpSar/ ekeckca vifsarsþpsarbsmxan;³ psardak;kgkña (Pointing of Contact Welder)/ psartl;mux (Confrontational Welder)/ psarkamgkásn (Electric arc Welder)/ bnþakarpsar xagelsut EtRtUveRbbnÞúkGKÁsn bmelgcafamblkmeka (Calorific Energy)/ edm,psar. kmedagkásnrbs; crnþgkásn (Electric Current)/ psar KNnatamrUbmnþ (>$. 2 Q = 3,61. Rt (>$ kñúgenah ³ 2>1> karpsardak;kgkña R er:susþg;gkásn (Electric Resistance), (Ω)/ GaMgtg;suetcrnþGKÁsn (ntensity of Electric Current), (A) / t ry³eblpsar/ (Welding Time)/ (h). 14

vifsarsþrbs;karpsardak;;kgkña bgðajelrubpab (>!!. GKÁsnRtUvbnßysMBaF edaybmelg ma:sunpsar Tr B (380 V)/ cuhmk (3 9 V). r)aredkbr (C 1 C 2 ) RtUvdak;P ab;kña Rtg;cMNucEdlRtUvpSar nig RtUv)aneKobrvagb:UlBr rbs;ma:sunpsar! nig @. crnþtbrrbs;ma:sunpsarrtuv)andak;cul rvagb:ultamgbrrbs;ma:sunpsar! nig @ rbs;ma:sun. eblesokvbit (Close Circuit)/ crnþgkásn nig RtUvqøgkat;b:UlTaMgBr nig r)aredktamgbr psarefvegay EdkeqHRkhmeLg/ erbkmlamgxøamgmyy ekobb:ultamgbrpsar P ab;kña efvegayr)aredktamgbrcgsm<½n CamYyKñaenARtg;cMNucKgKña. er:susþg;smxan;rbs; RbB½n psar KWRtg;cMNgpSar/ vartuv)anknnatamrubmnþ (>% emlrubpab (>!! b ³ R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 + R5 (>% kñúgenah ³ R er:susþgpsar (Ω)/ R 1, R 2 er:susþgrtg;cmnuckgpþal;rbs;b:ul nig r)aredk (Ω)/ R 3, R 4 er:susþg;rbs;r)aredktamgbr (Ω)/ R 5 er:susþgrtg;cmnuckgpþal;rvagr)aredktamgbr (Ω)/ 15

rubpab (>!! vfsarsþpsarkgkña/ Tr -ma:sunbmelg/ 1, 2 b:ultamgbrrbs;ma:sunpsar/ C 1, C 2 r)aredktamgbredlrtuv)anpsar. psarkgkñamanrebobbrpsar ³ psarrwg erbsmrab;edktn; (Mild Steel)/ erbr)as; crnþgkásn ( < 300.10 6 A/m )/ ry³eblpsarxø 2 (t= 0,01 ~ 0,5 s). psartn; erbsmrab;edkrwg (Hard Steel)/ crnþgkásnexüaycag ( < 160.10 6 A/m )/ ry³eblpsaryurcag 2 (t= 0,5 ~ 4 s). psardak;kgkña EtgeRbpSarCasMNaj;/ erkag CamYynig srésedkmanggát;p wt (d 10 mm). RbePTma:sunenH manercnrbept RbePTmanb:UlmYycl½t erbedm,psarerkaglmh/ RbePT manb:ulercnmincl½t)an erbedm,psarsmnaj;. ek)anekécñ bnþarbept ma:sunpsarsv½yrbvtiþ. elrubpab (>!@ bgðajnuvvifsarsþ psardak;kg sv½yrbvtiþ. 16

2>2> karpsartl;mux rubpab (>!@ vifsarsþpsardak;kg ³ - crnþgkásn/ - sgát;. KWCaviFsaRsþ ekobp ab;r)aredkbrtb;muxcamyykña. bec ketsrbs;karpsar Tl;mux KWeRbcrnþGKÁsn manbnþúkgkásn (1,2 9 V)/ rt;tamr)aredktamgbr EdlRtUvpSar. enartg;cmnuctl;muxkña rbs;muxedktamgbr er:susþg;fm ducenh efvegayektkmeda dutenamuxedktamgbr. enaeblenah erbkmlamgsgát;myy CamYynig smbaf 2 σ = 200 600kG / cm / BYknigRtUv)anP ab;camyykña/ rubpab (>!#. psartl;mux Gnuvtþ cmebahetedkrgbnþúksgát; manggát;p it FMCag 12 mm. Rtg;cMNucpSar rbs;karpsartl;mux/ r)aredkelge)a:g (Swell out)/ nig elgrwg (Hard)/ ducenhrsyy (Breakable). 17

rubpab (>!# vifsarsþ psartl;mux Tr - ma:sunbmelg/ C 1, C 2 r)aredkrtuvpsartamgbr/ 1 b:ulefr/ @- b:ulsgát;/ # - duyrksa/ $ - duysgát;. manbrvfpsar Tl;mux/ psarbnþbnþab; (Continuous Welder)/ KWpSarsgát; myydg GnuvtþCamYysrésEdk C 1 CamYycrnþGKÁsnmanGaMgtg;suet (800 A/cm²). cmenkpsarminbnþbnþab; (Uncontinuous Welder)/ KWpSarsgát; cul/ dkecj bbyndgrhurdl;)anp ab;/ crnþgkásnminbnþbnþab; RbmaN 250 700 A/cm². psarbnþbnþab; eblpsaredkrkum (C 1 )/ cmenkpsaredk minbnþbnþab; eblpsaredkrkum (C 2 / C 3 ). 2>3> karpsarkamgkásn erbcrnþgkásn mankmlamg (Voltage) (40 60 V)/ begátcakamgkásn duteqhelahpsar (Soldering Stick)/ cuhculkenøgpsar. psarkamgkásnkwca vifpsarniymerbbmputkñúgvis½ysagsg; smng;suvil nig ]ssahkmμ. erbsmrab;etpsaredkmanggát;p itfmcag 8 mm/ l bmputkwfmcag 12 mm/ 18

eblpsarrtuvfanaépþtmnrelag (Smooth)/ minexøac/ mindac;sñampsar nig xø (Curtail)/ RtUvFanakMBs; nig RbEvgbnÞat;pSar. psarkamgkásn GacGnuvtþ bnþatmnxus²kña rubpab (>!$. psarkamgkásnerbsmrab;srésedkrgbnþúk sgát;. rubpab (>!@ tmnpsarkamgkásn 5> dak;srésedkculbum< PLACE THE RENFORCEMENT NTO FORMWORKS srésedkerkayeblekécñ RtUv)andak;cUlBum<. edm,erkogbgáúmsmng; Fn;nigkMlaMg )an ducgvedl)anknna enahsrésedkdak;culetakñúgbum< RtUvbMeBj)anbNþatMrUv karkw ³ 19

dak;rtuvrbeptsrésedk EdlkarKNna)ankMNt;. ebminrtuvrbept enahgac bþúrsmmul tamrubmnþ (>^ Ra F' a = Fa (>^ kñúgenah ³ R' a F a épþmuxkat;srésedkknna/ F a épþmuxkat;srésedkedlrtuvbþúr/ R a, R a er:susþg;rbs;r)aredkknna nig bþúr/ Fanadak;RtUvkEnøgrbs;bNþasrésEdk. FanacenøaHrvagbNþasrésEdk. FanaesßrPaBrbs;eRKag/ smnaj;edk eblcak;/ bgðab;ebtug. FanaRsTab;ebtugkarBarsrésEdk. cmgayrvagbnþasrésedk RtUvFanakMritGb,brma edm,smpar³smng;minrgkarekob rvagr)aredk bgáregayrbehagebtug/ BiessKWkEnøgmansrésEdkeRcn. ]TahrN_ CamYykMralxNÐmansrésEdkBrRsTab;/ RsTab;elKMlatGb,brma KW 2,5 cm/ RsTab;eRkam KW 3 cm/ ebbrstab;srés enah KMlatRtUvekneLgBrdg rubpab (>!%. edm,manesßrpab TtaMgsrésEdk eygcg b psar. cmebahsmnaj;cg RtUvcgcMNg TaMgGs; Rtg;cMNucRbsBVKñarbs;bNþasrésEdk/ cmenkpsardak;kgkña KWpSarbNþa kenøgkgkñamanlkçncaxyb/ xagkñúgpsar epøahmyy elkelgmanbgðajkñúgknna. 20

rubpab (>!% KMlatGb,brmarvagsrésEdk edm,cak;ebtug/ kmralxnð nig Fñwm/ ssr. cmebaherkag/ ssr/ Fñwm KWcgbNþakEnøgRbsBVKñaTaMgGs;. edm,fanacmgayrvagbnþa RsTab;srés kmral/ RKwH/ >>> ekerbsrésedktl; edm,kmnt;ttamg rubpab (>!^. rubpab (>!^ TtaMgKMlatrvagbNþa RsTab;Edk³ a) srésedkbrrstab; b, c) srésedkercn RsTab;. srésedktl; srésedktl; srésedktl; 21

RsTab;ebtugkarBarsrésRbqaMgeRcHsu (Rusty) edaybriyakas/ smenmkñúgbrisßan Bl; ducca EpSg/ cmhaygasut/ KWRtUveKarBtameKalkarN_sþGMB ebtugsrésedk/ ebknna)anbgðaj enahrtuvgnuvtþ tamkarknna. edm,begátrstab;ebtugkarbar CaFmμta ekerbkunkmnl; (Chock)/ kunkmnl;gacefv GMB )aygrsumg;t_/ kmnl;edk b C½r. efvgmb)aygrsum:g;t_ enahgacplit)aneday pþal; enakardæan/ erkayeblcak;ebtugbykva nwgcgsm<½n CamYyeRKOgbgÁúMsMNg;/ b:uenþ cg kmnt;ttamgbi)ak ducenh GnuvtþEtcMeBaHkMral/ bnþasrésedkedkepþkcamyyépþ Bum<. cmenkkmnl;efvgmbedk psarp ab;camyysrésedk/ gaygnuvtþ/ lkçn³esßrpab x<s; b:uenþkñúgbrisßanerchsuelon (Corrode) nwgnamegaymankarsuedkculercakñúg erkogbgáúm ducenhminerb. cmenkkunkmnl;c½r bc úb,nñenherbr)as;tulmtulay erbah gaygnuvtþ/ vasmrsbcamyysrésedkrkb;rbept BiessCamYyeRKOgbgÁúMmUl nig bnþhekag. kunkmnl;c½r RtUv)anplitenAeragcRkEkécñC½r/ enakardæanbmugacplit)an. elrubpab (>!& bgðajnuvrbeptkunkmnl; begátrstab;karbarsrésedlniymerb R)as;sBVéf. rubpab (>!& bnþarbeptkunkmnl; begátrstab;karbarsrés³ a) kunkmnl;ebtug/ b, c, e) kunkmnl;c½r/ d) kunkmnl;edk. 22

ebldak;srésedketakúñgbum< ekgacefvtambvif. viftmyy dak;srésedketatam myy² mþgmyy² / viftbr etatamepñk/ vftb dak;tamggs;. dak;mþgmyy ³ srésedkdak;culbum<tamr)arnimyy² erkaymketbgnuvtþpsar/ cgedm, begátcasrésedkerkogbgáúm. dak;srésedkmþgmyy minrtuvkarmefüa)ay dwkcba Ún erbcmnynblkmμefvkareltx<s; ercn erkahfñak;nas; ebllkçxnðefvkargar Bi)ak/ ena TkEnøgx<s;². dak;tamepñk ³ srésedkrtuv)ancgcaepñk erkaymkdak;culetabum< etbekpáúmbnþa Epñk nimyy² begátcasrésedkrbs;erkogbgáúm. vifsarsþenh bnßy)an cmnynkmμkrefv kargar myycmnyn enatkenøgx<s;/ b:uenþkarcba ÚnsrésEdkdak;cUlBum<Bi)ak Gnuvtþeday éd BiesseBlTMgn;srésEdkF n;. dak;tamggs; ³ srésedkrtuv)anpsar cg CaeRscsMrab;eRKOgbgÁúM CaragsMNaj;/ erkag enaeragcagsrésedk/ erkaymknamyketadak;kñúgbum<. ekrkan;etbenßmepñk lmgiténkarcgsm<½n rvagbykvacamyykña. vifsarsþenhbnßyblkmμenakardæandl; kmritgb,brma b:uenþtamtar RtUvmanmeFüa)aydwkCBa Ún/ elktmelgsmrsb. Bnßy )ankarerkahfñak; eblgnuvtþ kargarkenøgx<s;/ eblevlaevg. 6> sagsg;srésedk RBRsþs (PRESTRESS WORKS) kñúgkargarsagsg;kargarsrésedk RBRsþs GacGnuvtþtambNþalMnaM]sSahkmμKW ³ BRgwgmux edayviftajsrésedkelexon/ BRgwgeRkayeBlebtug)ankkrwg/ BRgwg edayvifsarsþkmedagkásn. vifsarsþbrgwgmux CacMbg Gnuvtþkñúgplitkmμrcnasm<½n smng;páúmdmelg smrab;rtkmlamg sgát;f n;². kñúglmnamsagsg; GnuvtþkñúgeragCag manrkb;]bkrn_erbr)as;. vifsarsþ BRgwgeRkay EtGnuvtþenAkardæansagsg; eblebtug)ansmercrkb;kmritknna b 23

erkogbgáúm )andak;etattamggnuvtþkargar. xagerkamenh eygtamdaneml vifsarsþbr smrab;brgwgsrésedkrbrsþs EdlniymeRbeRcnkñúgsMNg;. BRgwgsrésEdktamRbB½n Fresne RtUvGnuvtþeday duyrwtbrdg rwtdub emlrub (>!*. eblcak;erkogbgáúm ekdak;bmbg;. bnþabmbg;enah RtUv)aneFVedaybMBg;relag b bmbg;rag bmbg;snæan / bmbg;relag nwgrtuvdkhutecj eblebtugcak;)an 4-5 ema:g/ cmenkbmbg;snæan nwgrtuvtukenakñúgerkogbgáúm. EdkRBRsþs KWCaRkumsrésEdk manggát;p itb 5 7 mm / cmnynsréskñúgrkumrbman!@. b ekgacerbexskamgkásn EdlmanGgát;p itsrésb 2.5 5 mm. rubpab (>!* RbB½n BRgwgsrésRBRsþs edayrwtdub Fresne³!- srésedk/ @-erkogbgáúm/ #-bnþhedk/ $-knøas;/ %-CBa gbsþúg/ ^/ *-TVarbUmeRbg/ &-slamg/ (-ecgduj/!0-cnþúl/!!/!@-rms½r. srésedkrtuv)anbrgwgtamrubpab (>!*. mundmbugekdak;srésedkkñúg bmbg;kñúgerkog bgáúm/ k,aledmsrésedk rt;tamrbehagenaknþal bnþhedk # nig esotknøas; $/ erkaymkrtuvcak;egaycab;etanig yufáa!# rbs;duj. eblbumerbgtamtvar */ sulamg & bba ÚnkMlaMg etaxagsþamgtajtamyufáa!# ehybrgwgtamgrsug bnþasrésedk. kñúgeblenah cnþúl!0 laecj ehytb;rksakmlamgrwtrbs;duybba Únmk. erkayebl)anrwtya:gtwg bnþasrésedk eygbumerbgcultavr ^/ bsþúgnwgbitcab; knøas; $ etabnþhedk #/ 24

cab;ya:gcab;bnþak,alsrésedk. erkaymk bnßysmbaf rbs;k,album/ bnþarms½r!! nig!@ nigrcanbsþúg nig sulamg RtLb;eTATtaMgedmvij. GnuvtþlMnaMdEdl² rhutdl;eblsrésedkrkb;kmritfn;tamknna. erkayeblbrgwg cb; ekbum)aygrsum:g;t_ xsac;culbmbg;dak;srésedk tamrbehag Rtg;knøas;. duyerbgdub mankmlamgtaj!%-^0 etan CamYynigcenøaHTaj 100 315 mm. ebltajsrésedk bnþaerkogbgáúm manercnrkum Clusters RtUvykcitþTukdak;dl; lmdab;erogrwt. sagsg;erkogbgáúmrbsþs bnþasmng;ragrbgb; smng; GagTwk/ sulú/ Gagsþúk >>>. GnuvtþRBmKña eblrumsrésedk elképþcba amgxagerka. kñúgkarnenh srésrbsþs KWCa srésedkmaner:susþg;x<s; Ggát;p itb 2 5 mm. vartuv)anrmub½t CMuvijsMNg; kñúgsßanpab rwttamrms½rducex A/ cenøahrmugacxus²kña etakmbs;gakar. kargarrmusrésedkcab;bnþak;kña 25

CMuvijsMNg; RtUv)anGnuvtþeday rubpab (>!( Dya:RkamGnuvtþn_kargarrbs;ma:sunrMu ma:sunrmu-bnþwg nigniymerb rubpab (>!(. 26

CMBUkT 10³ kargarebtug CONCRETE WORKS kargarebtug nig ebtugsrésedk rymmanbnþalmnamsmaspabducxagerkam³ - ertomsmpar³egayebtug/ - kmnt;smaspabfñak;ebtug (Concrete Class) smrab;rbeptnimyy² etatam RbePTebtug/ - dwkcba Únebtug BkEnøglaydl;kEnøgcak;/ - cak;ebtugdl;culbum</ cak;rkal nig bgðab;/ - EfTaMebtug/ - edahbum<. bnþakargartamgb:unμanxagel RtUv)anGnuvtþ kñúgmyyry³kalya:gxø. myykñúgcmenamlmnam xagel kargarertom minl / b dmenrgnuvtþkargarebtugminl nwgbnþalegayman\t ibl dl;kunpabebtug. 1> kargarertomsmpar³ smpar³ertomsmrab;kargarebtugrymman ³ sum:g;t_ (Cement) / xsac; (Find Coarse) / fμ (Coarse Aggregate) nig Twk (Water). sum:g;t_ KWCasmasPaBsMPar³mYysMxan;kñúgebtug. vartuv)anplitkñúgeragcrk. karkmnt;kunpab/ brimanebtug nig fñak; rbs;sum:g;t_ (Grade of Cement). )angnuvtþkñúgeragcrk. kargarertomcmebahsum:g;t_ RKan;EtCakarkMNt;brimaNsMrab; karlay. 27

xsac; erbedm,layebtug RtUvEtCaxSac;elOgs at/ laysarfatuepsg²tictycbmput. ebcaxsac;mins atrtuvlagvaegays at munebllayebtug. TMhMrbs;fμeRbkñúgebtug GaRs½yeTAtam fñak;ebtug (Concrete Class) tmruvkar nig kmras;rbs;erkogbgáúm. fμ erbkñúgebtugmanercnrbept duccafμ 1x2, 2x4, 4x6 >>>. fμerbedm,layebtug RtUvEtCafμs at/ fμcas;/ dac;xatminrtuverbfμx b fμdut minfanakmritrwgmamegayebtug. kñúgkargarebtug enabnþatmbn;xøh/ ekk¾gacerbrkys (Gravel) smrab;layebtug. RtUvykRkYsman TMhMRbhak;RbEhlKña niyayetakwrkb;rkysb:un²kña/ minrtuverbrkys mins at/ RkYspuy/ RkYslayFatuepSgeRcn. ebllayebtugerbrkys edm,cak;ebtug erkogbgáúmsmng;rbqamgtwkbi)akfanasuvtßipabnas;. TwkeRbedm,layebtugRtUvEtCaTwks at/ minrtuverbtwkmins at. 2> kmnt;smaspabfñak;ebtug kñúgsmng;eblgnuvtþkmeragsmng;myy/ GñkKNna )anercsers fñak;ebtugegaybnþa erkogbgáúmrbs;xøün. B fñak;rbs;erkogbgáúm/ Gñksagsg;GackMNt;)anKuNPaBeGaybNþa RbePTebtug. fñak;ebtug KWCasmasPaB smpar³tamsmamart (Proportion, Ratio) myyéktaplitplebtugnamyyenah GacCa myymadebtug/ GacCa myysñúklay ebtug. smamartenhgars½ykmritfn; rbs;ebtug/ lkçn³ebtugducca PaBrav b smrut (Slump) ragbmbg;rbs;ebtug. edm,rsavrcavercacagenh smaspabfñak;ebtugrbs; smpar³edayelkmyy ]> sum:g;t_/ xsac;/ fμ GacBieRKaHÉksasMPar³sMNg;. ek)andwggmbkarkmnt;fñak;ebtug edm,manrbeptebtugknnatamsmpar³manenakardæan KWBi)akNas;. ducenh/ kñúgkarsagsg; enakardæan enakardæan b enaeragcrk ekrkan;et ykcitþtukdak; dl;smaspabfñak; kmrit ebtugtambtdæan b karknnasmpar³. ducca 28

RbePTebtugKNna (B 200 ) smaspab kmritebtug smrab;myyem:rtkubebtug KW sum:g;t_ (P 300) - 350 kg, fμ (1x2) 0.8 m³, xsac; - 0.43 m³, Twks atlayebtug RKb;kMritxab;. eblbrimantictam btbiesafnkñúgkargarcak;esþg sagsg;/ k¾gacerb madedm,kmnt; Rbhak;RbEhlsmasPaBkMritebtug ducca!³@³# sum:g;t_myy/ xsac;br/ fμb / CamYybrimaNTwkRKb;RKan; erbedm,layebtug ehynwgttyl)anrbept ebtugrbman (200 kg/cm²). cmebahsmng; manbrimanebtugercn RtUvkMNt;tam karennamrbs;btdæanknnarbeptebtug. 3> bnþasmnumbrcmebahebtug - ebtugrtuvlayegaysbv/ FanasmasPaBRKb;RKan; tamkmritebtug. - eblevlalayebtug/ dwkcba ÚnRtUvxøbMput. mann½yfary³eblbba b;tamgrsug bnþalmnamenh RtUvtUcCagry³eBlcgsm<½n rbs;sum:gt_ RbmaN @ ema:g. GUsbnøayry³eBlenH nwgman\t ibldl;kunpabebtug. kñúgkarnenah cg;man KuNPaBebtugdUcKNna KWmuneBlcak;ebtugcUklaymþgeTot nig benßmbriman ebtugmyy RbmaN!% - @0 énbrimansum:g;t_ tamkmritebtug. - cmebaherkogbgáúmsmng;nimyy²/ smnumbrsmrut nig ry³ebcam)ac;edm,bgðab;epsg²kña. cmebahebtugmanbrimanfm min b mansrésedktic/ smrut rbs;ebtugb (2-4 cm)/ ry³eblbgðab;rbman (15-25s). cmebahssr/ Fñwm/ kmralxnð smrut KW (4-6 cm)/ nig ry³eblbgðab;b (12-15s). cmebaherkogbgáúmebtugmansrésedkercn smrutrbs;ebtug (6-8 cm)/ ry³eblbgðab; (10-12s). 29

- kñúgeragcrk/ kñúgeragcag/ Tlancak;ebtugRsab; bnþaerkogbgáúmebtug s ÜtCag enakardæan. BeRBaHbNþaTkEnøgenaH mefüa)aysagsg;/ Bum<FanasuvtßiPaBCag. GnuBaØateRbRbePTbgðab;eCgGRgun kñúgkarbgðab;. - erb)aygrebtugs ÜtmanKuNsm,tiþeRcnCag erb)aygrebtugrav )aygrebtugs Üt mansmruttabcag)aygrebtugrav. bnþakunsm,tiþedlmanenahkw³ brimanerbsm:t_gacticcag. ry³eblkkelon erbahbrimantwkerbticcag. kmlamgetagrvagebtug nig sréseknelg. edahbum)anqab;/ bnßyry³eblsagsg;. kmritebtugekncag efobcamyynig karerbebtugrav. b:uenþebtugs ÜtRtUveRbbgðab; ma:sunetbfanakunpabebtug. 4> bnþavifsarsþlayebtug enabnþarbetsrkcmern edm,layebtugrkan;eterbmyyvifsarsþlayebtugeday ma:sun. kñúglkçxnrbetseyg/ ekgnuvtþlayebtugtambr vifsarsþ ³ vifsarsþlay edayblkmμ nig vifsarsþlayedayynþkmμ. etahbcalayedayblkmμkþ b layeday ynþkmμkþ k¾bmebj)antmruvkarducxagerkam ³ - ebllayebtug/ )aygrebtugrtuvcuklayegayesμsac;. - layebtugrtuvegayrkb;smaspab/ RtUvsmamaRtkMritebtug. - ry³ebllayebtugrtuvtuc kñúgey³eblnamyykmnt;. 30

KYrGnuvtþEt layedayvifsarsþblkmμ kñúgkrnbrimanebtugtic/ enaétenøgdac; Rsyal/ mingacykma:sunlayebtug)an. eblbrimanebtugercn/ ry³eblgnuvtþ kargaryur enahrtuvdak;ma:sunlayebtug/ BeRBaHlayedayynþkmμ mankunsm,tiþ ercncaglayedayblkmμ/ BiessKWlkçN³esμsac; nig kmritfn;rbs;ebtug. 1> vifsarsþlayebtugedayblkmμ 1>1> kargarertom munebllayebtug RtUveRtomTFøasMrab;layebtug mantmhmgb,rma (3x3m²). TFøaRtUverobcMeGayesμ/ minlictwk. TFøaGacRkaleday \dæ/ b RkalEdkbnÞH. TFøalayRtUvmandMbUlkarBarePøóg/ kmeda. bnþasmpar³ xsac;/ fμ/ sum:g;t_/ TwkTaMgGs; ertomcmuvijtføa. 1>2> lmnamlayebtugedayblkmμ bnþasmaspabkmritebtug RtUvføwgc,as;las;. enakardæan xsac;/ fμ/ val;edayéktamad Fug/ lrt >>>> / sum:gt_carbeptsmpar³mantmél/ Rk/ éfø RtUvval;eday (kg) b KNnaCa)av. dmbugek cak;xsac;/ layxsac; nig sum:gt_mux/ erkayeblsum:g;t_esμsac; Rbjab;dak;fμcUl. eblegayfμcul sum:g;t_xsac; dak;pglaypg rhutdl;esμsac;/ erbeb:l/ cb cuk KWeGay TwkbrimaNbnþic. erkaymkegaybrimantwkedlenasl; cak;cul bnþicmþg² culetasmaspabebtug nig layesμsac;. ry³ebllayebtug edayblkmμ minels (15-20 min). 2> layedayynþkmμ eblbrimanebtugercn/ smnumbrkunpabebtugx<s; enahekrtuvlayedayynþkmμ. 31

bnþarbeptma:sunlayebtugerbr)as;kñúgkargarsmng;gacebgeckducxagerkam ³ tamvifsarsþlay enahkwmanrbeptma:sunlayføak;esr nig RbePTma:sunlay minføak;esr. Ep kelmuldæanbmerras;kargar EbgEckecjCa ³ - RbePTma:sunlaytamxYb - mas:unlaybnþak; \tqb; tamrcnasm<½n rbs;fuglay GacEbgEckdUcxageRkam ³ - Fuglaycak;ep óg RbePTRtLb; - FuglaykMNt; efr/ nwg / mann½yfaebllayebtugryc FugminGacep óg )an edm,cak;ebtugecj/ EdlebtugRtUvykecjtamRckecj. ebldak; smpar³culk¾rtuvdak;tamrckculxagel. tam lkçnbec kets enahkwma:sunlayebtuggaceckca ³ - RbePTma:sunlayebtugcl½t³ enhcarbeptma:sunlayebtug mankg;ruj b dak;enanigbefüa)aydwkcba Ún/ edm,layebtuggars½yenatmbn;gnuvtþ rbs;kardæan/ b xagerkakardæan. - RbePTma:sunlayebtugefr³ RbePTenHmanTMhMFM/ Etgdak;mYykEnøgkúñg kardæan b kñúg shrkas b eragcrkplitebtug. srubmkvij/ bnþarbeptma:sunlayebtuggaceckcabrbept rubpab!0>! KW ³ - ma:sunlayep óg FugRtLb;)an 32

- ma:sunlayqr - ma:sunlayepþktamrebobragg½ks rubpab!0>! bnþarbept ma:sunlayebtug a) ma:sunlayebtug RkLab;cMehog b) ma:sunlayqr c) ma:sunlaybnþbnþab;. bnþama:sundmenrkartamvfføak;esr b ebtugrss; minføak;esr. RbePTnimYy²manlkçN³ BiessedayELk/ GaRs½ytamtMrUvkar nig lkçxnð EdleygeRCsersRbePT ma:sunsmrsb. madrbs;fugma:sunlay RbePT ducrubpab 10.1a CaFmμta 100-250l. RbePT ducrubpab 10.1b manmadfmcag/ Etgdak;enAeraglayebtug/ RbePT ducrubpab 10.1c Etgdak;eragcRkplitebtugcak;Rsab;/ eblbrimanebtugrtuvkarercn/ mad 450-4500l. lmnamlayebtugducxagerkam³ mundmbug egayma:sunrt;minmanbnþk;myycmu. eblayebtug dmbugrtuvdak;twk bnþicegayesmsmbk/ cak;xsac;fμ nig Twk cul layesμ/ erkaymkegaysum:g;t_ cul layegayrhutdl;)an. 33

cmebahma:sunenakardæan/ smaspabkmritebtug RtUv)anKNnatammaDma:sun lay. sum:g;t_knnaeday kg b eday)av/ kñúgbnþaeragcrk enahkarføwgkw edaysv½yrbvtiþtamggs;. ry³ebllayebtuggars½yedaymadrbs;ma:sun/ PaBrav nig PaBFn;rbs;ebtug. xagerkamenheygbinitüel]tahrn_ bgðajgmbry³ebllayebtug kñúgtarag!0>!. tambtbiesafn_ layebtugedayma:sun egayexjfa edm,egayma:sunlay ebtugmyy bmebj)ansmnumbrbtdæancam)ac;/ FmμtaeGaylaybgVilRbmaN @0 CMu. ebcmnyncmubgvilticcag enahebtugminesμsac;/ ebbgvilercncagenah PaBFn; nig plitpabrbs;ma:sunnwgfycuh. ebllayebtugenakardæanrtuvykcitþtukdak;/ eberbxsac;esm KWRtUvykbrimaN xsac;eknelg. ebsmenmrbs;xsac;ekn # enahbrimanxsac;rtuvykeknelg @% - #0 / nig brimantwkbnßycuh. tarag!0>! madfuglay (l) ry³ebllay KitCa vinat V )aygrs Üt )aygrrav ebtugrsay <425 60 45 180 1200 120 90 240 2400 150 120-34

edm,ercsersma:sunlaysmrsbegaybnþakardæan/ eygrtuvkarkmnt;)an smßpablayebtugrbs;ma:sun. elmuldæansmßpabrbs;ma:sun/ GacKNna)an cmnynma:sunedlrtuverbr)as;. smßpabrbs;ma:sunlay P RtUv)ankMNt;tamrUbmnþ!0>! V. n. k 1000 P = 1. k2, m³/h (10.1) kñúgenah V - madrbs;ma:sun/ madrbs;ma:suneblna k¾rtuvmanet &% madfrnmartrbs;m:sun. n - cmnynelklaykñúgmyyema:g. k 1 - emkunrbs;smaspabebtug/ yk 0/^&-0/&@/ k 2 - emkunerbr)as;ma:suntamry³ebl/ yk 0/(- 0/(%. enakardæansmng;/ FmμtaeKdak;bNþaRbePTma:sunlayebtug tamkmritynþkmμ TMenb dwkcba ÚnsmasPaBebtug. RbePTTmYy ³ smpar³dak;culma:sunlay edayblkmμ rubpab!0>@. RbePTTBr RKb;smasPaBTaMGGs; RtUv)andwkCBa Únedayynþkmμ. erkayeblkmnt;rkb;lkçn³smaspab/ kmrit ebtug dak;culedayexsban/ egayculma:sunlay rubpab!0>#. ebltmruvkar pát;pág;ebtugercn/ Fmμta 9m³/h b!%00 tons/month / KWRtUvbegátsßany_lay ebtugkñúgeragcrk b eragcag. 35

rubpab!0># ma:sunlayebtug/ dak;smpar³edayynþkmμ³!> Føadak;sMPar³/ @-Eb:scUk/ #> duygkásn/ $> CLav/ %> Fugdak;sMPar³. enasßany_lay b eragcrkebtug RbePTtUc/ madfuglayb 450 1000 liters/ smßpabrbcamqñam < 40000 m³. enasßany_lay b eragcrkebtug RbePTkNþal / madfuglay 4000 liters/ smßpabrbcamqñam 40000-120000 m³. enasßany_lay b eragcrkebtug RbePTFM / madfuglayfmcag 4000 liters/ smßpabrbcamqñamels 120000 m³. KuNRbeyaCn_ rbs; sßany_lay b eragcrkebtug KW ³ - snsmsméc)an!0 -!% vtßúfatuedm. - KuNPaBebtugx<s;. - ynþkmμtmenb ducenh smßpabblkmμx<s;/ erbgs;lt PaBeRKOgcRk brikçar. 36

5> dwkcba Únebtug - ÉeTskmμkmμkr/ bukálik nig brikçarerkogcrk. erkayebllayrycral;/ ebtugrtuvdwkcba Úndl;kEnøgcak;Pøam. kargarercsersmefüa)aydwkcba ÚnBkEnøglaydl;kEnøcak;/ RtUvEp ktamlkçn³rbs; smng;/ brimanebtugrtuvkarsrub nig brimanebtugrtuvkarrbcaméf. erkabenh/ k¾rtuvykcitþtukdak;dl;cmgay/ RbEvgpøÚv nig sßanpabpumisarsþkenøg cak;ebtug. etahcalkçxnð nig mefüa)aygvk¾eday ebldwkcba ÚnebtugRtUvbMeBj )ansmnumbrxagerkam³ - ebldwkcba Únebtug minrtuvefvegayetsetgpøúv. - mefüa)aydwkcba ÚnRtUvbiTCit/ minefvegayhurtwksum:g;t_. - dac;xatecosvagkareckfñak;ebtug kñúglmnamdwkcba Ún. - ry³ebldwkcba ÚnRtUvkan;Etxøkan;Etl erbahry³ebldwkcba ÚnnigeFVeGayfy KuNPaBebtug. l bmputry³ebldwkcba Ún minrtuvegayelsbrema:g. dwkcba ÚnebtugGacEckCaBrRbePT ³ - dwkcba ÚnenAry³cMgayq ay dwkcba ÚnBeRkAmkkñúgkardæan - dwkcba ÚnenAry³cMgayCit kñúgkardæan 1> dwkcba ÚnenAry³cMgayFM ebldwkcba ÚnebtugBkEnøglaydl;kEnøgcak; RbmaNFMCag 500 m enahekerb mefüa)aydwkcba Únedayrfynþ. rfynþdwkcba ÚneRcnRbePT edm,dwkcba Únebtug/ 37

erbercnbmputenaetcarbeptrfynþcak;edaysv½yrbvtiþ. sbvéfenh ebldwkcba Ún ebtug ekenaerbr)as;rfynþ manma:sunlayedm,dwkcba Únebtug. dwkcba Únebtug dl; TkEnøgcak;ebtug/ Gaccak;ebtugedaypÞal;eleRKOgbgÁúMebtug. b cak;cakmnr enakenøgnamyenah erkaymkkmμkrnwgcba Únebtug etattamgcak;. 2> dwkcba ÚnebtugenAry³cMgayxø dwkcba ÚnkñúgEdnkMNt;kardæan mefüa)aydwkcba ÚnenHGacEckCa ³ - dwkcba ÚntamTisepþk/ - dwkcba ÚntamTisQr. a) dwkcba ÚntamTisepþk GaceRbR)as;)aneRcnRbePTmeFüa)aydwkCBa ÚnepSg²Kña/ karercsersmyykñúgcmenamrbeptmefüa)ay GaRs½ynigbrimaNebtug. mefüa)ay dwkcba ÚnebtugtamTisepþkmYycMnYn KW ³ - dwkcba ÚnedayreTHrujkg;mYy (Wheelbarrow) EtgeRbcMeBaHcMgaytUcCag b esμ 70 m / pøúvesμ/ minrkelkrklúk/ CMralGtibrma!@. - dwkcba ÚnedayRtcRkyan rethkg;b RbePTmeFüa)ayenH erbedm, dwkcba Únebtug enabnþakardæantuc²/ TinñplmanBrdgeFobCamYyCBa Úntam rethrujkg;myy. madrbs;rethkw 120 200 liters. cmgaydwkcba Úneday RtcRkyanþEkécñ KW ³ 70 m smrab;pøúvbenþahgasnñ. 100 m smrab;pøúvkat;ttwg mancmral %. 38

150 m smrab;pøúvkat;ttwg mancmral!. rethrujkg;myy nig RtcRkyan dwkcba Únebtug GacCBa ÚneLgx<s;/ edayrympsm CamYynig erkn/ dgeyag/ dgsþúc >>>. - dwkcba ÚnedayreTHkg;bYn (Wagon) dwkcba ÚnebtugtampøÚvEdk. eblbrimanebtugercn/ sagsg;kñúgry³eblevg/ ekgacefvbnþapøúvedk edm,dwkcba Únebtug. bnþafugreth manmad 0,5 0,7 m³/ GacbMlas;Tel RbEvgpøÚvB 50-200m. bnþarethebtugenh Gacrujedayéd/ b edaygkásn. b) dwkcba ÚnebtugtamTisQr GaceRbR)as;meFüa)ayxageRkamenH ³ - dwkcba ÚnedaydgeyagsMPar³ (Material Hoist) erkabelkbnþarethruj kg;myy nig RtcRkyaneLgx<s;/ ma:suneyagsmpar³ erbedm,dwkcba Únebtug elgcan;nimyy²rbs;smng; cak;edaypþal; etakñúgbnþamefüa)aydwkcba Ún b cak;cakmnrelkmralx½nð edm,kmμkrcba Úndl;TkEnøgcak;. rubpab!0>$ bgðajgmbdya:rkamdwkcba ÚnebtugeLgx<s;. Fugebtug rubpab!0>$ dwkcba ÚnebtugeLgx<s; 39

- dwkcba ÚnebtugeLgx<s;edayma:sunsÞÚc (Construction Derrick) ebtugrtuv)andak;kñúgfug/ b kñúgrethkg;rujmyy/ RtcRkyan/ edayma:sunsþúc elkelgdl;tkenøgcak;. erbbnþarbeptma:sunsþúcenh GacdwkCBa Únebtug elgx<s; 15-20 m. - dwkcba ÚnebtugeLgx<s;edayeRkn CamYyFugdak;ebtug cakedaypþal;el erkogbgámú. enhcamefüa)aydwkcba ÚnebtugeLgx<s; nig cak;pøamya:gl / bnßy)ankmlamgcba Ún/ bnßyeblxø/ Blkmμ/ lt plsagsg;x<s;. rubpab!0>% bgðajgmbbmerbmras;rbs;mefüa)aydwkcba ÚnenH ³ ena rubpab 10.5a/ bnþafugdak;ebtug kmbugenasßanpabcak;ebtug. ena rubpab 10.5b/ bnþafugdak;ebtug RtUv)anbMBak;edaybMBg;ekAs U edm,cak;ebtugedaypþal; culerkogbgáúmesþg duccacba amgpþh. ena rubpab 10.5a/ bnþafugdak;ebtugkmbugcak;ebtugculfñwm/ kmralx½nð. bnþafugdak;smpar³gacerbedm,cba Únebtug cmgaybrbklúem:rt. ekgacbun ebtugculfug/ dak;culmefüa)aydwkcba Ún duccarfynþ. ebldwkcba Úndl; kenøgcak;ebtug erberknelkelgtkenøgcak;culerkogbgáúm. 40

rubpab!0>% Fugdak;ebtug CBa ÚnedayeRkn. - dwkcba ÚnebtugedayExSBan rubpab!0>^ eblbrimanebtugtmruvkarfm/ dwkcba Ún nig cak;pøam/ ekerbr)as;exsbandwkcba Ún nig cak;edaypþal;cul erkogbgámú. bbaðaedlxvhxatkwdwkcba ÚnebtugedayExSBanKWKnøgpøÚvminq ay/ tmruvegayebtugrcay/ mins itebk. ebtug rubpab!0>^ dwkcba ÚnebtugedayExSBan!- RsTab;ebtugelépÞExSBan/ @- ExSBan/ #- bmbg;remol/ $- suela smnumbrcmebah ExSBaneBldwkCBa Únebtug KWRtUvEttwg/ cmgayrvagkunkg;vij minels 1.1 m. ebexsbanmintwg/ eblebtugrbemolelexsban nwg RtUvj½r RkLk nig bgár)atuputeckfñak;/ CMralrbs;ExSBanminRtUvels 1.2m/s. eblcak;ebtug RtUvcak;tamsueLA edm,ebtugrtuv)ans itelgvij/ ecosvag rgnuvkrneckfañk; ebldwkcba Ún. dwkcba Únebtugedayma:sunbUmebtug 41

erbma:sunbumebtugcba ÚnebtugRss; cak;edaypþal;etael bnþamefüa)ay dwkcba Ún ducca rethekécñ/ rfynþ >>>. ebenacmgaycit enahkargardwkcba Ún ebtug edayma:sunbum cak;edaypþal;culbnþaerkogbgámúsmng;edlrtuccak;. Bmun dwkcba Únedayma:sunbUm KWRbrPTma:sunsgát;xül;/ smßpabrbs;ma:sun bum RbmaN 40 m³/h rubpab!0>&. brikçarenh sμúksμajnas; nig F n;/ erbr)as;mintulmtulay BeRBaHminsnSMsMéc. suetnsgát;xül; ma:sunsgát; xül; ebtug ebtug rubpab!0>& Dya:Rkamma:sunbUmebtugedayxül;sgát;!-ma:sunsgát;xül;/ @-bmbg;namxül;/ #-suetndak;xül;/ $-va:nnamxül;/ %-va:nnamxül;/ ^-Fuglayebtug/ &-bmbg;/ *-suela/ (-ebtug \LÚvenH ekplitma:sunmubebtug éhrtulk CMnYseGayma:sunsgát;xül; rubpab!0> *. 42

rubpab!0>* ma:sunbumebtugéhrtulk ebtuglayenafugrbs;ma:sunbuméhrtulk/ RtUv)annaMcuHRbehagrbs; ma:sun. edayrbb½n va:n bit nig ebk erb b ssþúg éhrtulk Rcanebtug dl;kenøgrtuvcak;/ b cak;culmefüa)aydwkcba Ún. erbrbeptma:sunb:um b sþúgéhrtulkenh Gac CBa Ún nig cak;)an 200-300 m³ myyevn. smaspabsmpar³ebtugtic/ kmritebtugrtuvrtwmrtuvtambtdæan smrutrbs; ebtugb 5-8 cm. eblerb)as; ma:sunrtuvefvkargar\tqb; minrtuvqb;els @ em:ag. eblerbr)as;cb;rtuverbtwk lagbmbg;nigbrikçar egays at. ma:sungacbmlas;tepþk B 50-200 m. bc úb,nñ enabnþarbetsman]ssahkmμsagsg;rkcmern/ RbePTma:sunTaMg Bxagedm RtUv)aneRbR)as;minTUlMTUlay/ b:uenþekerbr)as;rympsmma:sun edm,bmerkardwkcba Ún nig cak;ebtug rubpab>!0>(. 43

bmbg;ekas U RTbMBg; ma:sunb:umebtug rfynþdwkebtug bmbg;namebtug søabkgðar ebtug FugTTYl bnþhekas U m:ut½r m:ut½r rubpab!0>( rympsmma:sunlay/ dwkcba Ún/ b:um/ cak;ebtug a) Dya:RkamlMnaM]sSahkmμrbs;bnSM/ b) Dya:RkameFVkargarebs;Fuglayelrfynþ. bnsmma:sunenhrymman³ ma:sunlayebtugmyyenakardæan/ rfynþbr b ercncag dwkfuglayebtug ykebtugs ÜtenAshRKas b sßany_lay ebtug. ducenhekrkan;etyksmpar³s ÜtenAkEnøgNamYyenaH/ erkaymk dwkcba ÚnmkCitma:sunb:Um. elkmnat;pøúv egayfuglayebtugefvskmμpab/ dl;kenøg cak;edaypþal;culma:sunb:um. ma:sunb:um b:umdl;kenøgcak;. ma:sunb:um Gaccl½t nig cak;ebtugelkmnat; RbmaN 20-60 m/ nig CBa ÚneLgel bnþakmralebtug edm,cak;ebtug. kmritkmbs;edlgacb:umelg B 20 40 m. ma:sunrcanebtugtambmbg;ekas U. plitpabrbs;ma:sunb:um 40 70 m³/h. 6> cak;ebtug 44

1> tmruvkarmyycmnyn RtUvcgcaMeBlcak;ebtug muneblcak;ebtugrtuvrtytbinitü/ Bum</ srésedk/ RbB½n kmralkargar)anbmebj tmruvkarbec kets b ena. ebbnþabtdæantamggs; )anbmebj)antamsmnumbr KW sresrculkmnt;ehtu/ r)aykarn_. RtUveFVeGays atbum</ srésedk ebtukyuréf nigrtuvrblak;/ smgatsmram/ EksMrYlkMhussÁg/ ebman. RtUveRsacTwkBum< edm,bum<minbttwksum:g;t_ eberbbum<eq. eblcak;ebtugelrstab;)aygrs ÜtEdl)ancak;mun RtUveFVeGays atépþmux ebtug/ ersactwksum:g;t_cul/ rycetbcak;ebtugfμcul. RtUvmanEpnkar pát;pág;ebtugrkb;rkan;/ edm,cak;ebtug\tqb;kñúgmyyevn/ myyelk. 2> bnþaekalkarn_ nig vifsarsþcak;ebtug ekalkarn_t!> eblcak;ebtugbnþaerkogbgáúmsmng;/ ekmankmnt;kmbs;cak;ebtug mingnubaøtþegayels 2.5 m. erbahedm,cak;ebtug Føak;edayesr enakmritkmbs; x<s;ebk/ ebtugedlføak;nigrtuveckfñak;. edayehtufa TMgn;sMPar³xus²Kña/ el,ónføak;xus²kña/ RKab;FMFøak;mun/ RKab;tUcFøak;eRkay. edm,fanaekalkarn_enh/ eblcak;ebtugmankmbs;fmcag 2.5 m ekerbr)as;bnþa vifsarsþxagerkam ³ erbbmbg; Heliotrope rubpab!0>!0. erbtrep óg cak;ebtugrkwh. 45

erbrbehagmanrsab; ssr erbbmbg; Heliotrope karbegátrymman kmnat;ekanercndak;culkña. )aygrebtug cak;tambmbg; Heliotrope / ducenh beba ótculkña ducenhebtughak;duccalay elgvij. bmbg; Heliotrope Tn;/ Gaccl½t)an/ gayrsyl eblcak;ebtug bnþaerkogbgáúm manépþfm duccarkwh/ ssr. cakebtugssr rubpab!0>!0> cak;ebtugtambbg; Heliotrope a) cak;ebtugrkwh/ a) cak;ebtugssr!> Bum<RKwH/ @> )aygrebtug/ #> bmbg; Heliotrope $> kmralkargar/ %> rfynþcak;)aygr/ ^> Bum<ssr/ &> Fugdak)ayGredm,cak;/ *> Bum<kMralxNÐ. 46

edm,cak;ebtug tamvifenh ekgacerbma:sunb:umebtug rubpab!0>!!. rubpab!0>!! cak;ebtugrkwh edayma:sunb:um ³!> RKwH/ @> ma:siunb:um)aygr/ #> rfynþdwkma:sumlayebtug. éf enh/ eblcak;ebtugbnþagkarcan;x<s;² ek)anerbma:sunb:umebtug CMnYseGay ma:suncba ÚnebtugburaN rubpab!0>!@. rubpab!0>!@> ma:sunb:umebtugsmrab;sagsg;gkarcan;x<s;². 47

!> ]bkrn_rtrbmbg;tn;/ @> dgelkbmbg;/ #> ma:sunb:umebtug/ $> Fugdak;ebtug/ %> rfynþdwkma:sunlay. ekalkarn_t @> eblcak;ebtugbnþaerkogbgáúmsmng; RtUvcak;BelcuH. bnþa mefüa)aysagsg;ducca ³ Fug/ reth/ >> bnþamefüa)aysagsg;ynþkmμ/ ducca Fugdak;ebtugsMrab;eRkn/ ma:sunb:um/ ExSBan/ k¾rtuvcak;bx<s;cuhmkerkam. RbBn kmralkargar k¾rtuvx<s;cag épþmuxebtugrbs;bnþaekogbgáúmrtuvcak;. vifsarsþenh dak;ecjedm,fanakmlamgblkmμx<s;. eblcak;ebtug minrtuvdak;bnþa mefüa)aysagsg;el srésedk nig Bum<. vifsarsþcak;ebtug edaybnþafugdak;ebtugniymerb edayerkn/ dwkcba ÚneLg qøgtambnþacmhan ³ cak;ebtugculfug/ sþúcfugelgttamgcak;/ kmμkrdak;fugcul mat;bum< nig ebqñúk cak;ebtugculbum< rubpab!0>!#. rubpab!0>!#> cak;ebtugedayfugdak;ebtug edayerkndwkcba Ún ³!> Fugdak;ebtug/ @> kmralkargar> #> Bum</ $> erkn 48

ekalkarn_t #> eblcak;ebtug RtUvcak;Bq aymkcit erbobefobttamgttylebtug. vifsarsþenhsmedafana eblcak;ebtugmin edrcan;elerkogbgáúmebtugedletbcak;. ekalkarn_t $> eblcak;ebtug/ bnþamadfm/ bnþaerkogbgáúmmankmras;rkas;/ KWRtUvcak;ebtug CaeRcnRsTab;. kmras; nig épþrbs;rstab;nimyy² kmnt;ep kel kam\t ibl nig plitpabrbs;]bkrn_bgðab;edlerbr)as;. Ca]TahrN_ ³ CamYybgðab;edayBlkmμ/ kmras;rbs;myyrstab;kw 10-15 cm. bgðab;buk kmras;rstab;ebtugrtuvtuccag 5-10 cm efobcamyyrbevgrbs;fñwm. bgðab;bnþh kmras;rstab;ebtugcak;b 25-30 cm. srésqb;kñúgdmenrkarsagsg;ebtug kñúgsagsg;ebtug/ myykñúgcmenaysmnumbrsmxan;kw RtUvsagsg;\tQb;. b:uenþminemneblna k¾rtuvbnþbnþab;minqb;)an. lkçxnðedm,cab;ebtugminqb; KWRkalRsTab;ebtugeRkayelRsTab;munminTan;cgsm<½n / eblbgðab;tamgbrrstab; nwgbba ÚlCamYyKña. eyggackmnt; )ankmras; rbs;rstab;rkalebtug edm,ebtugsmerc)anlkçxnðenahkw rubmnþ ³!0> @ ³ kñúgenah F. h Q (m³) (10.2) ( t t )K. 0 1 Q brimanebtugrtuvkaredm,cak;ebtugminqb; m³ ¼elk/ F épþrbs;rstab;ebtugrkalkñúgbum< m²/ t 0 ry³eblcab;epþmkkrbs;sum:g;t_ h/ t 1 ry³ebldwkcba ÚnebtugmYyelk h/ 49

K emkundwkcba Únebtugminesμ (K=0.8 0.9). ry³eblrvagkarcak;ebtugbrelk (t 0 t 1 ) mingnubaøtþels 2.5 h. edm,gnuvtþcak;)anerkogbgáúmmyyminqb; ekgacgnuvtþcak;ebtug tamdyarkam enarubpab!0>!$. rubpab a TamTa Q Gtibrma efobcamyyrub c/ TamTa Q Gb,brma b:uenþmingnuvtþ)aneblerbbgðab;rmj½r. rubpab!0>!$ DyaRkamRkalebtugcak;minQb; ebledaymanehtuplbec kets-erkogbgáúm mingnubaøatþ cak;bnþbnþab;/ b edayehtuplrkb;rkgerobcm minrkb;lkçxnðerobcmcak;minqb; ekrtuvcak;ebtugman ExSQb;. mann½yfa cak;rstab;erkay eblrstab;mun)ankkrwg. ry³eblqb; rbs;rstab;tamgbr man\t ibldl;kunpaberkogbgáúmrtg;kenøgqb;/ ry³eblqb; Edll bmputkw 50

RbmaNB @0 - @$ ema:g. TtaMgrbs;ExSQb; RtUvdak;enAkEnøgEdl mankmlamgkat;ttwgtuc/ enakenøgedlmanmuxkat;erbrbyl/ EdnkMNt;rvageRKOgbgÁúM epþk nig Qr. cmebahssr/ erkag/ Fñwm/ TtaMgExSQb;dak;dUcrUbPaB!0>!%. cak;rtuv cak;minrtuv rubpab!0>!%> erobcmexsqb;eblcak;erkagtamtisqr. a) Tiscak;ebtug/ b) TtaMgExSQb;rvagRKwH/ ssr/ c) TtaMgExSQb;rvagkMralxNÐ nig Fñwm. TtaMgExSQb;kMralxNÐ nig Fñwm ebltiscak;ebtugrsbcamyyfwñmem b EkgCamYyFñwmrg enahttamgdak;exsqb; sßitenakñúgkmnat;!¼$ - #¼$ > L rubpab!0>!^ a. ebltiscak;ebtugrsbcamyyfwñmrg b EkgCamYyFñwmem enahttamgdak;exsqb; sßitenakñúgkmnat;!¼# - @¼# > L sub rubpab!0>!^ b. 51

rubpab!0>!^> erobcmexsqb;eblcak;ebtugkmralxnð. TtaMgExSQb;cak;ebtugsMbk nig FñÚ eblcak;ebtug smbk nig FñÚ enahmindak;exsqb;/ ehyrtuvcak;ebtugbnþbnþab;/ qøúhkñabtamgbxagculetaknþal ducrubpab!0>!&. ebrbelahfm ( 1 > 15 20m) enahcak;manexsqb; ducrubpab!0>!&. rubpab!0>!&> TisnigExSQb;eBlcak;ebtug smbk nig FñÚ. eblcak;ebtugsmng;myycmnynrt;evg ducpøúvrfynþ/ enahexsqb;erobcmeta ExScenøaH stunðpabrbs;erkogbgáúmenah. ExSQb;dak;Rtg;esμ/ EkgCamYyGk½Srbs;eRKOgbgÁúM. eblcak;manexsqb;rtuvman vifsarsþedahrsayya:gna egayebtugrvagrstab;tamgbrxamsuy:agmamcamyykña. 52

CadMbUgRtUveFVkarsMGatExSQb;muneBlcak;bnþ/ TBrRtUveRsacTwksum:gt_ edm, begánpabcgsm<½n. ekenadak;srésedksmnaj;rgkmlamgkat;ttwg enamttamgexs Qb;GaceRCserstambMNg. 7> bgðab;ebtug TisedArbs;bgðab;ebtug KwFanaeGayebtugdUcKña/ ENn/ minman)atuputrbehagxagkñúg nig ehmxagerka/ begátlkçxnðebtugetagcab;camyysrésedk. manbrvifsarsþbgðab; KW bgðab;edayblkmμ nig bgðab;edayynþkmμ. 1> vifsarsþbgðab;edayblkmμ GnuvtþeBlbrimaNebtugtic/ b minmanma:sunbgðab;. bgðab;edayblkmμ KuNPaB ebtugminl ducbgðab;ynþkmμ/ erbahkmrithab;kñúgebtuggn;cag. eblbgðab;eday Blkmμ enahbrimantwkkñúgebtugrtuvercncag eblbgðab;edayma:sun/ smrut S 6. cg;egaykunpabkmritebtug edayblkmμ esμkmritebtugbgðab;edayma:sun enah brimansum:g;t_rtuveknelgb!0 -!%. ]bkrn_erbedm,bgðab;ebtug edayblkmμ KWCabNþakMNt;EdkmUl/ EdkEs,g/ EdkbnÞH >>>. vifbgðab;ebtugedayblkmμ erkayeblebtug)anbgðab;culbum</ erbbnþhluj² egayesμmux/ b erbr)aeqekoresμ/ erb]bkrn_niyayxagelbgðab;egaysbv/ bgðab;tamlmdab; Gs;BkEnøgenHdl;kEnøgepSgrhUtdl;Gs;/ mintukegaysl;. ebbrimanebtugrtuvcak;elon RtUvcak;CaRsTab;² enahrtuvcakerca bgðab;cuhrstab; erkamrbman 3-5 cm 53

edm,begátpabcgsm<½n l rvagbnþarstab;ebtugcamyykña. cmebahbnþammu/ RCug/ b kenøgmansrésedkknkña enahrtuverbedmedk b EdkEs,g bukegaygs; mintukegaysl;. cmebaherkogbgámúesþg b EvgdUcCa ssr/ bgðab; enahkñúglmnambgðab;erb GnøÚgeQeKaHeGayxøaMgxageRkABum<. bgðab;edayblkmμrhutdl; eblexjebtugminmansmrutetot/ Twkkñúgebtugecj elgelépþmun KW)an. ebeblenh enabnþbgðab;etotnwgman\t ibl minl dl;kunpab ebtug. 2> vifsarsþbgðab;edayma:sun erbeblbrimanebtugercn/ kñúglkçxnðkardæanmangkiásn/ manma:sunbgðab;. bgðab;ebtugedayma:sun mankunsm,tiþercncag bgðab;edayblkmμ. erbaherb ebtugs ÜtCag/ ducenh snsmsméc)an!0-!% sum:g;t_/ bnßyblkmμ/ plitpabx<s;/ KuNPaBebtugFana. ecosvag)ankmhusságercnkñúgkargarsagsg;ebtug/ PaBrwg mameknelg. bnþarbeptbgðab;rmj½r EdlRtUv)aneRbR)as;kñúgkargarsagsg;KW ³ bgðab;rmj½rkñúg bgðab;ruk bgðab;rmj½rerka bgðab;büür bgðab;épþ bgðab;bnþh a. bgðab;rmj½rkñúg bgðab;ruk eblerbbgðab;rmj½rkñúg RtUveKarBtameKalkarN_xageRkam ³ bgðab;canic kalrtuvdak;tisekgcamyymuxebtug/ eberkogbgáúmertt enah etbdak;bgðab;ertt)an. 54

ebebtugcak;carstab;ercn/ enahbgðab;rtuvcuh)an 5-10cm culrstab; ebtug)ancak;mun rubpab!0>!*a. kmras;rbs;rstab;ebtug cak;edm,bgðab;minrtuvels #¼$ RbEvgrbs;Fñwm. ry³eblbgðab;rtuvgb,brma/ EtgenAkñúgry³eBl!%-^0 vinat. eblbgðab;cb;tkenøgmyy/ bmlas;tbþúretatkenøgepsg RtUvRsay²/ dkecj b rukbgðab;rtuvtamsmryl. cmgayrvagtkenøgbgðab;br RtUvtUcCagBrdgkaM\T iblrbs;bgðab;/ Etgyk B 1-1.5r 0 rubpab!0>!* b. cmgaybttamgbgðab; dl;bum< RtUvCa ³ 2d < l 1 0.5r 0 U. nigcmgayrvag TtaMgbgðab;cugeRkaybg s; dl;ttamgrtuvcak;ebtugbnþetot KW ³ l 2 2r 0 kñúgenah ³ d Ggát;p wtrbs;bgðab;ruk/ r 0 - kam\t iblrbs;bgðab;. rubpab!0>!*> TtaMgrbs;bgðab;ebtug eblerbbgðab;ruk³ a) muxkat;/ b) bøg;dak;ttamgbgðab;/!> Bum</ @> bgðab;ruk/ #-RsTab;ebtugkMBugcak;/ $> RsTab;ebtugcak;mun/ %> kam\t iblrbs;bgðab;/ 55

^> EdnkMNt;bgðab;. edm,ers)anrbeptbgðab;/ brimanbgðab; RtUveRbR)as; kñúgkargarsagsg;ebtug/ RtUvkMNt;plitPaBbec ketsrbs;ma:sunbgðab; tamrubmnþ ³ 2 3600 = 2r0 δ / m³/h!0># P t t + t kñúgenah ³ r 0 kam\t iblrbs;bgðab;/ GaRs½yedayRbePTbgðab;/ δ kmras;rbs;rstab;ebtugrtuvbgðab;/ 1 2 t 1 ry³eblbgðab;/ t 1 GaRs½yedayel,Ónbgðab;/ RbePTebtug. t 2 ry³eblcam)ac;bþúrbgðab; BTtaMgenH etattamgepsg/ t 2 = 5-8s smßpaberbr)as;rbs;bgðab; KW ³ P u = K. P t!0>$ K emkunerbr)as;/ EtgykB 0/^-0/*%. b. bgðab;épþ bgðab;bnþh bgðab;muxerbedm,bgðab;ebtugbnþaerkogbgáúmsmng; cak;capþamg/ b erkogbgáúmman épþfm nig kmras;b 3-35 cm. kmras;gtib,brmarbs;erkogbgáúmsmng; edm,erb R)as;bgðab;épÞKW 3-20 cm. eblerbr)as;bgðab;épþ edm,bgðab;ebtugrtuvekarbtamekalkarn_xagerkam ³ RtUvkMNt;ry³eBlbgðab; egayrbepterkogbgáúmnimyy² nig RbePTbgðab;. 56

cmgayrvagttamgbgðab;brcab;camyykña/ RtUv)ansuCamYyKñaRbmaN 3-5 cm rubpab!0>!(. rubpab!0>!(> bgðab;ebtugedaybgðab;épþ³ a) vifbgðab;/ b) bøg;erobcmdak;bgðab;!> TtaMgkMBugbgðab;/ @> bþúrbgðab;/ #> bgðab;enattamgfμ. plitpabbec ketsbgðab;épþ GackMNt;tamrUbmnþ!0>% P 3600 F. t t + t = δ / m³/h!0>% 1 kñúgenah ³ F épþbgðab;ebtug m² / δ kmras;rbs;rstab;ebtugrtuvbgðab; m/ t 1 ry³eblbgðab;/ t 1 GaRs½yedayel,Ónbgðab;/ RbePTebtug. t 2 ry³eblcam)ac;bþúrbgðab; BTtaMgenH etattamgepsg/ t 2 = 5-8s smßpaberbr)as;rbs;bgðab; KW ³ P K. u P t 2 =!0>^ 57

c. bgðab;erka bgðab;büür K emkunerbr)as;/ EtgykB 0/^-0/*%. enhcarbeptbgðab;edlek BüÜreTAnigBum</ eblbgðab;/ CamYyrMj½rrbs;bgðab;/ GRgunTaMgBum< nig TaMgebtug. edaysarkargrgunenh Edlebtugrt;cUlKñaya:g ENn. cg;bgðab;ebtug)an KWtMrUvkarRbB½n Bum< RtUvRKb;PaBrwgmaM. krnerbr)as; RbePTbgðab;enH RKan;EteRbsMrab;eRKOgbgÁúM mankmras;esþg/ b KWkñúgbNþaerag crkebtug/ RbB½n bgðab;enh P ab;etanigrbb½n elbnþabnþhgrgun. rubpab!0>@0 KWviFkMNt;EKm etabum< nig Dya:RkamsruberobcMRbB½n bgða b;elbum< CBa amg. rubpab!0> @0 vifkmnt;bgðab; BüÜreTABum<³ a) vifkmnt;bgðab; b) Dya;RkamerobcMbgðab;!>Bum</ @> srésedk/ #> eq/ $> bnþhedk/ %>dak;rbb½n bgðab;. EfTaMebtug nig rksabum< 8> EfTaMebtug nig edahbum< ³ 1> EfTaM 58

lmnamkkrwgrbs;ebtug KWCalMnaMekteLgRbtikmμ vrkmμ rvagsum:g;t_ nig TwkkñúgdMu ebtug. EfTaMebtugEdleTbcak; KWbegátlkçxNÐl egaykarcgsm<½n rbs;ebtug. EfTaM ebtugmantisedaminegaytwkxagerka RCabcUlebtugEdleTbcak;/ minegay)at;bg; TwkelépÞ/ minegaybnþúkrbtikmμ eblebtugmintan;rgkmlamg)an/ minbgáregayj½r EdleFVeGayrlugsrésEdk. ebtugetbcak;ehy RtUv)aMg minrg\t ibledayepøóg/ kmeda nig RtUvrkSasMeNm Cab;lab;. kñúgrduvekþa b s Üt eblcak;ebtug cab;rtuversacpøam elépþerkogbgáúmmyyrstab; rksasmenm ducca )av/ Gacm rna/ CBa amg/ cmebg/ xsac; b )avsum:gt_. cmebahebtugerbsum:g;t_ bk;eln RtUvrkSasMeNmticbMput KW & Ef & yb;. eberb sum:g;t_ Guksut Galumj:Úm KWrkSasMeNm # éf & yb;. Bréf dmbug ral; @ ema:g ersactwkmyydg. elkdmbug erkayeblcak;ebtug)anb $ - & ema:g. b:unμanéf erkayrbman #-!0 ema:g ersacmyydg GaRs½yedaystuNðPaB stunðpab kan;etekn kan;etersacercn/ kan;ettabkan;etersactic. kargarcan;elebtug RKan;EtGnuBaØat eblebtugsmerc)an 24 kg/cm² rducr)amg!-@ éf / rduvesm # éf. ebeftamebtugminl nwgektelg)atuputsrépþ/ kmritrwgmamexsaynas; efobcamykmritmamknna/ b EbkRkLa. 2> edahbum< kmrits itrbs;ebtug etanigbum<ekntamry³ebl/ ducenhrtuvedahbum< eblebtugsmerc kmritrwgmam EdlRtUvkar. 59

ry³ebledahbum< minrgkmlamg c,ab;sagsg;minkmnt;/ CaFmμtaebtugsMerckMritrwgmaM! -@ éf GaRs½yedayKuNPaBebtug/ KuNPaBsum:g;t_/ briyas >>>.l. taragvivdæn_kmritrwgmamebtugsum:gt_bk;eln GaRs½yedaystuNðPaB rubpab!0>@!. rubpab!0>@!> taragbgðajkarvivdæn_ kareknkmritrbs;ebtug tamry³ebl nig stunðpab. edahbum<rgkmlamggnubaøatþ eblebtugsmerckmritrwgmamtamsmamart efobcakmrit rwgmamknnaducxagerkam ³ cmebah bnþhkmral/ e)a:m erkam 2 m : 50% cmebahfwñm/ ceg rerkam 8 m : 70% cmebah bnþhkmral/ e)a:m erkam 2-6 m : 70% cmebahfwñm/ ceg rels 8 m : 100% eblebtugsmercducxagel enagars½yedaykmeda/ RbePTsum:gt_. 60