vanwgkøayetacacmhaytwk

Átírás

1 Ð RbeyaKl½ ½kç çx½ ½NÐ IF-SENTENCE AND SUBJUNCTIVE IF-SENTENCE smnyr = If-Sentence KWCaRbeyaKGVI? EbgEckCab:unµancMENk? cemøiy = If-Sentence KWCa conditional sentence KW)andl;RbeyaKTaMgLayNa EdlGñkniyay)ansnµt; b sµantukcamunfa manehtukarn_namyy)anekitelig ehiyenaeblbnþab; Rsab;EtmanehtukarN_mYyeTot)anekIteLIgEdr EdlehtukarN_enH CaehtukarN_EdlekIteLIg edaysaretehtukarn_dmbug. ekehaehtukarn_ EdlmanlkçN³rebobenHfa CaehtukarN_ b RbeyaK If-Sentence b Conditional Sentence. PasaGg;eKøseKEbgEck If-Sentence Ca4 RbePTFM²KW³ 1- EdlBit real condition 2- EdlminGacekIteLIg)an impossible condition 3- EdlGacBit b GacminBit possible condition 4- EdlpÞúyBIkarBit unreal condition conditional sentence CaRbeyaKEdlekIteLIgedaykarrYmKñarvagRbeyaK 2 two clauses. RbeyaKEdlsßitenABIeRkay If ehafa If-clause ehiyepñkedlenasl;ehafa Main Clause b Principal Clause Edlmann½yfa : RbeyaKFM b RbeyaKeKal : duc³ If-Clause If water boils ebitwkbuh If it rains ebisinmanepøóg If there is no air Main Clause it will change into steam. vanwgkøayetacacmhaytwk I shall stay at home. nwgena sñak;ena pþh we shall die. ebiminmanxül;et eyignwgsøab; cmnam³ RbeyaKxagelICa conditional sentence TaMgGs; edayrbeyaknimyy² man Clause dl;eta2. müa:getotrbsinebi If-clause enaedimrbeyak enaeblcb;esckþirbs; If-clause RtUvmanculøPaK b Comma, Canic duc³ 411

2 It will change into steam if water boils. I shall stay at home if it rains. We will die if there is no air. karerbi IRbeyaKl½ ½kç çx½ ½NÐ = If water boils, it will change into steam. = If it rains, I shall stay at home. = If there is no air, we will die. Ð REAL CONDITION smnyr = Real Condition KWCaRbeyaKEdleRbICamYyehtukarN_EbbNa? ehiykiriyas½bþrbs; enh ekerbicamyy Tense GVIEdr? cemøiy = Real Condition KW]TahrN_fa ebimangmebib ehtukarn_myyekitelig GMeBIb ehtukarn_ myyetotk¾ekiteligtambierkaypøamedrduc³ o ebitwkbuh vanwgkøayetacacmhaytwk o ebikµanrbhgatitü BiPBelaknwgKµanBnøW o ebikµanxül;nigtwket mnussstvmingacrs;)aneliy.l. kiriyas½bþrbs;edlbit Real Condition man3ebbkw³ EbbTI1 = If + Present + Present If bc úb,nñ bc úb,nñ duc³ If water boils, it changes into steam. ebitwkbuh vanwgkøayetacacmhaytwk If he studies hard, he passes his examination. ebikat;xmrbwgeron Kat;nwgRbLgCab; If you hurt a dog, it bites you. ebielakefviegayeqáqw vaxamelakvijminxan If my dog sees a stranger, it barks out lout. ebieqá exijmnusscmelk vaerskrbusya:gxøamg EbbTI2 = If + Present + Future If bc úb,nñ GnaKt If the sun does not shine, all animals will die. ebirbhgatitüminbeba jrsµiet stvtamggs;nwgsøab; If you add 2 to 4, you will get 6. ebielakbuk2nwg4 elaknwg)an6 If you speak Chinese, we will not understand you. ebielakniyaypasacin eyigsþab;elakmin)anet If you don t love him, you will be the loser. ebiégminrslaj;kat;et ÉgnwgCaGñkxatbg; 412

3 cmnam³ TMrg;xagelIEdlmanrUbsresrCa Present mann½yfaeyiggacerbi Present EbbNak¾)an ducca³ Present Simple, Present Perfect b Present Continuous KWGaRs½yelIesckþIRtUv karedleyigcg;erbietbu:enñah. cmebah Future k¾duckñaedr. ]TahrN_dUc³ If my dog has seen a stranger, it will give bark. ebieqá )anexijmnusscmelk vanwgrbus bnøwsemøgrbus If he begins early morning, he will have finished by noon. ebikat;cab;epþimbirbwkrblwm Kat;nwgeFVIrYcenAeBlresol If my buffalo is drinking water, it will lower its head. ebirkbirbs; pwktwk vanwg»nk,alvacuherkam EbbTI3 = If + Present + Imperative If bc úb,nñ karbgáab;bba a b das;eton If you see him, tell him to visit me. ebielakcybkat; R)ab;Kat;eGaymkelgnwg pg Do not smoke a cigarette if you are sick. kmubisar)ari ebielakmancm W If he comes, do not let him get in. ebikat;mk kmuegaykat;culetaxagkñúgegayesah If she goes there, please take her to have sight-seeing many things interesting. ebinagetatienah sumcyynamnagtssnavtßútamglayedlkyregaycab;garmµn_pg cmnam³ erkabi Will, Shall ekgacerbi Can, Could, May, Must, Should, Have to, Ought To edim,ismedgdl;gviedlnwgekitmankñúgeblgnakt)anpgedr. ]TahrN_dUc³ 1-If you go out tonight, you must ought to put a coat on. should have to ebielakecjetaerkayb;enh elakrtuvbak;gavfmbierka 2-If he comes, I can speak to him. ebikat;mk GacniyaynwgKat;)an kiriyas½bþkñúgrbeyaktamg2xageli manlkçn³ca future erbicmnys will, shall karerbi IRbeyaKl½ ½kç çx½ ½NÐ Ð IMPOSSIBLE CONDITION smnyr = Impossible Condition KWCaRbeyaKeRbICamYyehtukarN_EbbNa? ehiykiriyas½bþrbs; enh ekerbicamyy Tense GVIEdr? 413

4 cemøiy = Impossible Condition KWCa EdlminGacekIteLIg)an TaMgkñ úgbc úb,nñ present nigkñúgeblgnakt future. RbeyaKRbePTenH RKan;EtCakarsnµt; kar]bma b kar erbobefobetb:uenñah ]TahrN_dUcCa³ : ebi CastVsøab nwgsb,aycitþ : b : ebi manepñktibv nwgr)ab; elxeqñat3xþg;dl;elakgñkrkb;ebl :. esckþisnµt;rbhak;rbehlkñaenh ekehafa³ EdlminGacekIteLIg)an impossible condition Edl sumcunnuvtmrg; RBmTaMg elik]tahrn_mkbnül;ducxagerkam³ If + Past Simple + Future in the past = if + Subject + Verb 2..., + Subject + Would + Verb 1... If I were a bird, I would be very happy. ebi CastVsøab nwgsb,aycitþxøamgnas; tambitmingackøayetacastvsøab)anet enhkwrkan;etcakarsnµt;etb:uenñah I would go aboard if I had a lot of money. nwgetaedirelgenabrets ebisin manluyercin eblkmbugniyaygñkniyayminmanluyercinet EtebImanvijnwgecjeTAbreTs If today were Sunday, we would be at home. ebiéf enhcaéf GaTitü eyignwgsmrakenapþh tambitvamingacetarycet erbahfaéf c½nþkwcaéf c½nþ mingacefvi[éf c½nþetacaéf GgÁar)aneT If I were millionaire, I would help you. ebi CaesdæI nwgcyyelakminxan tambitgñkniyayminemncaesdæiet RKan;RtCakarsnµt;bu:eNÑaH cmnam³ cmebahkiriyas½bþ To be EdlnaMmkeRbICakarsnµt;dl;erOgEdlminGacekIteLIg)an sumerbi Were Etmüa:gb:ueNÑaH minfarbfancabursékvcn³ b Bhuvcn³eLIy. müa:getotkiriyas½bþcmnyy kñúg Main Clause KWCaRbeyaKtamBIeRkay If-clause. erkabierbi Would b Should GaceRbIkiriys½BÞCMnYyepSgeTot)anpgEdrKW Might, Could Etn½yGacmankarxusKñabnþicbnþÜc³ Would, should = erbicapledlnwgekiteligtamkarsnµt; certain result Might = erbicakarrmbwgkit b lt PaB possible result Could = erbicamyykargnubaøat b smtßpab permission or ability If she came, I should see her. ebinagmk Kg;nwg)anCYbnag 414

5 GñkniyayrMBwgfa plnwgekiteligtamkarsnµt; certain result If it stopped snowing, you could go out. ebitwkkkqb;føak; elakgacecjetaxagerka)an GñkniyayrMBwgfadUecñaH ehiyelakk¾ecjeta)an permission or ability karerbi IRbeyaKl½ ½kç çx½ ½NÐ Ð POSSIBLE CONDITION smnyr = Possible Condition KWCaRbeyaKeRbICamYyehtukarN_EbbNa? ehiykiriyas½bþrbs; enh ekerbicamyy Tense GVIEdr? cemøiy = Possible Condition KWCaEdlGacekIteLIgBit b k¾gacminbit. ]bma fa : ebielakminbüayamefmetotetenah elaknwgrblgføak; :. esckþienhgacmann½y2ya:gkw³ müa:gkw³ etahcaxitxmya:gnak¾eday k¾enaetrblgføak; ehiyn½ymüa:getotkw³ etahbiminxitxm k¾gacrblgcab;edr. lkçn³duecñh PasaGg;eKøsehAfa Possible Condition Edlman2ya:g tamtmrg;xagerkam³ 1-eBlGñkniyayR)akdkñúgcitþfa l½kçx½nðenahgacekiteligbit ehiyplrbs;vak¾nwgekit maneligbitr)akdedrduc³ If + Present + Sentence Will + Verb 1 If she hurries, she will be in time. ebinagrbjab; nagnwgtan;eblevla GñkniyayR)akdkñ úgcitþfa ebikat;rbjab;kat;bitcatan;eblminxan If Pisey tries hard, she will succeed. ebibisibüayamegay)anbitr)akd nagnwg)anttylecakc½y GñkniyayR)akdkñ úgcitþfa plénl½kçx½nðnwggacekittamkarsnµt;ya:gbitr)akd 2-eBlCal½kçx½NÐFmµta EdlGñkniyayminR)akdkñúgcitþCaBiesseBkeT RtUvkarRtwmEtkar niyayecjetaetb:uenñahsumerbi³ If + Past + Sentence Would + Verb 1 If Pisey hurried, she would be in time. ebibisirbjab;nagk¾nwgtan;eblevla GñkniyayminR)akdkñúgcitþNas;NaeT RKan;EtCal½kçx½NÐb:ueNÑaH If she left early, she would catch the train. ebinagecjbirbwkrblwm nagk¾nwgtan;rfepøig Cal½kçx½NÐFmµta GñkniyayminR)akdkñúgcitþGVICaBiesseT etiberbi past nig would 415

6 karerbi IRbeyaKl½ ½kç çx½ ½NÐ Ð UNREAL CONDITION smnyr = Unreal Condition mann½yfa l½kçx½nðedlpþúybikarbit etil½kçx½nðenh ekerbicamyy ehtukarn_ebbna? ehiykiriyas½bþrbs;rbeyak ekerbicamyy Tense GVIEdr? cemøiy = Unreal Condition erbisnµt; b snñidæandl;ehtukarn_edlekiteligtamgbigtit³ ehiy Gñkniyayk¾yl;ya:gc,as;rYceTAehIyfa ehtukarn_enahya:gducemþc EtGñkniyaynaMykesckþIenaH mkniyaysarcafµi KWsnµt;eGayxusBIesckþIBitenaHeTAvij. ]bmafa : ebielakmkdl;kalbimsil miujnagk¾kg;minrtlb;etavijeliy :. ebitamesckþibitedl)anekiteligehiyenahkw³ kalbiéf msilelakmkmindl;etibnagrtlb;etavij. ]TahrN_mYyeTot ]bmafa : ebielakmin)anlyc m:utueket elakk¾min)ancab;kukedr. esckþibitedl)anekiteligehiyenahkw³ elak)anlycm:uturbs; ekbitemnetibrtuvcab;kuk. rubkiriyas½bþénl½kçx½nðrbeptenh sumerbiducteta³ If + Past Perfect + Would (Should, Could, Might) Have + Verb 3 If he had gone there, I would have seen him. ebikat;)anetatienah Kg;nwg)anCYbKat;minxan esckþibitedl)anekiteligkw Kat;min)aneTATIenaHeTeTIb min)ancybkat; The soldiers would have fought better if they had been given clear order. TahanTaMgenaHnwgRbyuT )anl CagenH ebibykek)anttylbba ac,as;las; esckþibitedl)anekiteligkw BYkTahanRbyuT minsuv)anl GacmkBITTYlbBa aminc,as; If Vireak had studied harder, he would not have failed. ebivir³xmrbwgeroncagenh Kat;Kg;nwgminRbLgFøak;eLIy esckþibitedl)anekiteligkw vir³minxmerontal;etesahetibkat;rblgmincab; cmnam³ ebigñkniyaycg;efviegayesckþienah² mann½ycab;kñabigtit³rhutdl;bc úb,nñ eyiggacerbi Past Perfect Continuous kñúg If-Sentence )anduc³ If he had been listening carefully, he would not have misunderstood. ebikat;)antamgcitþsþab;edayrbugrby½tñ Kat;Kg;nwgminyl;RcLMEdr esckþibitedl)anekiteligkw Kat;min)antaMgcitþsþab;taMgBIedImdl;cb;eTeTIbKat;yl;RcLM RbeyaKl½ ½kç çx½ ½NÐ ÐEdlmi inman IF smnyr = Conditional Sentence b If-sentence eticam)ac;rtuvetmanbakü If enaxagedimrbeyakcarhutb ya:gna? b k¾gacykbaküepsgmkerbicmnys)anpgedr? 416

7 cemøiy = kñúg If-Sentence b If-Clause eyiggacerbibaküepsgcmnys If k¾)an Edr edaykat; If ecj. BaküEdlGacmkCMnYs If )anman3ma:t;kw³ should, were b had. EteBleRbIvaCMnYs If ehiy emiletatmngrbhak;rbehlnwgxøasmnyredr EtsUmkMueRbI Question Mark? egayesahduc³ Should: Should you see Boreth, tell him I want to visit. (= If you see Boreth, tell him I want to visit) ebielakexijb:uer:t R)ab;Kat;pgfa cg;etaelgnwgkat; Should the weather be too bad, we won t go for a picnic. (= If the weather is too bad, we won t go for a picnic) ebigakasfatuminl eteyignwgminetabicnic edirelgedaymandak;gaharsmrab;jaúm et Should you find it, please send it to me. (= If you find it, please send it to me) ebielakrkvaexij sumepjivaetaegay pg cmnam³ RbeyaKEdleRbI Should CMnYs If ekniymerbikñúgpasasresrcagpasaniyay b:uenþn½y rbs;vaduckña. Were: Were Boreth to go, I would give him money. (= If Boreth went, I would give him money) or (= If Boreth were to go, I would give him money) ebibuer:teta Kg;nwgeGayluyKat; Were it not so late, she would telephone me. (= If it were not (weren t) so late, she would telephone me) ebiminywteblebketenah nagkg;nwgturs½bþmkrk minxan Were they here, they would tell me. (= If they were here, they would tell me) ebibykekenatienh BYkeKKg;nwgR)ab; cmnam³ tamlkçn³enh ekerbiet Were b:uenñahcmnys If ehiyk¾niymerbiet kñúgpasasresrcagpasaniyayedr. Had: Had I know Penh Leak s address, I would have visited her. (= If I had known Penh Leak s address, I would have visited her) ebi )andwggas½ydæanrbs;ebjl½kç Kg;nwgeTAelgnwgnag Had Sam Onn had much money, he would have bought a new car. (= If Sam Onn had had much money, he would have bought a new car) ebismgunmanluyercin Kat;Kg;nwgTijrfynþfµImYyeRKOg 417

8 RbeyaKTaMg2xagelIb RbeyaKdéTEdleRbI had CMnYs if ekniymerbikñúgpasasresr BaküEdleRbI ICM MnY Ys IF b Rbhak; ;RbEhlKñ ña erkabirtuverbi If Rtg;xagedImRbeyaKehIyenaH eyiggacerbibaküepsg² etotcmnys If words used instead of if )anetotpgedr. BaküTaMgenHman³ unless: mann½yfa³ ebi>>>>>>>min b luhrtaet>>>>>>>etib duc³ even if: Unless there is some rain, the flowers will die. (= If there is no rain, the flowers will die) ebiminmanepøógetenah páatamglaynwggab;gs; You will fail unless you study harder. (= You will fail if you do not study harder) elaknwgrblgføak; ebielakminxmrbwgeronetenah Sarun will miss the bus unless he runs. (= Sarun will miss the bus if he does not run) sarunnwgmintan;rfynþrkugetebikat;minrt; mann½yfa³ sum,i>>>>>>> b etahca>>>>>>> b etahbica>>>>>>> duc³ Even if I had no money, I will not borrow any from my friends. etahbi Kµanluyk¾eday k¾ nwgminx IluyBImitþPkþ rbs; Edr Hob never hurried, even if he is very late. hb;minedlrh½srhynesah etahbicakat;ywtya:gnak¾eday cmnam³ erkabikargfib,ayxageli sumemtþacamfa enamanbaküedlmann½yduc b Rbhak;RbEhlnwg If epsgetotedrduc³ So long as = drabdl; etahcafa Suppose (that) = ebisnµt;fa snµt;fa Supposing (that) = ebisnµt;fa snµt;fa Provided (that) = kñúgkrniedl In condition (that) = kñúgkrniedl In case (that) = kñúgkrniedl etc. cmnam³ munnwgbba b;karerbi If-Sentence b If-Clause CamYynwg Main Clause sumefvikar segçbkarerbir)as;rbs;vamþgetotducteta³ 418

9 If-Clause -Present simple -Past simple -Past perfect Main Clause RbeyaKeKal Future simple Future in the past Future perfect in the past SUBJUNCTIVE smnyr = Subjunctive KWCaGVI? EckecjCab:unµancMENk? EpñkGVIxøH? cemøiy = Subjunctive KWCaRbeyaKEdlsMEdgGMBIbMNgR)afña wish smedgpabedlgacekitelig )an possibility smedgl½kçx½nðsnµt; condition b smedgkarsgs½y doubt. ekecgeckca2 EpñkKW³ 1-Present Subjunctive 2-Past Subjunctive Present Subjunctive smnyr = Present Subjunctive KWCaGVI? eblnaetiberbi Present Subjunctive? cemøiy = Present Subjunctive KWCakareRbIkiriyas½BÞRbeLaHTI1 b kiriyas½bþedim EdlCakiriyas½BÞ minman To enabimux nigminmankarefm S etahbirbfanrbs;kiriyas½bþenahcaékvcn³ b Bhuvcn³ k¾eday ehiyminfakiriyas½bþkñúgrbeyakmux sßitkñúg Tense enhedr. cmebahkiriyas½bþ To be sumerbi Be rhutetaduc³ GVIk¾edayk¾Kµan S enartg;kiriyas½bþ Sam Onn suggested that everybody read this book. smgun)anennamfa RKb;KñaKYrGanesovePAenH etahca everybody CaRbFanÉkvcn³k¾eday k¾kiriyas½bþ read minman s EdreRBaH va)anrtuvnammkerbica present subjunctive Chakriya insists that Boreth come. criyattucfa buer:tnwgmk etahca Boreth CaRbFanÉkvcn³k¾eday k¾kiriyas½bþ come va)anrtuvnammkerbica present subjunctive Penh Leak suggests that Vireak be punctual. ebjl½kçegayeyabl;fa vir³kyrekarbeblevla He has decided that he leave this old house. Kat;)ansMerccitþfa Kat;nwgerIecjBIpÞHcas;enH The doctor advised that my mother take a rest. minman s EdreRBaH 419

10 elakrkuebtü)anpþl;dmbunµanfa mþay KYrEtsMrak cmnam³ k¼-rubbdiesfrbs; Present Subjunctive GaceFVI)anedayEfm Not culbimuxkiriyas½bþ RbeLaHTI1 b kiriyas½bþedim)anpøamduc³ I suggested that she not go there alone. )anegayeyabl;fa nagminkyretatienahmñak;égeliy The teacher advised that he not speak loud in the class. elakrku)anpþl;eyabl;fa Kat;minKYrniyayxøaMgenAkñúgbnÞb;eroneT Our mother suggests that we not be lazy. mþayrbs;eyigennamfa eyigminkyrx ilrcguset x¼-müa:getotkñúgpasaniyay spoken language nigpasafmµta informal ekniymerbi Should + kiriyas½bþrbelahti1 CMnYs Present Subjunctive Canic duc³ The doctor recommended that she should take these medicines. = the doctor recommended that she take these medicines elakrkuebtüennamfa nagkyrelbfñamtamgenh It is advisable that he should practise speaking English. = It is advisable that he practise speaking English CakarsmKYrNas; EdlKat;KYrhat;niyayPasaGg;eKøs eblnartu UveRbI I Present Subjunctive eyigerbi Present Subjunctive KWkiriyas½BÞTI1 minefm S )ankñúgkrniducxagerkam³ k -enabierkaykiriyas½bþ + That )andl;kiriyas½bþmyycmnynducxagerkam³ ask that ³ esñismufa urge that ³ etonfa CMrujufa order that ³ bba afa prefer that ³ exijsmkyrfa insist that ³ etonfa TTUcfa advise that ³ ENnaMfa pþl;eyabl;fa suggest that ³ esñifa require that ³ esñisumfa request that ³ esñisumfa 420

11 demand that ³ RtUvkarfa smufa propose that ³ esñifa recommend that ³ pþl;eyabl;fa pþl;gnusasn_fa etc. I asked that I be allowed to see the Prime Minister. )anesñismufa smuegay )anttylkargnubaøatcybelaknaykrdæmrnþipg Ratha requested that Boreth telephone his family. rdæaesñismufa egaybuer:tturs½bþetakan;rkumrkysarrbs;kat; I demand that Kimleng go to see the doctor. smufa egaykwmelgrbjab;etacybelakrkuebtü The hostess urged that we will stay for dinner. m as;pþh)anetonfa egaybykeyigtamggs;kñasñak;enattyltangaharl acsin The teacher recommended that every student buy a dictionary. elakrku)anpþl;eyabl;fa egaysissral;kñatijvcnanurkmmñak;myyk,al x -enabierkay It is was + Adjective myycmnyn + That ducca³ It is necessary that he go home at once. vacakarcam)ac;edlkat;rtuvrbjab;rtlb;etapþhvij It is important that she be brave. vacakarsmxan;edlnagrtuvetkøahan It is essential that we buy food yesterday. vacakarcam)ac;edleyigtijmðúbgaharbimsilmiuj minemn>>> we bought et It is advisable that he exercise every morning. vacakarsmkyredlkat;hat;r)anerogral;rbwk It is proper that Chakriya practise driving a car. (US=practice) vacaerogsmrmüedlcriyahat;ebikbrrfynþ It is strange that Pesey remember my words. vacaerogcmelkedlbisicamsmdi )an cmnam³ k¼-ebieyigmincg;erbi Present Subjunctive KWkiriyas½BÞEfm s tambierkaykunnam adjective ducedl)angfib,aymkehiyetenah eyiggacerbikiriyas½bþ To-Infinitive CMnYs k¾)anedr =It is + Important b BaküRbhak;RbEhl + For + Someone + To-Infinitive duc³ Present Subjunctive To-Infinitive = It is important that you follow the instruction. = It is important (that) for you to follow the instruction. 421

12 Present Subjunctive To-Infinitive vacakarcam)ac;edlelakrtuvefvitamkarennamenh = It is necessary that Malai earn her living by herself. = It is necessary (that) for Malai to earn her living by herself. vacaerogcam)ac;edlma:l½yrtuvrksiuciba wmcivitedayxøünég Past Subjunctive smnyr = Past Subjunctive KWCaGVI? eblnaetiberbi Past Subjunctive? cemøiy = Past Subjunctive KWCakareRbIkiriyas½BÞRbeLaHTI2CamYyRbeyaKEdlsßitenABIeRkayRkum BaküdUcteTA³ It s Time + RbFan + kiriyas½bþrbelahti2 = dl;ebledl>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> It s High Time + RbFan + kiriyas½bþrbelahti2 = dl;eblehiyedl>>>>>>>> It s High Noon + RbFan + kiriyas½bþrbelahti2 = dl;eblehiyedl>>>>>>>> RbFan + Would Rather + RbFan + kiriyas½bþrbelahti2 = >>>>>>>>cg;egay>>>>>>>>>>>>>> It s time the children went to bed. dl;ebledlekµg²rtuvculedkehiy It s time the guests went back. dl;ebledlepjóvrtuvrtlb;etapþhvijehiy It s high time we began to work. dl;ebledleyigrtuvcab;epþimefvikarehiy It s high noon they signed the contract. dl;eblehiyedlekrtuvcuhhtßelxaelikic snüaenh He would rather his friends came here. Kat;cg;eGaymitþPkþ rbs;kat;mktienh cmnam³ kiriyas½bþkñúgrbeyakedltambierkayrkumbakü sumerbi Past Subjunctive KWkiriyas½BÞ RbeLaHTI2. etahcay:agenhkþi Gtßn½yénehtukarN_enaH RtUvsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBbc úb,nñcanic. müa:getot ebieyigmincg;erbi Past Subjunctive etenah eyiggacerbirbeyakrebobenh tamtmrg; It is time + For someone + To-infinitive k¾)anduc³ It s time for children to go to bed It s high time for us to begin to work. It s high noon for them to sign the contract. It s time for her to be married. It s time for us to go for a walk. It s time for my father to leave for Phnom Penh. It s time for your children to learn English. 422

13 karerbi I Subjunctive BI IeRkay Wish form dmbugeyigrtuvsáal;camunsinfa Wish Form KWCaGVI?. Wish Form KWCaRbeyaKsMEdg esckþi b bmngr)afña mann½yfagtßn½ybitrbs;ehtukarn_enahmandmenirmüa:g b:uenþgñkniyayman bmngcg;egayehtukarn_enah etacaerogmüa:gepsgetot. kñúgpasagg;ekøs Wish Form ekeck ecjvaca3 cmenkkw³ 1-R)afñacg;eGayehtukarN_enaH ekitmankñúgeblbc úb,nñ. mann½yfa kñúgxn³ebledl kmbugniyayenah ehtukarn_bitr)akdmandmenirmüa:g EtGñkniyaymanbMNgeGayehtukarN_enaH mandmenirmüa:gepsgetot EdlpÞúyRsLHBIerOgBitkñúgeBlEdlkMBugniyay. cmenkkiriyas½bþkñúg RbeyaKEdltamBIeRkay Wish sumerbikiriyas½bþrbelahti2 ebisincakiriyas½bþ To be sumerbi Were RKb;RbFan duc³ I wish I met her today. manbmngfa )ancybnagenaéf enh eblkmbugniyaymin)ancybet I wish I were a policeman now. manbmngcg;egay ekitcab:uliskñúgebl\lúvenh eblkmbugniyaygñkniyayminemncab:uliset I wish I worked three days a week. cg;egay efvikar3éf kñúg1s)þah_ tambitkñúgeblniyaymin)anefvikar3éf kñ úg1s)aþh_et 2-esckþIR)afñaEdlcg;eGayehtukarN_ekItmankñúgeBlGtIt³. mann½yfa ehtukarn_edl )anekiteligkñúgeblgtit³mandmenirmüa:g EtGñkniyaymanbMNgeGayehtukarN_enaH mandmenir müa:gepsgetot EdlpÞúyRsLHBIerOgBitEdl)anekIteLIgkñ úggtit³. cmenkkiriyas½bþkñúgrbeyak EdltamBIeRkay Wish sumerbikiriyas½bþrbelahti3 tamtmrg;rbeyak³ Had + kiriyas½bþrbelah TI3 Perfect Subjunctive duc³ I wish I had visited Angkor Wat last year. kalbiqñameta manbmngfa )anetaelgggárvtþ karbitedl)anekiteligbiqñametamin)anetaelgggárvtþet I wish she had not come to the party last night. manbmngmincg;egaynag)anetaculrymkñúgbificb;elogkalbiyb;miuj 423

14 karbitkalbiyb;miujnag)anculrymkñ úgbificb;elogrycetaehiy I wish you had visited my aunt in Siem Reap last month. manbmngegayelak)anetasyrsuxtukçmiugrbs; enaesomrabkalbiexmun karbitedl)anekiteligbiexmunelakmin)anetasyrsuktukçmiugrbs; enaesomrabet 3-esckþIR)afñaEdlcg;eGayehtukarN_ekItmankñúgeBlGnaKt. mann½yfa ehtukarn_ EdlnwgekIteLIgkñúgeBlGnaKtmandMeNIrmüa:g EtGñkniyaymanbMNgeGayehtukarN_enaH man dmenirmüa:gepsgetot EdlpÞúyRsLHBIerOgBitEdl)anekIteLIgkñ úggnakt. cmenkkiriyas½bþkñúg RbeyaKEdltamBIeRkay Wish sumerbi Would + kiriyas½bþrbelahti1 duc³ I wish he would come next week. manbmngfacg;egaykat;mks)aþh_erkay karbitedlnwgekiteligenahkws)þah_erkayenhkat;nwgmin)anmket I wish you would be there tomorrow. manbmngfacg;egayelakenatienahéf Es k karbitedlnwgekiteligenahkwéf Es kelaknwgmin)anenatienahet cmnam³ ebirbfankñúgrbeyak Wish nigrbfanerkayrbeyak Wish CamnusSEtmñak; eyiggacerbi Could CMnYs Would (Should)k¾)andUc³ I wish I could go to the party. manbmngcg;egay )anculrymkñúgbificb;elog She wishes she could pass her examination next year. nagmanbmngcg;egayxøünnag)anrblgcab;qñamerkay sumsegçbtmrg;rbeyak Wish Form CUnmþgeTotKW³ o R)afñacg;eGayehtukarN_ekItmankñúgbcú ub,nñkal³ Wish + Past Simple o R)afñacg;eGayehtukarN_ekItmankñúgGtItkal³ Wish + Past Perfect o R)afñacg;eGayehtukarN_ekItmankñúgGnaKtkal³ Wish + Future Simple in the Past BaküGaceRbIesµInwg Wish smnyr = erkabi Wish etienamanbaküepsgetotedrb et EdlGaceFVIeGaykiriyas½BÞ EdltamBI erkayrtuverbi Subjunctive? 424

15 cemøiy = erkabi Wish enamanbaküepsgmyycmnynetot EdlGaceRbICMnYs Wish )anduc³ as if = emilet hak;ducca as though = emilet hak;ducca if only = ebisinnaca>>>.l. BakünimYy² mankarerbir)as;tamvifiducxagerkam³ As if nig As though erbiducteta³ As if nig As though Ca Conjunction erbismrab;p ab;rbeyak2 EtRtUveRbI Subjunctive b Tense xusbikñakw³ k¼-ebienabimux As if b As though Ca Present Simple BIeRkay As if b As though sumerbi Past Simple duc³ He talks as if (as though) he were a doctor. Kat;niyayemIlEtKat;CaRKUeBTü kiriyas½bþ to be erbi were RKb;RbFan She acts as if (as though) she knew it well. nagefviemiletnagdwgc,as;gba wg tambitnagmindwggvitamggs; x¼-ebienabimux As if b As though Ca Past Simple BIeRkay As if b As though sumerbi Past Perfect duc³ He talked as if (as though) it had rained very hard yesterday. Kat;niyayhak;dUcCamSilmuijenHePøógxøaMgNas;GBa wg tambitepøógminxøamgesahkalbimsijmiuj If only erbiducteta³ k¼-ebirbeyakrbs; If only Ca Past Simple BIeRkay If only sumerbi Future Simple in the Past duc³ If only he were more careful, he would past his examination. ebisincakat;rby½tñrbeygcagenh Kat;nwgGacRbLg)anCab; karbitedlekiteligenahkwkat;rblgføak;edayxvhkarrbugrby½tñ If only I were here, I should meet her. ebisinca enatienh k¾kg;nwg)ancybnag 425

16 karbitedlekiteligenahkw min)anenatienhetetib min)ancybnag x¼-ebirbeyakrbs; If only Ca Past Perfect BIeRkay If only sumerbi Future Perfect in the Past duc³ If only Sathya hadn t gone there, he wouldn t have been killed. ebisincastüamin)anetatienahet Kat;k¾Kg;minRtUveKsmøab;Edr karbitedlekiteligenahkwstüaetatienahetibrtuveksmøab; He would have been made the president if only he had been a qualified man. ebikat;camnussmankunsm,tþirkb;rkan; Kat;Kg;nwg)anTTYlkarEtgtaMgCaRbFaneTAehIy karbitedlekiteligenahkwkat;min)anttylkaretgtamgeterbahkat;xvhkunsm,tþi 426