KÖTŐSZÓK FAJTÁI. (Conjuctions) A kötőszó szavakat, kiejezéseket, tagmondatokat és mondatokat köthet össze.

Átírás

1 KÖTŐSZÓK FAJTÁI (Conjuctions) A kötőszó szavakat, kiejezéseket, tagmondatokat és mondatokat köthet össze. 1. Egyszerű mellérendelő kötőszók (coordinating conjunctions, coordinators) Egyenrangú mondatrészekeket, tagmondatokat kötnek össze. Az összekötött elemek logikai viszonya alapján a kötőszó kifejezhet a) felsorolásszerű kapcsolatot: and (és) nor (és nem is; sem) neither (és nem is; sem) pl. They gamble and they smoke. (Szerencsejátékot játszanak, és dohányoznak.) They do not gamble, nor do they smoke. (Nem játszanak szerencsjátékot, és nem is dohányoznak.) b) ellentétes megállapítást but (de) yet (ám, habár, de) however (azonban) pl. They gamble but they don t smoke. (Szerencsejátékot játszanak, de nem dohányoznak.) They gamble yet they don t smoke. (Szerencsejátékot játszanak, ám nem dohányoznak.) c) választási lehetőséget or (vagy) pl. They gamble or they smoke every day. (Szerencsejátékot játszanak vagy dohányoznak minden nap.) d) magyarázatot as (mivel) for (mivel) since (mivel) pl. They don t gamble or smoke for they are ascetics. (Nem játszanak szerencsejátékot és nem dohányoznak, mivel aszkéták.) e) következtetést, következményt so (ezért, így) thus (így) therefore (ezért, ennélfogva, tehát) pl. He gambled well last night so he smoke a cigar to celebrate. (Szerencséje volt tegnap a játékban, ezért elszívott egy szivart, hogy megünnepelje.)

2 2. Páros kötőszók (correlative conjunctions) Egyenrangú mondatrészekeket, tagmondatokat kötnek össze úgy, hogy párt alkotnak, az egyik mondatrész/tagmondat elé kerül a pár első tagja, és a másik mondatrész/tagmondat elé kerül a pár másik tagja. Például: either...or (vagy vagy ) pl. You either do your work or you will be punished. (Vagy megcsinálod a munkádat, vagy meg fognak büntetni.) (l. szintén: 43 Határozatlan és általános névmások!) neither...nor (sem sem ) pl. Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well. (Sem a kosárlabdacsapat, sem a futball csapat nem játszik jól.) (l. szintén: 43 Határozatlan és általános névmások!) both...and ( is és is; mind mind ) pl. Both the swimmers and the water polo team are doing well. (Az úszók és a vízilabda csapat is jól teljesít.) (l. szintén: 43 Határozatlan és általános névmások!) whether...or (akár akár ) pl. Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision. (Akár mész, akár maradsz, a te döntésed.) not only...but (also) (nem csak, hanem/de is) pl. Carla not only wants money but also wants fame. (Carla nem csak pénzt akar, hanem hírnevet is.) as... as (olyan, mint) pl. She is as beautiful as a dream. (Olyan szép, mint egy álom.) (l. szintén: 38 Fokozás, összehasonlító mondatok!) 3. Alárendelő kötőszók (subordinating conjunctions, subordinators) Egymásnak alárendelt mondatrészekeket, tagmondatokat kötnek össze. A tagmondatok közül a mellékmondat elején állnak. A mellékmondat önmagában nem szerepelhet, ezért alá van rendelve a főmondatnak. A mellékmondat többnyire a főmondat után áll, és a tagmondatok között nincs vessző. Ha mégis előbb szeretnénk mondani, akkor vesszőt kell a két tagmondat közé tenni. pl. She is happy because it s sunny outside. Because it s unny outside, she is happy. A mellékmondat szerepe változatos lehet: időhatározói mellékmondat, célhatározói mellékmondat, feltételes mondat, stb. A legtöbbel már foglalkoztunk. Alárendelő kötőszók pl.: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while stb.

3 SZÖVEGÖSSZEKÖTŐ ELEMEK (Linking words, connectors and phrases) A szövegösszekötő elemek között nem csak kötőszókat találunk, hanem idiomatikus kifejezéseket is. Ezek a szöveg összetartásának fontos eszközei (szövegkohéziós elemek.) Sokféle szerepük lehet: Rendszerezés To start with, = Kezdésként, ; Kezdve val First of all, = Először is Firstly,. Secondly, = Először,.. Másodszor, then = aztán (And) finally = (És) végül On the one hand on the other hand = Egyrészt másrészt later = később previously = előzőleg One reason is Another reason is = Az egyik ok az, hogy Egy másik ok, hogy Előre-, hátrautalás, hivatkozás valamire As you know, = Mint tudjátok, As I have mentioned before / above, = Mint előbb / fentebb említettem,. According to = szerint As says, = Mint mondja, As for = Ami -t illeti As far as is concerned, = Ha a -t vizsgáljuk, ; ami a -t érinti / érinti, Hasonlóság, összehasonlítás kifejezése Like in the same way = ugyanúgy, mint ; csakúgy, mint = ugyanúgy (, mint ) Ellentétes gondolat kifejezése However, But But still Although / Though Contrary to on the contrary in contrast (with ) conversely despite this nevertheless notwithstanding for all that = Azonban Viszont Mindamellett = De = De még mindig / még akkor is = (ha)bár = Ellentétben vel = ellenkezőleg = ezzel ellentétben = ellentétes módon = ennek ellenére = ennek ellenére, azonban = ennek ellenére = mindennek ellenére

4 Új gondolat, további információ, az előzőek kiegészítése and Besides, Furthermore, Moreover What s more, In addition (to that), It s also true that And on top of that Another thing is that = és = Emellett, = Továbbá, = Sőt, mi több, = Sőt, mi több, = Ezen kívül,.; Ehhez hozzátéve, = Az is igaz, hogy = Ennek a tetejében = Egy másik dolog az, hogy Következmény, következtetés kifejezése So = Ezért Tehát Szóval Thus = Így Ezért As a result, = Ennek eredménye képpen, Következésképpen, As a consequence, / Consequently, = Következésképp Therefore, = Ezért thus = így We can conclude (from this) that = Azt a következtetést vonhatjuk le (ebből), hogy It follows that = Ebből következik, hogy What comes from this, is = Ami ebből következik az, hogy So what it comes down to is = Ami tehát ebből leszűrhető az, hogy Ok kifejezése because because of as since due to For this reason That s why = azért mert = miatt = mivel = mivel = következtében = Emiatt, Ezért = emiatt ; ez az, amiért Körülírás, pontosítás To put it in another way From another point of view,. In other words, that is to say better to say I mean = Másképp fogalmazva = Egy másik szemszögből = Más szóval = azaz = jobban mondva = úgy értem, Példa megadása for example / for instance = például (A vehicle), like (a bus) = (Egy jármű), mint például (egy busz) (Vehicles) such as (buses and trams) = (A járművek), mint. (a buszok és a

5 including Say Namely, One example of this is To give you an idea Take for example villamosok) = beleértve = Mondjuk = Nevezetesen, = Egy példája ennek = Hogy megvilágítsam = Vegyük például Vélemény megfogalmazása I think In my view / opinion To my mind, Personally, I think As I see it, From my point of view, As far as I m concerned, I don t think = Szerintem Úgy gondolom, = Nézőpontom / Véleményem szerint = Szerintem = Én személy szerint úgy gondolom, = Én úgy látom, hogy = (Az én) nézőpontom szerint = Ami engem illet = Szerintem nem Meggyőződés kifejezése I m convinced that I m sure that I m not sure (about it). = Meg vagyok győződve arról, hogy = Biztos vagyok benne, hogy = (Ebben) nem vagyok biztos. Összefoglalás, összegzés In conclusion, = Összefoglalva, As a conclusion, / In conclusion,. = Összefoglalva, To sum up, = Összefoglalva, In short, = Röviden, In brief, = Tömören, In a nutshell, = Dióhéjban, In all, = Összességében, e.g. First of all, I tried to get a taxi but it wasn't that easy as it was rush hour. Secondly, I stuffed the last pieces of my clothing into the suitcase. Previously I also ironed them so that I wouldn't need to get the laundry service in the hotel. Then I checked the weather forecast just to make sure I had packed the right clothes. A bit later I realized that I was running out of time. I got into the taxi at 9 and my flight was at Finally, I missed my flight. Először is megpróbáltam taxit rendelni, de ez nem is volt olyan könnyű, mert csúcsforgalom volt. Utána bepréseltem az utolsó ruhadarabokat a bőröndbe. Előzőleg ki is vasaltam őket, hogy ne kelljen a szállodában igénybe venni ezt a szolgáltatást. Aztán megnéztem az időjárásjelentést, csak hogy biztos legyen, hogy a megfelelő ruhákat csomagoltam be. Egy kicsit később pedig rájöttem, hogy már nagyon megfogyatkozott az időm. 9-kor szálltam be a taxiba és 9.50-kor indult a repülőm. Végül lekéstem a járatot.

6 Társalgás kezdeményezése TÁRSALGÁSI SZÓFORDULATOK Excuse me. Can I tell /ask you something? Can I talk to you for a moment? Can I have a word with you? = Elnézést.; Bocsásson meg. = Mondhatok neked / Kérdezhetek tőled valamit? = Beszélhetnék veled egy pillanatra? = Válthatnék veled egy szót? Probléma megnevezése I ll tell you what. The question is... The trouble is... = Megmondom, miről van szó. = A kérdés az, hogy = Az a baj, hogy Információkérés Can/Could you tell me how I can? = Meg tudná(d) mondani, hogyan hatok? I d like to know, please. = Azt szeretném tudni, hogy Do you know? = Tudja, hogy? Szívességkérés Can/Could/Will you? Would/Do you mind ing? Would you be so kind as to? = nál? = Megtennéd, hogy? = Lenne olyan kedves ni? Beleegyezés szívességtételbe OK. All right. Yes. Sure. Certainly. = Rendben. ; Jó. = Jó. = Igen, persze. = Természetesen. Szívességtétel visszautasítása Sorry, but I m afraid I can t = Bocsánat, de = Attól tartok, nem tudok ni. Engedélykérés Can/Could I? Do/Would you mind if I? Do you mind my ing? = nék? = Nem bánod, ha? = Nem baj, ha? Engedélyadás Yes, sure. All right. = Persze. = Jó.

7 Yes. Of course. No problem. = Igen, persze. = Nem probléma. Tiltás Sorry but you can t. I m afraid that s not possible. I d rather you didn t. = Sajnálom, de nem teheted. = Attól tartok, ez nem lehetséges. = Jobban szeretném, ha nem tennéd. Tanácskérés What do you think I should do? Do you think I should? Shall I? = Szerinted mit tegyek? = Szerinted zak? = zak? Tanácsadás I think you should... If I were you I d Why don t you You could... = Szerintem -nod kéne. = A helyedben nék. = Mi lenne, ha nál? = -hatnál. Valaki véleményének kikérése What do you think of/about? = Mit gondolsz ról? Have you considered? = Gondoltál már arra, hogy? What s your opinion / view about? = Mi a véleményed ról? Do you agree that? = Egyetértesz azzal, hogy? Szóbeli véleménynyilvánítás I think In my opinion To my mind, As I see it I don t really know (if) = Szerintem = Véleményem szerint = Szerintem = Ahogy én látom, = Nem igazán tudom, hogy -e. Egyetértés valaki véleményével I agree (with you). I completely agree. That s exactly what I think. I can go along with that. True. That s right. Absolutely. Exactly. = Egyetértek (veled). = Tökéletesen egyetértek. = Én is pontosan így gondolom. = Ezt el tudom fogadni. = Igaz. = Így van. = Tökéletesen. = Pontosan.

8 Ellenvélemény I m afraid, I can t agree (with you/ with it). = Attól tartok, nem tudok egyetérteni (veled / ezzel). I m afraid, I disagree (with you). = Attól tartok, nem értek egyet (veled / ezzel). I m not sure about that. = Ebben nem vagyok biztos. I m not sure that s true / right. = Nem vagyok biztos, hogy ez igaz. I see your point, but... = Értem az álláspontodat, de... I see what you mean, but... = Értem, mit gondolsz, de... You must be joking! = Bizonyára viccelsz! True. = Igaz. That s right. = Így van. Absolutely. = Tökéletesen. Exactly. = Pontosan. Pontosítás, magyarázat kérése Pardon? = Hogy mondtad? Sorry? = Tessék? Sorry, I didn t quite catch that. = Bocsánat, ezt nem nagyon értettem. Do you mean? = Úgy érted, hogy? What do you mean? = Hogy érted ezt? Does this mean? = Ez azt jeleni, hogy? Can/Could you say it/that again? = Elmondanád újra? Can/Could you repeat it, please? = Megismételnéd, kérlek? Témaváltás That reminds me of... Talking of (holidays),... Let s change the topic. = Erről az jut eszembe, hogy Ez arra emlékeztet, hogy = A ról (ünnepekről) beszélve = Váltsunk témát. Valaminek a beismerése To tell the truth, Actually, As a matter of fact, In fact, = Az igazat megvallva = Valójában Tulajdonképpen = Ami a tényeket illeti, = Valójában, Ténylegesen Időhúzás Well, = Nos, Let me see, = Lássuk csak.. Well, let me think, = Hadd gondolkozzam Let me think about that for a moment. = Hadd gondolkozzam erről egy pillanatra. I ll have to think about it. = Erről még gondolkodnom kell. How shall I put it? = Hogy is mondjam? What s the word for it? = Mi erre a megfelelő szó?

9 Invitálás, javaslat Would you like to? Do you fancy ing? Why don t we Let s How about ing? = Szeretnél ni? = Van kedved ni? = Mi lenne ha nánk? = unk. = Mit szólsz ahhoz, hogy? Invitálás, javaslat elfogadása Good/Great idea. Okay. Why not? = Jó/Nagyszerű ötlet! = Jó. = Miért ne? Invitálás, javaslat visszautasítása Sorry but I can t. I m afraid I can t. That s a good idea but I d love to but I d rather = Sajnos nem tudok. = Attól tartok, nem tudok. = Jó ötlet, de = Nagyon szeretnék, de = Én inkább nék. Köszönetnyilvánítás Thank you (very much). Thanks (a lot). It s very kind of you. I m really grateful to you. = (Nagyon szépen) Köszönöm. = Kösz (szépen). = Ez nagyon kedves tőled. = Igazán hálás vagyok neked. Reagálás köszönetnyilvánításra Not at all. You re welcome. Don t mention it. That s OK. It s a pleasure. My pleasure. = Nincs mit.; Nem tesz semmit. = Nincs mit. = Említésre sem érdemes. = Rendben. = Részemről az öröm. = Részemről az öröm.

10 1) Poor old Richard is hard of hearing. He always has to ask for repetition. Complete what he says with the words given in the list. couldn t hear sorry couldn t did you say Pardon I m I hear you. me. I m sorry. What? Sorry. I the last part. 2) Bob is not too good at languages. He always has to ask for clarification. Unjumble his sentences. you / sorry, / slower / can / I m / speak? not / understand / I / sure / I m / you what / you / I / said / understand/ couldn t say / again / you / that / can? couldn't / were / catch / said / I / saying / you / what I / you / didn t / said / understand/ completely / what

11 3) Join the sentences with suitable conjunctions. e.g. Pete has a car. Pete has a scooter. Pete has a car and a scooter. 1. Daniel did not go to school. He is ill. 2. The man is old. The man is healthy. 3. Miss Brown fell down. Miss Brown is not hurt. 4. Bob likes playing cricket. Bob likes playing football. 5. Susie is wearing a pink shirt. Susie is wearing a black blouse. 6. The king is angry. Somebody has stolen his glasses. 7. Paul is eating. He is hungry. 8. Will you come home today? Will you come home tomorrow 9. Mrs. Chapman is crying. Mrs. Chapman lost her keys. 10. Two storks lived near the river. A tortoise lived near the river. 11. The storks could fly. The tortoise could not fly. 12. Is this true? Is this false? 13. Uncle Peng has a fishing rod. Uncle Peng has a gun. 14. I will wait for you. You must not be late. 4) Fill in the blanks with suitable conjunctions. 1. Mrs. Crash will bake a cake cookies. 2. Paula Teddy will go to the theatre. 3. Uncle Sam will not go out today he is busy. 4. You can have a bat a hockey stick. 5. Mrs. Right rushed to the bus-stop the bus had already left. 6. Miss Ashwood stood first she worked hard. 7. Laurence will go to the station by bus by car. 8. Aunt Lizzy bought a new chair a table. 9. Peter is angry somebody stole his new fishing net. 10. Barbara ran fast could not win the race. 11. he was late, he went by taxi. 12. Harry went to the doctor he was ill. 13. Jonathan has a scooter a car. 14. Daisy will wear a yellow dress a pink dress. 15. Helga fell down was not hurt. 16. it was a holiday, Frank got up late. 17. Jill Kate are good friends. 18. Terry cried she lost her pen. 19. Mr. Grape Mrs. Williams will be the chief guest. 20. Birds fly they have wings.

12 5) Fill in the blanks with suitable compound conjunctions from the given list. provided that, as well as, as if, so that, as soon as, on condition that, even if, as though 1. Alex gave the poor man a blanket he would be warm. 2. You may go to play you study for an hour. 3. Steve gets hurt, he will not cry. 4. Uncle George Mrs. Cow are ill. 5. he heard that he had won, Dan jumped with joy. 6. She looks she is very sick. 7. He looked at me I had done it. 8. I will come on I can leave early. 6) Fill in the blanks with suitable correlating conjunctions. You can use the following correlating conjunctions: either-or; neither-nor; both-and; though-yet; not only-but also; whether-or 1. Victoria Rose go to the same school. 2. was he late he had not done his work. 3. come on time do not come at all. 4. he was not well, he came to work. 5. you want to come not depends on you. 6. Pamela Rita came to the party. 7. Susan is good in studies in dancing. 8. you wear woolen clothes cotton clothes depends on the weather. 9. You may wear your blue dress red dress to the party. 7) Write sentences using either(...or), neither(...nor), both(...and), not only...but also 1. Help yourself! There's coffee, but there's tea too. (You can have...). 2. Stan is stupid. Oliver is unpleasant. (I like...). 3. She plays the violin. She also plays the cello. (...not only...but also...). 4. My brother is fond of chess. So am I. (My brother and I...). 5. I study Russian. I also study Chinese. (...not only...but...). 6. Alice is clever. She is attractive too. (both...). 7. Mary was away and so was Andrew. (Neither... / at home). 8. He likes French films and he understands them! (...not only... but...)! 9. It's a pity! I don't dance. I don't sing. (...neither). 10. She sings very well and she dances wonderfully. (...not only...but she...). 11. You can have fish, but there's meat too. (You can...either...). 12. My parents aren't overgenerous. They aren't mean either. (...neither).

13 8) Use till / until / as far as / up to. 1. Could you drive me the post-office please? 2. John cried he felt asleep. 3. He was covered with mud his neck. 4. I take the dog for a walk the bridge. 5. This cottage may cost 800 a week if you want to spend your holidays there. 6. We wanted to go the church but Marie was too tired. 7. My brother lived with us last July. 8. The policemen found 75 weapons in his garage. 9. This premature baby must stay in the hospital he grows up. 10. His house is surrounded by fields the eye can see. 9) Transform the sentences using the contrasting conjunctions given at the end of the sentencees. 1. I don t like horror films, but I went to the cinema anyway. (Although) 2. She kept trying even though she was aware she wouldn t win. (In spite of) 3. Despite having a terrible headache, my mom finished marking the students papers. (Although) 4. Anna has caught a cold; however, she didn t say anything to her mom. (Despite) 5. In spite of the heat, I took my raincoat. (Although) 6. Although some students agree with the law, others disagree. (While/ Whereas) 7. Despite her poor English, she was determined to go to Scotland alone. (Although) 8. I tried to persuade her not to go but I didn t succeed. (In spite of) 9. She wasn t feeling very well. However, she insisted on going to school. (In spite of) 10. We arrived late, so we missed the beginning of the film. (if) 11. He went to the production department to see for himself what the problem was. (so that 12. Greenpeace didn t their monthly newsletter to their subscribers since there was a breakdown in communications. (due to) 13. Rachel hasn t eaten any chocolate and ice-cream because she is on a diet. (because of) 10) Choose the correct conjunction. The following conjunctions can be used: 1. we left late, we got there in time. a. Although b. In spite of 2. It was a great evening the terrible food. a. although b. in spite of 3. They had a good holiday they had little money. a. whereas b. although 4. I love the sea most of my friends prefer the mountains. a. despite b. whereas 5. We told Jim the car was too expensive. he still bought it. a. although b. however

14 6. It is very busy during the week. At the weekend,, it s very quiet. a. whereas b. however 7. My cousin owns the factory opposite. He runs the restaurant next door. a. however b. also 11) Fill in the blanks with suitable subordinating conjunctions. 1. You may watch television you finish your studies. 2. I will be late, I will call you. 3. I found the clock I searched hard. 4. I am hungry, I will eat first. 5. We do not know he has not come. 6. Do not talk you are eating. 7. He has not come to work he is ill. 8. Ask the way you proceed further. 9. I will not carry the raincoat it is raining. 10. Come and meet me two years. 12) Choose the right answer 1. Betty looks something is wrong. A- only if B- even if C- as if D- so that 2. The people danced the music played. A- like B- as C- unless D- in case 3. David goes swimming his illness. A even if B- in spite of C- though D- whereas 4. I looked, I found fingerprints. A- until B- whereas C- because D- wherever 5. This region is called land of apple it yields a lot of apples. A- because B- although C- until D- only if 6. ploughing the field, the farmer uncovered a dinosaur bone. A- as though B- while C- until D- since 7. Lucy can t attend the meeting she finds a baby-sitter. A- unless B- even if C- only if D- if 8. the fire started blazing, the skewers were tilted toward the flames. A- so that B- as if C- such as D- as soon as 9. pandas mostly eat bamboo, they are also carnivorous. A- not only B- until C- although D- as soon as 10. Seat belts were introduced traffic fatalities would be reduced. A- as if B- then C- so that D- only if 11. his parents disapprove, he said he won t go to university. A- even though B- until C- as if D- despite 12. running, grizzly bears are capable of attaining a speed of 35 miles an hour. A- so that B- when they are C- so D- though

15 13) Match the sentence halves. 1. so she couldn t go to the job interview. 2. because I was completely scared. 3. so I put on a jumper. 4. and all I had to do was preparing the meal. 5. because I missed you so much. 6. but she couldn t sleep, at all. 7. but I didn t stop watching the film. a. I felt cold - 3 b. I was afraid c. Susan slept over d. My husband bought everything in the shops e. Gina felt really tired in the evening f. I put a blanket over my head g. I felt so sad 14) Complete the story with the expressions from the box and put the paragraphs in the correct order. suddenly then when first at last one day 1. Harry s friends saw them, they didn t want to let them in. But they were too strong. 2. they left with the beer and sandwiches. None of the girls joined them but Harry was so afraid that he decided he would never have a party at home again. 3. Harry invited many friends. The party started at seven o clock., everything went well, but 4. They came in by force. they were shouting at the boys and tried to take the girls to another party. 5. Harry decided to have a party. His parents went abroad so the house was empty. And he didn t have to tell it to his parents. 1 6., a group of strangers appeared. 15) Choose the correct word for each sentence - each is only used once. moreover on the other hand at least however besides firstly whereas then actually though 1. I had a terrible day at work and lost my umbrella too. I spoke to that nice guy who works in the coffee shop at last! 2. Television turns people into lazy couch potatoes., there are some educational programmes on. 3., I would like to welcome you all to the conference today. 4. the film was a little boring, we still had a nice evening out. 5. I've always known Caroline as a mean person., she lent me $10 yesterday without me having to ask twice! 6. I got up at 9 o'clock yesterday and had a cold shower., I had breakfast and left for work. 7. My brother works in a large office I work on my own at home.

16 8. Why do you think I don't want to go out tonight., I would be delighted to get out of the house. 9. You should go to university as it gives you a chance to meet so many new people., it gives you the chance to get important qualifications and get a better job. 10. I don't want to go to the football game. Football bores me and I don't want to pay $40 for a ticket., look at the weather! All that rain! 16) Complete the sentences with the linking words listed below. Naturally, you will have to use some of them more than once. in addition yet consequently however therefore nevertheless also 1. It s a great city,, restaurants are terribly expensive. 2. It s a great city,, it has perfect public transport. 3. She s very pretty, she is good-natured. 4. She s very pretty,, she is not very talented. 5. She s very pretty, she has no trouble finding handsome boyfriends. 6. She went to Brazil,, she visited Peru. 7. She went to Brazil, she didn t like it very much. 8. She went to Brazil, she lost contact with his family. 9. Complaints have increased over the past months, we start the new year with reconsidering the quality of our goods. 10. Complaints have increased over the past months, we won t reconsider the quality of our goods. 11. Complaints have decreased over the past months,, we have increased the number of satisfied customers. 12. The number of dolphins has multiplied over the last ten years, there is no reason for increased protection. 13. The number of dolphins has multiplied over the last ten years,,they are living longer and in better health. 14. The number of dolphins has multiplied over the last ten years, there are good reasons for continuing their protection. 15. In the developing world salaries are low,, goods cannot always be produced more cheaply. 17) Circle the appropriate connector in each sentence. 1. I enjoy going to the beach. Moreover / However, I never go between and The kids didn t study, because / so they failed the course. 3. In spite of / although we live in the same building, we hardly see each other. 4. Due to / because his interest in comets, Richard has decided to study astronomy. 5. When she was 5, her parents moved to Glasgow because of / as her father s job. 6. Julia has been complaining of backaches since / when she fell down on her way home. 7. She usually looks after her grandchildren while / as soon as her daughter goes shopping. 8. Before / as the staff listened to the manager s speech, they began to realise what the company was planning. 9. It s getting late. You must go now. Otherwise / As a result your parents will be angry. 10. The weather was terrible. Besides / Therefore, we decided to stay at home.

17 18) Read the following text and choose the correct linking word. The history of pasta (Regardless of / As for) what you may think and (apart from / contrary to) popular belief, pasta is not an Italian invention, (however / but) a Chinese one. (To be more specific / In addition to this), legend has it that Marco Polo, the explorer, learnt the recipe for pasta from the Chinese (and / or) brought it to Italy. (Under these circumstances / To begin with), finely ground durum wheat is mixed with water. (As a result / For this reason), a doughy mixture is formed which is (then / secondly) rolled, moulded or squeezed out into more than a hundred different shapes (like / likewise) tubes, shells and so on. (Apart from / As to) different shapes, we find pasta in different colours, (as well as / too). This occurs when the dough is mixed with different foods. (Such as / For example), spinach turns pasta green, tomato is added and (so / as) pasta becomes pink and (otherwise / likewise) egg yolk produces yellow noodles. Pasta is the most important food in Italy. (In fact / In short), it is served (as / like) a starter to any meal. It is (not only / both) popular in Italy (but / and) also in other countries, where it is served with different sauces. (Concerning / Regarding) the sauces, there are so many that even the most fussy eaters are sure to find something they like. 19) Translate the following sentences. 1. Mint tudjuk, a britek szeretnek teázni. 2. Mint már említettem, a férjem tűzoltó. 3. A legutóbbi adatok szerint egyre kevesebb ember dohányzik. 4. Mint Shakespeare mondja, Lenni vagy nem lenni? Az itt a kérdés. 5. Kezdésként szeretnék elmondani egy viccet. 6. Egyrészt sok ember szeretne egészségesen élni, másrészt sokan dohányoznak. 7. Először is, köszönöm a támogatásukat. (sympathy) 8. Először, a tanárok többsége szigorú. Másodszor, általában igazságosak. 9. Nagyon fájt a fejem, és rosszul éreztem magam. Emellett lázam is volt. 10. Sok fiatal udvariatlan, sőt mi több, egymást is bántják. 11. Az is igaz, hogy a felnőttek nem mutatnak jó példát nekik. 12. Tudom, hogy nem szerettek iskolába járni. Azonban nagyon fontos, hogy tanuljatok. 13. Joe nagyon messze lakott, de még akkor is el akartam menni hozzá. 14. Bár nem éreztem jól magam, elmentem a buliba. 15. Ellentétben a véleményeddel, szerintem ez a terv nem jó. 16. Véleményem szerint egy tanárnak igazságosnak kell lennie. 17. Meg vagyok győződve arról, hogy a stressz többet árt, mint a dohányzás. 18. Én személy szerint úgy gondolom, hogy a csalóknak börtönben kellene lenniük. 19. Én úgy látom, a kutyák nem akarják bántani a macskákat, csak játszani akarnak velük. 20. Nézőpontom szerint ez a terv nevetséges. 21. Ami engem illet, nem hiszem, hogy a sör jobb, mint az ásványvíz. 22. A tanároknak kevés a fizetése, így muszáj magántanítványokat is tanítaniuk.

18 23. Andy tegnap egész nap fagyit evett, megállás nélkül. Ennek eredménye képpen, ma fáj a torka és hányingere van. 24. Túl fiatal vagy ehhez. Másképp fogalmazva, még nem ismered, hogyan kell vezetni egy autót. 25. Van elég munkatapasztalata és képességei? Más szavakkal, meg tudja csinálni ezt a munkát? 26. A válasz, dióhéjban, nem. 27. Röviden, el kell döntenünk, hogy folytatjuk a pénz költését, vagy takarékoskodunk. 28. Összegzésül, Helen megígérte, hogy elkészíti a terveket, és Bernard fogja elküldeni a gyártónak.

19 KEY 3) Answers : 1.because/2.then/ 3.4.however/5.therefore/6.and/7.Indeed/8.for this reason/9.firstly/10.as a result/11.such as/12.thus/13.for example/14.but/15.first/second/16.due to the fact that