Guidebook. for the preparation of the Water Quality Improvement Program of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina

Átírás

1

2 Guidebook for the preparation of the Water Quality Improvement Program of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina

3 Authors / Autori / Szerzők: Nagyistók Ferenc Dr. Balogh Imre Király Zoltán Nada Lazić Valentina Arambašić Lajoš Seke Zoran Popović Slavko Kulačin Translators / Prevodioci / Fordítók: Szekeres Ildikó Vendel Aranka Nagy Georgina Published by / Izdao / Kiadja: DKMT Kht Szeged, Victor Hugo u. 1. HU Typographic design: Dizajn i štamparski poslovi: Design és nyomdai munkálatok: Innovariant Nyomdaipari Kft. Szeged, Textilgyári út 3. Szeged, 2006

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Introduction Assessment of conditions Water production and water consumption Ground water resources Local ground water resources Regional ground water resources Water quality in general Water quality by regions Distribution Organisational and technical problems Necessary preliminary studies Assessment of conditions Ownership Assessment of the present operation condition Financing of the waterworks Assessment of the technical conditions of waterworks Defining the conditions for the cleaning of water distributing systems The hydraulic review of the water distributing system Replacement of pipes containing outdated or old materials Decreasing the possibilities of secondary water pollution through the replacement of pipeline Content related requirements of the assessment of condition Procedures used in water purification so far Study on the possibilities of obtaining water Detailed definition of the task to be carried out Compiling the database Preparation of a hydrogeological advisory opinion Recording the condition of wells Examining the possibilities of putting more favourable quality local supplies into operation Examining the possibilities for establishing a new area ground water resources Increasing the capacity of the operating area ground water resources Recommendation for drilling researches Basic planning data for the preparation of the Water quality improving program Organisational background, foundational decisions Conceptual decision of public utility owners (declaration of intent) for the preparation of the program Establishing the joint organisation of owners participating in the program Creating the financial grounds for the preparation of the program Assigning the organisation (in charge) co-ordinating the preparation of the program Strategic elaboration of the program Management organisation Human resource demands Direct workforce Partnership (networks) Equipment demand Quality assurance

5 5.4. Organisational structure Fundamental documents of the program Conceptual permit level project documentation with several versions Using previous studies, review of their up-to-datedness General planning aspects Basic data for planning Water demands Public administration and regional borders Technical systems, technological versions Requirements postulated regarding materials, equipment and technologies Responsibility of the planner Content and format related requirements of conceptual permit plans Detailed requirements Settlement waterworks, planning of local water management Ground water resources Water producing plant Water distribution system Establishment of new area systems Extension of existing area and regional systems Development of ground water resources Water producing plants, water management technology Existing and planned long-distance pipelines, connection to the area system Phases of the planning activity Content related requirements Feasibility studies Planning task Content related requirements Studies on environmental impacts Non technical summaries of environmental impacts Operation structure and policy on fees Condition of the operation of the public water utility Analysis of issues caused by the planned development, examination of possible solutions Survey of the co-operation possibilities of different operators Policy on fees Communication Characteristic features of local government communication R&D programs implemented in Hungary in the South Great Plain Region Arsenic removal experiments at BÁCSVÍZ RT Presentation of experiments and results Equipment of the company Hungerford & Terry Equipment of company ADI International Equipment of company Sever Trent Services Equipment of company Kinetico Summary Arsenic removal experiments at Makó Area Public Water Utility Ltd The removal of the arsenic content of drinking water with an integrated membrane technology Innovative Dutch arsenic removal technology Procedure for issuing licences necessary for building water supply establishments and the competent authorities

6 SADRŽAJ Uvod Uvod Analiza stanja Proizvodnja i potrošnja vode Izvorišta Izvorišta lokalnog karaktera Regionalna izvorišta Kvalitet vode opšte Prikaz kvaliteta po regionima Distribucija Organizacioni i tehnički problemi Potrebne preliminarne studije Procena stanja Svojinski odnosi Procena sadašnjeg stanja u vezi sa radom Finansiranje javnih vodovoda Procena tehničkog stanja javnog vodovoda Utvrđivanje uslova za čišćenje mreže za distribuciju vode Kontrola mreže za distribuciju vode u pogledu propustljivosti Zamena zastarelih cevovoda ili izgrađenih od prevaziđenog materijala Smanjenje mogućnosti za sekundarno zagađenje putem zamene cevovoda Zahtevi u vezi sa procenom stanja Postupci do sada primenjivani u procesu prečišćavanja vode Studija o mogućnostima nabavke vode Detaljno utvrđivanje predstojećih zadataka Formiranje baze podataka Izrada hidrogeološkog stručnog mišljenja Utvrđivanje stanja bunara Analiza mogućnosti proizvodnje vode korišćenjem lokalnih vodenih resursa sa optimalnijim kvalitetom Ispitivanje mogućnosti izgradnje novog regionalnog izvorišta Povećanje kapaciteta aktivnog regionalnog izvorišta Predlozi za istraživanja bušenjem Osnovni podaci za planiranje izrade programa za poboljšanje kvaliteta pijaće vode Organizaciona pozadina, osnovne odluke Načelna odluka (izjava o namerama) vlasnika javnog vodovoda u vezi sa pripremom programa Osnivanje zajedničke organizacije vlasnika učesnika u programu Obezbeđivanje finansijskih osnova za pripremu programa Određivanje (odgovornog) organa koordinatora za pripremu programa Izrada programske strategije Menadžerska organizacija Potrebni ljudski resursi Direktna radna snaga Partnerstvo (mreže) Potrebna sredstva Obezbeđivanje kvaliteta Struktura Osnovni dokumenti za izradu programa

7 6.1. Planska dokumentacija idejne dozvole u više varijanti Korišćenje ranijih studija, preispitivanje njihove aktuelnosti Opšti aspekti planiranja Osnovni podaci u vezi sa planiranjem Potrebe za vodom Administrativne i regionalne granice Tehnički sistemi, tehnološka rešenja Zahtevi u vezi sa materijalom, opremom i tehnologijama Odgovornost projektanta Zahtevi u vezi sa sadržajem i formom principijelnih planova za dobijanje idejne dozvole Detaljni zahtevi Javni vodovodi naselja, planiranje lokalnog tretiranja vode Izvorište Fabrika za proizvodnju i preradu vode Sistem za distribuciju vode Formiranje novih regionalnih sistema Proširenje postojećih teritorijalnih i regionalnih sistema Razvoj izvorišta Fabrika za proizvodnju i preradu vode, tehnologije za preradu vode Postojeći i planirani cevovodi, priključivanje na regionalni sistem Faze planiranja Zahtevi u vezi sa sadržajem Studije izvodljivosti Planski zadaci Zahtevi u vezi sa sadržajem Studije o uticaju na životnu sredinu Rezime uticaja na životnu sredinu koji nisu tehničkog karaktera (non technical summary) Struktura rada i politika cena Situacija u vezi sa radom javnog vodovodnog sistema Analiza problema nastalih u planiranju razvoja, razmatranje mogućnosti za rešavanje Razmatranje mogućnosti saradnje između raznih uprava vodovoda Politika cena Komunikacija Specifičnosti komunikacije samouprava Programi istraživanja i razvoja realizovani u regiji Južni Alfeld Eksperimenti za eliminaciju arsena kod A.d. BACSVIZ Eksperimenti i rezultati Uređaji Firme Hungeford & Terry: Uređaj Firme ADI International Uređaj firme Sever Trent Uređaj firme Kinetico Rezime Eksperimenti za eliminisanje arsena kod D.o.o. komunalnog vodovoda Područja Mako Eliminisanje sadržaja arsena iz pijaće vode tehnologijom integrisane membrane Inovativna holandska tehnologija za eliminisanje arsena Nadležnost i postupak izdavanja potrebnih dozvola za izgradnju objekata vodosnabdevanja

8 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK Előszó Bevezetés Helyzetelemzés Víztermelés és vízfogyasztás Vízbázisok Helyi jellegű vízbázisok Regionális vízbázisok Vízminőség általában véve Vízminőség régiónként Elosztás Szervezési és technikai problémák Szükséges előtanulmányok Állapot felmérés Tulajdonviszonyok A jelenlegi üzemeltetési helyzet felmérése A vízművek finanszírozása A vízművek műszaki állapotának felmérése A vízelosztó hálózatok tisztíthatósági feltételeinek meghatározása A vízelosztó hálózat hidraulikai felülvizsgálata Elavult, vagy korszerűtlen anyagú vezetékek cseréje A másodlagos vízszennyezés lehetőségeinek csökkentése vezetékcserével Az állapotfelmérés tartalmi követelményei A víztisztításban eddig alkalmazott eljárások Vízbeszerzési lehetőségek tanulmánya Az elvégzendő feladat részletes meghatározása Az adatbázis összeállítása Hidrogeológiai szakvélemény készítése A kutak állapotának rögzítése Kedvezőbb minőségű helyi készletek termelésbe állítási lehetőségének vizsgálata Új térségi vízbázis kialakítási lehetőségeinek vizsgálata Az üzemelő térségi vízbázis kapacitásának növelése Javaslat fúrásos kutatásokra Tervezési alapadatok az Ivóvízminőség-javító Program előkészítéséhez Szervezeti háttér, megalapozó döntések A közmű tulajdonosok elvi döntése (szándéknyilatkozat) a program előkészítésére A Programban résztvevő tulajdonosok közös szervezetének megalapítása A Program előkészítés financiális alapjainak megteremtése A Program előkészítését koordináló, (felelős) szervezet kijelölése Program Stratégia kidolgozása Menedzsment szervezet Humán erőforrás szükséglet Közvetlen munkaerő Partnerség (hálózatok) Eszközigény Minőségbiztosítás Szervezeti felépítés A Program megalapozó dokumentumai Többváltozatú elvi engedélyezési szintű tervdokumentáció

9 A korábbi tanulmányok felhasználása, korszerűségi felülvizsgálata Általános tervezési szempontok Tervezési alapadatok Vízigények Közigazgatási és régiós határok Műszaki rendszerek, technológiai változatok Anyagokkal, berendezésekkel és technológiákkal szemben támasztott követelmények Tervezői felelősség Elvi engedélyezési tervek tartalmi és formai követelményei Részletes követelmények Települési vízművek, helyi vízkezelés tervezése Vízbázis Víztermelő telep Vízelosztó rendszer Új térségi rendszerek kialakítása Meglévő térségi rendszerek bővítése Vízbázis fejlesztés Víztermelő telepek, vízkezelési technológia Meglévő és tervezett távvezetékek, csatlakozás a térségi rendszerre A tervezési munka fázisai Tartalmi követelmények Megvalósíthatósági tanulmányok Tervezési feladat Tartalmi követelmények Környezeti hatástanulmányok Környezeti hatások nem műszaki összefoglalói (non technical summary) Üzemeltetési struktúra és díjpolitika A vízi-közmű üzemeltetés helyzete A tervezett fejlesztés által előidézendő kérdések elemzése, a megoldási lehetőségek vizsgálata A különböző üzemeltetők együttműködési lehetőségeinek vizsgálata Díjpolitika Kommunikáció Az önkormányzati kommunikáció sajátosságai Magyarországon a Dél-Alföldi Régióban megvalósított K+F programok Arzénmentesítési kísérletek a BÁCSVÍZ RT.-nél A kísérletek és az eredmények ismertetése Hungerford & Terry cég berendezése: ADI International cég berendezése Sever Trent Services cég berendezése Kinetico cég berendezése Összefoglalás Arzénmentesítési kísérletek a Makó-Térségi Víziközmű Kft.-nél Az ivóvíz arzéntartalmának eltávolítása integrált membrántechnológiával Innovatív holland arzénmentesítési technológia A vízellátási létesítmények kiépítéséhez szükséges engedélyek kiadásának eljárása és az illetékes szervek

10 FOREWORD The Danube-Kris-Mures-Tisa (DKMT) Euroregion embraces the large south eastern area of the Carpathian Basin situated in the centre of South East Europe. The extension of the regional co-operation, integrating the area of the South Great Plain Region of Hungary (Bács-Kiskun, Békés and Csongrád County), the Western Region of Romania (Arad, Hunedoara, Caras-Severin and Timis County), and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, exceeds 70 thousand km 2, the population is close to 5.4 million people. Through agriculture, the logistical and touristical endowments, the higher educational and innovational potential of the area it is one of the decisive regions of the uniting Europe, the significance of which is even more emphasised by its strategic role in the stabilisation process of the Balkans. Improvement of the quality of life of people living in the Euroregion was defined as the ultimate objective of co-operation in the development strategy of DKMT accepted in It urges and encourages the joint elaboration of programmes, with the help of which several decades of backlog could be overcome and modern services could be ensured. There are several areas calling for intervention, among others in the field of environmental protection, with special regards to sewage-water neutralisation and ensuring adequate quality drinking water. It is not by accident that DKMT Development Agency PUC, responsible for the implementation of the programs of the DKMT, has elaborated a project connecting to the regional drinking water quality improvement program of the South Great Plain Region started with the help of Hungarian national sources to help and prepare the elaboration and implementation of a drinking water quality improvement program on the territory of the Vojvodina, similar and synchronous to the one in the South Great Plain Region. Clean water, suitable for human consumption, has an ever grater role in our rapidly developing world, on our planet struggling of overpopulation. Drinking water quality as a general notion means the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of drinking water. Adequate quality drinking water must not contain microorganisms or chemicals, the presence of which can harm the health of consumers in anyway, on the other hand, it has to contain chemical materials needed by our organism. Providing healthy drinking water is therefore only seemingly an easy task, in fact, it is a very expensive process requiring high proficiency, implying serious investment demand, even if it is implemented on the basis of a complex program built up consciously and keeping different kinds of regulations. This process due to its nature directly requires the cross-border effect of the program to be taken into consideration, since there are no borders for catchment areas, just as impacts of environmental pollution cannot be stopped at the borders of states. On the territory of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ensuring satisfactory quality drinking water is still unsolved in many places, therefore, with the financial support of the Experimental Small Project Fund of the European Union, the DKMT PUC has organised a series of training programmes and consultations and elaborated a Guidebook with the help of experts, the aim of which is to give professional assistance to Vojvodina for the preparation of implementing the drinking water quality improvement program, to prepare local experts through adapting Hungarian experience to be able to organise their own program. Starting out from the assessment of conditions, the Guidebook elaborated by Hungarian experts that is the present publication presents how a complex drinking water quality improvement program, having regional effects, can be implemented, which are the data, information, documents, tools, human resource, etc, that are indispensable for the implementation of a program like this, and it also presents other projects, experiments implemented successfully and their results as well. The Guidebook contains basic information that enables Vojvodina to prepare the drinking water quality improvement program and to improve the quality of life of the population to a great extent through its implementation. We hope that both training programmes and consultations held regularly during previous months and the Guidebook summarising the most important information, handed over now, will help experts, leaders of the Province and local governments of Vojvodina to prepare their drinking water quality improvement programmes, through the implementation of which it will be possible to ensure healthy drinking water, meeting international standards in every respect on the greatest part of the DKMT Euroregion. Eszter Anna Csókási Managing Director DKMT Puc. 9

11 1. INTRODUCTION 45 townships on the territory of Vojvodina include altogether 465 settlements. According to the unofficial data of the census of 2002 Vojvodina has inhabitants. The number of the population spreads from (Sremski Karlovci) to (Novi Sad) by townships, and from 100 to in settlements and towns. The average size of a township is around inhabitants (without Novi Sad it is approx ), and settlements count close to inhabitants (without Novi Sad it is around 4.000). 10 Figure 1: The number of citizens by townships in the AP of Vojvodina according to the census of 2002 Water supply is ensured by public utility waterworks in 396 of all settlements in Vojvodina (waterworks belong to the sphere of authority of the public companies of townships or local communities). Water supply is organised through 339 waterworks, 47% of which belong to the sphere of authority of public companies and 53% of local communities (especially in smaller settlements). The group without water mains, including 69 settlements, is mainly constituted by smaller settlements counting inhabitants. Every larger settlement, having more than inhabitants, possesses a built up public utility waterworks. 96% of the population of Vojvodina lives in settlements provided with water mains ( ). Although not every household is connected to the water mains system, in this way altogether 91% of the population ( ) receives water through public utility waterworks. The remaining part of the population obtains water from public wells and their own wells. In Hungary the South Great Plain Region with its territory of km 2 is the greatest territorial unit of the country. The number of the population living here is according to the census of The region is composed of 3 smaller administrative units: Bács-Kiskun County, Csongrád County and Békés County. There are smaller differences in the settlement structure within the region. According to this, the county seats are outstanding from the point of view of the concentration of the population as well, 20% of the inhabitants of the county live here, but in the case of Szeged this concentration is even larger, it is close to 40%. The region is not uniform economically either, the south eastern part is the most disadvantageous. A significant part of the population deals with agriculture, industry is mainly characterised with food and light industrial sectors. The built environment is in close connection with the activities, the residential buildings are mainly low-built, higher buildings are characteristic of larger towns and particularly of county seats. The public utility drinking water supply can be considered resolved in the region, waterworks have been built in every settlement, 99% of the inhabitants are supplied with drinking water through pipelines.

12 The sewage conduit investments on the agenda remedy considerable shortfalls, as a result of which sewage-water conduits will have an appropriate level available around Waterworks were exclusively established based on subsurface water supplies, mainly in the early 1960s, utilising favourable hydrogeological endowments. Local waterworks ensure water supply in the majority of the settlements of the region. Area systems have been built on the territory of Békés County to utilise the alluvial fan artesian water supply of the River Maros and the water of the gravel platform of the Danube in Bács-Kiskun County. In Hungary regulations on the quality requirements of drinking water were in line with the first water quality directive of WHO and the European Union, published in 1980 (80/778 EC directive). In complience with it, significant water quality improving programmes have been implemented on the territory of the South Great Plain Region as well in the mid 1980s, first of all regarding the arsenic content, to ensure the 50µg/l value defined then. The new national drinking water quality rule of law, the Governmental Regulation No. 201/2001.(X.25.), based on the transposition of the latest directive of the European Communities, on the quality of water intended for human consumption 98/83 (XI.25.)EC has created a new situation. In the drinking water supplied by waterworks in the South Great Plain Region, the arsenic content exceeds the strict 10µg/l value to a lesser or greater extent. Apart from this, other chemical components are also objected to (ammonium, boron) in several cases. In the light of this, the preparatory work started in 2001 in the South Great Plain Region, in the course of which local governments, with drinking water problems on their territories, have started the preparation of the Drinking Water Quality Improving Program in order to obtain support from the Cohesion Fund. As a result of the preparatory work the Program has become part of the national Cohesion Fund Framework Strategy. Apart from this, concerned settlements around 220 settlements have won support for the preparation of plans and studies founding the program, which activity is going on at present. The aim of the present study is that experts, working in the South Great Plain Region, should help settlements struggling with similar problems in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, through the transfer of knowledge accumulated in the South Great Plain Region, in order to enable them to prepare the investment necessary on their side. 2. ASSESSMENT OF CONDITIONS 2.1. Water production and water consumption On the territory of Vojvodina water supply is nearly exclusively carried out with the use of subsurface waters in practice and from bank filtration along the Danube (the river basin of the Novi Sad waterworks). There are altogether wells. According to surveys the total consumption of subsurface water is around 6,6 m 3 /s (cca m 3 /day), out of which around 5,5 m 3 /s covers the drinking water supply of the population, the needs of the economy and public need, through waterworks (close to m 3 / day). Figure two presents the average use by townships. 11

13 Figure 2: Average use of the subsurface water by townships in the AP of Vojvodina (l/s) On the territory of Vojvodina an average of around 270 l/capita/day water is brought to the surface and consumers receive around 245 l/capita/day through public utility waterworks. Out of this amount, around 58% is used by households (142 l/capita/day), around 19% (47 l/capita/day) is consumed by business consumers, and the remaining 23% (56 l/capita/day) is a loss (physical, non-registered consumption). These values are far from being divided proportionately by the territories, therefore the ratio between the recorded minimal and maximal values is 1:5. Water consumption in households is very uneven and it varies from 75 l/capita/day to more then 200 l/capita/day. On the basis of data received from certain waterworks we have found that maximal water consumption is 10%, in certain places even 100% larger than the average, to a different extent by settlements, therefore we can state with relative certainty that water consumption exceeds m 3 in peak hours every day. All mentioned values still have to be evaluated as a relatively punctual survey. As measurements carried out in the system are highly defective, and there is often no measuring on river basins and at pumping stations at all, the vast majority of the data is based only on measuring the consumption of consumers and on estimations of water quantity forwarded to the systems, on the basis of the characteristic curves and operation time of pumps. The punctuality of measuring the consumption on the water-meters of consumers is also questionable, in consideration of the fact that the majority of water-meters are defective and their authentication is not regular. According to forecasts, the total water quantity that has to be assured by the end of the project period (year 2030) from any kind of water resource is around 11 m 3 /s on the territory of Vojvodina. The new bank filtration ground water resources of the river Danube, the Sava and the Tisa have to be established to ensure this amount Ground water resources The areas, where new ground water resources can be formed, are limited and first of all, it depends on the hydrogeological characteristics of the area. And on the other hand, other activities have interests in these areas as well. This requires the disclosure of solutions, which enable the production of the greatest possible amount of water on the smallest possible area, and at the same time, waters have to be protected from pollution as well. The next map (Figure 3) presents the hydrogeological characteristics and those areas where the first and main aquifers are situated. 12

14 AREAS OF FIRST AND MAIN AQUIFERS The expansion area of the main aquifer, and the aluvium of semi-permeable layers and the first and main aquifer. The expansion area of the first aquifer, the semi-permeable layers, between the aquifers formed by the first and main anemoclastic sand and the loess. Direct hidraulic connection between between the main and the first aquifer. The expansion area of the first aquifer (sandy-pebbly alluvium). Territory of neogen sediments on the surface of the land. Direct hirdaulic connection between the first aquifer and the main aquifer. Expansion of the first aquifer in the loess. The expansion area of the semi-permeable alluvium between the first and the main quifers Local ground water resources Figure 3: Hydrogeological characteristics of Vojvodina We consider subsurface waters as local ground water resources in Vojvodina, which satisfy local demands in reference to the conditions of utilisation (primarily regarding capacity and the quality of raw water). We emphasize two types of aquifers from the point of view of local demands: a., groundwaters and sub artesian stratum waters expanding to the depth of 60 m and b., sub artesian and artesian stratum waters expanding to the depth of 300 m. It is a basic characteristic of ground and sub artesian waters that they have fresh supply (as a direct effect of rainfall and surface flows). Water producing establishments formed on these water supplies, have larger capacity compared to artesian stratum waters, and the quality of the raw water requires a relatively simple treatment. On the other hand, potential surface polluters endanger these water resources, and therefore they require stronger healthcare protection measures. Artesian stratum waters practically do not have a fresh supply under the conditions prevailing in Vojvodina (or they can be renewed very slowly). And the capacity of these ground water resources is very low. The quality of raw waters originating from the artesian stratum waters is such that it requires a more complex treatment. But the healthcare endangeredness of these water resources is relatively lower compared to ground and sub artesian stratum waters. Unfortunately in certain parts of Vojvodina, as a result of the natural characteristics of both aquifers, arsenic appears in raw water. The appearance of this natural pollution often requires an extra, complementary treatment, during the process of transforming raw water into drinking water. 13

15 Regional ground water resources We do not examine the utilisation possibilities and ground water resources of the surface waters of rivers and lakes here, because subsurface waters have an advantage, primarily because of a larger scale of inertia because of the reliability of the quality of raw water. Ground water resources with regional significance mean ground water resources, the utilisation conditions of which satisfy the needs of the wider region, from the point of view of the quantity and quality of raw water, on the basis of surveys carried out so far. It has been stated, with the analysis of the results of the survey and study activities carried out on the territory of Vojvodina so far, that hydrogeological and hydrodynamical conditions, necessary for the establishment of regional ground water resources, could be found in the following sectors (Figure 4): The riverside section of the Danube: Bezdan Bogojevo sector, The left riverside sector from Novi Sad downstream and Kovin Dubovac sector. The riverside section of the Sava: Jamena Kurjakovac sectors and Jarak Grabovac R = 1: Water resources in the first artesian water. Water resources in the first and basic artesian water. Water resources in the basic artesian water. Water resources in the basic artesian water and the pliocene artesian water. Water resources in the pliocene artesian waters. The potential water resource zones for regional water supply. Figure 4: Water bases of the public utility water supply using groundwater in the AP of Vojvodina 14

16 Riverside sections of the Danube and the Tisa: Knićanin Čenta sector Outside the riverside sections of the rives: Wider district of Potporanj (South East part of Banat) The basic characteristics of explored regional subsurface water resources: - ground and sub artesian stratum waters, - relatively shallow water abstruction (mainly horizontal drains can be installed), - renewable reserves (connection with fresh water and / or rainfall), - the conditions of utilisation are relatively favourable, - favourable possibilities for artificial filtering, - there is relatively small possibility for the quality change of raw water, - the treatment-preparation of water is situated in the same place for the whole region, - the protection of water resources against pollution is larger that in the case of surface waters. The total capacity of the potential regional ground water resources satisfies the needs of the complete territory of Vojvodina but the territorial localisation of these ground water resources is such, that North Eastern consumers are in an unfavourable position (small demand great distance) Water quality in general On the territory of Vojvodina, deep aquifers can be discharged in the greatest part of ground water resources, which are practically protected against pollution originating from the surface of the ground. The danger of the possible pollution of the groundwater is in connection with the contamination possibility, coming from the surface of the land. The possible pollution of the mentioned type is connected to territories, where the discharging of the groundwater takes part from aquifers in direct or indirect (hydraulic) connection with the surface of the land. Such pollution possibility exists in the public utility water supply ground water resources of the following settlements: Bezdan, Bački Monoštor, Bački Breg, Sombor, Kupusina, Apatin, Sonta, Miletić, Bogojevo, Vajsaka, Novi Sad, Titel, Knićanin, Pancevo, Banatski Brestovac, Kovin, Malo Bavanište, Dubovac, and at every ground water resources of the public utility water supply, where abstruction is carried out from the first artesian waterof the groundwater. The abandoned deep wells mean a special threat from the point of view of the possible pollution of groundwaters, which are not properly closed. This happens both on the ground water resources of public utility water supply and the ground water resources owned by economic entities and private individuals, as well. The water, produced in its original state, is not in line with criteria stipulated for drinking water therefore the treatment of the water is necessary. Unfortunately, water treatment does not take place for most of the water mains, except for chlorination, so the water, supplied to consumers, does not satisfy the stipulations of the regulations about healthcare adequacy of the drinking water. In recent years the increase of the arsenic content in subsurface waters is very significant (especially in the Central Banat district and in West and North Bačka), resulting from the geo-chemical characteristics of sediments found in aquifers. On certain territories of Vojvodina the arsenic concentration exceeds the allowed values by times (Figure 5/a). Only one fourth of all the produced subsurface waters are drawn under treatment in drinking water preparing equipments on the territory of Vojvodina. 15

17 As at all of the measurement places < 10 µg/l As at all of the measurement places > 10 µg/l As at individual measurement places > 10 µg/l Figure 5/a: Arsenic concentration of drinking water in populated areas of the AP of Vojvodina The treatment of the water is indispensable on the whole territory of Vojvodina so as to meet stipulations defined by the regulations about the quality of drinking water. Figure 5/b presents the indispensable water treatment demand on the territory of Vojvodina, depending on the characteristics of untreated groundwater. Treatment level I. Treatment level II. Treatment level III. Figure 5/b: Necessity of the treatment of drinking water in the AP of Vojvodina 16

18 Treatment levels mean the following procedures: Treatment level I: aerating, filtering, disinfection Treatment level II: aerating, chemical treatment, filtering, disinfection Treatment level III: aerating, ozoning, activated carbon or reversible osmosis (nanofiltration). On the territory of Vojvodina, the equipment ( water factories ) serving the treatment and preparation of drinking water can be found on the public utility water supply ground water resources of the following settlements: Subotica, Apatin, Sonta, Bezdan, Banatska Palanka, Bačka Topola, Bečej, Beočin, Kovin, Novi Sad, Odžaci, Pancevo, Ruma, Sombor, Mitrovica, Titel and Vrbas. The equipments were mainly planned for the removal of iron, manganese and ammonia from raw water. The equipments serving the purification of groundwater in Subotica is an exception, which apart from the mentioned substances, carry out treatment, aiming at the reduction of arsenic concentration, as well. Generally speaking, these equipments satisfy the function, they were planned for. More than 40% of the population uses water processed in equipment serving the treatment and preparation of drinking water. The disintegration of the public water utilities service, the many small local waterworks does not enable us to seriously handle the question of water quality on a wider scale. It is evident that it is practically impossible to supply so many independent waterworks, water abstruction and water distribution with technology and experts. The solution should probably be found in connecting local water supply systems, first of all organised on the level of townships, and then physically as well, between the certain townships, and also in wider frameworks. It is primarily necessary in cases when the joint use of ground water resources potentials and the building of joint water treating equipment proves to be well founded Water quality by regions North Bačka district On the territory of North Bačka, water supply is carried out exclusively from groundwater produced from deeper sub artesian aquifers. There is a water preparatory equipment in this region, in Subotica. Apart from iron, manganese and ammonia, the water contains arsenic as well, before its treatment in the equipment in question. Even a law concentration of this poisonous substance bears serious healthcare hazard. The long lasting effect of arsenic may cause skin lesions, skin, prostate gland, urinary bladder, lung, kidney or liver cancer even in a small concentration. Using the water containing arsenic for laundering and washing is not detrimental to health. Because of the troublesome results of assessing its effects on health the World Health Organisation (WHO) has tightened the criteria for the maximum allowed concentration of arsenic, and decreased in from 0,05 mg/l to 0,01 mg/l. In conformity with the national regulations the allowed arsenic content of drinking water cannot exceed 0,01 mg/l since On the territory of this region, the physical and chemical inadequacy of water samples reach 100%, this means that one or more parameters exceed the maximum concentration value allowed by the regulation, and microbiological inadequacy goes as high as 16%. The main reasons of microbiological inadequacy: the presence of aerobe mesophillic bacteria and fecal origin coliform bacteria in an increased number. The physical and chemical inadequacy is caused by iron, ammonia and arsenic content. Table 1 presents the actual causers of inadequacy of the drinking water in certain settlements. 17

19 Table 1. Results of examinations regarding the healthcare adequacy of the drinking water in North Bačka Township Water mains of the town of Subotica Water mains belonging to the settlements of Subotica township The town water mains of Bačka Topola The water mains of settlements belonging to Bačka Topola township Total samples Physical and chemical analyses Inadequacy (%) , , ,67 Mali Iđoš 92 96,74 Kanjiža Water mains of the surrounding settlements of Kanjiža 25 6 Reasons of inadequacy muddiness, ammonia, iron, colour, smell, KMnO 4 consumption, residual chlorine, arsenic, manganese ammonia, iron, muddiness, smell, residual chlorine, colour, KMnO 4 consumption muddiness, ammonia, iron, colour, smell, KMnO 4 consumption muddiness, iron, colour, smell, KMnO 4 consumption, ammonia iron, colour, muddiness, ammonia, smell ammonia, KMnO 4 consumption, arsenic, muddiness, chlorine residues, smell ammonia, KMnO 4 consumption, muddiness, iron, chlorine residues, arsenic Microbiological analyses Inadequacy Total samples (%) Reasons of inadequacy aerobe mesophillic bacteria, fecal origin coliform 779 7,19 bacteria, fecal origin Streptococcus, increased number of coliform bacteria aerobe mesophillic bacteria, an increased number 381 6,82 of coliform bacteria, fecal origin coliform bacteria, fecal origin Streptococcus aerobe mesophillic bacteria, an increased number 227 9,25 of coliform bacteria, fecal origin coliform bacteria, fecal origin Streptococcus aerobe mesophillic bacteria, fecal origin coliform ,77 bacteria, an increased number of coliform bacteria, fecal origin Streptococcus fecal origin coliform bacteria, 104 8,65 fecal origin Strepto- coccus, an increased number of coliform bacteria 38 5,26 aerobe mesophillic bacteria 124 9,68 aerobe mesophillic bacteria, fecal origin coliform bacteria, fecal origin Streptococcus In three townships on the territory of North Bačka: in Subotica, Bačka Topola and Mali Iđoš the regular quality control of the drinking water is carried out by the Health Protection Institute of Subotica. West Bačka district The supply of West Bačka settlements (Sombor Apatin Odžaci and Kula townships) is carried out from subsurface waters and from the well situated on the local ground water resources in every settlement. There are 36 settlements in West Bačka and the public utility water supply is organised in every one of them. The water supply is carried out from two aquifers. The depth of boreholes is different the quantity is abundant from a depth of m but it does not cover every demand while from a depth of m the quantity of water gained is smaller than from the previous layer but the quality is better. The basic reasons for the microbiological inadequacy of the water are the presence of an increased number of aerobe mesophillic bacteria and the coli bacteria. From a chemical point of view, the inadequacy is caused by iron, manganese and arsenic. On the territory of Odžaci township the increase of the arsenic content is significant. In this case the arsenic is also of geological origin. In 2002, during the quality control of the water, the arsenic content was even 70 times higher than the values allowed by regulations. 18

20 Then the use of the drinking water was prohibited by a resolution and the water supply of the inhabitants was solved from tanks delivered from Sombor. Activities, aiming at elaborating a professional survey are in progress, regarding the continuous water supply possibility of the inhabitants of Odžaci and the surrounding settlements. The professional survey is carried out in two parts. In the first part, the finishing of the built water factory and the well has to be solved, from which water for processing can be taken. The second part of the professional survey, lasting for a longer time, contains solutions for the other settlements, with extending the capacity of the factory built or through a regional connection with Backa township and the 8 settlements, so that the water factory in Odžaci should also become part of this unit. It can be stated on the basis of the surveys of 2002 that the drinking water is inadequate in the West Bačka region both from microbiological and physical-chemical points of view. The actual reasons for the inadequacy of drinking water in settlements can be seen in Table 2. Table 2. Results of examinations regarding the healthcare adequacy of the drinking water in West Bačka Physical and chemical analyses Microbiological analyses Inadequacy Reasons of inadequacy (%) Township Total samples Inadequacy (%) Reasons of inadequacy Total samples Sombor iron muddiness, KMnO 4 consumption, manganese, arsenic, colour iron KMnO 4 consumption, muddiness, colour, manganese, arsenic muddiness iron KMnO 4 consumption manganese colour KMnO 4 consumption chlorides evaporation residue muddiness, iron, arsenic aerobe mesophillic bacteria colibacteria altogether Kula aerobe mesophillic bacteria colibacteria altogether Apatin aerobe mesophillic bacteria colibacteria altogether Odžaci aerobe mesophillic bacteria colibacteria altogether On the territory of West Bačka the regular control of the drinking water is carried out by the Health Protection Institute of Sombor in four townships of the region that is: in Odžaci Sombor Kula and Apatin. South Bačka district The drinking water can be classified in three categories on the territory of South Bačka: purified water (industrial water) non-purified chlorinated water (water mains in villages) non-purified water (wells). There are drinking water factories in Novi Sad, Banatska Palanka, Bečej. The remaining settlements of the region receive drinking water from the water system, into which water is pumped from the second and third aquifer and it is disinfected with chloric products, without any kind of preparation. A smaller number of settlements of South Bačka obtain drinking water from individual wells (from the second and third aquifer) without purification and disinfection. In the townships of Temerin, Titel, Backi Petrovac and Srbobran arsenic can be found in larger concentration in the samples of untreated drinking water. The regional water supply system of Novi Sad is the largest and most developed one in Vojvodina. More than 12% of the population of Vojvodina is supplied with water from this system. On the alluvial part of the Danube, water is obtained from the artesian watergenerated directly at the riverside (from a depth of 30 m) with the help of horizontal drain pipes, through catchment by wells. The alluvium was produced from sand and pebbles carried by the river through a longer period through which the water of the river is filtered and filled into the wells in a natural way. Following purification (aerating and filtration for the 19

21 purpose of iron, manganese and ammonia removal) and disinfection with chlorine, the water is delivered in a long-distance pipeline to the population of town communities: to Novi Sad, Petrovaradin Sremska Kamenica Bukovac Veternik Futog Rumenka Kać Budisava Kovilj Sremski Karlovci and Kisač. It can be stated that the quality of the drinking water of the Novi Sad regional system is quite good. An increased concentration of arsenic can be found in some of the samples of untreated drinking water, examined upon the request of customers in Backa Palanka and Vrbas. In Bečej the quality of the drinking water is satisfactory from a microbiological point of view while the physical and chemical characteristics are not satisfactory in 60% of the examined samples. The main reasons of inadequacy are the following: ammonia (originating from external pollution) iron arsenic, the consumption of potassium permanganate which is the indicator of organic pollution. The microbiological inadequacy indicates the continuous presence of fecal contamination which bears health risks. The chemical indicators underline these statements. The actual reasons for the inadequacy of drinking water in settlements can be seen in Table 3. Table 3. Results of examinations regarding the healthcare adequacy of the drinking water in South Bačka Township Total samples Physical and chemical analyses Inadequacy (%) Novi Sad Banatska Palanka Vrbas Water mains of the surrounding settlements of Vrbas township Bečej Water mains of the surrounding settlements of Bečej township The local water mains of the settlements of the South Bačka region Reasons of inadequacy manganese, iron, muddiness colour residual chlorine manganese, iron, muddiness colour ammonia arsenic, nitrites muddiness, iron, KMnO 4 consumption ammonia smell, colour iron arsenic, spec. cond. capacity colour, muddiness ammonia iron KMnO 4 consumption spec. cond. capacity arsenic, chlorides smell residual chlorine ammonia iron residual chlorine KMnO 4 consumption arsenic, smell colour, smell, KMnO 4 consumption, spec. cond. capacity ammonia muddiness iron ammonia KMnO 4 consumption iron chlorides nitrites manganese muddiness Microbiological analyses Inadequacy Total samples (%) Reasons of inadequacy aerobe mesophillic bacteria coliform bacteria altogether fecal coliform bacteria aerobe mesophillic bacteria aerobe mesophillic bacteria, fecal origin coliform bacteria fecal origin Streptococcus bacteria aerobe mesophillic bacteria fecal origin coliform bacteria increased number of coliform bacteria Proteus types fecal origin Streptococcus b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa aerobe mesophillic bacteria fecal origin coliform bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa aerobe mesophillic bacteria coliform bacteria fecal origin Streptococcus bacteria aerobe mesophillic bacteria coliform bacteria altogether fecal coliform bacteria and fecal indicators 20