Havaria-like pollutions of karstic drinking water sources Lászl szló LÉNÁRT University of Miskolc, Hungary hgll@uni-miskolc.hu Eszter HAVAS- SZILÁGYI Ministry of Environment and Water, Hungary havasne@mail.kvvm.hu Workshop on the protection of groundwater as a source of drinking water in karst areas Malinska, Island Krk 14-15 15 April 2008
Miskolctapolca
History 1884 first preparation of the Miskolc Waterwork K. Papp 1907 1891 detailed geological investigation 1901-1904 1904 planning on different sites Unknown 1913
History 1909 construction of the Italian well and of the pumping station 1913 starting water supply from Miskolctapolca waterwork 1986-1990 1990 enlargement of Miskolctapolca waterwork: New well
1987-88 88 designation of the drinking water protection area
Continous research Miskolctapolca area Hydraulic modelling A. Csepregi 1994 Tracing tests L. Sásdi 2000
June 2006 drinking water pollution People seeking medical aid due to the disease: nearly 4000 (affected probably a couple of thousands more)
Events in detail
2 June Extreme rainfall in the Bükk Mts. 1 May - 6 June 280 mm 2 June 73 mm superposed on the high water levels of April and May floods in the water courses
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A csapadék mennyisége a Bükkben 2006 Utolsó adat 2006. június 17. csapadék mm-ben 2006.05.03 2006.05.05 2006.05.07 2006.05.09 2006.05.11 2006.05.13 2006.05.15 2006.05.17 2006.05.19 2006.05.21 2006.05.23 2006.05.25 2006.05.27 2006.05.29 2006.05.31 2006.06.02 2006.06.04 2006.06.06 2006.06.08 2006.06.10 2006.06.12 2006.06.14 2006.06.16 Precipitation 2006 Bükk B Mts P. Kovács Miskolc-Felsőhámor Miskolc-Ómassa Nagyvisnyó-Bánkút Jávorkút Répáshuta
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 A csapadék óránkénti összegei 2006. június 2. Jávorkút csapadék (mm) 0-1 h 1-2 h 2-3 h 3-4 h 4-5 h 5-6 h 6-7 h 7-8 h 8-9 h 9-10 h 10-11 h 11-12 h 12-13 h 13-14 h 14-15 h 15-16 h 16-17 h 17-18 h 18-19 h 19-20 h 20-21 h 21-22 h 22-23 h 23-0 h Precipitation 2 June 2006 Jávork J vorkút P. Kovács óránkénti csapadék (mm) összegzett csapadék (mm)
Measurments in St.. István Cave Water level 25 Miskolc, Szt. István-barlang, Pokol Vízszint (2006) 337 20 332 Vízszint [ m ] 15 10 327 322 Vízszint [ mbf ] 5 317 0 06.03.01 06.03.15 06.03.29 06.04.12 06.04.26 06.05.10 06.05.24 06.06.07 06.06.21 06.07.05 312
03 June (Saturday) karst-flood in the Bükk Mts. (first site investigation) Due to turbidity 2 springs are excluded from the supply Miskolctapolca waterwork is temporarily (13 hours) excluded from the supply due to high turbidity (>10 NTU) Warning the public in the radio to boil the water Miskolctapolca waterwork is back to supply for 22 hours
Bükkszentlászló,, Tatárárok rok 03 June 2006
04 June (Sunday, Pentecost) Miskolctapolca waterwork is excluded again first due to turbidity, then to bacterial pollution from the supply for 7 months New well
06 June Sampling for bacteriological analyses 07 June Sampling for water-biological analyses 08 June Positive bacteriological results (fecal contamination starting of substantive measures Meeting of concerned institutions, information for the public, Decision for packed drinking water 09 June Data collection from the karst water monitoring system (Mr. Lenart is one the infected) 12 June The water can be used if boiled Miskolc University is charged by the Waterwork for the detailed investigation
Turbidity in the New well 100 90 80 Napi csapadék, Bánkút [mm] Zavarosság napi minimuma [NTU] Zavarosság napi maximuma [NTU] Kizárási határ zavarosság alapján Nv-17 mértékadó karsztvízszint [ mbf] 547 542 Napi csapadék [mm]; Zavarosság [NTU] 70 60 50 40 30 20 537 532 527 Mértékadó karsztízszint [mbf] 10 0 2006.01.01 2006.02.01 2006.03.01 2006.04.01 2006.05.01 2006.06.01 2006.07.01 522
Bacterial contamination (Enterococcus) Miskolctapolcai Vízmű, bakteriális szennyeződés, Enterococcus, teljes mérési időtartam. 300 24 Csapadék Avas (mm) Nyers víz Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben) Bakteriális terhelés [ db/1 ml; db/100 ml ] 250 200 150 100 Övárok 1. Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben) Övárok 2. Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben) Klórozott víz Enterococcus szám (db/100 ml-ben) 20 16 12 8 Napi csapadék az avasi mérőállomáson [ mm ] 50 4 0 06.07.21 06.08.04 06.08.18 06.09.01 06.09.15 06.09.29 06.10.13 06.10.27 06.11.10 06.11.24 0
Bacterial contamination (Ps. aeruginosa Miskolctapolcai Vízmű, bakteriális szennyeződés, Ps. aeruginosa, összehasonlítható mérési időtartam. 250 20 Csapadék Avas (mm) Nyers víz Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben) Bakteriális terhelés [ db/1 ml; db/100 ml ] 200 150 100 50 Övárok 1. Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben) Övárok 2. Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben) Klórozott víz Ps. aeruginosa szám (db/100 ml-ben) 16 12 8 4 Napi csapadék az avasi mérőállomáson [ mm ] 0 06.08.28 06.09.11 06.09.25 06.10.09 06.10.23 06.11.06 06.11.20 0
16 June Water supply is back to normal, special prescription for 0,3 mg/l active chloride in the end points of the supply system 3 July Draft fact finding report of the municipality Miskolc August Investigation and report in the Ministry of Environment and Water September October Final report of Miskolc Report to Environmental Commission of the Parliament
Summary of the reports Circumstances leading to the pollution: Extreme precipitation high karstwater table The precipitation on the catchment area of the Tapolca springs (76 km2) was cca. 17 million m3 in May and June, 2006. The water abstraction from the Bükk Karst in 2005 was 25,2 million m3. The yield of the Tapolca springs during the flood is estimated of 160-170 000 m3/d. (The maximum yield between 1951-1975 was measured at. 19. March 1966: 109 000 m3/d) The yield measured at 4. May 2006 between the two flood peak was 117 000 m3/d
Pollution sources on the DWPA (drinking water protection area) domestic wastewater - overflow in the treatment plant, probable leakege of the collecting system wastewater not connected to the collecting system rainwater-connecting to the wastewater system animal farms (horses) illegal waste- and wastewater disposals etc
A single pollution source causing the pollution could not been identified
Miskolctapolca
Deficiencies in the operation of the Waterwork Inadequate checking of the DWPA Inadequate monitoring of the supply system Inadequate chlorinisation system Lack of quick tests Etc.
Necessary measures (many) revision of the DWPA according to the new regulation better control of the pollution sources Special protection for caves and sinkholes investments in the waterwork improvement of the operation of the waterwork preparation for havaria events quick bacteriological tests Improvement of the karst monitoring Raising public awareness
Catchments of Miskolctapolca B. Hernádi 2006
Karst monitoring in the Bükk Mts. (January 2007)
Planned new monitoring wells
Conclusions Karst systems are highly vulnerable (no news) Extreme meteorological events are more and more likely due to the climate change For safe drinking water supply pollution sources should be eliminated The drinking water protection area needs continuous control Operation of the waterwork should be of high quality Monitoring of the karst Monitoring of the abstracted water (quick tests) Havaria plans Public awareness
Miskolctapolca thermal cave