Inváziós állatok - Magyarország Alapfogalmak Gyakran egymás szinonimájaként használják NONINDIGENOUS (nem bennszülött) SPECIES: are members of a species that are introduced into an ecosystem outside of their historic native range. NON-NATIVE (nem honos/idegenhonos): A species that were moved outside their normal geographic ranges via human actions regardless of their eventual impact on native ecosystems, even if they are still within their native continent. Alapfogalmak ALIEN SPECIES (idegen faj, IUCN alapján): is a species, subspecies, or lower taxon occurring outside of its natural range (past or present) and dispersal potential (i.e. outside the range it occupies naturally or could not occupy without direct or indirect introduction or care by humans) and includes any part, gametes or propagule of such species that might survive and subsequently reproduce. INVASIVE SPECIES (inváziós faj, özönnövény?, özönállat?): a species that is non-native to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. However, many alien species are noninvasive and support human livelihoods or a preferred quality of life. INVASION PROCESS A non-native species must pass through at least 3 stages before they are able to inflict ecological or economic harm a. all began as individuals picked-up from their native range, transported to a new area, and releases into the wild; b. these individuals must establish a selfsustaining population (or they become extinct); c. they become abundant and expand their geographical range. Szállítási vektorok és útvonalak. Szállítási vektor: az a mód, ahogy egy faj továbbjut egy útvonal mentén Útvonal: a forrás és megjelenés helye közötti út 1
Emberi hatások Az ember a történelem során többnyire gyalog járt és ennek megfelelően korlátozott számú és tömegű dolgot tudott magával vinni: ruhák, fegyverek, háztartási eszközök, gabona, háziállatok, és valószínű jónéhány parazita. általában csupán néhány faj Közlekedés fejlődése és az inváziók Az ember elhagyja Afrikát: ~ 200,000 éve Emberek jelennek meg: Közel-Kelet: ~ 100,000 éve Európa: ~ 35,000 40,000 éve Észak-Amerika ~ 11,000 éve Csendes-Óceán szigetei (Fiji & Tonga): ~ 4,000 éve Az állatok háziasítása és felhasználása a közlekedésben (3-5000 éve), valamint a kerék feltalálása jelentős mértékben megnövelte a szállítható rakomány mennyiségét (XVII. Sz. 8-10 lovas szekerek 2-3t árut mozgattak, de a sebesség még mindig lassú volt). A következő hullámot a vitorláshajók és a tengeri szállítás adta (főleg európai népek ). A vitorláshajók kora jelentősen megnövelte a leküzdhető távolságokat. A XIX. Sz. hajózó útjai (EUR, NY-AFR, AME között) az inváziós fajok fő útvonala lett. VEKTOR = vitorláshajó ÚTVONAL = hajózó útvonalak Triangular trade routes between Europe, West Africa, and the Caribbean. These routes transported a large variety of goods including non-native species 2
Példák: Hawaii (1094 honos növényfaj): TERMÉSZETES TERJEDÉS: egy faj/100.000 év. EMBERI HATÁS: egy faj/50 év az őslakosok megjelenése után egy faj/22 év az európaiak megjelenése után British Steamer routes & coaling stations. 1899. Mack,, R. N. 2004. TRANSPORT VECTORS: INTENTIONAL TRANSPORT: movement of organisms to a new area for an express purpose. PLANTS have been moved & cultivated since the dawn of civilization. China transferred plants all along ancient trade routes. FOOD & GAME: Majority of fruits, vegetables, and seasonings people consume, as well as cattle, sheep, chickens, wheat, tomatoes, maize, potatoes, bees, fish, shellfish, bullfrogs, & many, many more. ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT. Pace of introductions is increasing & many are transported expressly to satisfy human desires for ornamental species 57-65% of the introduced woody and herbaceous species in Australia were introduced for horticultural purposes. Reichard & White 2001 AQUACULTURE & SEAFOOD INDUSTRY imports & breeds live animals for sale. Some escape or are released and become agents of economic harm. 1,500 species of freshwater fish had been regularly imported into the U.S. to support the aquarium trade. (Radonski et al. 1984) BIOCONTROL: organisms intentionally introduced as natural enemies of a pest species to reduce the population of the pest to a level that is not harmful. CONSERVATION AND SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES: organism transported to new areas for the express purpose of conserving or protecting the future of the species. Ex. Plants brought to botanical gardens or arboreta, animals brought to zoos or wildlife preserves as well as endangered species for their immediate protection. 3
UNINTENTIONAL TRANSPORT: movement of non-native species as a secondary result of the intentional transfer Byproduct of the movement of other goods. Ex. Movement within ship ballasts. Includes: insects, plants, earthworms, and many other small species. estimated that 10,000 species or more may be transported via this mode ON ANY GIVEN DAY (Carlton -1999)!! Ship ballast water rivals the intentional importation of plants and pest as the most important invasion vector operating today!! Contaminants with commercial products CONTAMINANTS are individuals of nonnative species that are difficult for people to detect and that hitchhike their way to a nonnative locale. Includes: ticks, mites, fleas, or other parasites carried on domestic animals or livestock, small plants growing in pots of horticultural species, and seeds mixed in with desirable crop seeds. 51% of horticultural plants examined in a UK study, contained one - two unintended plants per pot. (Mack 2004) Contaminants with commercial products Cont. Hay imported into Australia during the drought of 1980 contained ~ 70,000 seeds per bale; 105 of those were non-native hitchhiker species! (Thompson et al. 1984) Ballast is ambient material loaded into the tanks of commercial vessels Water is the main form of ballast for large ships today. Previously, ships used rocks, soil, sand, lead ingots, or other cheap materials. Water is pumped into ballast tanks at the port of origin and discharged at a receiving port. THERE ARE >45,000 COMMERCIAL OCEAN-GOING CARGO VESSELS THAT TRANSPORT > 80% OF THE WORLD S CARGO. It is estimated that 7,000 species of marine life are transported and released every day around the world through ballast water Carlton (2001). Ballast Over 2 million gallons of ballast water are released / hour in the US alone. To survive in ballast, organisms must: Survive being uploaded; Survive the journey; and Survive being discharged Many factors influence survival of individuals in the ballast, including: Physical damage during loading & unloading Change in physical conditions in the tank Predation in a tank Starvation Only very small % survive. However, the numbers are large & a significant survival and therefore a chance of establishing a population at receiving port Recent regulations mandate open-water ballast exchange to increase mortality for transported organisms 4
Tizes szabály ly Az előző állapotba eljutó fajok 10%-a képes továbbl bblépni a következk vetkező állapotba (erősen leegyszerűsített szabály, ami sok esetben nem igaz). Behurcolt 1,000 Néhány észak-amerikai példa Elszabadult 100 Alkalmazkodott 10 Invázi ziós 1 5
Spread of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in U.S. Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in U.S. LAG TIME: the time from initial establishment to subsequent spread. Lag time can be short a few generations, Or it can span 100 + yrs. Potential reasons for lag times: Nature of population growth trajectories: numbers of individuals Thresholds to detection Allee effects The time between arrival and surpassing the detection level is the lag. There is a constant per capital geometric/exponential rate of increase that may take a long time to reach a threshold when population size becomes noticeable, and then appears to explore. 6
No movement of ash products beyond quarantine boundaries Ash nursery stock Ash branches / pruning waste Ash logs with bark and outer 1 of sapwood Ash chips larger than 1 in two dimensions Non-coniferous firewood 7
Quarantine Enforcement Curbing Introductions of Forest Insects and Diseases on Nursery Stock Point Maps Google Maps WEB Az interneten is fellelhető hasznos honlapok 8
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