B. BumueecKuü TOPrOBAH, TAM03KEHHAB H IIPOMBiniJIEHHAB nojihthka POCCHH CO BPEMEHIIETPA BEJIHKOrO H RO HAIHHX ßHEH COL UL (V\ MOCKBa HeflRÖMHCK
0MABJ1EHME PA3flEJl nepbbim floxixctojietmfl I. HecKonbKo 3aMe«iaHHH o ToproBiie H npombmiaehhoctm POCCHM B ^pebhehiuee BpeMH 15 DiaBa 1. O ToproBbix chomehwax POCCMW B ApesHewniee BpeMH 15 Diasa 2. 3anaTKM npombininehhom nehtenbhocra. Ileip BeawKHM (1682-1725). Toproßbie MOIIOIIOUMK H MepKaim«in3M 19 Diasa 3. Toproßaa H npomwuinehhaa no/mxiika üetpa BeniiKoro 22 DiaBa 4. OTCTynjieHHH OT netpobckoü CMCTeMM. ToproBM H TdMoxeHHctn no/hftmka npeemhmkob Ileipa 27 II. Ha Hexode XVIII 30 DiaBa 5. 3noxa MMnepaTpiiiiH ExaTepuHW II (1762-1796). OpHTpe/iepCKMe TeH/ieHqMM B TaMOIKeHHblX Tapwßax c 1767 no 1782 r. JlMÖepajibHan npombiui/ieiihah nojiirihka M oqemca ee 30 DiaBa 6. üepemeha ToproBoii nonntmkn (1793-1796). Ü3 3IIOXM napcteobannh MMnepaTopa Ilaana I (1796-1801). Ha nopore HOBOTO CTOnema 34 PA3flEJl BTOPOPl H3 BpeMeHn uapctbobahnn MMnepaTopa AneKcaHflpa I (1801-1825) I. Oömiie 3aMeiaHHH 41 DiaBa 7. IIpeflBapMTe/ibHbie 3aMeiaHMa. BcnoMoraTenbHwe cpeflctba skohommheckoro nporpecca B riepboii HeTBepTii XIX B.: ykpennehhe rocyuapctbeiihoro KpeßMTa, BHyTpeHHMe peijiopmbr, yjiymnieniie cjiiihahcoboro nonoaeehmh, BOJibHOHaeMHbie paöoine 41 Diana 8. IIpoMbiiiineHHOCTb. 3aBKcnMOCTb ee OT ToproBira. ToproBBH H ToproBaa nomitmka. BBO3 M BMBO3 43 Diaßa 9. MianepaTop AneiccaHflp 1 47
6 B. BimeBCKHü. ToproBafl, TawoxenHaa w npombiwnehhaa nojintmka POCCMH II. Toproßaa H TaMoaceHHaa nojimtmka c 1801 no 1822 r. (nepsbiii nepnop) 50 A. Thiöepa/ibHoe TeneHne, 3anpeTMTe/ibHaH CHCTewa M KO/ieöaHWH B CTopoHy 6o/iee ymepehhom noxpobiite/ibctbenhom TaMCxaceHHcm nojimtmkm 50 Diaßa 10. HapeiKflbi Ha yctahobnehwe nmöepa/ibhoh ToproBoä CMCTeMW. CMenbie njiahbl nophhthh TpaH3HTHOM TOprOBHM. BpeMH BOMHbl. ITpHHl(Hn CBOÖOflHOM TOprOBJIM M TaMoaceHHaa noiihtmka 50 Diaßa 11. Bo3BpaT K cwcteme yaijiehhoro ramoäeiihoro oöhoacehmh. Ilo7ioHC6HHe 1810 r. o HeMTpaiibHOM ToproBiie. IlepeMeHa Kypca B TOprOBO-nOJIHTMHeCKMX OTHOMCHMHX C MHOCTpäHHblMM rocynapctbamm. nocjiepcrßmh aanpethtenbiiom CHCTeMbi. Ilepexofl K 6onee ymepehhom iioxpobmienbctbehhom noiimthke. TapMtjjbi 1816 M 1819 rr. 54 E. üpyccmh w POCCHH po 30-x ropob. Bo3BpameHMe POCCMH K oxpahmtejibhofi CHCTCMC 59 Diasa 12. TaMoaceHHO-nonHTHHecKan paappoonemioctb üpyccmh. IepMaHMa B Hakane sexa. OpwTpepepcKMe TCHpeimMM npyccxoro TaMO>xeHHoro saxona 1818 r. napannenn3m B SBOTHOHMH IlpyccHM M POCCHH 59 Diaßa 13. BCHCKHH KOHrpecc H nonßcxmm ßonpoc. ToproBO-iiojiMTimecKiic HepopasyMCHHH Me«py POCCMCM H Ilpycciien. OcHOBHbie neptbi pycckoro TaMoixeHHoro Tapixjia 1819 r. IloBopoT. TaMoaceHHbiH Taput}) 1829 r. Opycciw n POCCMH B 1834 r. 62 Diana 14. OxpaHMTenbHaH cnctcma. ToproB/in c BOCTOKOM 71 PA3flEJ1 TPETHM UapcTBOBaHne UMnepaTopa HnKonaB I (1825-1855) I. MMHHCTP 4>nHaHCOB rpa4> KaHKpMH (1823-1844) 77 Diaßa 15. ÜMHHOCTb KaHKpMHa. OTHomeHHe ero K ToproBiie H HHpycTpMM... 77 Diaßa 16. Hanano xeieahopoponchoro CTpoMTCiibCTsa (1835-1855) 81 II. ToproBan M TaMoaceHHaa no/iiithka c 1822 no 1850 r. (BTopoii nepwop) 88 Diasa 17. Toproßaa rio/imtmka KaHKpuna. IUecTMxpaTHbiH nepecmotp TapMijioB c 1825 no 1841 r. M ero peaynbtarbi. OnnosnpMH npotmb CHCTeMbi ycmiiehhoro noxpobmteiibctda. TawoixeHHbiM Tapncf) 1850 r. ycxpahehme ocoöoro nonoixchhh HonbiiiM 88 Diaßa 18. ToproBO-no/iMTMiecxHe OTHomeHMH Meixpy Poccnen M IlpyccMeM (1836-1850). Toproßwe OTHomeHMH c ppyrhmm rocypapctßamh... 94 Diaßa 19. 3aKaBKa3CKan TpaH3MTHaH Toproßna 98
OrnaBJieHMe 7 III.ipHHaHcoBoe H oömee nojioacehjie B cepe^mhe XIX B 102 DiaBa 20. Ba/iMTHaa pe<j)opma KaHKpwna (1839-1841). KpymeHwe MeTa/iTTMHecKim Ba/iioTM (1858). HeOnaronpuiiTHoe cocrohhme <j)mhahcob Ha pyöexce BTopoü nononiihbi npoumoro BeKa 102 PA3flEJl HETBEPTblH TeHfleHqun npombiiuoehhoro pa3bmtna B nepsyto nonobhhy XIX B. Diasa 21. EcTecTBeHHbie ycnobhh nporpecca. Giaöbie CTopoHbi npombiumehhocth H HHflycTpua/ibHaH ncwmtkka. HanpaBieHne abonioqhm H ycnexm KariMTa/iM3Ma. IlaTpMapxajibHaH MaHy(J>aKTypa 109 Diana 22. llctopiiheckaa poab KaniiTa/ia. BnwHHHe ero Ha peoprahm3annw npombininehhoctm 113 Diana 23. YnaflOK Hcene3oaenaTenbHoü npombimnehhocth M paciibct xnonhato6yma>khoh 118 Daasa 24. O flomainheä iihflycipmm. <t>a6pwka, MaHycjiaKTypa M KycTapb. SBOHIOLIMH KycTapa B 6opn6e c KanMxajiMCTHHecKOM (JjaöpwKOH. BTopaceHMe KanwTaaH3Ma B flomaihhhmo MHflycTpmo 121 PA3/JEJ1 n^tblm Ha nopore HOBOM apbi I. (DiiHaHcoBoe noaoikehhe M <j)mhahcobaji nonmtmka 131 Diana 25. Hönau apa akonommieckiix npoöiem nocie KpbIMCKOW BOÜHbl. PeHTepH, MWHHCTp (J)HH3HCOB C 1862 T. ViyHHieHMe 3KOHOMMieCKOrO COCTOHHMH K KOHHy 60-X FF. >Kene3HOflopo»(Hoe neao 131 Diasa 26. SKOHOMMHCCKMÜ Kpn3MC 1875-1877 rr. Hey^mmsi (jimhahcobaa Mepa PeÜTepHa (1876). B oxcmflahhh BOMHM. B3HMaHne TaMOXCeHHblX HOIIMMH 30HOTOM (1877) 134 II. Toprosaa H TaMoaceHHaH nojimtmka c 1850 no 1877 r. (TpeTMÄ nepiiop;) 138 Diasa 27. Snoxa öoiee ymepehhoro npotekniiohh3ma (1850-1867) 138 Diaßa 28. Pa3BMme nomiimhbi Ha nyryh B XIX B 140 Diana 29. 0pnrpe,nepbi H npotekphohhctbi. TaMoaceHHbiK Tapn<j) 3 MJOHH 1868 r. BßefleHMe 3ÜIOTOM nouijuihbi (1877) 147 Diaßa 30. O ToproBOM oöopote Me>Kfly PoccMefi M IepMaHHeÄ. BHeiHHHe ToproBwe omoweima 153
8 B. BmneBCKm. ToproBaa, TaMoxeHHaa w npombiwnehhaa noanthka POCCMH PA3flEJ1 LUECTCM SKOHOMUHecKas n ToproBaa nonmukac 1881 no 1893 r. I. MHHMCTP (J)MHaHCOB ByHre (1881-1887) 159 Diasa 31. PIojiMTHKa M XO3HMCTBO. ByHre M BbimHerpaflCKMÜ. CocTOHHMe rocyflapctbehhoro ömßacera. «CwcTeMa BbiniHerpa/iCKoro» 159 Diasa 32. 3onoTaH noiimthka H BHeuiHHH Toproaaa 163 II. ToproBaa M TaMomennan noumthka c 1877 no 1890 r. (letbeptbin nepnofl) 167 Diaßa 33. Boaspar K npoiekuhohm3my. yße/raieinie TaMoa<eHHbix CTaBOK c 1881 no 1890 r. noiu/mhm Ha xcene3o. TaMoaceHHbiü %oxo#, ToproBbrä öaaahc, HHßycrpMH 167 Diaßa 34. TaMoaceHHbiü TapinJ) 11 HIOHH 1891 r. OrgenbHbie TaMoaceHHono/iHTHHecKwe MeponpMHTMH. IIojiHTHKa ToproBbix floroßopob. PyccKO-iJ)paHqy3CKaH ToproBaa KOHBernnta 1893 r. 174 PyccK0-<ßpaHU,y3CKax mopzoeaa KoneetmuH 18931 176 PA3flEJl CEflbMOkl ToproBaa n TaMoxeHHafl nonmuka c 1894 no 1904 r. Pycctco-repMaHCKHM ToprOBbin qoroaop 1894 r. 179 Diaßa 35. IIpesBapMTenbHbie neperobopbi. TaMoaccHHaa BOHHa. PyccKO-repMaHCKMM ToproBWÜ floroßop. OraouieHMe K floroßopy npanmte/jbctba, MMHMCTpa cjinhancob u PocynapcTBeHHoro cosera. OiiiomeHMe o6ui,ectbehhoro MHCHKH K AoroBopy 179 A. npebeapumemhue nepeioeopu 179 B. TaMOOtceHHOK eoima 180 B. PyccKO-iepMancKuü mopioeuü dozoeop 1894 z 184 L OmHOtumue oßmecmeehhozo MWHMK doioeopy 186 Diaßa 36. OTHomeHne aewctbobabmero B PepMaHMH aanpeinchmii BbiqanM MMnepcKMM 6aHKOM ccyfl nofl pycckme uchhbie öymarw (1894 r.). OTHOineHMe POCCHM K 3TOÜ uepe. PyccKMÜ MMHHCTP cfnihahcob M öep/imhckaa önpuca. BTIMUHMC yxaaahhoro aanpeiqehma na pycckhü rocynapctbehhbiü KpeflMT 188 Diaßa 37. BrnKKaMinne peaynbtatbi ToproBoro norobopa 1894 r. KpuTunecKoe OTHomeHHe K Hewy co cropohh PepMaHMH M POCCHM. OcnoBiian npmhhha TaMOJKeHHbix KOHCJWMKTOB. llii/iyctpuanbuoe rpiohflepctbo yxyaiuaet ToprOBbitö öanahc 192
Or/iaB/ieHMe 9 PA3AEJ1 BOCbMOM ToproBaa M TaMOxem-iaa nonmuka c 1894 r. Diaßa 38. Toproßan n TaMoxeHHan nonmtmka 90-x roflob. Toproabrä n nnatokhwü öananc. ToproBWH öanahc KaK KpaeyronbHMM KaMeHb 3K0H0MMHeCK0ft IIOHMTMKM. FIpOßO/DKeHMe nojimtmkm TOprOBblX AOTOBOpOB CO CTOpOHbl POCCMH. ToproBbiM flotobop c IlepcjieM (1903 r.) 201 Diasa 39. TaMOXceimaa nonmtmka c 1894 r. KMTaücKMe nomnmhbi OT 21 MMHH 1900 r. IIonmMHa Ha xnonok KaK Mepa npoteki;hohhctckaa, 4>HCKaHbHaa H (jjnhahcobo-no/imtmheckan. OcHOBHbie HaiipaBJieHHa TaMoacenHoil nonmtmkm 210 Pnasa 40. Toproßan M TaMOKeHHan nonmtmka POCCMH Ha BocTOKe. Hanano M penn TaroTeuMa Ha BOCTOK. CßoöoflHaa ToproB/ia M nokpobmtenbctbehhaa nonmtmka B oönactm Awypa (1858-1904). TaMO/Keniiaa CBofiofla, Bbi3BaHHaa BOMHOH (MIOHB 1904 r.). OTKpbiTbie flbepn B MaHb<raypMK> KaK npmhmha BOMHbl; aakpbltmc MaHbHXCypMM KaK OCHOBHOM MOM6HT pycckom OKOHOMHHeCKOH nohmtmkm 218 F/iaßa 41. 143 oönactm TaMoxceHHOM HOTIMTMKM Ha okpamhax. üpoönema OTKpbiTwx flbepeü B Cpe/jHioio A3MW M paspemehme ee aakpbitmew 3aKaBKa3CKoro TpaH3MTHoro nytm (1883). POCCMH M <E>MHHHHSMH. YnpeKfleHMe BHyTpeHHCM TaMOxccHHOM rpahmqw. OMHMHÄCKMM TaMO>KeHHbIM TapM(j) 1812 r. YcneHIHOe pasbmtmc (}>MHnHHflCKOH npombihmehhoctm. YpaBHMTCHbHbie noummhbl T7IH SaiqMTbl pycckom npombiuinehhoctm (1885). «IlpMBMnerMH TaMMep<(>opca». <4>MHHHHflMfl B pyccko-tepmahckom TOpTOBOM flotobope 1894 T. üepecmotp pyccko-(j3mh/ihhflckoro yctasa (1897 r.) 227 PA3flEJl flebfltbim TeHfleHUMB npombiuuiehhoro pasbmtmb BO Biopow nonobmhe XIX B. I. OT OCBOÖOvKfleHMH KpeCTbHH qo PyccKO-TypepKOH BOHHM (1861-1877) 239 Pnasa 42. PocyqapcTBO M oöiqectbo. MoÖMHMaaqMH Tpyqa M KanMTana. EBponeM3aqMH M KanMTanM3M 239 Fnasa 43. OTMeHa Kpenocraoro npaba. SKOHOMMaecKoe 3HaneHMe >Ke;ie3Hbix ßopor. OpraHM3aqnH öahkoboro flena 241 Diasa 44. BjiMHHMe ocboöoacflehhh KpecTbHH M xceneshoßopohchoto CTpOMTenbCTBa Ha pa3bmtm6 npomblumehhoctm. J4HOCTpaHHbIM Kannran. KanHTanH3M M noxpobmienbctbehhan nonmtmka 247 II. MHfflycTpManbHaÄ CHCTeMa 1877-1897 rr. 258 Diana 45. 06maa xapaktepmctmka npombimnehhoro pacqseta B 80-X roflax. riorpobmienbctbehhan nonmtmka, xenesho/jopoxchoe CTpoMTenbCTBo, rophan npombminehhoctb 258
10 B. BuneBCKnü. ToproBaa, rawoikehhan M npombiwnehhaa nonntw<a POCCMM Diaßa 46. EMJIM im npombmuiehhbie npeanpwitmh 80-x TOAOB «TenaMiHbiMM»? POCT npomhiunehhocth c 1877 no 1897 r. ArpapHbiö Bonpoc M KpynHan MHAycTpHH. OTMeHa noaynihom nosatm, npwtok cenbcioix paöonux Ha 4>a6pnKy, ynaflok cenbckoro xoshmcrsa 267 Diaßa 47. noxpobhteabctbo npombimaeiihoctit, xneöhbiü axcnopt H aoao'raa nonmtmka. MHsycTpnajibHas CMCTeMa xax ochoßa HapoflHoro xo3«mctba. ToproBbiß öanahc n xaeöhbiä axcnopt 273 Diana 48. HTO «enatb? YnaflOK cenbcxoro xo3niictba. imllhhctpom (JlHUaHCOB ßCHaCTCH BMTTC. Ero nmhhoctb H nporpamma. IlocneACTBMH «CMCTeMbi BMTTe» 280 Diana 49. PaasMTMe npombimnehhoc B iinijipax. HeflocTaTKM npombiuinehhoh CTaTMCTHKM. POCT MHflycTpwH c 1887 no 1897 r. K ocbemehhio npombimaehhoro nporpecca. Hnc/io 4>a6pw»iHbix paöonnx n nchmcnehme CTOMMOCTM npoh3boflctba. PacnpeqeaeHMe Bcero npon3boactba Me»Ay vmnycjpmü n cenbckmm XO3HMCTBOM. HeMy yhmt ctatmctmica notpeönehmh 294 Diaßa 50. IIpi-innuM n benenne npenainx npombimaehhbix KpnancoB. BnpxeeBOM M npombmmehiibw Kpn3MCbi 1898-1903 rr. 3aKnio<ieHne KOMmeTa MMHMCTPOB Ho noboay KpnsMca. I Ipn3HaKn ocaaöaehiia Kpn3nca B 1903 r.: öahkobaa aamocejjepa H iioacnkehwe xpynhon MHAycipnn. Kpusnc M Bonna. Kpionc B 0( )nnnaabhom ii3oöpax<ehnn. JlMKBMAamifl rpiohflepctba 310 PA3flEJlflECflTblM npoluboe M 6yflyuiee Diana 51. MHAycTpiiaairianiiH CTpeMirrca K HapnoHaaM3annn nacaikaennoro n3bhe iihflyctpnanm3ma npn nomoipn HHoeTpaHHoro Kamnana. PasBMTne n rwneptpo<j)nn HHAycTpnanbHOM cncrembi 325 Diaßa 52. IIpoTMB nuayctpiiaaiisma. Poccna octaaaci. arpaphbim rocyaapctbom. CBoöoflHaa roproßaa M noicpoiihteabctbchhaa nomanna. BocnHTaTejibHbie noiimmhbi Ana MHAycTpnn. OpuapenepcKHe HaKJioHHOCTH npabiiteabctba. Hanpaiiaenne xypca xo3amctßehhon IIOHUTMKM rocyaapctba. OTiiomeiine npombmiaehhiikoß n ceabcxnx xoaacn K npoteki(hohm3my 335 Diana 53. O AOManiHeft npombiin/iehhoc. BbiTecnenne ee KpynHoö MHAycipnen. Ee SHanenne n nonoxcenne B nacxoamem n BMAM Ha öynymee. IloaMTMKa iipaßmenbctba B OTHomeHnn AOMamucn MHAyCTpMH. OTXOHCMe npombiciibi 350 Diana 54. HeKOTopwe xapaktepnctnneckne nepibi TOßapHOM ToproBan B XIX B. Xae6, B nacthoc rn nmehnqa, mamiafi ochoba SKcnopiHOM ToproBan. YnaAOK BbiB03a nweiraubi Bcaencißne «AeaopraiinsanMM» xaeönon ToproBan. OpranM3ann!i ToproBan Kau nporpamma 6yAymero 361
OrjiaBJieHne 11 DiaBa 55. CTO /KT pycckoh ToproBoii w TaMoaceHHOM ITOJIMTHKH. napaote«m3m T3MO>K6HHO*noTiitTmecKoro pa3bhtna POCCMM M npycchm-fepmahmm 378 DiaBa 56. A. Ha ny K HOBOMy pyccko-repmahckomy ToproBOMy soroßopy. OqeHKa xapmcjmoro aoroßopa 1897 r. CipeMJieHMe POCCMM K TapM(J)HOM abtohommm M npoctomy ÖnaTOnpMHTCTBOBaHMK). HeoöxoflMMocTb otkaaa OT TapMijmoM abtohommm. OömMö TaMoaceHHbiH TapniJ) 13 HHBapa 1903 r. 389 B. Toproßbiü floroßop 15 (28) HKWIH 1904 r. XapaKTepMCTMKa pycckoro floroßophoro Tapin^a. IIpMupMn conmnaphoctm M päbchctba. SHaneHwe aorosopa ana POCCMM M aaa HeMeuKOM akcnopthoft MHflycTpMH. IlonoateHMe pycckoü npombiuiaehhoctm Booöme M B HaCTHOCTM MaUIHHOCTpOMTenbHOH MHayCTpMM. SMMrpHpyiomHM KanMTan 396 DiaBa 57. 3aKmoiMTeabHbie 3aMeaaHMH. YnaflOK MJIM nepexoflhaa CTaaiui? IleCCHMM3M M OÜTMMM3MJ npomblluiiehhoctb H Ce.lbCKOe X03HMCTB0. Poccua CTpaHa OrpaHMHCHHblX B03M0>KH0CTeM. OcHOBHbie MOMeHTW SBoaioiiMH. YKpenaeHMe BHyTpeHHcro pbihka nyaem paciimpeiimh notpeöaehma. ArpapHbiä KpM3MC: «Maao3CMeabe» M Haaora. IIpeo6pa30BaHMe xo3hmctbehhom 5KM3HM 405 5n6miorpa4>nfl 417 ykaaatejib HMCH 423