Studies in Russia and East Europe

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1 Studies in Russia and East Europe This series includes books on general, political, historical, economic and cultural themes relating to Russia and East Europe written or edited by members of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London, or by authors working in association with the School. Titles include: Roger Bartlett and Karen Schönwälder (editors) THE GERMAN LANDS AND EASTERN EUROPE John Channon (editor) POLITICS, SOCIETY AND STALINISM IN THE USSR Stanislaw Eile LITERATURE AND NATIONALISM IN PARTITIONED POLAND, Rebecca Haynes ROMANIAN POLICY TOWARDS GERMANY, Geoffrey Hosking and Robert Service (editors) RUSSIAN NATIONALISM, PAST AND PRESENT Lindsey Hughes (editor) PETER THE GREAT AND THE WEST New Perspectives Krystyna Iglicka and Keith Sword (editors) THE CHALLENGE OF EAST WEST MIGRATION FOR POLAND Andres Kasekamp THE RADICAL RIGHT IN INTERWAR ESTONIA Stephen Lovell THE RUSSIAN READING REVOLUTION Marja Nissinen LATVIA S TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY Danuta Paszyn THE SOVIET ATTITUDE TO POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN CENTRAL AMERICA, Vesna Popovski NATIONAL MINORITIES AND CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS IN LITHUANIA, Alan Smith THE RETURN TO EUROPE The Reintegration of Eastern Europe into the European Economy

2 Jeremy Smith THE BOLSHEVIKS AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION, Jeanne Sutherland SCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA Studies in Russia and East Europe Series Standing Order ISBN (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

3 Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary Martyn Rady Senior Lecturer in Central European History School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London in association with Palgrave Macmillan

4 Martyn Rady 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2000 by PALGRAVE Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN DOI / This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rady, Martyn C. Nobility, land and service in medieval Hungary / Martyn Rady. p. cm. (Studies in Russia and East Europe) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Hungary History Nobility Hungary History To Feudalism Hungary History To I. University College, London. School of Slavonic and East European Studies. II. Title. III. Series. DB930.5 R dc ISBN (ebook)

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7 vii D a n u b S a v a H O L Y R O M A N D A L M A T ADRIATIC SEA D e r B O H E M AUSTRIA ZAGREB Modrus C R O A T I A I A a v a E M Vienna Koszeg KORÖS Zagreb P I R E ZALA ^ Vodica I A SOPRON Pozsony Gyor S L A V O N I A Banate of Jajce M O R Székesfehérvár Veszprém SOMOGY BOSNIA Trencsén POZSEGA A V I A Nyitra Esztergom Pécs Banate of Srebrenik BARS Buda VALKÓ S I ÁRVA LIPTÓ Vác Pest Kalocsa BÁCS Bács L E Banate of Macsó Zólyom Cumans S I A SZEPESSÉG GÖMÖR ABAÚJ Gönc Diósgyor Eger Csanád Belgrade O T T O M A T s i z a SZABOLCS Keve P O L A Arad KRASSÓ Haram BIHAR Várad Munkács HUNYAD Temesvár TEMES Romanians N MÁRAMAROS Kolozsvár Szörény N D T R A N S Y E M D a M a r os Gyulafehérvár FEHÉR Saxons WALLACHIA n u b e L V Szekels A N I A MOLDAVIA P I R E kms Map 1: Hungary in the fifteenth century

9 Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations used for Commonly Cited Sources List of Maps xi xiii xv Introduction 1 1. Werb oczy and the Hungarian nobility 1 2. A note on sources 8 1 The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries The work of the early Árpád kings Households Distinctions of men Inheritance and the kindred 22 2 Origins of the Hungarian Nobility The aristocracy and landownership From servientes to nobles Nobles and counties 39 3 Territorial Lordship Dividing the land Castle and lordship Immunity and jurisdiction Land and status 58 4 Authentication Oral testimony and the pristaldus Loca credibilia The loca credibilia and inquisitions Language and authentication 74 5 Conditional Nobles Praediales and nobiles iobagiones Landholding in the Highlands Szörény and the Southern Danube 90 6 The Kindred and the Quarter The solidarity of the kindred 96 ix

10 x Contents 6.2. Inheritance law and the new donation The daughters quarter Prefection Familiaritas Public and private power Familiares and their duties Lordship and its obligations Land and service The royal aula and the ethos of chivalry Offices and Honores Definition and significance Castles and honores Revenues and distribution Honores as fiefs Military Obligation Personal service and noble taxation Banderia Reform and differentiation of service A note on numbers Counties and Corporations Crown and estates Counties and the settlement of disputes The counties and the regnum The counties and familiaritas 173 Conclusion 179 Notes 183 Works Cited 213 Index 225

11 Acknowledgements My first thanks are due to the Council of the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, for granting me a year s study leave in the session The School s Research Policy and Funding Committee also provided generous support for several visits to Budapest in the autumn of Earlier drafts of this text were read by Professor János Bak of the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University in Budapest, by Damir Karbić of the Croatian Academy of Sciences in Zagreb, and by Professor Pál Engel of the Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Professor Engel was also kind enough to let me read a preliminary version of his new history of medieval Hungary. Throughout the writing of the present book, my former supervisor, Professor László Péter of the University of London, has maintained a critical and watchful eye, and has given most generously of his time. I continue to be indebted to his scholarly advice and example. I have also benefited from discussions with my colleagues at the School, Professor Dennis Deletant, Professor Robert Pynsent, Dr Daniel Abondolo, Peter Sherwood, Dr Kieran Williams, Dr Wendy Bracewell and Tim Beasley-Murray, as well as from much earlier conversations in Budapest with the now late Professors Elemér Mályusz, Jen o Sz ucs and Erik Fügedi. It was the last of these who, more than fifteen years ago, first alerted me to some of the opportunities for research on the medieval Hungarian nobility. Previous versions of parts of the present book were delivered as papers at the School s annual Romanian Studies Day, to the School s Centre for the Study of Central Europe, and to the Medieval Nobility Workshop organized by the Department of Medieval Studies of the Central European University in Budapest. I am most grateful for the comments and advice received on all these occasions. MARTYN RADY School of Slavonic and East European Studies University College London xi

13 List of Abbreviations Used for Commonly Cited Sources Árpád-kori történeti földrajz: György Györffy, Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, 4 vols, AO: Anjou-kori okmánytár (Codex Diplomaticus Hungaricus Andegavensis), (ed), Imre Nagy, Gyula Nagy, 7 vols, Budapest, AUO: Árpád-kori új okmánytár (Codex Diplomaticus Arpadianus Continuatus), (ed) Gusztáv Wenzel, 12 vols, Pest-Budapest, Blágay család oklevéltára: A Blágay család oklevéltára (Codex diplomaticus Comitum de Blagay), (Monumenta Hungarica Historica, 28), (eds) Lajos Thallóczy, Samu Barabás, Budapest, CJH, i: Corpus Juris Hungaricae (Magyar törvénytár), (ed.) Dezs o Márkus, i, Diplomata Hungariae Antiquissima: Diplomata Hungariae Antiquissima, i, (ed.) György Györffy, Budapest, Dl: Hungarian National Archive, Budapest, Collectio Ante-Mohácsiana. DRH : Decreta Regni Hungariae (Gesetze und Verordnungen Ungarns) , (eds) Ferenc Döry, György Bónis, Vera Bácskai, Budapest, DRH : Decreta Regni Hungariae (Gesetze und Verordnungen Ungarns) , (eds) György Bónis, Ferenc Döry, Géza Érszegi, Zsuzsa Teke, Budapest, DRMH: Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary (Decreta Regni Mediaevalis Hungariae) , (eds) János M. Bak, György Bónis, James Ross Sweeney, Leslie S. Domokos, Paul B. Harvey, 3 vols, Los Angeles, Krassó vármegye története: Krassó vármegye története, (ed.) Frigyes Pesty, vols iii iv (Oklevéltár), Budapest, Lexikon: Korai magyar történeti lexikon (9 14. sz.), (eds) Gyula Kristó, Pál Engel, Ferenc Makk, Budapest, Mon. Strig.: Monumenta Ecclesiae Strigoniensis, (eds) N. Knauz, L.C. Dedek, 3 vols, Esztergom, Oklevelek Temesvármegye: Oklevelek Temesvármegye és Temesvár város történetéhez, iv (Oklevelek, i), (ed) Tivadar Ortvay, Pozsony, PRT: A pannonhalmi Szent-Benedek-rend története, (eds) László Érdelyi, Pongrác Sörös, 12 vols, Budapest, xiii

14 xiv List of Abbreviations Used for Commonly Cited Sources RR: Regesta regum stirpis Arpadianae critico-diplomatica (Az Árpád-házi királyok okleveleinek kritikai jegyzéke), (eds) Imre Szentpétery, Iván Borsa, vol 1 (3 parts), vol 2 (4 parts), Budapest, Smičiklas: Smičiklas, T. (ed.), Codex Diplomaticus Regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, vols ii xix, Zagreb, Tripartitum: Werb oczy, István. Tripartitum operis juris, (eds) Sándor Kolozsvári, Kelemen Óvári, Budapest, Zimmermann-Werner: Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen in Siebenbürgen, (eds) Franz Zimmermann, Carl Werner, G. Müller, G. Gündisch, 5 vols, Hermannstadt Bucharest, ZsO: Zsigmondkori oklevéltár, (eds) Elemér Mályusz, Iván Borsa, 4 vols, Budapest,

15 List of Maps 1 Hungary in the fifteenth century vii 3.1 Kindreds and landholding in Bihar County in the early fourteenth century (Source: György Györffy, Az Árpád-kori Magyarország történeti földrajza, second edn, i, Budapest, 1987, pp ) 52 xv