MELLÉKNEVEK FOKOZÁSA

Átírás

1 MELLÉKNEVEK FOKOZÁSA A MELLÉKNEVEK FOKAI A mellékneveknek az angolban és a magyarban is hagyományosan három fokozata van: alapfok, középfok, felsőfok. alapfok magyarban Nincs jele pl. nagy, gyönyörű Nincs jele pl. big, beautiful angolban középfok Mindig a -BB a jele pl. nagyobb gyönyörűbb Kétféle módon hozhatjuk lére: a) toldalékos formával jele: -ER pl. bigger b) összetett formával felsőfok Mindig a LEG BB a jele pl. legnagyobb leggyönyörűbb jele: MORE + a melléknév alapalakja pl. more beautiful Ezt is kétféle módon hozhatjuk lére: a) toldalékos formával jele: -EST pl. biggest b) összetett formával jele: MOST + a melléknév alapalakja pl. most beautiful Létezik még egy, a túlzófok: magyarban Jele: LEGESLEG BB pl. legeslegnagyobb legesleggyönyörűbb angolban Jele: VERY + a melléknév felső foka pl. the very biggest the very most beautiful

2 A toldalékos forma használata (Középfok: -er Felsőfok: -est) A) Ha a melléknév EGY SZÓTAGÚ (kiejtésben!) pl. nice nicer nicest short shorter shortest (szép) (szebb) (legszebb) (rövid) (rövidebb) (legrövidebb) big bigger biggest (nagy) (nagyobb) (legnagyobb) Helyesírási tudnivaló: - 1 magánhangzó + 1 mássalhangzó (kivéve: w és y) betűre végződő melléknevek esetén a toldalék előtt a mássalhangzó megkettőződik. pl. big bigger, biggest - A szóvégi néma e a toldalék előtt kiesik! pl. nice nicer, nicest B) Ha a melléknév -Y, -OW, -LE, -ER vagy -SOME végződésű és két szótagú pl. happy happier happiest narrow narrower narrowest (boldog) (boldogabb) (legboldogabb) (keskeny) (keskenyebb) (legkeskenyebb) simple simpler simplest clever cleverer cleverest (egyszerű) (egyszerűbb) (legegyszerűbb) (okos) (okosabb) (legokosabb) handsome handsomer handsomest (jóképű) (jóképűbb) (legjóképűbb) Helyesírási tudnivaló: -y-ra végződő melléknevek esetén a toldalék előtt az y i -re változik! pl. happy happier, happiest

3 C) Ha a melléknév KÉT SZÓTAGÚ, és a MÁSODIK SZÓTAG A HANGSÚLYOS pl. polite /pə'laɪt/ politer politest (udvarias) (udvariasabb) (legudvariasabb) Az összetett forma használata (Középfok: more + alapalak Felsőfok: most + alapalak) A) Ha a melléknév 3 VAGY TÖBB SZÓTAGÚ (kiejtésben!) pl. beautiful more beautiful most beautiful (gyönyörű) (gyönyörűbb) (leggyönyörűbb) B) Ha a melléknév KÉT SZÓTAGÚ, és az ELSŐ SZÓTAG A HANGSÚLYOS pl. famous more famous most famous (híres) (híresebb) (leghíresebb) C) Ha a melléknév IGÉBŐL vagy FŐNÉVBŐL KÉPZETT vagy ÖSSZETETT pl. annoyed more annoyed most annoyed (ideges) (idegesebb) (legidegesebb) (az annoy = idegesít, nyugtalanít igéből képzett melléknév) confusing more confusing most confusing (zavarbaejtő) (zavarbaejtőbb) (legzavarbaejtőbb) (a confuse = összezavar, zavarba ejt igéből képzett melléknév)

4 hopeless more hopeless most hopeless (reménytelen) (reménytelenebb) (legreménytelenebb) (a hope = remény főnévből képzett melléknév) short-sighted more short-sighted most short-sighted (rövidlátó) (rövidlátóbb) (legrövidlátóbb) (két szó összetételéből keletkezett melléknév) Rendhagyó fokozású melléknevek és határozatlan számnevek much, many (sok) more most (több legtöbb) little (kevés) less least (kevesebb legkevesebb) Vigyázat! A little csak a megszámlálhatatlan főnevekkel jelenti azt, hogy kevés! A megszámlálható főnevek előtt a kevés szót a few jelöli az angolban, és az már nem rendhagyó fokozású! bad (rossz) worse worst (rosszabb legrosszabb) good (jó) better best (jobb legjobb) far (távolra, messze) further furthest (tovább legtovább) (messzi, távoli) farther farthest (messzebbi, távolabbi legmesszebbi, legtávolabbi) ÖSSZEHASONLÍTÓ MONDATOK ALAPFOKÚ ÖSSZEHASONLÍTÁS: egy tulajdonság azonos mértékének kifejezése (olyan, mint) AS + alapfokú melléknév + AS pl. Mary is as tall as Joe. (Mary olyan magas, mint Joe.) She is as clever as me. (Ugyanolyan okos, mint én.) Mj.: Ha az as után személyes névmás áll, a tárgyas alakját használjuk! Tagadása (nem olyan / annyira, mint) NOT AS + alapfokú melléknév + AS Vagy: Not so

5 pl. Mary is not as tall as Peter./ Mary is not so tall as Peter. (Mary nem olyan magas, mint Peter.) She is not as clever as me. / She is not so clever as me. (Nem olyan okos, mint én.) KÖZÉPFOKÚ ÖSSZEHASONLÍTÁS: egy tulajdonság nagyobb mértékének kifejezése ( bb, mint vagy: bb nál) Középfokú melléknév + THAN pl. Mary is taller than Joe. (Mary magasabb, mint Joe.) She is cleverer than me. (Okosabb nálam.) Mj.: Ha a than után személyes névmás áll, a tárgyas alakját használjuk! Ha az eltérés mértékét is meg akarjuk adni, azt a középfokú melléknév elé tesszük, bármiféle elöljárószó nélkül pl. Mary is a bit taller than Joe. (Mary egy kicsit magasabb, mint Joe.) She is a lot cleverer than me. (Sokkal okosabb nálam.) Pete is 5 kg s heavier than me. (Pete 5 kg-mal nehezebb, mint én.) Linda is 5 cm s shorter than Lucy. (Linda 5 cm-rel alacsonyabb Lucy-nél.) My father is five years older than my mother. (Apukám 5 évvel idősebb anyukámnál.) Megjegyzés: - HALADÓKNAK: Különleges szerkezetet használunk a MINÉL BB, ANNÁL BB kifejezésére. Ilyenkor a magyar minél és az annál kifejezés megfelelője az angolban a THE, melyet szintén a középfok követ, majd a mondat többi része a már ismert szórendi szabályok szerint épül fel: THE + középfok + a mondat normális szórendben + THE + középfok + a mondat normális szórendben pl. Minél okosabb vagy, annál jobban tisztelnek az emberek. The cleverer you are the more the people respect you. Minél kevesebbet eszel annál csinosabbá válsz. The less you eat the prettier you become.

6 FELSŐFOKÚ ÖSSZEHASONLÍTÁS: egy tulajdonság legnagyobb mértékének kifejezése (a leg bb) THE + felsőfokú melléknév + of sy. (vkik közül) + somewhere (vhol) pl. Mary is the tallest of us. (Barbara a legmagasabb közülünk.) She is the cleverest in our school. (Ő legokosabb az iskolánkban.) Megjegyzés: - HALADÓKNAK: Kifejezhetjük azt is, hogy valamilyen tulajdonság KISEBB MÉRTÉKBEN van meg az egyik dologban (kevésbé, mint). Ehhez a következő formát kell alkalmaznunk: LESS + alapfokú melléknév + THAN pl. Mary is less clever than Joe. (Mary kevésbé okos, mint Joe.) I am less enthusiastic than you. (Kevésbé vagyok lelkes, mint te.)

7 1) Fill in the comparative forms of the adjectives in brackets 1. Carlos Slim is... than Bill Gates. (rich) 3) Transform 2. the A sentences car is... using not as as. than a motorbike. (expensive) 3. A city is...than a small town. (large) e.g. My car is faster 4. A than Cadillac your is car.... (fast-slow) than a Mercedes. (comfortable) a) My car isn't 5. as The slow Alps as are yours.... than the Balkans. (high) b) Your car 6. isn t Maths as fast is as... mine.. than Chemistry. (difficult) 1. I get up earlier 7. Ali than is my... father. (early-late) than Omer. (old) a) My father The Volga is than Danube. (short) b) I August is than September. (hot) 2. Anthony writes 10. Brad better Pitt than is...than Agatha. (good-bad) Keanu Reeves. (handsome) a) Agatha Hungarian food is...than English food. (delicious) b) Anthony My brother is...than me. (hardworking) 3. My bag is heavier 13. My than bag is your... bag. (light-heavy) than my friend s. (heavy) a) My bag This street is than the next one. (wide) b) Your bag A horse is than a person. (strong) 4. Liz has got 16. more Her money English than is Robert....than (little-much) her husband s. (good) a) Liz The weather today is than the weather yesterday. (bad) b) Robert My motorbike goes...than yours. (fast) 5. Vegatables 19. are healthier I need a...room than meat. (unhealthy-healthy) than this. (big) a) Vegetables 20. I... work...than Paul. (hard) b) Meat... 2) Make comparisons e.g. : Jill is 1.67 cm tall. Martha is 1.70 cm tall. Martha is taller than Jill. Or Jill is shorter than Martha. 1. The dictionary is expensive. That book is cheap. The dictionary... that book. That book... dictionary. 2. George is 22 years old. Steve is 19 years old. George...Steve. Steve...George. 3. Mercedes is 2 million $. Cadillac is 4 million $. Mercedes...Cadillac. Cadillac...Mercedes. 4. Mount Agri is 6543 meters high. Mount Erciyes is 4567 meters high. Mount Agri... Mount Erciyes. Mount Erciyes...Mount Agri. 5. This watch costs $ 100. That watch costs $ 50. This watch... that watch. 6. Today the temperature is 12 degrees. Yesterday It was 10 degrees. Today...yesterday. (Hot)

8 7. My car is old. Your car is new. Your car..mine. My car... yours. 3) Fill in the superlative forms of the adjectives in brackets. Sarah is the... person in my family. (young) Istanbul is the... city in Turkey. (important) January is the... month of the year. (cold) China is the... country in the world. (crowded) Winter is the... season of the year for me. (bad) Mount Everest is the... mountain in the world. (high) Lions are the... animals. (dangerous) Maths is our... lesson. (difficult) 4) Look at the sentences and give their comparative form in the second sentence and their superlative in the third sentence. 1. Kerry is my good friend. Sue is a friend. Jack is my friend. 2. I am bad at remembering names. Jason is at remembering names. Claire is the at remembering names. 3. You are funny. I am Geoff is the 4. Erin is very nice. Blake is Cassy is the 5. Your dessert is sweet. His dessert is Their dessert is the 6. Your friend is beautiful. Her friend is Her friend is the 7. Today I am happy. Yesterday I was Last week I was the 8. This game is much fun. That game is These games are the 9. Karen has a few enemies. Bob has enemies. Dave has the enemies. 10. I am sad. You are He is the

9 5) Make sentences (not) as... as, using the following statements 1. This watch is 1000 pounds. That watch is 1000 pounds Henry is 1 meter 68 cm tall. John is 1 meter 68 cm tall Rita is very busy. Jason is very busy, too My apartment has two rooms. Ali s apartment has three rooms.... (big) 5. My weight is 70 kilos. My friend is 70 kilos. I...(heavy) 6. Mount Everest is meters. Mount Erciyes is meters John is 21 years old. Mary is 21 years old John is 21 years old. Maria is 26 years old.... 6) Put the adjectives in brackets into comparative or superlative form. Fill in than, of, in or the where necessary. 1. Today it is...yesterday. (cold) 2. Mrs Green is... person I know. (beautiful) 3. I m...you. (old) 4. Travelling by train is...travelling by bus. (expensive) 5. This is... song I ve ever heard. (bad) 6. Vegetables are... for your health... crisps. (good) 7. This is...tree... the forest. (tall) 8. I have got... money... my sister. (much) 7) Correct the mistakes. 1. Alaska is large than Texas. 2. Alaska is largest state in the United States. 3. This exercise is the easier than the last one. 4. Hamburger is more cheap than steak. 5. My apartment is smaller from yours. 6. Maths is difficulter than Geography. 7. This book is bader than that book. 8) Use the appropriate form of the adjectives given in brackets. 1. This boy is the of them. (strong) 2. Mary is than her sister. (beautiful) 3. That novel is than the other one. (famous) 4. Now you look (good) 5. The he studies, the he knows. (good much) 6. This is the way of practicing. (good) 7. The the clothes are, the they are. (clean nice)

10 8. Paul is not so as Peter. (clever) 9. Jill is a bit than Kate. (tall) 10. I am the of them. (lucky) 11. The you drink, the you are. (much ugly) 12. Give me water. It is too much! (little) 13. Your house is than ours. (old) 14. The assistants here are than there. (polite) 15. She is as as her husband. (busy) 16. Barbara is than Kate. (helpful) 17. The Beatles are than Tom Jones. (famous) 18. Fred is than Joe. (lucky) 19. Kate is not so as Barbara. (slim) 20. Paul is a lot than Kate. (heavy) 21. This box is a bit than that one. (big) 22. I am the of them. (clever) 23. Who are the film stars in Hungary? (popular) 24. Boys are usually than girls. (hungry) 25. Which is the language in the world? (difficult) 26. Jill is 5 centimetres than her sister. (tall) 27. Gwen is not as as she looks. (happy) 28. This chair is than that one.(comfortable) 29. Which is the book here? (interesting) 30. Budapest is than London. (interesting) 9) Complete the sentences so that they mean the same. Use one word only. 1. He prefers reading to watching television. He likes reading. than watching television. 2. Steve is a better footballer than me. I play football. than Steve. 3. There is more rain in Dublin than in Rome. Dublin is. than Rome. 4. Canada is not as warm as Mexico. Canada is. than Mexico. 5. Joe is not as friendly as Martha. Martha is. than Joe. 10) Choose the appropriate answer. 1. It's better I thought. as then than 2. Brazil is England. biger than bigger as bigger than 3. She is in the class the best best better 4. I'm not as successful she is. as than then 5. It was expensive restaurant I've ever been to. more the more the most 6. I'd like some information. farther further

11 7. It's art collection in Europe. finer finest the finest 8. It was than I was expecting. cheaper cheapest 9. This is the kitchen I've ever seen. dirtyest dirtiest 10. Which is of the two? more difficult most difficult 11. The underground is buses. more expensive the most expensive as more expensive than 12. It was test I have ever done. the most hard the hardest 13. There were people at the game than expected. most more 14. The difficult thing was communication. more most 11) Read the following sentences that describe two people, places or things. Retell each sentence changing the adjective given to a comparative. 1. Carla is an intermediate diver. Gina is an advanced diver and has three medals from diving competitions. (good) 2. Charlie was a great football player, and scored at least two goals every match. Jamie was a good football player and scored a lot of goals, but not every match. (talented) 3. Robert really wants to go to university to study medicine to be a hospital doctor. Rosie wants to travel round Europe and then see what happens. (ambitious) 4. It rained heavily today, but only for a few hours. The rain yesterday was so bad that it caused floods. (bad) 5. Juan is always smiling and having fun. Bobbie often looks sad and lonely. (happy) 6. The lecture this week was fantastic - so full of information. Last week s lecture was quite dull. (interesting) 7. It s so quiet living in the country. The city is a very noisy place to live. (noisy) 8. I couldn t carry on up the mountain - it was too scary looking down. Jemma carried on and felt absolutely fine. (brave) 12) Choose the appropriate answer. 1. My son can t lift that box. It is than he expected. a) stronger b) cheaper c) weaker d) heavier 2. A lion is the animal in the forest. a) dangerous b) most dangerous c) more dangerous d) dangerous 3. Milk is. drink. a) better b) gooder c) the goodest d) the best

12 4. An elephant is. than a cow. a) bigger b) the bigger c) the big d) more bigger 5. A turtle is. a rabbit. a) the slowest b) the fastest c) slower than d) faster than 6. The dolphin is one of animals. a) the most intelligent b) the most dangerous c) the most expensive d) the most crowded 7. Mississippi is river in the USA. a) longer than b) the longest c) the shortest d) shorter than 8. A computer is a laptop. a) more cheap than b) cheaper than c) expensive d) cheap 9. China is country in the world. a) the most crowded b) more crowded c) crowded d) crowder 10. A basketball player is.... a jockey. a) the taller b) the tallest c) taller than d) more taller 11. Is Tea.. milk? a) worse than b) worst than c) badder than d) the worst 12. Egypt is Norway. a) the hottest b) hotter than c) more hotter d) the most hot 13. My grandmother is. my mother. a) more old than b) old c) older than d) more older than

13 14. Jupiter is planet in the solar system. a) the smallest b) the smaller c) the bigger d) the biggest 15. Is Madonna singer in the world? a) the best b) good c) gooder d) better 16. Maths is the. lesson for me. a) more difficult b) most difficult c) difficult d) difficultest 17. A plane is.. a car. a) the fastest b) the most fast c) faster than d) more fast than 18. Betty is Jane. a) fat than b) more fat than c) fatter than d) more fatter than 19. Tom is. Arthur. a) richer than b) the richest c) poorer as d) the poorest 20. The South Pole is place in the world. a) the coldest b) the colder c) the most cold d) the more cold 13) Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Dorina olyan erős, mint egy fiú. 2. Ez a kép szebb, mint a másik. 3. A farkas a leggonoszabb az állatok közül. 4. Adj egy érdekesebb könyvet! 5. A tanár okosabb a diákoknál. 6. Az egér kisebb a patkánynál. 7. Ez a lány olyan szép, mint egy álom. 8. Az asztal keményebb, mint a fotel. 9. Ő a legjobb barátom. 10. Steve gyengébb, mint én. 11. Ez a legkényelmesebb szoba a szállodában.

14 12. Nem vagyok olyan szerencsés, mint George Bush. 13. Kamilla haja hosszabb, mint a tied, de rövidebb, mint a lovam farka. 14. A sör finom, a bor finomabb, de az ásványvíz a legfinomabb. 15. Louise sokkal idősebb Ann-nél 16. Apukám 5 évvel idősebb, mint az anyukám. 17. Csipkerózsika egy kicsit szebb Hamupipőkénél. 18. Bill Gatesnek több pénze van, mint nekem. 19. Az orrod nagyobb, mint az enyém, de a füled kisebb. 20. Éhes vagyok, mint a farkas. 21. Erika kevesebbet alszik, mint én, de többet beszél. 22. Több lány van a teremben, mint fiú. 23. Minél többet eszel, annál kövérebb vagy. 24. Ki a leghíresebb színész Franciországban? 25. Melyik a legnehezebb nyelv a világon? 26. Mi a jobb: az olvasás vagy a TV-nézés? 27. Melyik a legszebb évszak? 28. Az orosz nehezebb, mint angol? 29. Shakespeare szonettjei ugyanolyan híresek, mint a drámái? 30. Ki a legnépszerűbb énekes Magyarországon?

15 1) 1. richer 2. more expensive 3. larger 4. more comfortable 5. higher 6. more difficult 7. older 8. shorter 9. hotter 10. handsomer KEY: 11. more delicious 12. more hardworking 13. heavier 14. wider 15. stronger 16. better 17. worse 18. faster 19. bigger 20. harder 2) 1. The dictionary is more expensive than that book. That book is cheaper than the dictionary. 2. George is older than.steve. Steve younger than George. 3. Mercedes is cheaper than Cadillac. Cadillac is more expensive than Mercedes. 4. Mount Agri is higher than Mount Erciyes. Mount Erciyes is lower than Mount Agri. 5. This watch is more expensive than that watch. 6. Today the temperature is hotter than yesterday. 7. Your car is older than mine. My car is newer than yours. 3) 1. youngest 2. most important 3. coldest 4. most crowded 5. worst 6. highest 7. most dangerous 8. most difficult 4) 1. Sue is a better friend. Jack is my best friend. 2. Jason is worse at remembering names. Claire is the worst at remembering names. 3. I am funnier Geoff is the funniest 4. Blake is nicer Cassy is the nicest 5. His dessert is sweeter Their dessert is the sweetest 5) 1. This watch is as expensive as that watch. 2. Henry is as tall as John. 3. Rita is as busy as Jason. 4. My appartment is not as big as Ali s. 6. Her friend is more beautiful Her friend is the most beautiful 7. Yesterday I was happier Last week I was the happiest 8. That game is more fun These games are the most fun 9. Bob has fewer enemies. Dave has the fewest enemies. 10. You are sadder He is the saddest 5. I am as heavy as my friends. 6. Mount Erciyes is not as high as Mount Everest. 7. John is as old as Mary. 8. John is not as old as Maria. 6) 1. colder than 2. the most beautiful 3. older than 4. more expensive than 5. the worst 6. better.. than 7. the tallest in 8. more than 7) 1. Alaska is larger than Texas. 2. Alaska is the largest state in the United States. 3. This exercise is the easier than the last one. 4. Hamburger is cheaper than steak. 5. My apartment is smaller than yours. 6. Maths is more difficult than Geography. 7. This book is worse than that book. 8) 1. strongest 2. more beautiful 3. more famous 4. better 5. better - more 6. best 7. cleaner - nicer 8. clever 9. taller 10. luckiest 11. more - uglier 12. less 13. older 14. politer 15. busy 16. more helpful 17. more famous 18. luckier 19. slim 20. heavier 21. bigger 22. cleverest 23. most popular 24. hungrier 25. most difficult 26. taller 27. happy 28. more comfortable 29. most interesting 30. more interesting

16 9) 1. He likes reading more than watching television. 2. I play football worse than Steve. 3. Dublin is rainier than Rome. 4. Canada is colder than Mexico. 5. Martha is friendlier than Joe. 10) 1. than 2. bigger than 3. the best 4. as 5. the most 6. further 7. the finest 8. cheaper 9. dirtiest 10. more difficult 11. more expensive than 12. the hardest 13. more 14. most 11) 1. Carla is an intermediate diver. Gina is a better diver than Carla. 2. Charlie was a more talented footballer than Jamie. 3. Robert is more ambitious than Rosie. 4. The rain was worse than today. 5. Juan is happier than Bobbie. 6. The lecture this week was more interesting than last week. 7. Living in the city is noisier than in the country. 8. Jemma was braver than me. 12) 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. a 12. b 13. c 14. d 15. a 16. b 17. c 18. c 19. a 20. a 13) 1. Dorina is as strong as a boy. 2. This picture is nicer than the other. 3. The wolf is the most evil of the animals. 4. Give me a more interesting book. 5. The teacher is cleverer than the students. 6. The mouse is smaller than a rat. 7. This girl is as beautiful as a dream. 8. The table is harder than the armchair. 9. He is my best friend. 10. Steve is weaker than me. 11. This is the most comfortable room in hotel. 12. I am not as lucky as George Bush. 13. Kamilla s hair is longer than yours but shorter than the tail of my horse. 14. Beer is fine, wine is finer but mineral water is the finest. 15. Louise ia a lot older than Ann. 16. My father is five years older than my mother. 17. Sleeping Beauty is a bit more beautiful than Cinderella. 18. Bill Gatesn has more money than I have. 19. Your nose is bigger than mine but your ears are smaller. 20. I am as hungry as a wolf. 21. Erika sleeps less than I do but she speaks more. 22. There are more girls in the classroom than boys. 23. The more you eat the fatter you are. 24. Who is the most famous actor in France? 25. Which is the most difficult language in the world? 26. Which is better reading or watching TV? 27. Which is the most beautiful season? 28. Is Russian more difficult than English? 29. Are Shakespeare s sonnets as famous as his dramas? 30. Who is the most popular singer in Hungary?